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Outcrop to Subsurface Stratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian Hermosa Group Southern Paradox Basin U.S.A

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Outcrop to Subsurface Stratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian Hermosa Group Southern Paradox Basin U.S.A Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2002 Outcrop to subsurface stratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian Hermosa Group southern Paradox Basin U.S.A. Alan Lee Brown Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Brown, Alan Lee, "Outcrop to subsurface stratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian Hermosa Group southern Paradox Basin U.S.A." (2002). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2678. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2678 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. OUTCROP TO SUBSURFACE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE PENNSYLVANIAN HERMOSA GROUP SOUTHERN PARADOX BASIN U. S. A. A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geology and Geophysics by Alan Lee Brown B.S., Madison College, 1977 M.S., West Virginia University 1982 December 2002 DEDICATIONS This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of Marcy and Peter Fabian both were teacher and mentor to me at a critical time in my life. I first met Marcy and Peter at Kisikiminetas Springs Prep School as a high school post-graduate waiting admission to the United States Naval Academy. Peter was an English teacher, tennis coach, and the main athletic trainer. He was a nurturing but demanding teacher. Peter taught me about overcoming adversity in my life and playing to ones strengths. Like me he had a disability. His was stuttering, but he did not let it affect his ability to teach and communicate with his students. Marcy was the strength in their relationship. She was a towering intellect that pushed you to new areas when ever possible but was quick to inspire if your self esteem begun to fade. Marcy also had a disability Chrones disease. Through the illness was very debilitating, she never stopped giving to those who were open to receive. As with the many teachers that I have been privileged to work with in this study, Pete and Marcy represent the people who go into the teaching arena, to help kids become all they can be. ii ACK NOWLEDGEMENTS One page is far to little space to acknowledge all the people who have contributed to the completion of this dissertation. At the top of that list is my family for allowing me to complete a dream that meant taking time away from them. Next is my committee: Dr. Nummedal, for starting this endeavor and staying with me even after leaving LSU; Dr. Dokka, for taking on the chairmanship roll after Dr. Nummedal left the university and being extremely patient with my lack writing skills; Dr. Bouma, for unending encouragement and his helpful insights on how to attack outcrop analysis; Dr. Thomas, who really was the one that gave me the courage to start this project by mentoring me through a tough petrophysical studies program when I was at Amoco; Dr. Scott, for his helpful guidance with paleontological investigation and his unending support; Dr. Ellwood, who replaced Dr. Hazel due to health issues. A better committee could not have been assembled. Others needing thanks are my many co-workers: both Bill Chandler and Craig Cooper, my managers at Amoco; Carolyn Bauerschlag and Helen Sestak, the two ladies of the database, who without heir help this project would have never gotten off the ground; and Randy Miller of Reservoir Inc. for use of a proprietary core study. Dr. Greg Wahlman of Amoco who gave his time and effort to documenting the fusulinid content of the samples taken. A particular thanks to those rock climbing experts Dr. Rich Chambers and Dr. D. Hall for not letting me fall of off the repelling ropes as we took the outcrop measurements. Last but not least, Dr. Donald Rasmussen who took a chance with an unknown fellow geologist and allowed him to utilize his unique proprietary tops database. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATIONS................................................................................…………………..ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………ii LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………….vi LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………..vii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………..xiii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………..1 1.1 Overview of Geologic Setting and Objectives ………..………………….....1 1.2 Goals and Objectives……………………………………………..……….....4 1.3 Evaluation Techniques……………………….…………………...…….…...5 CHAPTER 2. GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY AREA…………….7 2.1 Location and Geographic Setting.