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Universi^University ModnlmsMiaoolms InternationallnternationaJ 3(X)N300 NZfEB Z!::EB ROAD ROAD ANN. ANN ARBOR ARBOR MI4fl106 Ml 4810fi '818BEDFORDR0W BEDFORD ROW LONDON LONDONWCIR~ WC'R 4EJl:J ENGLAND f G LAN D f 13U269 1F;FAI«FAX,AIRFAX , VVELLAELL A LILINDSAY~DS AY DE0EMON5TWATIONMO ST MA TI ON AandND DtDEFENSEFE NSE OF THE IMPORTANCEI MPOR TA NCE OF GEgeologyOLOGY Iin N URURRANA N PLAplanningN I NG In N THE CACARSONRSON CITYCITY,, NEVADANEV ADA areaAREA •,
J N , Uuniversity ,~ 1 V E R 5 I T Y , jF NEVADA,E V A D , RRENO,E I\ 0 , m•^ Ss 1,, 11979 c17 q
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7 PLEASEPLEftSE NOTE: MOTE:
In a11 cases this material has been filmed in the«« best“"St possible possible way fran the availableavailable copy.copy. ProblemsProblems encounteredencountered withwith thisttls documentdocument havehave beenbeen 1denIdentified ti f1 ed herehere w1with th aa checkcheck markmark ...,.... • . 1.1. GlossyGlossy photographsphotographs ----______2.2. ColoredColored illustrationsIllustrations ----______3.3. PhotographsPhotographs withwith darkdark backgroundbackground ----______·4.4. IllustrationsIllustrations areare poorpoor copycopy ---- 5.5. PrintPrint showsshows throughthrough ases therethere 1sIs texttext onon bothboth sidessides ofof pagepage ----______6.6. Indistinct,Indistinct, brokenbroken oror smallsmll printprint onon severalseveral pagespages throughoutthroughout » 7. Tightly bound copy with print lost inIn spine ----f f f f 8. Computer printout pages with Indistinctindist~nct print f---- f f f 9. Page(s) --.-- lacking when material received, and not available 113U269;;F3AI«X,UVfran school or author ----E U 10. Page(s) 10. Page(s) seemseem toto bebe missingmissing Inin numberingnumbering onlyonly asas texttext followsfollows --- 11.11. PoorPoor carboncarbon copycopy f f f f ,------12.12. NotNot originaloriginal copy,copy, several^pagesseveral pages withwith blurredblurred typetype ---- 13.13. AppendixAppendix pagespages areare poorpoor copycopy ___ 14.14. OriginalOriginal copycopy withwith lightlight typetype f__ f f f_ 15.15. CurlingCurling andand wrinkledwrinkled pagespages ---- 16. Other 16. Other ------LNDX13SY01M3FGeologic HazardsO3U MapM5MYIM0IN available TXF for 6XD2AIWMWYXDconsultation MW at HDY5NF2YWP University Nevada. Nevada, Re no , L i bra ry . .. Universi^ u~msMkronims IntemationaJInternational 300 N ZEE3 ao.. ANN AR30R Ml 48106 '3131 76141700 JOO ·N ZEEB RO .. ..l.NN 4RBOR Ml .18106 •3131 761-4700 PLEASE NOTE:
LARGE GiARTSCHARTS AND MAPS ON GLASSENE NOT MICROFILMED DUE TO P(X)RPOOR QTTALITYQflALITY.. AVAILABLE FOR CONST'LTATIONCONST'L’T’ATION AT UNIVERSITY OF NEVADANE\tADA LIBRMYLIBRARY..
UNIVERSITY MIMICROFILMS. CR.OF! L\1S .
') RSC7«CPLFASE 4#GCtNOTE:
LARGES7L:C CHARTS.i7LG« 74gAND MAPSh7R« ON#4 GLASSFNE:S7««C4C 4#GNOT hl.L#ybYCgMICROFIIJiED DUEgHC TOG# POORR##L oH7SlGunQITALITY. 7d7lS7cSCAVAILABLE FORy#L .#4«GCONSl'LTATIONandgdeol 7GAT H4ldCL«lGuUNIVERSITY #yOF lyiNEVADAUgRg LIBRARY.SlcL7Lun
H4ldCL«lGuUNIVERSITY MICROFILMS.hl.L#ylSh«n HDY5NF2YWPUni verei ty ofXT 1;4N5MpMevada RenoLNDX.
