ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: SWARM INTELLIGENCE and STIGMERGY
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Relatedness, Parentage, and Philopatry Within a Natterer's Bat
Population Ecology (2018) 60:361–370 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-018-0632-7 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Relatedness, parentage, and philopatry within a Natterer’s bat (Myotis nattereri) maternity colony David Daniel Scott1 · Emma S. M. Boston2 · Mathieu G. Lundy1 · Daniel J. Buckley2 · Yann Gager1 · Callum J. Chaplain1 · Emma C. Teeling2 · William Ian Montgomery1 · Paulo A. Prodöhl1 Received: 20 April 2017 / Accepted: 26 September 2018 / Published online: 10 October 2018 © The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Given their cryptic behaviour, it is often difficult to establish kinship within microchiropteran maternity colonies. This limits understanding of group formation within this highly social group. Following a concerted effort to comprehensively sample a Natterer’s bat (Myotis nattereri) maternity colony over two consecutive summers, we employed microsatellite DNA profiling to examine genetic relatedness among individuals. Resulting data were used to ascertain female kinship, parentage, mating strategies, and philopatry. Overall, despite evidence of female philopatry, relatedness was low both for adult females and juveniles of both sexes. The majority of individuals within the colony were found to be unrelated or distantly related. How- ever, parentage analysis indicates the existence of a number of maternal lineages (e.g., grandmother, mother, or daughter). There was no evidence suggesting that males born within the colony are mating with females of the same colony. Thus, in this species, males appear to be the dispersive sex. In the Natterer’s bat, colony formation is likely to be based on the benefits of group living, rather than kin selection. Keywords Chiroptera · Kinship · Natal philopatry · Parentage assignment Introduction of the environment (Schober 1984). -
Dispersal, Philopatry, and the Role of Fissionfusion Dynamics In
MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, **(*): ***–*** (*** 2012) C 2012 by the Society for Marine Mammalogy DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00559.x Dispersal, philopatry, and the role of fission-fusion dynamics in bottlenose dolphins YI-JIUN JEAN TSAI and JANET MANN,1 Reiss Science Building, Rm 406, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, U.S.A. ABSTRACT In this quantitative study of locational and social dispersal at the individual level, we show that bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) continued to use their na- tal home ranges well into adulthood. Despite substantial home range overlap, mother–offspring associations decreased after weaning, particularly for sons. These data provide strong evidence for bisexual locational philopatry and mother–son avoidance in bottlenose dolphins. While bisexual locational philopatry offers the benefits of familiar social networks and foraging habitats, the costs of philopatry may be mitigated by reduced mother–offspring association, in which the risk of mother–daughter resource competition and mother–son mating is reduced. Our study highlights the advantages of high fission–fusion dynamics and longitudinal studies, and emphasizes the need for clarity when describing dispersal in this and other species. Key words: bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops sp., association, juvenile, philopatry, locational dispersal, mother-offspring, ranging, site fidelity, social dispersal. Dispersal is a key life history process that affects population demography, spatial distribution, and genetic structure, as well as individual -
Swarming (Bulletin #404) (PDF)
Swarming Apiculture Bulletin #404 Updated: 10/15 Swarming is a natural method of honeybee colonies to reproduce, resulting in the creation of a new honeybee colony in addition to the established colony. Contributing factors to swarming • Crowding - too many bees, food stores and no cell space for the queen to lay eggs in. • Poor air circulation • April-May is swarming season and healthy colonies develop strong swarm impulse. • Inclement weather - crowded bees confined by cold, wet weather will build queen cells and swarm out on the first sunny, warm day. All colonies in similar condition will swarm as soon as weather becomes favorable. • Large amount of drone brood in early spring is a precursor to strong swarm impulse. Catching the swarm A swarm generally emerges from the hive between 11:00AM and 1:00PM and settles close to the apiary for several hours. Allow the swarm to cluster for at least 30 minutes before placing the swarm in a single super with frames, bottom board and hive cover. Leave the hive for the remainder of the day to allow all the bees to enter, before moving to a permanent location. Examine the new colony after a week and then every two weeks from mid May to late June. Look for disease, brood abundance, brood pattern and overall condition of the colony. Add room where necessary, cut queen cells, or divide, to prevent other swarms to develop. Hived swarms have no stored food reserves and may go hungry when there is little forage. When feeding sugar syrup, add antibiotics as a precautionary measure. -
Swarms and Swarm Intelligence
SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES homogeneous. Intelligent swarms can also comprise heterogeneous elements Swarms from the outset, reflecting different capabilities as well as a possible social structure. and Swarm Researchers have used agent swarms as a computer modeling tech- nique and as a tool to study complex systems. Simulation examples include Intelligence bird swarms and business, economics, and ecological systems. In swarm sim- Michael G. Hinchey, Loyola College in Maryland ulations, each agent tries to maximize Roy Sterritt, University of Ulster its given parameters. Chris Rouff, Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Laboratories In terms of bird swarms, each bird tries to find another to fly with, and then flies slightly higher to one side to reduce drag, with the birds eventually forming a flock. Other types of swarm simulations exhibit unlikely emergent behaviors, which are sums of simple Intelligent swarm technologies solve individual behaviors that form com- complex problems that traditional plex and often unexpected behaviors approaches cannot. when aggregated. Swarm intelligence Gerardo Beni and Jing Wang intro- duced the term swarm intelligence in a 1989 article (“Swarm Intelligence,” Proc. 7th Ann. Meeting of the Robotics e are all familiar with working together to achieve a goal Society of Japan, RSJ Press, 1989, pp. swarms in nature. The and produce significant results. 425-428). Swarm intelligence tech- word swarm conjures Swarms may operate on or under the niques (note the difference from intel- up images of large Earth’s surface, under water, or on ligent swarms) are population-based W groups of small insects other planets. stochastic methods used in combina- in which each member performs a torial optimization problems in which simple role, but the action produces SWARMS AND INTELLIGENCE the collective behavior of relatively sim- complex behavior as a whole. -
What Is a Social Spider? “Sub”-Social Spiders Eusociality Social Definitions Natural History
What is a Social Spider? • Generally accepted as living in colonies while having generational overlap and exhibiting cooperative brood care and nest maintenance Scott Trageser • Can also have reproductive division of labor and exhibit swarming behavior (Achaearanea wau) • Social hierarchies arise • Species and population dependant • Arguable if certain species qualify as eusocial “Sub”-Social Spiders Eusociality • Sociality also classified by territoriality and • There is cooperative brood-care so it is permanence not each one caring for their own offspring • Can be social on a seasonal basis and • There is an overlapping of generations so have an obligate solitary phase that the colony will sustain for a while, • Individuals can have established allowing offspring to assist parents during territories within the nest or can move their life freely • That there is a reproductive division of • Can have discrete webs connected to labor, i.e. not every individual reproduces other webs in the colony (cooperative?) equally in the group Social Definitions Natural History • Solitary: Showing none of the three features mentioned in the previous slide (most insects) • 23 of over 39,000 spider species are • Sub-social: The adults care for their own young for “social” some period of time (cockroaches) • Many other species are classified as • Communal: Insects use the same composite nest without cooperation in brood care (digger bees) “sub”-social • Quasi-social: Use the same nest and also show cooperative brood care (Euglossine bees and social • Tropical origin. Latitudinal and elevational spiders) distribution constrictions due to prey • Semi-social: in addition to the features in type/abundance quasisocial, they also have a worker caste (Halictid bees) • Emigrate (swarm) after courtship and • Eusocial: In addition to the features of semisocial, copulation but prior to oviposition there is overlap in generations (Honey bees). -
The Influence of Density in Population Dynamics with Strong and Weak Allee Effect
Keya et al. J Egypt Math Soc (2021) 29:4 https://doi.org/10.1186/s42787-021-00114-x Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society ORIGINAL RESEARCH Open Access The infuence of density in population dynamics with strong and weak Allee efect Kamrun Nahar Keya1, Md. Kamrujjaman2* and Md. Shafqul Islam3 *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract 2 Department In this paper, we consider a reaction–difusion model in population dynamics and of Mathematics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, study the impact of diferent types of Allee efects with logistic growth in the hetero- Bangladesh geneous closed region. For strong Allee efects, usually, species unconditionally die out Full list of author information and an extinction-survival situation occurs when the efect is weak according to the is available at the end of the article resource and sparse functions. In particular, we study the impact of the multiplicative Allee efect in classical difusion when the sparsity is either positive or negative. Nega- tive sparsity implies a weak Allee efect, and the population survives in some domain and diverges otherwise. Positive sparsity gives a strong Allee efect, and the popula- tion extinct without any condition. The infuence of Allee efects on the existence and persistence of positive steady states as well as global bifurcation diagrams is presented. The method of sub-super solutions is used for analyzing equations. The stability condi- tions and the region of positive solutions (multiple solutions may exist) are presented. When the difusion is absent, we consider the model with and without harvesting, which are initial value problems (IVPs) and study the local stability analysis and present bifurcation analysis. -