……………………………..…...….…….7 2.2 Stratigraphy of the Study Area ………………………………..….……..…10 2.3 Biostratigraphic Correlations, from Basin to Global Scale…...……………23 CHAPTER 3. LITHOLOGIC CALIBRATION OF ROCKTYPES TO IN-SITU WELLBORE MEASUREMENTS …………………………………...27 3.1 Chapter Overview…………………………………………………….…….27 3.2 Measured Section at Hotter’s Crack……………………………….....…….28 3.2.1 Outcrop Measurement Techniques………………...……………. 28 3.2.2 Outcrop Gamma Ray Measurement.………………………..…... 35 3.3 Wireline Facies Prediction …………….………………..…………………41 3.3.1 Standard Wireline Crossplot Analysis Techniques………………42 3.3.2 Wireline Crossplot Analyses………………………………..……45 3.4 Neural Network Facies Succession Prediction…………………..…..……. 55 3.4.1 Neural Network Training of Calibration data……………………56 CHAPTER 4. CORRELATION OF THE HERMOSA GROUP FROM THE ANIMAS VALLEY OUTCROP EXPOSURES TO THE SUBSURFACE ALONG THE SOUTHERN PARADOX BASIN....65 4.1 Chapter Overview………………………………………………………..…65 4.2 2D Correlation Process……………………………………………….....….66 4.3 Building the Stratigraphic Framework from 2-D to 3-D…………………...71 4.4 Applying the Correlation Model………………………………………….. 78 4.5 Construction of 2-D Framework………………………………………...…85 4.6 3-D model for Integration of 2-D Surfaces to Basin Distribution……….... 93 4.7 Stratigraphic Implications………………………………………………...100 iv CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS ……………………….…………………………...105 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………108 APPENDIX A STRATIGRAPHIC SECTION BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND MICROFACIES…………………………………………………………113 B FIELD DESCRIPTIONS OF PURGATORY TO HOTTER’S CRACK MEASURED SECTION……………………….………………………...138 C FIELD MEASUREMENTS FROM OUTCROP OF SPECTRAL GAMMA-RAY RESPONSES………………………….…………….…..151 D NUCLEAR LOGGING TOOLS ...........................................…….……...154 E NNLAP WORKFLOW……………………..………………………....….158 F CROSS SECTION CONSTRUCTION CONTOURING WORKFLOW DESCRIPTION UTILIZING LANDMARK INTERPRETIVE APPLICATIONS STRATWORKS AND ZMAPPLUS……….……….165 VITA…………………………………………………………………………………180 v LIST OF TABLES 1. Traditional Desmoinesian fusulinid subzones and equivalent lithostratigraphic equivalents in the Mid-continent USA Region (Wahlman, 1999)…….…………….25 2. Descriptive comparison updated evaluation of Hermosa Mountain section compared to the Purgatory to Hotter’s Crack section…………………………………………..34 3. Lithology types with color code and numeric value for curve plotting.……...……..49 4. Sample number and depth from Hotter’s Crack to Purgatory measured section.….113 5. Listing of the occurrences of biostratigraphic diagnostic fossils in the thin-section samples examined, in descending stratigraphic order……………………………...116 6.General facies types, lithologic and biotic characteristics and depositional settings……………………………………………………………………………...117 7. Listing of samples from stratigraphic interval XI summary of lithologies, and paleoenvironmental interpretations ……………………………………….….……120 8. Listing of samples from stratigraphic interval F3 lithologies, and paleoenvironmental interpretations …………………………………………...…...121 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1. General location map of study area with major regional tectonic elements………...2 2. Global continental reconstruction for the late Carboniferous………………….……3 3. The Four Corners region of the western United States showing the study area. Cross sections are highlighted and labeled ………………………………..………...7 4. Physiographic features of the study area…………………………………………….9 5. Stratigraphic column for study area………………………………………………..10 6. Structural Schematic diagram across the southern Paradox Basin..……….………12 7. Structural elements affecting Pennsylvanian deposition………………………..….13 8. Location map of key stratigraphic outcrop sections with surface geology in the Animas Valley area………………………………………………………………...16 9. Preserved Pennsylvanian age strata and inferred physiographic features in the Four Corners Area……………………………………………………...…...18 10. Schematic of Eastern Paradox Basin Salt Anticline development………………....19 11. Preserved Permian age strata and inferred physiographic features in the Four Corners Area…………………………………………………………………….…23 12. Paradox Basin stratigraphy and key biostratigraphic zonations…………………....26 . 13. Location map Durango to Quray, Colorado…………………….……………….....29 14. Hotter’s Crack to Purgatory measured section location .…………………………..30 15. Upper Hotter’s Crack measured section with lithnum curve representing numerical value of lithology…………………………………...…………………………..32 16. Upper Hotter’s Crack measured section segments G,H, and I…………………..…33 17. Field picture of measured section at Hotter’s Crack with lithology description sand spectral gamma-ray...………………………………………………………………33 18. Lower section of Hermosa Group just
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