DemonstrationgNbXD2WFMWYXD andMDp DefensegNTND2N ofXT W9Nt~e ImportancelY2wXFWMD6N XTof Geology:NXIXrP inYD ~HF0MDrban RIMDDYDrPlanning
YDin theW9N Carson.MF2XD City,.YWPs HN5MpMNevada Area7FNM
7A ThesisG9N2Y2 submitted2A0bYWWNp YDin partialwMFWYMI TAITYIIbNDWfulfillment ofXT theW9N
requirementsFNeAYFNbNDW2 forTXF theW9N degreepNrFNN ofXT atYM2WNFaster XTof Science«6YND6N inYD Geology:NXIXrP
by0P
dNIIMVella SnL. yMYFTM8Pair~
' June,ADN 1979ma(a
.. -1-)m)
G9NThe thesisW9N2Y2 ofXT VelladNIIM SnL. ?airfaxyMYFTM8 Y2is approved:MwwFX5Npt
I·
University of NevadaNevada Reno
June 1979 -ii-)YY)
ABSTRACT7x«GL7.G
Carson.MF2XD 0ity,.YWPs lfLN5MpMsevada, duepAN toWX itsYW2 proxinitywFX8YDYWP toWX RLNDXseno,
andMDp itsYW2 positionwX2YWYXD asM2 st2WMWNa te capital,6MwYWMIs h9M2as become0N6XbN aM rapidlyFMwYpIP
expandinN8wMDpYDrg urbanAF0MD area.MFNMn LargeSMFrN tractsWFM6W2 ofXT previouslywFN5YXA2IP unde-ADpNv veloped5NIXwNp landIMDp have9M5N been0NND utilizedAWYIY^Np by0P anMD expandingN8wMDpYDr popula-wXwAIMv
tionWYXD ~5FYW9XAWit~out regardFNrMFp forTXF geologicrNXIXrY6 hazards,9M^MFp2s manybMDP ofXT whw9Y69ich have9M5N been0NND augumentedMArAbNDWNp by0P theW9N urbanAF0MD sprawl.2wFMwIn
~eologic.NXIXrY6 hazards9M^MFp2 inYD tW9N he areaMFNM YD6IApNinclude activeM6WY5N TMAIW2sfaults,
MFNM2areas subject2A0jN6W WXto TIXXpYDrsflooding, IYeANTM6WYXDsliquefaction, AD2WM0INunstable 2IXwN2sslopes,
MDpand W9Nthe wX22Y0YIYWPpossibility XTof IMDpland 2A02YpND6Nnsubsidence. 7I2XAlso YbwXFWMDWimportant Y2is
W9Nthe wFN2NF5MWYXDpre~ervation XTof 2MDpsand MDpand rFM5NI6ravel pNwX2YW2sdeposits, MDpand XW9NFot~er bYDNFMImineral FN2XAF6N2nresources. G9N2NT~ese pMWMsdata, YDin 6XDjAD6WYXDconjunction wYW9r.ith MIWNFDMWNalternate
2XIAWYXD2solutions WXto W9N2Nthese 9M^MFp2shazards, 9M5Nhave 0NNDbeen YD6XFwXFMWNpincorporated WXto 2ArrN2Wsug~est Ma pN2YrDdesign TXFfor Ma 6YWPcity FNIMWY5NIPrelatively 2MTNsafe TFXbfrom pMbMrNdamage pANdue WXto rNXIXrY6geologic 9M^MFp2nhazards. TABLE 0? C0:rTEL'T3
PAGZR7:C SISIOTATUTEGNAT'Ul.3 PAQ~PA^E ABSTilACTABSTRACT ii
nrTI09UC7IONnrTRODUCTION 1 LocationLocation 1 Purpose and Scone m Purpose and Scope 1m PreviPreviousous Inventi1Inveotijationsa tions 3 Physiography and Drainage x P~ysiogra p,y and ~r~inage 5; ~linateClimte 6 Vegetation 6 Ve getation 7( ~egionalRegional '.}eoloSeologic3ic i{Historyistory ? Regional Structure ( Regional Structure 9a ~storic Surfa ce :'aulting a nd Re5 ional Seismicity«NY2bY6YWP 10m0 '.}eners.l ,'.}e ol ogy 11 LX6k gN26FYwWYXD2 MDp GPwN2 mm Rock Descriptions and Types 12m2 G~OLOG«C#S#«l. IC :O.Ai7Z7Lg«3ARDS 19 TIXXpYDr ?loading 19ma iM22l!a.ss GM2WYDrWasting 25 CMFW9eAMkN LNIMWNp iM^MFp2 2; ~rthquake Related Hazards 28 «WFXDrStrong «FXADpGround nIXWYXD~otion xm31 «AFTM6NSurface 3MAIW?ault LAwWAFNRupture xx33 dMFYXA2Various «N6XDpMFPSecondary CTTN6W22ffects 33 «A02YpND6N xx Subsidence x;35 70MDpXDNpAbandoned tYYDN:.line WXFkYDr21,V orkings 36 SX22 XT IYYDNFMI LN2XAF6N2 x6 Lose of ~ineral Resources x(37 Cd7SD7Gl#4EVALUATION 0(O:' GK«THE .7««.WCARSON .lGuCITY 7Lx7AR3A, . (0L?OR HLc7«lZ7Gl#4URBAlHZATION 4040 R9P2Y6MIPhysical RFXwNFWYN2Properties XTof «XYI2Soils YDin W9Nthe .MF2XDCarson .YWP0ity 7FNMArea 4;45 W7u«WAYS 01O? («gH.lKx11:IDUCING g7h7:CD~GZ nLC«HSGl4:RESULTDTG 1i#,FRO.:.! :C#S#:l.GEOLOGIC YYIZ7Lg«iiAZAHDS 4a49 CIXXp iM^MFp2 ?l. ood Hazards 4a49 iM^MFp2Razards XTof YYM22?Jass GM2WYDr~asting 50 75XYpMD6N XT ZM22 GM2WYDr iM^MFp2 ;0 Avoidance of :!ass ';fasting Hazards ;x53 Corrective ~easures for .::.iiass ~asting ?..a.zards 57 Earw5:^e“Szarr“"“ "" ;( Earthquake Eazard 6060 Construction for Earthquake~arthquake ResistanceResistance 65 Lifelines 6; Lifelines 8080 lIYDNFMIt!ineral LN2XAF6Nnesoupce SX22Loss LNpA6WYXD~eduction 82 «A02YpND6N gMbMrN LNpA6WYXD 82 Subsidence Damage Reduction 8x83 TABLic 0? c;o]:ti::;ts (cont.)
R7Ag
84 ~■Historyietory 84 SurfSurfacea ce '7ater~ater Supply3upply 84 :ZroundSroundvrater,;']' a ter 84 Springs 858; Imported ·:'Vater;a ter 8(87 TTater':';'a ter ~ua[Qualityli ty 8(87 ■^aterWater CConsumptiononsump tion 888 8 Kiraturalatura l GroundSroundv:aterwater DDischargeisc ~ar ge 88 A.;riculAgricultural tura l :JUsese of 'Vater'.:;a ter 88 'lunicipal~.runicipal "'ater"'':1 ter Userrse 898a GCoifolf :::ourseCourse a090 Private :::onsuConsumption~ption 92a2 92a2 COIJCLUSIOi: 94 7RRIiFglXAPP3!IDIX 101 Bbibliocr IBL I 0'.}:l..\P.\phyH'l 102
r r' lSSH«GL7Gl#4«ILLUSTRATIONS
TA3L3SG7cSC« R7:CPAG3
TableGM0IN mtl: ~iY2WXFY6istoric FloodinyIXXpYDr5 ofXT Carson.MF2XD City,.YWPs 4N5MpMNevada 22 GM0IN 2t Table 2: Classification.IM22YTY6MWYXD ofXT :!assAdUNN Wd/M2WYDrasting 2;25 GM0INTable xt3: :iY2WXFY6~storic EarthquakesCMFW9eAMkN2 inYD theW9N Carson.MF2XD City-.YWP) Reno-VirginiaLNDX)dYFrYDYM City.YWP areaMFNM 292a GM0IN 4t Table 4: C5MIAMWYXD3-valuation ofXT DevelopmentgN5NIXwbNDW Suitability«AYWM0YIYWP 40 TableGM0IN 5:;t R9P2Y6MIPhysical ·PropertiesRFXwNFWYN2 ofXT Carson.MF2XD City.YWP areaMFNM soils2XYI2 46 GM0IN 6t Table 6: :!odifiediXpYTYNp 1!ercalliiNF6MIIY IntensitylDWND2YWP Scale«6MIN 656; GM0IN (t Table 7: Guideline.AYpNIYDN DesigngN2YrD forTXF LifelinesSYTNIYDN2 8m81 GM0IN 8t Table 8: iADY6YwMI)funicipal UdMWNF~ater BudgetcAprNW 91am GM0INTable 9:at E~aterGMWNF Supply«AwwIP andMDp Consumption.XD2AbwWYXD inYD W9Nthe Carson.MF2XD C.YWPity areaMFNM 93ax \.
