IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12), Special Issue: 42-56 ISSN: 2277–4998

USING OF INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTROLLING OF THE GREEN SPACE PESTS IN TEHRAN - REGION 4

PARISA ARAYESH1 AND HAMID BELGHEISZADEH2 1. M. Sc. Student, Department of Environment Management faculty, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran, Iran 2. Assistant Prof, Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Faculty of Health, Islamic Azad University Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Iran. ABSTRACT Development of an integrated management program requires an exact knowledge of the ecosystem, its including components and their interactions. Due to a change in lifestyle, development, increasing of host plant species and changes that took place in population structure of different and also agricultural land use changes, all predisposition to the flooding situation in many pests insect that seems it is necessary to provide a fundamental frame of surveillance, prevention methods and fighting for pest control. To evaluate the use of integrated management in pest control of green spaces in Tehran, a study was conducted between 91-89 in district 4 of Tehran that elm leaf miner bee and elm leaf beetle have been identified as a common pests in the region. The present study was a descriptive survey method and in terms of the data collection method, is a descriptive-survey research. The investigated society of the study consists of all managers and experts in municipal area of 4 in Tehran that they are 260 individuals and based on Morgan table, the sample size of 153 was obtained. In this study, were used of literature and library review, questionnaires and interviews with experts. In order to analysis data were used of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Friedman ANOVA, Spearman correlation coefficient and regression analysis and also was used of software Spss 16 and Lisrel 8.5. It seems, according to the results of the questionnaire, using the integrated management in controlling of green space pests of

42 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12), Special Issue Parisa Arayesh et al Research Article district 4 is less important than chemical methods. In Iran due to the better conclusion of the chemical method, has been used ofInsecticide Imidacloprid (Confidor) and Fenvalrate (Sumicidin) to control pests. Also in prioritizing the first set of agronomic, biological and mechanical methods in an integrative way and using of chemical methods in the last class of priority may be more effective than the use of chemical methods alone. Keywords: Chemical methods, pest integrated management, elm leaf beetle, elm leaf miner bee INTRODUCTION In recent years, due to the development of pastures, trees so that to build large urbanization, industrial development and residential complexes, roads and highways, modernization, enormous changes in airports and broad trade centers and thus they population structure and different cities of directly have role in polluting the the world were conducted that its obvious environment, especially air conditioning. The symbol was the formation of big cities, air in addition to the cities, effects population growth, new and developmental the agricultural areas too, for example technology application, which resulted to the monoxide carbon gas which is one of the instruction of the big cities. In these big cities most toxic air pollutants in cities, is due to population growth and different dangerous for human, animals and plants demands, significant changes were conducted health, that by burning of carbon materials in land use in a way that many of the and more by motor vehicles are released air. and agricultural lands changed their land use Other normal pollutants which are toxic to and the urban areas of these cities which plants are including of: Ozone proxy acetyl providers ofair conditioning system of these nitrate under the shining of sun is turned into cities, found another use that sometimes they the released gases into the atmosphere and are pollutants as well. In throe these changes, also sulfur dioxide occur which is made by the great importance and role of green spaces burning fossil fuels. got obvious and many other countries in To compensate for this loss in cities, order to fight pollution in metropolitan developing green spaces and trees in offered the program 1. Nowadays environment can greatly affect. Because trees human in order to achieve the advanced as the main factors of the environment civilization, by the destruction of forests, conditioning, absorb carbon dioxide and