Global Participatory Acts and the State
STRENGTHENING THE STATE THROUGH DISSENT: GLOBAL PARTICIPATORY ACTS AND THE STATE By Patricia Camilien, université Quisqueya INTRODUCTION In Alvin Toffler‟s Future Shock (1970), three types of men coexist on the planet. Men of the present, living in the here and now as they are carried away by the waves and currents of the world; they are rather vulnerable to "future shock". Men of the past, who have remained in a past time long gone, are living in the twentieth century but are still in the twelfth. Men of the future, informed, insightful and perceptive, who are already surfing on the major trends of tomorrow. In today's world, these men of the future are part of a transnational and nomadic elite helped by the increasing liberalization of trade and the disappearance of borders – at the least for them. Transnational companies like oil brokerage firm Trafigura i – made globally (in) famous in 2010 by a journalist‟s tweet about a file hosted on WikiLeaks – exemplify this (future) global world. They enjoy the best of corporate law around the world and diversify their operations accordingly. This use of different national laws according to the benefits they offer is not limited to transnational corporations and their owners, but now extends to individuals who, while they are not billionaires in dollars, are so in reticular connections. Using global participatory acts (heretofore participactions), they seem to be the ones to help the people move from the present to the future. Moral and social entrepreneurs, they are the vanguard of the future changes in society they are trying to drive through networked actions as relayed by mass self- communication. -
Inference of Causal Information Flow in Collective Animal Behavior Warren M
IEEE TMBMC SPECIAL ISSUE 1 Inference of Causal Information Flow in Collective Animal Behavior Warren M. Lord, Jie Sun, Nicholas T. Ouellette, and Erik M. Bollt Abstract—Understanding and even defining what constitutes study how the microscopic interactions scale up to give rise animal interactions remains a challenging problem. Correlational to the macroscopic properties [26]. tools may be inappropriate for detecting communication be- The third of these goals—how the microscopic individual- tween a set of many agents exhibiting nonlinear behavior. A different approach is to define coordinated motions in terms of to-individual interactions determine the macroscopic group an information theoretic channel of direct causal information behavior—has arguably received the most scientific attention flow. In this work, we present an application of the optimal to date, due to the availability of simple models of collective causation entropy (oCSE) principle to identify such channels behavior that are easy to simulate on computers, such as the between insects engaged in a type of collective motion called classic Reynolds [27], Vicsek [26], and Couzin [28] models. swarming. The oCSE algorithm infers channels of direct causal inference between insects from time series describing spatial From these kinds of studies, a significant amount is known movements. The time series are discovered by an experimental about the nature of the emergence of macroscopic patterns protocol of optical tracking. The collection of channels infered and ordering in active, collective systems [29]. But in argu- by oCSE describes a network of information flow within the ing that such simple models accurately describe real animal swarm. We find that information channels with a long spatial behavior, one must implicitly make the assumption that the range are more common than expected under the assumption that causal information flows should be spatially localized. -
AI, Robots, and Swarms: Issues, Questions, and Recommended Studies
AI, Robots, and Swarms Issues, Questions, and Recommended Studies Andrew Ilachinski January 2017 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. This document contains the best opinion of CNA at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the sponsor. Distribution Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. Specific authority: N00014-11-D-0323. Copies of this document can be obtained through the Defense Technical Information Center at www.dtic.mil or contact CNA Document Control and Distribution Section at 703-824-2123. Photography Credits: http://www.darpa.mil/DDM_Gallery/Small_Gremlins_Web.jpg; http://4810-presscdn-0-38.pagely.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/ Robotics.jpg; http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-edia/image/upload/18kxb5jw3e01ujpg.jpg Approved by: January 2017 Dr. David A. Broyles Special Activities and Innovation Operations Evaluation Group Copyright © 2017 CNA Abstract The military is on the cusp of a major technological revolution, in which warfare is conducted by unmanned and increasingly autonomous weapon systems. However, unlike the last “sea change,” during the Cold War, when advanced technologies were developed primarily by the Department of Defense (DoD), the key technology enablers today are being developed mostly in the commercial world. This study looks at the state-of-the-art of AI, machine-learning, and robot technologies, and their potential future military implications for autonomous (and semi-autonomous) weapon systems. While no one can predict how AI will evolve or predict its impact on the development of military autonomous systems, it is possible to anticipate many of the conceptual, technical, and operational challenges that DoD will face as it increasingly turns to AI-based technologies. -