YAPS '
yYrAFN mt SX6MWYXD iMw "!i'igure l: Location ~p 2
FigureyYrAFN 2:2t RFN5YXA2.Previous lD5N2WYrMWYXD2Investigations iMwJap 4 ~p l:l2 «NXIXrY6Geologic iM^MFp2~zarde ~piMw PocketRX6kNW Overlay:#5NFIMPt SMDpLand H2NUse #5NFIMPOverlay PocketRX6kNW
I I I INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIO!f
LOCATIONLOGATIOJT
~eG9N study2WApP ~reaMFNM isY2 approximatelyMwwFX8YbMWNIP 51;m square2eAMFN bYIN2smiles, andMDp lD6IApN2includes allMII XTof Carson.MF2XD City.YWP wFXwNFproper andMDp adjacentMpjM6NDW urbanAF0MD MFNM2sareas, such2A69 aeM2 4N3New ~pire,xYMwYFNs. wMFWpart ofXT Stewart,«WNwMFWs andMDp theW9N FNIMWY5NIPrelatively DNwnew SMkN5INwLakeview residentialFN2YpNDWYMI ~rea,MFNMs asM2 illustratedYIIA2WFMWNp inYD JigureTYrAFN 1.mn T~eG9N areaMFNM isY2 delineatedpNIYDNMWNp 0Pby county6XADWP linesIYDN2 toWX W9Nthe northDXFW9 andMDp south-2XAW9v ~est,wN2Ws MDpand 0Pby section2N6WYXD linesIYDN2 toWX theW9N eastNM2W andMDp west.wN2Wn yYrAFN?igure ml
illustrateslIIA2WFMWN2 W9Nt ~e ~eneralrNDNFMI locationIX6MWYXD a.ndMDp 0XADpMFYN2boundaries XTof theW9N study2WApP area.MFNMn
Carson.MF2XD City,.YWPs approxinatelyMwwFX8YbMWNIP WNDten bYIN2miles eastNM2W XTof LakeSMkN Ta.GM9XN:1oe
andMDp W9YFWPthirty :nileebYIN2 south2XAW9 ofXT .l.LNDXseno, Y2is locatedIX6MWNp inYD 3~leyMrIN dMIINPValley
lD .MF2XD .YWP .XADWPs TXFbNFIP #Fb20P .XADWPn Hn«niYr9wMP in Cars·on City County, f ormerly Ormsby 0ounty. U.S.:ii5;-i'7:ay 395 MDpand Hn«nTJ .S. :lighwayGiSr9wMP ;050 wFX5YpNprovide -M66N22access toWX theW9N areaMFNM TFXbfrom W9Nt :1e north,nort~, south,2XAW9s andMDp east.NM2Wn
RHLR0xxPURPOSE AUD74g «.#RCS00PE 3. :-
ThisG9Y2 2WApPstudy isY2 designedpN2YrDNp WXto pNbXD2WFMWNdemonstrate W9Nthe YbwXFWMD6Nim;>ortanoe of incorporatinglD6XFwXFMWYDr geolo,e-icrNXIXrY6 YDTXFbMWYXDinformation irrin W9Nthe wIMDDYDrplannin andMDp of 6 development XTof AF0MDurban MFNM2nareas. !"leGXN geologicrNXIXrY6 conditions6XDpYWYXD2 W9MWthat influence urbanizationurbaniwation areMFN diverse,pY5NF2Ns XTWNDoften complex,6XbwIN8s an1MDp 5MFPvary
O.,._,.d , -2-
r /\ o\.._J NEVADA
Aleo shown on mop
Study~
Scale I : 1,000,000
~igure 1 Location :Jap -3-«x—
inYD bMrDYWApN;magnitude; allMII XTof w9Y69which MTTN6W2affects t~eW9N desi~n,pN2YrDs construction,6XD2WFA6WYXDs andMDp maintenancebMYDWNDMD6N XTof urbanAF0MD structures.2WFA6WAFN2n C~raon.MF2XD City,.YWPs duepAN toWX itsYW2 wX2YWYXDposition asM2 state2WMWN capital6MwYWMI andMDp wFX8YbYWPproximity WXto Reno,iNDXs 9M2has 0N6XbNbecome aM rapidlyFMwYpIP N8wMDpYDrexpandinJ urbanAF0MD area,MFNMs withwYW9 aM wFN2NDWpresent wXwAIMWYXDpopulation ofXT approximatelyMwwFX8YbMWNIP thirty-fiveW9YFWP)TY5N W9XA2MDpnthousand. LargeSMFrN tractsWFM6W2 ofXT wFN5YXA2IPpreviously ADpN5NIXwNpundeveloped landIMDp areMFN ( being0NYDr appropriatedMwwFXwFYMWNp WXto 2AwwXFWsupport tW9Y2 '1is wXwAIMWYXDpopulation wYW9with littleIYWWIN \ regardFNrMFp TXFfor geologicrNXIXrY6 ~azards,9M^MFp2s manybMYDP ofXT whic~w9Y69 areMFN au~entedMArbNDWNp 0Pby thisW9Y2 AF0MDurban ·sprawl.2wFMwIn