43 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12), Special Issue Parisa Arayesh et al Research Article produce oxygen (through photosynthesis), appropriate techniques in such a way that the absorption of nasty toxic gases, producing pest population level placed under the enjoyable smells and absorbing aerosols that economic detriment level. stick to the fur of leaves, assist the air In this first definition of the pest refers to all cleanliness. Besides these trees known as the alive damaging factors besides of birds, main factors preventing noise pollution, rodents, nematodes, insects and mites and especially as anti-voice around factories and fungi, viruses and bacteria and also in this high roads and they also have great role in definition is used of the word system in preventing the washing and land relation to pest management 3. erosion. Fortunately, in recent years, in Iran, Integrated pest management, in its turn is a municipalities have particular attention sub-system4 of cropping system 5. the reason toward the contamination of the environment which is more frequently emphasized in the and the development of in urban and definition of integrated pest management is conference many green space particularly in the combination of methods to reduce the use Tehran in order to find a good way and fight of for the integration of different against environmental pollution. Nowadays methods with each other is the most no one couldn’t predict that technological important work of understanding urban advances to what extent can have an adverse ecosystem and its including components as effect on the environment or living well as the understanding of the relationships organisms. and interactions between living and non- Excessive use of pesticides is one of the living factors in this recognition system that examples in the past half century has become helps us fighting pests before attempting to as one of the major problems of pollution of start operations, help us to consider all the flowing water, groundwater, soil, air and available features and tools for pest control, toxic agents in humans and animals (Kamal, and more important than is taking that in to 2001). consideration in order to in integrating the Pest integrated management is a management methods, one method do not counteract the system with regard to economic, social other affection or do not have the opposite production and farming system 2 , effect on that (Flint and Van Den Bush, environmental and population dynamics of 1993). This study is important because it is the pest species population take all provided the maintain of green space in the

44 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12), Special Issue Parisa Arayesh et al Research Article way to help to fight against the pests and to questionnaire confirmed by the validity of prevent from the pests development and the judgment that judgment validity of the therefore, based on the attitude of the quality questionnaire has been confirmed due to the of life and the environmental management, it research results and scientific papers in the is necessary toward any factors that damage world, as well as managers, experts in Tehran the conditions of green space and particularly Municipality. The reliability of any kinds of insects of comprehensive the questionnaire regarding the Alpha methods is established in an integrated Cronbach is shown that it is not acceptable approach in the fight against pests. With or sustainable in terms of reliability. regard to the raised issues, this study seeks to Research questions of this thesis are as answer these following questions: are pests follows: in urban green spaces marked with seasonal The first hypothesis, questions 1-7, the changes? At the moment, are we using of second hypothesis, questions 8-16, the third various methods in order to control hypothesis, questions 17-23, the fourth pest? Does toxins consumption have hypothesis, questions 24-27, the fifth environmental effects in the urban hypothesis, questions 28-35. About the scale environment? Is there any possibility of should be said that the Likert scale is used using the non-chemical methods of pest that according to the aim of study, the control? Is there any possibility to obtain a questions in the form of options (from very suitable model for application in integrated low to very high degree of importance) pest management programs for pest control? are divided. The study consists of all RESEARCH METHODOLOGY managers and experts of Tehran Municipality The aim of the research is to use the 4 of which According to Morgan, there are integrated management in the controlling of about 260, and 153 samples respectively. The the green space pests in Tehran and this study of literature review, questionnaire and study is functional in terms of interviews with experts were used. For goal. According to the method, this research analysis were used of the analysis of the is descriptive and survey-oriented. Due to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test data, Friedman method of data collection is based on field ANOVA, Spearman correlation coefficient data. To collect the data was used from the and regression analysis and questionnaires. The validity of the software SPSS 16 and LISREL 8.5.

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FINDINGS Robinia pseudoacacia)), sycamore,  Investigations carried out at the Platanus, Thorne, ligustrum vulgare)). regional level of 4 2. Among the most common pests in In order to collect data in the context of using this region, elm leafminer beetle Integrated Management of Pest Control in (Galerucela luteola), elm leafminer green belt zone 4 were referred to the bee (Fenusa ulmil), are the most relevant institutions, including the following: common respectively. 1. Municipal District 4 3. Possibly due to the biology of pests 2. Parks and green spaces in Tehran and beautiful eve were used of 3. Training and Plants Consultancy physical methods such as pruning and Center in zone 3 crop operations, including the 4. Training and Plants Consultancy strengthening of plants, remove Center of Region 4 weeds ... In referring to the parks and green spaces in 4. The use of specific chemical the of Tehran and personal interviews compounds used in special level of with experts and investigated surveys during pesticides such as used pest in the the project as a single integrated management phase of Imidacloprid (Confidor) and against eating elm bark Fenvalrate (Sumicidin). beetles (Scolytus multistiatus) was due to Please note that the implementation of the financial problems and mismanagement was integrated management of green spaces as left unfinished. In referring to the 4 documented, for reasons which will be municipalities and interviews with experts in addressed in this study has been performed. the field of education, one of the active  Demographic Characteristics of the centers are introduced and advice plants Respondents and the Population district 4, which is the municipal center. The Based on the analysis of data, 103 of results of correspondence and interviews respondents were male and 51 were with officials of the clinic are as follows: female. Also 57 of them are with 5-1 years of 1. Common plants used in the region work experience, 74 of individuals are 6-10 include hardwoods, conifers and years old, and 15 men are 11-15 years old shrubs which can be noted, for and 6 women more than 15 years old. The example, elm, Ulmus minor)), acacia, results showed that 51 of the respondents