Swarm Intelligence
Swarm Intelligence Leen-Kiat Soh Computer Science & Engineering University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE 68588-0115 [email protected] http://www.cse.unl.edu/agents Introduction • Swarm intelligence was originally used in the context of cellular robotic systems to describe the self-organization of simple mechanical agents through nearest-neighbor interaction • It was later extended to include “any attempt to design algorithms or distributed problem-solving devices inspired by the collective behavior of social insect colonies and other animal societies” • This includes the behaviors of certain ants, honeybees, wasps, cockroaches, beetles, caterpillars, and termites Introduction 2 • Many aspects of the collective activities of social insects, such as ants, are self-organizing • Complex group behavior emerges from the interactions of individuals who exhibit simple behaviors by themselves: finding food and building a nest • Self-organization come about from interactions based entirely on local information • Local decisions, global coherence • Emergent behaviors, self-organization Videos • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDsmbwOrHJs • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbUPfMXXQIY • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M028vafB0l8 Why Not Centralized Approach? • Requires that each agent interacts with every other agent • Do not possess (environmental) obstacle avoidance capabilities • Lead to irregular fragmentation and/or collapse • Unbounded (externally predetermined) forces are used for collision avoidance • Do not possess distributed tracking (or migration) -
Minding the Body Interacting Socially Through Embodied Action
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology Dissertation No. 1112 Minding the Body Interacting socially through embodied action by Jessica Lindblom Department of Computer and Information Science Linköpings universitet SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden Linköping 2007 © Jessica Lindblom 2007 Cover designed by Christine Olsson ISBN 978-91-85831-48-7 ISSN 0345-7524 Printed by UniTryck, Linköping 2007 Abstract This dissertation clarifies the role and relevance of the body in social interaction and cognition from an embodied cognitive science perspective. Theories of embodied cognition have during the past two decades offered a radical shift in explanations of the human mind, from traditional computationalism which considers cognition in terms of internal symbolic representations and computational processes, to emphasizing the way cognition is shaped by the body and its sensorimotor interaction with the surrounding social and material world. This thesis develops a framework for the embodied nature of social interaction and cognition, which is based on an interdisciplinary approach that ranges historically in time and across different disciplines. It includes work in cognitive science, artificial intelligence, phenomenology, ethology, developmental psychology, neuroscience, social psychology, linguistics, communication, and gesture studies. The theoretical framework presents a thorough and integrated understanding that supports and explains the embodied nature of social interaction and cognition. It is argued that embodiment is the part and parcel of social interaction and cognition in the most general and specific ways, in which dynamically embodied actions themselves have meaning and agency. The framework is illustrated by empirical work that provides some detailed observational fieldwork on embodied actions captured in three different episodes of spontaneous social interaction in situ. -
Wolf Family Values
Wolf family values The exquisitely balanced social life of the wolf has implications far beyond the pack, says Sharon Levy ORDON HABER was tracking a wolf pack Wolf Project. Despite many thousands of he had known for over 40 years when his hours spent in the field, Haber published G plane crashed on a remote stretch of the little peer-reviewed documentation of his Toklat river in Denali national park, Alaska, work. Now, however, in the months following last October. The fatal accident silenced one his sudden death, Smith and other wolf of the most outspoken and controversial biologists have reported findings that support advocates for wolf protection. Haber, an some of Haber’s ideas. independent biologist, had spent a lifetime Once upon a time, folklore shaped our studying the behaviour and ecology of wolves thinking about wolves. It is only in the past and his passion for the animals was obvious. two decades that biologists have started to “I am still in awe of what I see out there,” he build a clearer picture of wolf ecology (see wrote on his website. “Wolves enliven the “Beyond myth and legend”, page 42). Instead northern mountains, forests, and tundra like of seeing rogue man-eaters and savage packs, no other creature, helping to enrich our stay we now understand that wolves have evolved on the planet simply by their presence as other to live in extended family groups that include Few places remain highly advanced societies in our midst.” a breeding pair – typically two strong, where wolves can live His opposition to hunting was equally experienced individuals – along with several as nature intended intense.