G9Y2This study2WApP wFX5YpN2provides informationYDTXFbMWYXD concernin6XD6NFDYDr5 W9Nt he 5rNXIXrY6eolo5ic hazards9M^MFp2 wFN2NDWpresent inYD t~eW9N .MF2XDCarson City.YWP area,MFNMs andMDp suggests2ArrN2W2 wX22Y0INpossible
FNbNpYN2 TXF W9N NIYbYDMWYXD XF FNpA6WYXD XT W9N2N 9M^MFp2n remedies for the elimin~I ion or reduction of these hazards. ItlW isY2 ~oped9XwNp t~atW9MW thisW9Y2 study2WApP wYIIwill wFX5YpNprovide wNFWYDNDWpertinent YDTXFbMWYXDinformation TXFfor TAWAFNfuture developmentpN5NIXwbNDW ofXT t~eW9N area,MFNMs orXF aM modelbXpNI forTXF XW9NFother
oommunitiee6XbbADYWYN2 withwYW9 9M^MFp2hazards andMDp settings2NWWYDr2 similar2YbYIMF toWX .MF2XDCarson City..YWPn
RL«dl#H«P~/IOUS HFG««Gl:7Gl#,G«IlIVZSTIGATIONS
ThisG9Y2 2WApPstudy has9M2 0NNDbeen wellwNII pX6AbNDWNpdocumented 0Pby 2N5NFMIseveral wFN5YXA2previous etudiee.2WApYN2n ~egionalLNrYXDMI ~eologyrNXIXrP Y2is discussedpY26A22Np 0Pby BonhamcXD9Mb (1969),(ma6a)s
w9YINw':ti.le aM bXFNmore detailedpNWMYINp discussionpY26A22YXD ofXT W9Nthe sout2XAW9NFDhern wMFWpart isY2
describedpN26FY0Np 0Pby ~ooretYXXFN (1369).(ma6a)n DetailedgNWMYINp workwXFk 6XD6NFDYDrconcerning theW9N meta-bNWM)
,.J morphicbXFw9Y6 FX6k2rooks northwestDXFW9wN2W XTof Carson.MF2XD .YWPCity Y2is wFN2NDWNppresented 0Pby ZonesZXDN2
(ma;8)n(1958). Schryver«69FP5NF (1961)(ma6m) 6XDWFY0AWNpcontributed Ma FN6XDDMY22MD6Nreconnaissance WPwNtype mappingbMwwYDr XTof aM regionFNrYXD YD6IApYDrincluding anMD areaMFNM northeastDXFW9NM2W ofXT Carson.MF2XD City..YWPs ~isenger3Y2NDrNF (ma60)(1960) extensivelyN8WND2Y5NIP investigatedYD5N2WYrMWNp theW9N geo'logyrNXIXrP 0 -·- V 0 0 v v' I 0 y v v 0
v
I V
/ I / • \ t.,/ ••0 t.,./" ,c ...0 '-- v v- L--- . v- \. v
SonnornBooDom ScolaSeal* 1:1: 533.533333,333 EiEivngt's,"91, 0 Area thC>wn Kir~I\QmKirKhom on map McKonne-,McKinnty MooreMoor* / RoQersRog*fS Set»y.«rSctvy,e, Lx ZonuZonts 71&ure'liur* 2. PPrerlouoreYi ous Inrtstlgatlon*InYeet1Dat1ona
■ i 0 -·- V 0 0 v v' I 0 y v v 0
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/ I / • \ t.,/ ••0 t.,./" ,c ...0 '-- v v- L--- . v- \. v
SonnornBooDom ScolaSeal* 1:1: 533.533333,333 EiEivngt's,"91, 0 Area thC>wn Kir~I\QmKirKhom on map McKonne-,McKinnty MooreMoor* / RoQersRog*fS Set»y.«rSctvy,e, Lx ZonuZonts 71&ure'liur* 2. PPrerlouoreYi ous Inrtstlgatlon*InYeet1Dat1ona
■ i ... ·' );)-5-
XTof W9Nthe RFY2XDPrison l!YII)cFAD2wY6kE.:ill-Bruns\'T ick .MDPXD~anyon MFNMnarea. gYFN6WIPDirectly wNFWMYDYDrpertaining WXto W9Nt ~e MFNMarea XTof 2WApPstudy MFNare W9FNNt hree 6XD6AFFNDWconcurrent YD5N2WYrMWYXD2tinvesti~a tions: G9N CD5YFXDbNDWMI3nvironmental .NXIXrP~eology XTof W9Nthe
WN2WNFDWestern .MF2XDCarson .YWPCity 4N5MpMNevada 7FNMArea (XYFk9MD(Kirk:1am ma(6)s1976), G9Nr :1e CD5YFXDEnviron-v
bNDWMImental :NXIXrPGeology XTof 4XFW9NFDNorthern .MF2XDCarson .YWPsCity, 4N5MpMNevada (LXrNF2{Rogers ma(;)s1975), MDpa.nd G9NToe CD5YFXDbNDWMI:Snvironmental :NXIXrPGeology XTof «XAW9NM2WSoutheast .MF2XDCarson .YWPCity, s 4N5MpMUevada
(Gl6KYDDNP(~lcKinney ma(6)n1976).