46 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12), Special Issue Parisa Arayesh et al Research Article aged 18 to 30, 92 of them are, 31 and 40 shows, the membership of all the factors years old, 8 individuals are 41 to 50 years old examined in this variable, but questions have and 1 person is older than 50 years old. Also been confirmed. 23 of them are high school graduates, 35 Factorial Analysis of Different Methods of individuals have associate degree, 77 have Fighting Against Pests B.A. degree, 14 were M.A. and 2 individuals The Figure 3 below, shows the various have doctoral degree. methods of fighting against pests in standard

 Specific Data and significant mode. As this chart shows, Distribution of respondents' opinions about the membership of all the factors examined each of the dimensions of the conceptual in this variable has been confirmed. model (sub-items) distribution of Factorial Analysis of Toxins Consumption respondents' opinions about the tangibility Variable (Questions 1 to 7). The Figure 6 below shows toxin The results showed that the average (mean) consumption model in the standard and response to seasonal changes (questions 1 to significant model. As this chart shows, the 7 scale) of 3/529032, the average (mean) for membership of all the factors examined in the different methods of pest control this variable has been confirmed. (questions 8 to 16 scale) of 3.5098, the Factorial Analysis average (mean) for use pesticides (Questions Factorial analysis of Non-Chemical 17 to 23 questionnaire) to 3.57480, The Variable Methods average (mean) for the non-chemical The Figure 7 below, shows the Non-chemical methods (questions 24 to 27 methods in significant and standard mode. As questionnaire) and 3.32456 times the average this chart shows, the membership of all the (mean) for programs IPM (questions 28 to 35 factors examined in this variable has been questionnaire) is equal to 3.83233. confirmed. The Data Analytical Analyze Factorial Analysis of the Integrated Pest Variable Factorial Analysis of Seasonal Management Variable Programs Changes In the Figure 9 below we showed the In the graph below, we showed variable management program of pest integrated dimensions model of seasonal changes in model in standard and significant mode. As standard mode and significant. As this chart this chart shows, the membership of all the

47 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12), Special Issue Parisa Arayesh et al Research Article factors examined in this variable has been According to the table 2, since the confirmed. probability is less than 0.05 in all Study of Variables Distribution Normality dimensions, the observed T is greater than Software SPSS according to the central limit the critical t of 1.96. Therefore the obtained theorem is diagnosed the results of this confidence interval in connection with this questionnaire normal, so the null hypothesis variables is not included zero. which means the normality of variables can In the significance level of 0.95, integrated be confirmed. management dimensions in Pests Control of One-Sample T Test green Space of Tehran have suitable and In order to evaluate the situation of each of desirable levels in organizations. The average the effective dimensions in integrated of over 3 is also suggest that. management investigation in pest control of Friedman Test (for the assessment of green space of Tehran green spaces, present situation) generally was used of one-sample T test. If Friedman test also indicates the priority we consider the number 3 in the 5-item range variables: of Likret as an average, so if the mean of Friedman test showed that the priority each one of the above dimension reach 3, it criteria are respectively, seasonal changes, suggests that this dimension has suitable different methods for fighting against pests, according to other dimensions in the pesticides consumption, IPM programs and population. non-chemical methods.

