DOCSLIB.ORG

Human Rights in the Digital

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Human Rights in the Digital Downloaded by [University of Liverpool] at 09:13 03 November 2016 HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE DIGITAL AGE Downloaded by [University of Liverpool] at 09:13 03 November 2016 Downloaded by [University of Liverpool] at 09:13 03 November 2016 HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE DIGITAL AGE Edited by Mathias Klang and Andrew Murray Downloaded by [University of Liverpool] at 09:13 03 November 2016 First published in Great Britain 2005 by The GlassHouse Press, The Glass House, Wharton Street, London WC1X 9PX, United Kingdom Telephone: + 44 (0)20 7278 8000 Facsimile: + 44 (0)20 7278 8080 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cavendishpublishing.com Published in the United States by Cavendish Publishing c/o International Specialized Book Services, 5824 NE Hassalo Street, Portland, Oregon 97213-3644, USA Published in Australia by The GlassHouse Press, 45 Beach Street, Coogee, NSW 2034, Australia Telephone: + 61 (2)9664 0909 Facsimile: +61 (2)9664 5420 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cavendishpublishing.com.au © Cavendish Publishing Ltd 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of Cavendish Publishing Limited, or as expressly permitted by law, or under the terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organisation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Cavendish Publishing Limited, at the address above. You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Human rights in the digital age 1Human rights – Great Britain 2 Data protection – Law and legislation – Great Britain I Klang, Mathias II Murray, Andrew 342.4'1085 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Downloaded by [University of Liverpool] at 09:13 03 November 2016 Data available ISBN 1-90438-531-1 ISBN 978-1-904-38531-8 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Printed and bound in Great Britain To the memory of Douglas Vick (1960–2004) He was a legal academic of international standing, but, above all, a kind, thoughtful and gentle man Downloaded by [University of Liverpool] at 09:13 03 November 2016 Downloaded by [University of Liverpool] at 09:13 03 November 2016 Preface The idea for this book crystallised during the course of one evening in Gothenburg in summer 2002. Both of us were independently researching the disruptive effects of technology on established principles of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and both were feeling frustrated at the lack of a cohesive critical analysis in this juncture. We realised that what was needed was a single source that could be used as an initial reference point for both students and researchers in all fields which intersect this juncture. In short, what was needed was a book that would provide coverage of the key aspects of the subject. Over the course of the next few days we sketched out some of the principles of this book. Our first realisation was that the range of specialist knowledge and skills required dictated that we should engage a team of specialist authors, each of whom could bring with them the particular depth required to address their chosen subject. In gathering our team we have tried to blend authors with practical experience of their subject, such as David Christie, James Couser and Brian Esler, with those from an academic background, such as Douglas Vick, Diane Rowland and Gavin Sutter. We have also blended youth with experience, drawing upon young authors such as Rebecca Wong, Marie Eneman and Bela Chatterjee while acknowledging the contribution of expert commentators such as Jon Bing, Roger Brownsword and Robin Mansell. Finally, we attempted to balance European and North American views by inviting contributors from the US and Canada, such as Daniel Paré, Nart Villeneuve, Ronald Deibert and Brian Esler. We asked these authors to give their individual commentaries on subjects within four broad issues that lie at the heart of the human rights/digital technology nexus: Access, Content, Control and Privacy. The resultant text demonstrates a number of unique viewpoints on these issues. Together we hope that these individual contributions fulfil the aims we had at the outset of this project. We should note that although we relied upon the skill and knowledge of individual authors to decide exactly which topics should be dealt with within their own chapters, our task as editors was to draw these individual strands together to make the book a harmonious whole. As they were writing mostly in ignorance of the precise contents of the other chapters, any responsibility for errors, in particular errors of omission, or a lack of harmony, lies with us alone. We would particularly like to thank them all for all their efforts in producing this book. Additional thanks go to the Kungl Vetenskaps- och Vitterhets- Samhället i Göteborg and the Nordic Academic Exchange Scheme, LSE, whose generous funding enabled Mathias to remain in