Riu«l#:L7RiTPHYSIOGRAPHY 74gA...'ID gL7l47:CDRAINAG3 .MF2XDCarson .YWPCity Y2is YDin CMrINEagle dN#)INPsValley, MDan YDWNFbXDWMDNintermontane 0M2YDbasin XDon
W9Nthe 13N2WNFD~ estern NprNedge XTof W9Nt~e cM2YDBasin MDpand LMDrNRan6 e w)YP2YXrFMw9YXphysio~raphic wFX5YD6N?rovince. G9NThe 5MIINPvalley Y2is 0XFpNFNpbordered XDon W9Nt he wN2Wwest 0Pby W9Nt ~e .MF2XDCarson LMDrNJ.ange XTof W9Nt he «YNFFMSierra. 4N5MpMsNevada, XDon W9Nt'i.e DXFW9nort~ 0Pby W9Nt he dYFrYDYMVirginia LMDrNsElange, MDpand XDon W9Nt he NM2W IP333N :?ineRYDN 4AWNut :J:ountains.TXADWMYD2n G9NT~e 2XAW9NFDsouthern wXFWYXDportion XTof W9Nthe 5MIINPvalley IMis 2NwMFMWNpseparated 0Pby aM lowIXw alluvialMIIA5YMI dividepY5YpN DNMFnear Stewart.«WNwMFWn
TheG9N southern2XAW9NFD endNDp ofXT theW9N valleyd6SSINP isY2 dividedpY5YpNp inYD ~alf9MIT 0Pby PRFY2XDrison Hill,iYIIs whichw9Y69 risesFY2N2 toWX 5,700;s(00 feet;TNNW; theW9N valley5MIINP floorTIXXF ra.n~esFMDrN2
fromTFXb 4,6004s600 feetTNNW toWX 4,7504s(;0 feet.TNNWn
TheG9N plan~likewIMD)IYkN configuration6XDTYrAFMWYXD ofXT tW9N he intermontaneYDWNFbXDWMDN valleys5MIINP2 isY2 aM resultFN2AIW ofXT tW9N he subaerial2A0MNFYM,n depositionpNwX2YWYXD ofXT alluvialMIIA5YMI debrispN0FY2
fromTFXb t~eW9N adjoininMpjXYDYDrg mountains.bXADWMYD2n :·tYX2W.lost ofXT tW9N he ranFMDrN26 es areMFN bordered0XFpNFNp by0P broad,0FXMps coalescing6XMIN26YDr alluvialMIIA5YMI fans,TMD2s whilew9YIN playawIMPM deposits,pNwX2YW2s sand2MDp dunes,pADN2s floodplainTIXXpwIMYD andMAYp lakeIMkN depositspNwX2YW2 makebNH6N upAw t~eW9N lowerIXwNF partswMFW2 orXT theW9N basins.0M2YD2n
TheG9N Carson.MF2XD ":tiver,LY5NFs whichw9Y69 flowsTIXw2 nortDXFW9wMFphward alongMIXDr theW9N )6)-6-
NMNWNFDeastern NprNedge XTof W9Nthe 5MIINPvalley TIXXFfloor 0NTXFNbefore bMkYDrmaking Ma FYr9Wri~nt »rIN 0NDpbend YDin nW9N.t he DXFW9NM2Wnortheast 6XFDNFcorner (wFN2AbM0IP(presumably TXIIXwYDrfollowing MjYan MYDYTN)
6NpNDWcedent 6XAF2Ncourse 0NWwNNDbet1veen W9Nt'1e dYFrYDYMVir3inia LMDrNitange MDpand W9Nt :-ie RYDNPine 4AW!,ut TXADWMYD2)s;(ountaine), Y2ie W9Nthe bMYDmain 2WFNMbstream XT>ot:- W9Nt:ie MFNMnarea. RXAF3'our wNFNDDYMIperennial MDpan1 YDWNFbYWWNDWintermittent 2WFNMb2streams TIXwflow NM2WwMFpeast~ard XAWout XTof W9N3the .MF2XDCarson I LMDrNsRange, MDpand wMFWYMIIPpartially WFM5NF2Ntraverse W9Nt t1e 5MIINP-valley TIXXFfloor WXwMFptoward W9Nt ;1e .MF2XDCarson LY5NFnRiver. RFXbJ"rom DXFW9north WXto 2XAW9south W9Nt he wNFNDDYMIperennial 2WFNMb2streams MFNc:1.re dY6NNVicee .FNNks-Jreek, 729As"!'l .MDPXDCanyon .FNNks~reek, XYDrKing'sE2 .MDPXD·.::anyon .FNNksCreek, MDpand
.INMFClear .FNNksCreek.
.Sllm7GxCLTI1A~ .MF2XDCarson City.YWP Y2is YDin Ma 2NbY)MFYpsemi-arid FNrYXDre Ji on wYW9wi t i1 MDan N22NDWYMIIPessentially 6XDWYDNDWMIcontinental 6IYbMWNnoli~ate. UdYDWNF2~inte.rs MFNare bXpNFMWNIPmoderately IXDrlong MDpand 6XIpscold, MDpand MIW9XAr9alt:iough W9Nthe bNMDmean bXDW9IPmont:lly WNbwNFMWAFNtemperature Y2is FMFNIPrarely 0NIXwbelow TFNN^YDrsfreezing, WNbwNFMWAFN2temperatures orXT 20 degrpNrFNN2_eee 0NIXwbelow zero^NFX areMFN notDXW ADun-v oommon.6XbbXDn Summers«AbbNF2 areMFN s~ort29XFW andMDp wMFbwarm withwYW9 some2XbN 9XWhot wNFYXp2periods thatW9MW areMFN notDXW unoom!'ortableAD6XbTXFWM0IN 0N6MA2Nbec~use ofXT t'rieW9N lowIXw humidity.9AbYpYWPn TheG9N
typicalWPwY6MI 5rFXwYDrrowin6 season2NM2XD averaget3120M5NFMrN2 m20 days.pMP2n Severe«N5NFN storms2WXFb2 areMFN infrequent,YDTFNeANDWs ~,ilew9YIN dailypMYIP temperatureWNbwNFMWAFN variances5MFYMD6N2 areMFN great,rFNMWs
rangingFMDrYDr fromTFXb 26 degreespNrFNN2 inYD January,MDAMFP toWX 40 debreespNrFNN2 inYD Au7ArA2Wn6ust. TheG9N majorbMjXF precipitationwFN6YwYWMWYXD comes6XbN2 between0NWwNND November4X5Nb0NF andMDp April7wFYI ~ndMDp averagesM5NFMrN2 approximatelyMwwFX8YbMWNIP llmm inchesYD69N2 perwNF year.PNMFn Durifl6gAFYDr Decem-gN6Nbv ber,0NFs .Ta.nuary,MDAMFP and2bp ::?RN0FAMFPebruary t':.1eW9N precipitationwFN6YwYWMWYXD isY2 mostlybX2WIP inYD theW9N formTXFb ofXT snow,2DXws althoughMIW9XAr9 itYW doespXN2 notDXW usuallyA2AMIIP remainFNbMYD longIXDr onXD theW9N ground.rFXADpn 3e~eencNWwNND lateIMWN DecembergN6Nb0NF andMDp e~rlyNMFIP ~3.roh,MFX9 theW9N groundrFXADp oftenXTWND freezesTFNN^N2 toWX aM depthpNwW9 ofXT 66 inohes,YD69N2s orXF evenN5ND aM foot.TXXWn LikeSYkN