Figure 1 Dimensions measurement model of Seasonal Changes in Standard Mode by Using the Factorial Analyses

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Figure 2: Dimensions measurement model of Seasonal Changes by Using the Factorial Analyses in Significant Mode

Figure 3: (b) Dimensions Measurement Model of Different Methods of Fighting against Pests by Using the Factorial Analysis in Standard Mode

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Figure 4: Dimensions Measurement Model of Different Methods of Fighting against Pests by Using the Factorial Analysis in Standard Mode of Different Methods of Fighting against Pests by Using the Factorial Analysis in Significant Mode

Figure 5, Dimensions Measurement Model of toxin Consumption by Using Factorial Analysis in Standard Mode

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Figure 6, Dimensions Measurement Model of toxin Consumption by Using Factorial Analysis in Significant Mode

Figure 7: Dimensions Measurement Model of non-chemical methods by using the factorial analyze in standard mode

Figure 8: Dimensions Measurement Model of non-chemical methods by using the factorial analyze in a significant mode

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Figure 9: Dimensions Measurement Model of integrated pest management programs by using factorial analysis in standard mode

Figure 10: Dimensions Measurement Model of integrated pest management programs by using factorial analysis in significant mode

Table 1 normal distribution of variables Kolmogorov-Smirnov A significant amount Seasonal changes 1.242 0.091 Different methods to fight 1.102 0.176 against pests Pesticides Consumption 0.868 0.439 Non-chemical Methods 1.115 0.166 IPM Programs 0.802 0.541 Test distribution is normal.

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Table 2 Overall Results of T test Variable Count The SD Statistics Significant mean T level Seasonal changes 152 3.53 0.07842 45.067 0.000 Various methods to fight 152 3.42 0.07196 47.661 0.000 against pests Pesticides consumption 152 3.39 0.06959 48.823 0.000 Non-chemical methods 152 3.30 0.06909 47.764 0.000 IPM Programs 152 3.33 0.06718 49.581 0.000

Table 3: Results of Friedman’s Analysis The test statistic Count 152 Chi-Square 32.327 Degree of 4 freedom Asymp. Sig. 0.000 a. Friedman Test Table 4: The Result of Friedman’s Classification Mean Rank Seasonal changes 3.61 Different methods for fighting 3.07 against pests Toxins Consumption 2.96 Non-chemical methods. 2.55 IPM Programs 2.82

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Among respondents to the questionnaire, The present study by examining the data male, aged 31-40, degree level education is "using integrated management in controlling diploma and work experience of 6-10 years pests of urban green space" whilst providing had the most abundant. The majority of notice of the status quo, make the way respondents in relation to seasonal changes, suitable to enhance and improve the the information about seasonal changes and knowledge in this context. Since the pests life schedule of urban green space in information about approaches and experts’ integrated pest management programs have point of view on the subject of research can had a positive effect. About the different help us to develop better at doing things, so methods of struggling, the majority of after preparation and completion of responses indicated that the use of non- questionnaires and observations, we should chemical methods and the positive effect of analyze them and in the next step we must timely spraying of pesticides has reducing deduce the results taken from them. the consumption of pesticides and about the Distribution of respondents' opinions about consumption of pesticides, most of the each of the dimensions of the conceptual responses were about the negative effects of model are as follows: pesticides on . Relating to the

53 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12), Special Issue Parisa Arayesh et al Research Article use of non-chemical methods, the majority of of one-sample T test that the integrated pest respondents evaluated the identifying management dimensions of green spaces biological agents in an effective pest have been desirable in the organizations in management program and about the use of which the mean over 3 is also suggest that. integrated management plans, most of At the end, Friedman test was used to assess respondents claim were toward the positive the current status that the test results show effect of the program and in order to reach that the order of criteria priority are the sustainable development. respectively, seasonal changes, different The Results of Data Analytical Analyze methods to fight against pests, pesticides After a descriptive analysis of the data, the consumption, integrated pest management analytical data are going to be discussed. In programs and non-chemical methods. The the inferential analysis, testing hypotheses results of this test reflect the fact that the are evaluated. By using LISREL software, priority in pest control in the most situation is the relation between all variables and chemical methods and about the use of other components in standard and significant mode methods, they should use it separately that were evaluated and the membership of all the the desired result which is in the integrative factors in this variable were approved. Before method wouldn’t be made and conducted. we examine the relationships between According to this research, the number of variables, it is necessary to examine the pests in green spaces, every year have normality of the variables. One method of flooding mode and cause lots of damage to investigating the claim for variables plants and crops. For example, the elm distribution normality is using the leafminer beetle and, elm leafminer bee are Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Software Spss presented as the key pests of green spaces in according to the central limit theorem is Tehran (zone 4). diagnosed normal the results of this Among the measures taken to control Elm questionnaire, so the null hypothesis which is Leaf Beetle in zone 4 can be noted to the use normality of variables can be confirmed. of farming methods including pruning and In order to investigate the situation of each removal of dry branches of infected trees and one of the effective dimensions in evaluating also those chemical method using a systemic the integrated management in pest control of poison like Imidacloprid (Confidor) and green spaces in Tehran, in general was used Fenvalrate (Sumicidin).