London while carrying out research and planning for this book. Also, thanks to all at GlassHouse Press for their help and guidance. Finally, our thanks to Marie and Rachel, who patiently assisted us through the last Downloaded by [University of Liverpool] at 09:13 03 November 2016 few months when it seemed we were obsessed with the subject of Human Rights in the Digital Age and who supported us throughout the editing and proofreading process, providing moral support and sustaining cups of tea. Mathias Klang & Andrew Murray November 2004 Downloaded by [University of Liverpool] at 09:13 03 November 2016 Contributors Professor Jon Bing ([email protected]) Jon Bing is Professor in Computers and Law at the Norwegian Research Centre for Computers and Law, University of Oslo. He holds doctor juris (Oslo) and doctor honoris causa (Stockholm and Copenhagen). He is Chair, Forum for Information Security, Co- Chair, Conference Committee, International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law and is Knight first rank, Order of St Olav. Jon is on the editorial board of 13 journals in the IT & Law field, including Computer und Recht and the Yearbook of Law, Computers and Technology. Professor Roger Brownsword ([email protected]) Roger Brownsword is a graduate of the London School of Economics (LLB) and was a member of the Department of Law at the University of Sheffield until 2003. In October 2003 he moved from Sheffield to a Chair in Law at Kings College, London. Until recently he was the case-note editor of the Modern Law Review and he is the author of many books and articles on contract law, bioethics and biolaw, and jurisprudence. He is particularly interested in the intersection of legal and moral issues and is working on a new book on Consent in the Law. He is co-author (with Deryck Beyleveld) of the leading text, Human Dignity in Bioethics and Biolaw (Oxford: OUP, 2002). Dr Bela Bonita Chatterjee ([email protected]) Bela Chatterjee recently completed her PhD on Cyberpornography and Law, and is currently a lecturer at Lancaster University. She has a strong interest in feminist and queer legal theory. In recent years, her research has tried to integrate feminist legal critique with legal discourses on cyberspace. David Christie ([email protected]) David Christie is a solicitor with Proactive Employment Lawyers. He has practised exclusively in employment law for several years and contributes to a range of specialist and legal publications. James Couser ([email protected]) James Couser (LLB, LLM, BCL) is a practising barrister and Senior Lecturer in Law at Middlesex University, where he teaches an LLM course on the Regulation of Electronic Technologies. He practises principally in property related law, and is particularly interested in the interaction between personal and proprietary remedies. Dr Ronald J Deibert ([email protected]) Downloaded by [University of Liverpool] at 09:13 03 November 2016 Ronald J Deibert (BA, MA, PhD) is associate professor of political science at the University of Toronto, specialising in media, technology and world politics, and a Ford Foundation Research Scholar of Information and Communication Technologies (2002–03). He is the author of the book Parchment, Printing, and Hypermedia: Communications in World Order Transformation (New York: Columbia UP, 1997). The book was designated as a finalist in the 1998 Donald McGannon Award Competition for Social and Ethical Relevance in Communications from Fordham University, New York. He is also the director of the Citizen Lab, based at the University of Toronto (www.citizenlab.org). The Citizen Lab sponsors research at the intersection of digital media and world civic politics. x Human Rights in the Digital Age Donald has published articles on topics relating to Internet politics, civil society and global politics, earth remote sensing and space policy, and social science epistemology in the journals International Organization, The Review of International Studies, Journal of Social Issues, International Studies Perspectives, Intelligence and National Security and The European Journal of International Relations. He currently serves on the editorial board of the journals International Studies Perspectives, Astropolitics, The Journal of Environmental Peace and Explorations in Media Ecology. Dr Deibert is presently finishing a manuscript on the politics of Internet security, entitled Networks, Firewalls, and Power: Internet Security and World Order. He is also doing research on the Internet and citizen networks and the politics of P2P networks. Marie Eneman ([email protected]) Marie Eneman is a Researcher at the Department of Informatics at the University of Göteborg. She is currently researching within the field of child pornography and information communications technology (ICT), to study the effects of ICT on child pornography.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress
    Order Code RL32114 Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress Updated January 29, 2008 Clay Wilson Specialist in Technology and National Security Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress Summary Cybercrime is becoming more organized and established as a transnational business. High technology online skills are now available for rent to a variety of customers, possibly including nation states, or individuals and groups that could secretly represent terrorist groups. The increased use of automated attack tools by cybercriminals has overwhelmed some current methodologies used for tracking Internet cyberattacks, and vulnerabilities of the U.S. critical infrastructure, which are acknowledged openly in publications, could possibly attract cyberattacks to extort money, or damage the U.S. economy to affect national security. In April and May 2007, NATO and the United States sent computer security experts to Estonia to help that nation recover from cyberattacks directed against government computer systems, and to analyze the methods used and determine the source of the attacks.1 Some security experts suspect that political protestors may have rented the services of cybercriminals, possibly a large network of infected PCs, called a “botnet,” to help disrupt the computer systems of the Estonian government. DOD officials have also indicated that similar cyberattacks from individuals and countries targeting economic,
    [Show full text]
  • What Every Citizen Should Know About DRM, A.K.A. “Digital Rights Management”
    What Every Citizen Should Know About DRM, a.k.a. “Digital Rights Management” By Mike Godwin Senior Technology Counsel Public Knowledge PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE NEW AMERICA FOUNDATION What Every Citizen Should Know About DRM, a.k.a. “Digital Rights Management” By Mike Godwin Senior Technology Counsel Public Knowledge NEW AMERICA FOUNDATION Washington, DC Acknowledgements This “DRM primer” would not have come about without the author’s having worked with an informal “Risks of Copy Protection” expert group that includes Ed Felten, Matt Blaze, Phil Karn, Steve Bellovin, Bruce Schneier, Alan Davidson, John Morris, Hal Abelson, and Bill Cheswick. Two members of the group — Ed Felten and Matt Blaze — deserve special thanks for framing a number of copy-protection technology issues with such clarity that I have to some extent reproduced that clarity here. Phil Karn similarly deserves special thanks for his discussion of the extent to which peer-to-peer file-sharing is a feature of the Inter- net’s fundamental design. Andy Moss and Aaron Burstein each made a wide range of helpful comments and observations on earlier drafts of this primer. I’m particularly grateful to my boss, Gigi Sohn, for giving me the opportunity to explore the landscape of digital rights management and to develop further some of my ideas about the directions in which DRM may take us. I’m also thankful for the support and feedback of my other fellow staff members at Public Knowledge — Sarah Brown, Alex Curtis, Ann Dev- ille, and Nathan Mitchler. I consider myself fortunate to be backed by such a knowledgeable and resourceful team; each of my colleagues contributed in many ways to the development of this project, and all of them read this paper in various stages of development and offered helpful corrections and suggestions.
    [Show full text]
  • Forbidden Feeds: Government Controls on Social Media in China
    FORBIDDEN FEEDS Government Controls on Social Media in China 1 FORBIDDEN FEEDS Government Controls on Social Media in China March 13, 2018 © 2018 PEN America. All rights reserved. PEN America stands at the intersection of literature and hu- man rights to protect open expression in the United States and worldwide. We champion the freedom to write, recognizing the power of the word to transform the world. Our mission is to unite writers and their allies to celebrate creative expression and defend the liberties that make it possible. Founded in 1922, PEN America is the largest of more than 100 centers of PEN International. Our strength is in our membership—a nationwide community of more than 7,000 novelists, journalists, poets, es- sayists, playwrights, editors, publishers, translators, agents, and other writing professionals. For more information, visit pen.org. Cover Illustration: Badiucao CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 INTRODUCTION : AN UNFULFILLED PROMISE 7 OUTLINE AND METHODOLOGY 10 KEY FINDINGS 11 SECTION I : AN OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL MEDIA CENSORSHIP 12 The Prevalence of Social Media Usage in China 12 Digital Rights—Including the Right to Free Expression—Under International Law 14 China’s Control of Online Expression: A Historical Perspective 15 State Control over Social Media: Policy 17 State Control over Social Media: Recent Laws and Regulations 18 SECTION II: SOCIAL MEDIA CENSORSHIP IN PRACTICE 24 A Typology of Censored Topics 24 The Corporate Responsibility to Censor its Users 29 The Mechanics of Censorship 32 Tibet and
    [Show full text]
  • BEYOND NAPSTER: Copyright, Fair Use, Intellectual Property Collide in Cyberspace E-Mal for Life!