• )()-7-
moetbX2W XTof 4N5MpMNevada theW9N Carson.MF2XD City.YWP areaMFNM enjoysNDjXP2 considerable6XD2YpNFM0IN sun-2ADv ehine,29YDNs ayeragingM5NFMrYDr aroundMFXADp 78(8>~ forTXF theW9N yearPNMF andMDp 90a0>Y~ duringpAFYDr W9Nthe summer.2AbbNFn WindsGYDp2 areMFN aM significant2YrDYTY6MDW erosionalNFX2YXDMI agentMrNDW inYD EagleCMrIN Valley.dMIINPn Summer«AbbNF windswYDp2 areMFN lightIYr9W MDpand variable,5MFYM0INs generallyrNDNFMIIP fromTFXb theW9N south2XAW9 orXF west,wN2Ws MDpand areMFN almostMIbX2W aM dailypMYIP occurrence.X66AFFND6Nn UWYDWNFWinter windswYDp2 areMFN • strong,2WFXDrs oftenXTWND associatedM22X6YMWNp withwYW9 RM6YTY6Pacific wYDWNFwinter 2WXFb2sstorms, andMDp maybMP FNM69re~ch speeds2wNNp2 ofXT 6;65 bw9;mph; locallyIX6MIIP t~eyW9NP areMFN referredFNTNFFNp toWX asM2 ■dn VWM29XN"Washoe Zephyrs".ZNw9PF2Vn
VEGETATIONVE5ETATI0N 4MWY5NNative vegetation5NrNWMWYXD isY2 WPwY6MItypical o!XT aM 2NFMY)MFYpsemi-arid region.FNrYXDn Several«N5NFMI species2wN6YN2 XTof eagebrush:2MrN0FA29t Artemaia7FWNbMYM tridentataWFYpNDWMWM (big(0Yr 2MrNsage-v 0FA29]sbrueh), 7FWNbN2YMArtemesia arbusculaMF0A26AIM (IXw(low sagebrush),2MrN0FA29)s and Artemesia7FWNbN2YM neTaDN5M (0IM6k(black sagebrush);2MrN0FA29); Chryeothamus.9FP2XW9MbA2 naucosusDMA6X2AM (FM00YW(rabbit 0FA29)sbrusn), &lengaHeng wYW9with aM 5MFYNWPvariety ofXT rFM22N2grasses includingYD6IApYDr gY2WY69IYMDistichlis spicata2wY6MWM (salt(2MIW grass),rFM22)s BromuscFXbA2 WNXWXFAbtectorum (69NMW(cheat grass),rFM22)s andMDp AgropyrQn7rFXwPFXD inermelDNFbN (wheat(w9NMW rFM22)sgrass), areMFN wFNpXbYDMDWnpredominant. Scattered«6MWWNFNp jADYwNF2junipers
(Juniperus(,ADIwNFAc osteosperma)X2WNX2wNFbM) andMDp wYDN2pines (RYDAM(Pinus bXDXw9PIIM)monophylla) dotpXW theW9N foothillsTXXW9YII2 andMDp areMFN scattered26MWWNFNp alongMIXDr ?risonRFY2XD Hill.iYIIn Jottonwood.XWWXDwXXp treesWFNN2 (RXwAIA2(Populue deltoidee)pNIWXYpN2) IYDNline theW9N 0MDk2banks ofXT theW9N .MF2XDCarson 3iver,LY5NFs whilew9YIN 9MPTYNIp2hayfields andMDp bNMpXw2~e~dows areMFN common6XbbXD alangMIXDr theW9N floodplainsTIXXpwIMYD2 ofXT theW9N river.FY5NFn
~GIONALK«MY#47S GEOLOOIC:C#S#:l. il«G#LuHISTORY TheG9N XIpN2Woldest rocksFX6k2 YDin W9Nthe FNrYXDregion areMFN considered6XD2YpNFNp toWX 0Nbe -8-)8)
Jurassic,AFMM2Y6 andMDp TriassicGFYMM2Y6 ~!lFMNWMYDXFw9YXetamorp]1ic rocks;FX6kM; noDX .?recambrianRFN6MjD0FYMD
orXF PaleozoicRMINX^XY6 rocksFX6kM ~9M5Nave been0NND foundTXADp (~oore(IIXXFN 1969}.ma6a)s
'l'heG9N :x!MFWTXFp!'.9.rtford ~iYIIUll RhyoliL9PXIYWN te TuffGATT has9MM aM radiometricFMpYXbNWFY6 datepMWN
ofXT 21-282m)28 millionbYIIYXD yearsPNMFM andMDp isYM theW9N oldestXIpNMW knownkDXwD TertiaryGNFWYMFP vol-5XIv
canic6MDY6 formationTXFbMWYXD inYD tW9N he areaMFNM (:Kirkham(IMFk9Mb 19?6).ma(6)n InlD severalMN5NFMI loca-IX6M)
tionsWYXDM andesiteMDpNMYWN andMDp dacitepM6YWN breccias,0FN66YMMs flowsTIXwM andMDp dikes,pYkNMs allMII youngerPXADrNF thanW9MD theW9N HartfordiMFWTXFp :-iiYIIill TuffGATT n.9M5Nave been0NND _XXADpf.ound ((iXXFN.i:Ioore
1969).ma6a)n InlD t~eW9N Carson.MFMXD RangeLMDrN TertiaryGNFWYMFP andesiteMDpNMYWN andMDp dacitepM6YWN
plug•wIAr* andMDp dike•pYkNM cut6AW theW9N Cr~taceoue:FNWM6NXAM graniticrFMDYWY6 rocks.FX6kMn Ande•ite7DpNMYWN
rocksFX6kM ofXT twoWwX distinctpYMWYD6W agesMrNM exi~tN8YFTW inYD t~eW9N VirginiadYFrYDYM City.YWP areaMFNM
(Thompson(G9XbwMXD 1956).ma;6)n T"lickG9Y6k accumulationsM66AbAIMWYXDM ofXT TertiaryGNFWYMFP sedimentary2NpYbNDWMFP rooks,FX6k2s whw9Y69ich ,
wNFNwere pNwX2YWNpdeposited inYD fluvialTIA5YMI and2bp lacustrineIM6A2WFYDN environmentsND5YFXDbNDW2 YDin eome2XbN
Y2XIMWNpisolated 0M2YD2sbasins, X5NFIMPoverlay W9Nthe 2AYpNMIWY6andeei tic sequence.MNeAND6Nn G9N2NT!1ese FMDrNrange TFXbfrom 2N5NFMI~everal W9XA2MDpt~ousand TNNWfeet W9Y6kthick MWat W9Nt~e 2XAW9NFDsout~ern NDpend XTof iMrIN3agle dMIINPValley MDpand MWat W9Nthe bXAW92mout~e XTof W9Nthe :MAYPXD2Canyons YDin W9Nthe :MF2Carson XD LMDrNRange
WXto IN22lees W9MDthan m00100 TNNWfeet W9Y6kthick YDin W9Nthe DXFW9NFDnorthern NDpend XTof W9Nthe 5MIINPnvalley. G9N2NThese FX6k2reeks MFNare 0NIYN5Npbelieved WXte 0Nbe bYppINmiddle XFor IMWNlate GNFWYMFPsTertiary, M66XFpaccord-v YDring WXto TX22YIfeeeil X66AFFND6N2noccurrences.
