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Issn: 2277–4998 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12), Special Issue: 42-56 ISSN: 2277–4998 USING OF INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTROLLING OF THE GREEN SPACE PESTS IN TEHRAN - REGION 4 PARISA ARAYESH1 AND HAMID BELGHEISZADEH2 1. M. Sc. Student, Department of Environment Management faculty, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran, Iran 2. Assistant Prof, Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Faculty of Health, Islamic Azad University Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Iran. ABSTRACT Development of an integrated management program requires an exact knowledge of the ecosystem, its including components and their interactions. Due to a change in lifestyle, urbanization development, increasing of host plant species and changes that took place in population structure of different cities and also agricultural land use changes, all predisposition to the flooding situation in many pests insect that seems it is necessary to provide a fundamental frame of surveillance, prevention methods and fighting for pest control. To evaluate the use of integrated management in pest control of green spaces in Tehran, a study was conducted between 91-89 in district 4 of Tehran that elm leaf miner bee and elm leaf beetle have been identified as a common pests in the region. The present study was a descriptive survey method and in terms of the data collection method, is a descriptive-survey research. The investigated society of the study consists of all managers and experts in municipal area of 4 in Tehran that they are 260 individuals and based on Morgan table, the sample size of 153 was obtained. In this study, were used of literature and library review, questionnaires and interviews with experts. In order to analysis data were used of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Friedman ANOVA, Spearman correlation coefficient and regression analysis and also was used of software Spss 16 and Lisrel 8.5. It seems, according to the results of the questionnaire, using the integrated management in controlling of green space pests of 42 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12), Special Issue Parisa Arayesh et al Research Article district 4 is less important than chemical methods. In Iran due to the better conclusion of the chemical method, has been used ofInsecticide Imidacloprid (Confidor) and Fenvalrate (Sumicidin) to control pests. Also in prioritizing the first set of agronomic, biological and mechanical methods in an integrative way and using of chemical methods in the last class of priority may be more effective than the use of chemical methods alone. Keywords: Chemical methods, pest integrated management, elm leaf beetle, elm leaf miner bee INTRODUCTION In recent years, due to the development of pastures, trees so that to build large urbanization, industrial development and residential complexes, roads and highways, modernization, enormous changes in airports and broad trade centers and thus they population structure and different cities of directly have role in polluting the the world were conducted that its obvious environment, especially air conditioning. The symbol was the formation of big cities, air pollution in addition to the cities, effects population growth, new and developmental the agricultural areas too, for example technology application, which resulted to the monoxide carbon gas which is one of the instruction of the big cities. In these big cities most toxic air pollutants in cities, is due to population growth and different dangerous for human, animals and plants demands, significant changes were conducted health, that by burning of carbon materials in land use in a way that many of the gardens and more by motor vehicles are released air. and agricultural lands changed their land use Other normal pollutants which are toxic to and the urban areas of these cities which plants are including of: Ozone proxy acetyl providers ofair conditioning system of these nitrate under the shining of sun is turned into cities, found another use that sometimes they the released gases into the atmosphere and are pollutants as well. In throe these changes, also sulfur dioxide occur which is made by the great importance and role of green spaces burning fossil fuels. got obvious and many other countries in To compensate for this loss in cities, order to fight pollution in metropolitan developing green spaces and trees in offered the green belt program 1. Nowadays environment can greatly affect. Because trees human in order to achieve the advanced as the main factors of the environment civilization, by the destruction of forests, conditioning, absorb carbon dioxide and 43 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12), Special Issue Parisa Arayesh et al Research Article produce oxygen (through photosynthesis), appropriate techniques in such a way that the absorption of nasty toxic gases, producing pest population level placed under the enjoyable smells and absorbing aerosols that economic detriment level. stick to the fur of leaves, assist the air In this first definition of the pest refers to all cleanliness. Besides these trees known as the alive damaging factors besides of birds, main factors preventing noise pollution, rodents, nematodes, insects and mites and especially as anti-voice around factories and fungi, viruses and bacteria and also in this high roads and they also have great role in definition is used of the word system in preventing the soil washing and land relation to pest management 3. erosion. Fortunately, in recent years, in Iran, Integrated pest management, in its turn is a municipalities have particular attention sub-system4 of cropping system 5. the reason toward the contamination of the environment which is more frequently emphasized in the and the development of parks in urban and definition of integrated pest management is conference many green space particularly in the combination of methods to reduce the use Tehran in order to find a good way and fight of pesticides for the integration of different against environmental pollution. Nowadays methods with each other is the most no one couldn’t predict that technological important work of understanding urban advances to what extent can have an adverse ecosystem and its including components as effect on the environment or living well as the understanding of the relationships organisms. and interactions between living and non- Excessive use of pesticides is one of the living factors in this recognition system that examples in the past half century has become helps us fighting pests before attempting to as one of the major problems of pollution of start operations, help us to consider all the flowing water, groundwater, soil, air and available features and tools for pest control, toxic agents in humans and animals (Kamal, and more important than is taking that in to 2001). consideration in order to in integrating the Pest integrated management is a management methods, one method do not counteract the system with regard to economic, social other affection or do not have the opposite production and farming system 2 , effect on that (Flint and Van Den Bush, environmental and population dynamics of 1993). This study is important because it is the pest species population take all provided the maintain of green space in the 44 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12), Special Issue Parisa Arayesh et al Research Article way to help to fight against the pests and to questionnaire confirmed by the validity of prevent from the pests development and the judgment that judgment validity of the therefore, based on the attitude of the quality questionnaire has been confirmed due to the of life and the environmental management, it research results and scientific papers in the is necessary toward any factors that damage world, as well as managers, experts in Tehran the conditions of green space and particularly Municipality. The reliability of any kinds of insects of comprehensive the questionnaire regarding the Alpha methods is established in an integrated Cronbach is shown that it is not acceptable approach in the fight against pests. With or sustainable in terms of reliability. regard to the raised issues, this study seeks to Research questions of this thesis are as answer these following questions: are pests follows: in urban green spaces marked with seasonal The first hypothesis, questions 1-7, the changes? At the moment, are we using of second hypothesis, questions 8-16, the third various methods in order to control hypothesis, questions 17-23, the fourth pest? Does toxins consumption have hypothesis, questions 24-27, the fifth environmental effects in the urban hypothesis, questions 28-35. About the scale environment? Is there any possibility of should be said that the Likert scale is used using the non-chemical methods of pest that according to the aim of study, the control? Is there any possibility to obtain a questions in the form of options (from very suitable model for application in integrated low to very high degree of importance) pest management programs for pest control? are divided. The study consists of all RESEARCH METHODOLOGY managers and experts of Tehran Municipality The aim of the research is to use the 4 of which According to Morgan, there are integrated management in the controlling of about 260, and 153 samples respectively. The the green space pests in Tehran and this study of literature review, questionnaire and study is functional in terms of interviews with experts were used. For goal. According to the method, this research analysis were used of the analysis of the is descriptive and survey-oriented. Due to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test data, Friedman method of data collection is based on field ANOVA, Spearman correlation coefficient data. To collect the data was used from the and regression analysis and questionnaires. The validity of the software SPSS 16 and LISREL 8.5. 45 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12), Special Issue Parisa Arayesh et al Research Article FINDINGS Robinia pseudoacacia)), sycamore, Investigations carried out at the Platanus, Thorne, ligustrum vulgare)).
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