    Stanf- yer BEYOND NAPSTER: Copyright, Fair Use, Intellectual Property Collide in Cyberspace e-mal for life! www.stanfordalumni.org ired ofhaving to send your new e­ Tmail address to family and friends every time you change your provider? Avoid the hassle by signing up today for a permanent Stanford Alumni Association (SAA) e-mail account Best of all, it~ FREE! Here's what you'll get: It's as easy as 1-2-3. • An address that's easy to remember Log on to www.stanfirdalumni.org-useyour OStanford ill number (above your name on [email protected] the Stanfird Lawyer mailing label) • 24/7 access to your mail on the C1 After you've signed up, you might want to Web-great when you're traveling ~ update your address in the SAA online • Automatic forwarding to your Alumni Directory to let your friends know where you are. Just click on "Update Your every-day account-keep current Profile." This directory is a great resource. with classmates and friends ~ Contact your Law School friends Ii:.I and classmates frequently ... They'll be glad and so will you. www.stanfordalumni.org SUMMER 2001 / ISSUE 60 Contents Features ,------------------------------_e 14 BEYOND NAPSTER By Doug Fine Copyright, Fair Use, and Intellectual Property Collide in Cyberspace P2P networking technology has revolutionized file swapping, but now new business models are emerging to beat down the legal challenges faced by upstarts like PROFESSOR Napster. Here's what the experts LAWRENCE LESSIG ----1------111IIII--------- see in our digital future. I 20 ELECTION REVIEW By Mel Taylor Stanford Law School was very well represented during Election 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil Liberties and Security in Cyberspace
    Hoover Press : Cyber DP5 HPCYBE0500 06-11-:1 11:53:04 rev1 page 183 CHAPTER 5 Civil Liberties and Security in Cyberspace Ekaterina A. Drozdova Measures to protect information systems against cyber attacks are receiving increasing attention as the threat of attacks grows and the nature of that threat is better understood. Among these measures are sophisticated technologies for monitoring computer networks and us- ers, detecting intrusion, identifying and tracing intruders, and preserv- ing and analyzing evidence, all discussed in the previous chapter. What legal standards should govern the use of these measures? What non- technical constraints are likely to be placed, or ought to be placed, on them? What importance should be assigned to these constraints in designing and implementing technologically robust solutions, as well as international agreements to facilitate law enforcement? Specific answers to these questions will ultimately be determined Hoover Press : Cyber DP5 HPCYBE0500 06-11-:1 11:53:04 rev1 page 184 184 Ekaterina A. Drozdova by evaluating the specific measures or agreements proposed. But cer- tain legal principles are broadly applicable, including the right to pri- vacy, the protections against self-incrimination and unwarranted searches and seizures, and the right to due process of law. These civil liberties are supported in international law and guaranteed in varying forms by the national laws and institutions of many countries. An international regime against cyber crime and terrorism must operate within the constraints of these principles, as defined by the legal frame- works of its States Parties. There is often a tension between protecting civil liberties and en- forcing laws to maintain public safety and order.
    [Show full text]
  • Jurisdictional Analysis Formatted
    Jurisdictional Analysis Comparative Study Of Intermediary Liability Regimes Chile, Canada, India, South Korea, UK and USA in support of the Manila Principles On Intermediary Liability Version 1.0, 1 July 2015 Authors and Affiliations Jyoti Panday (Programme Officer) Centre for Internet and Society, India J. Carlos Lara (Research and Policy Manager) Derechos Digitales, Chile Kyun S Park (Professor) Korea University Law School; (Director) Open Net, Korea Kelly Kim (General Counsel) Open Net, Korea Acknowledgements The author would like to the inputs and feedback of Rishabh Dara, Jeremy Malcolm, Gabrielle Guillemin, Shradha Nigam, Elonnai Hickok, Pranesh Prakash and Sunil Abraham. Declaration of Conflicting Interests The author declares no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this analysis. Funding Research, authorship, and/or publication of this article and the development of the Principles has been generously funded by a grant from MacArthur Foundation. Permissions The author has sought permission from the Steering Committee developing the Manila Principles and members who have contributed to this analysis. Corresponding Author Jyoti Panday, Centre for Internet and Society Top Floor, G-15 Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 INDIA Email: [email protected] jURISDICTIONAL ANALYSIS - MANILAPRINCIPLES.ORG 1 Abstract Governments around the world undertake speech regulation through the imposition of liability on intermediaries for third-party content, and often impose related obligations of proactive monitoring, exercising due diligence, and other such requirements. This study highlights the trends and crucial differences in existing liability regimes across Chile, Canada, India, South Korea, UK and USA. This analysis has been undertaken by the steering committee developing the Manila Principles and is aimed at supporting the development of the Manila Principles - a global civil society initiative.