cM2MIWBasalt TIXw2flows XTof t3AMWNFDMFP~uaternary MrNsage, IX6MWNplocated YDin W9Nthe DXFW9north NDpend
XT•f cMrIN-Sagle dMIINPsValley, NFAwWNperupted TFXbfrom ll6:INIIMDp:.tc·]lelland RNMkPeak MDpand MFNare 2YbYIMFsimilar WXto W9Nthe 0M2MIW2basalts YDin W9Nthe dYFrYDYMVirginia :YWPCity oAMpFMDrINniuadrangle.
SM6A2WFYDNsLacustrine, TIA5YMIsfluvial, MDpand NXIYMDeolian pNwX2YW2deposits bMkNmake Awup W9Nt~e ADun-v
6XD2XIYpMWNpconsolidated oAMWNFDMFP~uaternary 2NpYbNDWMFPsedimentary FX6k2;rocks; MIIA5YMIalluvial TMD2fans 0XFpNFborder bMDPmany XT•f W9Nthe bXADWMYD2;mountains; w9YIN~hile W9Nthe 5MIINPvalley TIXXF2floor• MFNare 6XbwFY2Npcomprised )a)-9-
XTof wIMPMplaya pNwX2YW2sdeposits, 2MDpsand pADNdune MDpand XW9NFother NXIIMDeolian pNwX2YW2sdeposits, TIXXpwIMYDfloodplain 2NpYbNDW2sediment~ MDpand IMkNlake 2NpYbNDW2ssediments, M2as wNIIwell M2as 2N5NFMIseveral YDWNF9NppNpinterbedded 5XI6MDY6volcanic M29ash IMPNF2nlayers.
LC:l#47SRSGIONAL «GLH.GHLC$1'RUC~ 4AbNFXA2Numerous 9XF2W2horsts MDpand WjFM0ND2sJrabens, MDpand W9Nt~e wN2W)WYIWNpwest-tilted «YNFFMSierra 4N5MpMNevada 0IX6kblock MFNare W9Nthe pXbYDMDWdominant .NDX^XY6Cenozoic 2WFA6WAFN2structures XTof W9Nthe FNrYXDnregion. lDIn W9Nt~e cM2YDBasin MDpand LMDrNRange R9P2YXrFMw9Y6Physiographic RFX5YD6NProvince bX2Wmoat XTor W9Nthe TMAIWfault 0IX6k2blocks WFNDptrend DXFW9north WXt~ DXFW9NM2W;northeast; 9XwN5NFshowever, YDin W9Nthe WMIkNFWalker SMDNLane MFNMsarea, W9MWthat Y2is wN2Wwest XTof Ma DXFW9wN2Wnorthwest WFNDpYDrtrending IYDNMlinea~v bNDWsment, W9Nthe TMAIWfault 0IX6k2blocks WFNDptrend YDin W9Nthe XwwX2YWNopposite pYFN6WYXDndirection. yFXDWMIFrontal TMAIW2faults MDpand TXIp2folds MFNare XDon W9Nthe NM2WNFDeastern 0XFpNFborder XTof W9Nthe wN2W)WYIWNpwest-tilted Si~rra«YUNFFM 4N5MpMNevada 0IX6k;bl0ok; W9Nthe TMAIWYDrfaulting MIXDralong W9Nthe
FMDrNrange TFXDWfront rias9M2 0NNDbeen pX6AbNDWNpdocumented YDin WM29XNsWashoe, .MF2XDsCarson, CMrINEagle andMDp
#wND2Oilfene dMIINP2Yalleys inYD 2N5NFMIseveral reportsFNwXFW2 ·((GM0XF Tabor andMDp CIINDEllen 1975;ma(;;
LawsonSMw2XD 1912;mam2; :Joore,XXFN 196ma6a;9 ; Sa.MF5NFrver 1969).ma6a)n InlD 6rNDNFMIeneral theW9N dis-pY2v wIM6NbNDW2placements areMFN normal;DXFbMI; however,9XwN5NFs enND echelonN69NIXD faultTMAIW wMWWNFD2patterns eho,v29Xw etrike-slip2WFYkN)2IYw separation2NwMFMWYXD inYD twoWwX valleys.5MIINP2n Offset#TT2NW strati-2WFMWYv graphicrFMw9Y6 formationsTXFbMWYXD2 areMFN evidenceN5YpND6N ofXT overX5NF 20,00020s000 feetTNNW ofXT dis-pY2v placementwIM6NbNDW alongMIXDr frontalTFXDWMI faults.TMAIW2n Contemporaneous.XDWNbwXFMDNXA2 faultTMAIW activ-M6WY5v ityYWP alongMIXDr theW9N Sierran«YNFFMD frontTFXDW isY2 evidencedN5YpND6Np by0P faultTMAIW scarps26MFw2 inYD QuaternaryoAMWNFDMFP andMDp HiXIX6NDNolocene depositspNwX2YW2 andMDp ~iatoric9Y2WXFY6 earthquakesNMFW9eAMkN2
