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Internet Governance AN INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET GOVERNANCE Jovan Kurbalija 5th Edition i The history of this book is long, in Internet time. The original text and the overall approach, including the five-basket methodology, were developed in 1997 for a training course on Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Policy for government officials from Commonwealth countries. In 2004, Diplo published a print version of its Internet governance materials, in a booklet entitled Internet Governance – Issues, Actors and Divides. This booklet formed part of the Information Society Library, a Diplo initiative driven by Stefano Baldi, Eduardo Gelbstein and Jovan Kurbalija. Special thanks are due to Eduardo Gelbstein, who made substantive contributions to the sections dealing with cybersecurity, spam, and privacy, and to Vladimir Radunovic and Ginger Paque who updated the course materials. Comments and suggestions from other colleagues are acknowledged in the text. Stefano Baldi, Eduardo Gelbstein, and Vladimir Radunovic all contributed significantly to developing the concepts behind the illustrations in the book. In 2008, a special, revised version of the book, entitled simply An Introduction to Internet Governance, was published in cooperation with NIXIIndia on the occasion of the Internet Governance Forum 2008 held in Hyderabad, India. In 2009, a revised third edition was published in the cooperation with the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology of Egypt Internet Governance. The fourth edition (2010) was produced in partnership with the Secretariat of the Africa-Caribbean-Pacific Group of Countries and the European Union. AN INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET GOVERNANCE Jovan Kurbalija 5th Edition Published by DiploFoundation (2012) Malta: Anutruf, Ground Floor, Hriereb Street, Msida, MSD 1675, Malta Switzerland: DiploFoundation Rue de Lausanne 56 CH-1202 Genève 21, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.diplomacy.edu Cover: the Argument by Design Illustrations: Zoran Marčetić – Marča & Vladimir Veljašević Layout: the Argument by Design Prepress: Aleksandar Nedeljkov Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-nd/3.0/ The translation and publication of this book in other languages is encouraged. For more information, please contact [email protected] Any reference to a particular product in this book serves merely as an example and should not be considered an endorsement or recommendation of the product itself. All hyperlinks in this book were valid as at 20 October 2012. ISBN: 978-99932-53-24-2 Published by: In partnership with: Azerbaijan Diplomatic Academy Contents Foreword .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Section 1: Introduction . .5 What does Internet governance mean? ...................................................................................................... 5 The evolution of Internet governance ......................................................................................................... 7 The Internet Governance Cognitive Toolkit ............................................................................................. 13 Approaches and patterns .......................................................................................................................... 14 Analogies .................................................................................................................................................. 22 Classification of Internet governance issues ............................................................................................. 27 Section 2: The infrastructure and standardisation basket .........31 The telecommunication infrastructure ...................................................................................................... 34 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) ................................................................... 37 The Domain Name System (DNS) .......................................................................................................... 40 Root servers .............................................................................................................................................. 44 Network neutrality ................................................................................................................................... 47 Internet access: Internet service providers (ISPs) ..................................................................................... 57 Internet access: Internet bandwidth providers (IBPs) ............................................................................... 58 An economic model of internet connectivity ............................................................................................ 60 Web standards .......................................................................................................................................... 62 Cloud computing...................................................................................................................................... 63 Convergence: Internet telecommunication multimedia ............................................................................ 65 Cybersecurity ............................................................................................................................................ 67 Encryption................................................................................................................................................ 71 Spam ........................................................................................................................................................ 72 Section 3: The legal basket ..................................85 Legal instruments ..................................................................................................................................... 87 Jurisdiction ............................................................................................................................................... 92 Intellectual property rights (IPR) ............................................................................................................. 96 Trademarks ............................................................................................................................................. 101 Patents .................................................................................................................................................... 102 Cybercrime ............................................................................................................................................. 102 Labour law .............................................................................................................................................. 104 Privacy and data protection .................................................................................................................... 105 The international regulation of privacy and data protection ................................................................... 108 Section 4: The economic basket ............................. 117 E-commerce ........................................................................................................................................... 119 Consumer protection .............................................................................................................................. 122 Taxation .................................................................................................................................................. 124 Digital signatures .................................................................................................................................... 125 E-payments: e-banking and e-money ..................................................................................................... 127 Section 5: The development basket ..........................135 The digital divide .................................................................................................................................... 139 Developing telecommunications and Internet infrastructures ................................................................ 141 Financial support .................................................................................................................................... 144 Sociocultural aspects ............................................................................................................................... 144 Policy and institutional aspects ............................................................................................................... 145 Section 6: The sociocultural basket ..........................149 Human rights ......................................................................................................................................... 151 Rights of people with disabilities ............................................................................................................ 153 Content policy ........................................................................................................................................ 154 Education ..............................................................................................................................................
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