    [Show full text]
  • In Search of a Balance Between Police Power and Privacy in the Cybercrime Treaty D.C
    Richmond Journal of Law and Technology Volume 9 | Issue 1 Article 5 2002 In Search of a Balance Between Police Power and Privacy in the Cybercrime Treaty D.C. Kennedy Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/jolt Part of the Computer Law Commons, Intellectual Property Law Commons, International Law Commons, and the Internet Law Commons Recommended Citation D.C. Kennedy, In Search of a Balance Between Police Power and Privacy in the Cybercrime Treaty, 9 Rich. J.L. & Tech 3 (2002). Available at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/jolt/vol9/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Richmond Journal of Law and Technology by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Volume IX, Issue 1, Fall 2002 In Search of a Balance Between Police Power and Privacy in the Cybercrime Treaty by D.C. Kennedy[*] Cite As: D.C. Kennedy, In Search of a Balance Between Police Power and Privacy in the Cybercrime Treaty , 9 RICH. J.L. & TECH. 3 (Fall 2002), at http://jolt.richmond.edu/v9i1/article3.html. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION II. THE PROBLEM OF CYBERCRIME A. Cybercrime and the Cybercriminal B. The New Tools of the Cybercriminal C. Challenges for Law Enforcement III. TREATY ON CYBERCRIME A. Draft 19: The First Publicly-Released Version of the Cybercrime Treaty B. The Outcry C. Draft 27: The Final Revision to the Treaty IV. EXAMPLES OF PRIVACY PROTECTIONS PROVIDED UNDER DOMESTIC LAWS A.
    [Show full text]
  • Cybersmear Or Cyber-SLAPP: Analyzing Defamation Suits Against Online John Does As Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation
    COMMENT Cybersmear or Cyber-SLAPP: Analyzing Defamation Suits Against Online John Does as Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation Joshua R. Furman* A recent advertising campaign by a national Internet Service Provider (ISP) depicts a happy home of consumers who never have to leave their house thanks to their super-fast connection and the won- ders of limitless shopping on the web. Television spots show people in awe over the selection and convenience as they click away at laptops purchasing kitchen appliances, trading stocks, and occasionally greet- ing a courier with the latest treat materializing from their online ad- ventures. In some ways these ads are a fanciful depiction of our cur- rent reality. While many of us have felt the excitement of a dot com shipment just a few clicks away, the seamless function of technology and infrastructure depicted is probably a bit more idealized than we would recall. However, as we move closer to a society in which online activities increasingly usurp real world activities, we must ask whether fundamental rights will follow. Consider the problem of John Doe, a member of our utopian cy- ber-shopping household, who wants to comment on a web forum * J.D. Candidate 2002, Seattle University School of Law. Innumerable thanks are due to the staff of Seattle University Law Review whose commitment to enriching the legal community through exceptional scholarship is unparalleled. Many individuals have been of indispensable assistance in transforming this article from scraps on my hard drive to a printed reality. I would particularly like to thank Deirdre Mulligan and Alan B.