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Research of the University of California in the use of pheromone traps are in biological USA in 2013 in this regard, was noted that control, which was mentioned at the the fight against this scourge must be University of California research integrated and using of different methods (Anonymous 2014). individually will not have any responds. One According to research done at the University of those methods which are used in the of Washington, the only way to control the controlling of pests is the farming method pests like elm leaf miner parasitoids, is the that includes the use of resistant varieties, to use of systemic pesticides (Anonymous prevent damage to tree trunks and roots, 2014). continuing study of trees in order to remove The other common pests of green space that the dry branches of trees, identifying the is referred to it is elm leaf miner parasitoids threshold beauty limitation which makes less in the region of 4 in Tehran is used to control use of pesticides and pest threshold and the it from the non-systemic poison of Fenvalrate calendar setting in order for investigating the (Sumicidin) pests seasonal changes that in controlling of Among the measures that were used in the this pest is very important. US in order to farming control of pest are Among other methods, the use of biological including destroying the infected leaves and control is by using of parasitoids bees. also using of resistant varieties and getting Chemical control of these pests, including the trees far away from being stressed, otherwise use of bandages impregnated with pesticides the attack chance increased. In biological and toxins injected into the damaged trees control of these pests, was used of natural and spraying the leaves in spring, but it enemies and in chemical control was used of suggested that we should prevent from the conventional pesticides, including chemical fighting for possible unforeseen Imidacloprid (Confidor), mineral oils and effects of toxins such as contaminated water pesticides soaps (Anonymous 2014). and the killing of the natural enemies of pests In Canada, in order to control the pest was and the prevalence of secondary pests used of the different methods.Can be named (Anonymous 2014). of removing and destroying the infected Research conducted at Yale University in the leaves and the use of systemic pesticides United States represents that the use of bands around the trunk. Among the issues integrated planting in farming controlling and which are important in the chemical control

55 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12), Special Issue Parisa Arayesh et al Research Article of elm leaf miner parasitoids that the control /.yale.edu (Accesses on: of these pest due to its location in the middle 22 December 2013) of the leaves is difficult to be systematic, and 5. Ananymous, 2014, university of also there is a tremendous emphasis on California agriculture & natural insecticide timing because by not observing resources. http: the proper timing, chemical control will be /Www.ipm.ucdavis.edu (Accesses on: ineffective (Anonymous 2014). 15 December 2013) REFERENCES 6. Ananymous, 2014, Department of 1. Kamali, Karim. (2001). Integrated Environment and Conservation. http: pest management in Tehran /Env.gov.nl.ca(Accesses on: 15 parks. Tehran research and December in 2013) educational seminars green 7. Ananymous, 2014, Pacific Northwest space. Cover Insect Management Hand Book. http: 2. Flnyt Louise, Mary and Robert van /Pnwhandbook.org (Accesses on: 15 den Bush. (1994). Cognitive December 2013) integrated management Fat.trjmhy 1 Green belt Chaichi cantaloupe. Tehran: Amidi. 2 Farming system 3. Ananymous, 2014, University of 3 Pest management Washington. http: 4 Sub- system /Www.washingtone.edu (Accesses on: 5 Cropping system 22 December the 2013) 4. Ananymous, 2014, Yale sustainability. http:

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