    [Show full text]
  • Internet Governance
    AN INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET GOVERNANCE Jovan Kurbalija 5th Edition i The history of this book is long, in Internet time. The original text and the overall approach, including the five-basket methodology, were developed in 1997 for a training course on Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Policy for government officials from Commonwealth countries. In 2004, Diplo published a print version of its Internet governance materials, in a booklet entitled Internet Governance – Issues, Actors and Divides. This booklet formed part of the Information Society Library, a Diplo initiative driven by Stefano Baldi, Eduardo Gelbstein and Jovan Kurbalija. Special thanks are due to Eduardo Gelbstein, who made substantive contributions to the sections dealing with cybersecurity, spam, and privacy, and to Vladimir Radunovic and Ginger Paque who updated the course materials. Comments and suggestions from other colleagues are acknowledged in the text. Stefano Baldi, Eduardo Gelbstein, and Vladimir Radunovic all contributed significantly to developing the concepts behind the illustrations in the book. In 2008, a special, revised version of the book, entitled simply An Introduction to Internet Governance, was published in cooperation with NIXIIndia on the occasion of the Internet Governance Forum 2008 held in Hyderabad, India. In 2009, a revised third edition was published in the cooperation with the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology of Egypt Internet Governance. The fourth edition (2010) was produced in partnership with the Secretariat
    [Show full text]
  • Freedom on the Net 2009
    0100101001100110101100100101001100 110101101000011001101011001001010 011001101011001001010011001101011 0010010100110011010110010010100110 011010110010010100110011010110100Freedom 101001100110101100100101001100110 1011001001010011001101011001001010on the Net 0110011010110010010100110011010110 0100101001100110101101001010011001 1010110010010100110010101100100101a global assessment of internet 0011001101011001001010011001101011and digital media 0010010100101001010011001101011001 0010100110011010110100001100110101 1001001010011001101011001001010011 0011010110010010100110011010110010 0101001100110010010100110011010110 0100101001100110101101000011001101 0110010010100110011010110010010100 1100110101100100101001100110101100 1001010011001101011001001010011001 1010110100101001100110101100100101 0011001101011001001010011001101011 0010110010010100101001010011001101 0110010010100110011010110100001100 1101011001001010011001101011001001 0100110011010110010010100110011010 1100100101001100110101100100101001 1001101011010010100110011010110010 0101001100110101100100101001100110 1011001001010011001101011001001010 FREEDOM ON THE NET A Global Assessment of Internet and Digital Media April 1, 2009 Freedom House Freedom on the Net Table of Contents Page Overview Essay Access and Control: A Growing Diversity of Threats to Internet Freedom .................... 1 Freedom on the Net Methodology ........................................................................................................... 12 Charts and Graphs of Key Findings ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Rule of Law on the Internet and in the Wider Digital World Law on the Internet and the Wider Digital Environment
    The rule of We exercise a significant part of our human rights today using the and in the wider digital world on the Internet rule of law The law on the Internet and the wider digital environment. But our human rights can also be breached using these very same means. Internet and There is general agreement that human rights should be enjoyed online as they are offline. In practice, however, the actors who can ensure that we enjoy human rights are not exactly the same in the in the wider two environments. In particular, the disproportionate influence and control that certain states and certain private companies exercise on the Internet and its physical infrastructure at the global level, are two digital world essential elements of this difference. This issue paper looks at how the rule of law can be maintained in an environment characterised by these specific governance issues, focusing on some policy areas of particular human rights relevance: freedom of expression, data protection and privacy, cybercrime and national security. It suggests possible ways forward to ensure that we can trust the rule of law to apply to our online activities. www.commissioner.coe.int 70114 ENG PREMS ENG The Council of Europe is the continent’s leading Issue paper human rights organisation. It comprises 47 member states, 28 of which are members of the European Union. All Council of Europe member states have signed up to the European Convention on Human Rights, a treaty designed to protect human rights, democracy and the rule of law. The European Court of Human Rights oversees the implementation of the Convention in the member states.
    [Show full text]
  • Filtering the Future? for Most of Human History the Word "Filter" Has Had an Entirely Unambiguous Meaning
    1. Chapter One -- INTRODUCTION Filtering the Future? For most of human history the word "filter" has had an entirely unambiguous meaning. Ask the average person on the street to name a filter, and they will likely point to one of the following mundane objects of everyday life. For those unfortunate enough to live in cities with poor tasting tap water (Boston and Philadelphia certainly come to mind), the dechlorinating, makes my tea tastes better "water filter" will likely be mentioned. Among the Starbucks, and XandO set -- or for that matter, any caffeine junkie -- the "coffee filter" will be mentioned as an irreplaceable invention for the mourning rush to work, or the late night cram session. Finally, for those unable to kick the nicotine habit, "Marlboro filtered cigarettes" will come to mind, as a cough comes to their mouth. All of these everyday, common knowledge filters deal with physical, atom-based particles. The water filter traps chlorine and lead molecules, the coffee filter keeps ground rhines out of the final product, and the cigarette filter removes some of the harmful carcinogenic compounds about to be inhaled. The physical aspect of these filtering processes is reflected in the Oxford English Dictionary's definition of filter, "To pass (a liquid) through a filter, or some porous medium, for the purpose of removing solid particles or impurities (emphasis added)." The use and definition of filters shows that they are employed to get rid of something unwanted. A byproduct of the last epoch of human history, the Industrial Revolution (focused on manufacturing atoms), has been heavy levels of air and water pollution.
    [Show full text]