(Carver(.MF5NF 1969;ma6a; TaborGM0XF andMDp ~llenCIIND 1975;ma(;; LawsonSMw2XD 1912;mam2; llYIXXFNoore 1969;ma6a; .Tenninge,NDDYDr2 1974).ma(4)n LargeSMFrN amountsMbXADW2 ofXT strike-slip2WFYkN)2IYw movementbX5NbNDW areMFN associate4M22X6YMWNp )m0)-10- wIW9with bMDPmany XTof W9Nthe TMAIW2sfaults, W9XAr9t hough lDin rNDNFMIgeneral W9Nthe TMAIWYDrfaulting FN)re- 2wXD2I9INeponsible TXFfor W9Nt r. e 0IX6kblock TMAIWNpfaulted bXADWMYD2mountains Y2is DXFbMInormal (:YMDNIIM(Gianella MDpand .MIIMr9MDCallaghan max4;1934; LPMIIsRyall, .INbbXD2Slemmons MDpand :NpDNPGedney ma66;1966; «INbbXD2Slemmons ma;(;1957; «bYW9Smith MDpand «0MFSbar ma(4)n1974). G9NFNThere Y2is rNXIXrY6MIsgeological MDpand 2NY2bX)seismo- IXrY6MIlogical N5YpND6Nevidence TXFfor X0IYeAN)2IYwoblique-slip bX5NbNDWmovement YDin bMDPmany XTof W9Nthe 9Y2WXFY6historic NMFW9eAMkN2earthquakes MDpa nd 2AFTM6Nsurface TMAIWYDr;faulting; NDen N69NIXDechelon TMAIWfault wMWWNFD2patterns MFNare wFN2NDWpresent MIXDralong bMDPmany XTo! W9Nt he FMDrNrange TFXDW2fronts YDin 4N5MpMnNevada. iX2Wllost pNTXFbMWYXDdeformation X66AFFNpoccurred YDin WwXtwo rNDNFMIgeneral wNFYXp2tperiods: XDNone wFN6NNp)preceed- lDring MDpand M66XbwMDPYDraccompanying W9Nt he NbwIM6NbNDWemplacement XTof W9Nt he .FNWM6NXA2 Cretaceous rFMDYWY66ranitic FX6k2srocks, MDXW9NFanother YDin IMWNlate GNFWYMFPTertiary MDpand ~VAMWNFDMFPuaternary WYbNtime 6MA2YDrcausing DXFbMInoI'?!lal TMAIWYDrsfaulting, wMFwYDrswarping, MDpand WYIWYDrntilting. cFXMpBroad FMDrNrange TFXDWfront wMFw2v:arps MFNare wFN2NDWpreeent MIXDralong bX2Wmost FMDrN2ranges YDin MppYWYXDaddition WXto W9Nthe 2WNNwsteep 26MFw2scarps ' 6MA2Npcaused 0Pby DXFbMInormal TMAIWYDrnfaulting. gXwDpFXwDowndrop XTof W9Nt he 0M2YDbasin FNIMWY5Nrelative WXto W9Nthe FMDrNrange 6FN2Wcrest Y2is XTWNDoften M66XbwIY29Npaccomplished MIXDralong W9N2Nthese wMFw2warps w9Y69which areMFN 6XbbXDIPc~mmonly 69MFM6WNFY^Npcharacterized 0Pby numerousDAbNFXA2 2bMIIsmall MDWYW9NWY6antithetic TMAIW2faults 0XADpYDrbounding small2bMII 0IX6k2sblocks, eachNM69 tiltedWYIWNp valleyward.5MIINPwMFpn
HISTORICil«G#Ll. SU«HL(7.xR?ACE ?AULTING(7gSGl4: AND7li) KZGIONALKZ:lo47S SEISA!ICITY«Cl«hl.lGu ThrougG9FXAr9XAWh out geolagicrNXIXrY6 timeWYbN earthquakesNMFW9eAMkN2 have9M5N been0NND common6XbbXD inYD theW9N BasincM2YD andMDp RangeLMDrN Province,wFX5YD6Ns wwYW9ith current6AFFNDW activityM6WY5YWP evidencedN5YpND6Np by0P numerousDAbNFXA2 instancesYD2WMD6N2 ofXT historic9Y2WXFY6 faultingTMAIWYDr andMDp larIMFrN6 e earth-NMFW9v quakes.eAMkN2n Of#T theW9N nearlyDNMFIP fortyTXFWP instancesYD2WMD6N2 orXT surface2AFTM6N faultingTMAIWYDr ebeerTedX02NF5Np inYD theW9N westernwN2WNFD UnitedHDYWNp States,«WMWN2s fourteenTXAFWNND have9M5N occurredX66AFFNp inYD theW9N BasincM2YD andMDp RLMDrNange Province.RFX5YD6Nn EachCM69 faultTMAIW s29Xw2 hows aM varied5MFYNp direction,pYFN6WYXDs lengthINDrW9 andMDp amountMbXADW ofXT movement,bX5NbNDWs r.hilew9YIN displacementspY2wIM6NbNDW2 areMFN predominwFNpXbYDMDWIPantly dipslippYw2IYw ~ovementbX5NbNDW associatedM22X6YMWNp withwYW9 manybMDP ofXT -11-)IYv
W9Nthe TMAIW2nfaults.
:C4CL7SGBlIBRA.L :C#S#:uG"'SOLOGY V:orke(;XFk2 0Pby KirkhamKYFk9Mb 1976,ma(6s YI6KYDDNPUcKinney 1976,ma(6s MDpand RogersLXrNF2 1975,ma(;s providedwFX5YpNp materialbMWNFYMI TXFfor theW9N TXIIXwYDrfollowing discussionpY26A22YXD onXD theW9N 6rNDNFMIeneral geologyrNXIXrP andMDp FX6krock typesWPwg62 inYD W9N).MF2XDthe-Carson City.YWP MFNMnarea. GFYM22Y6),AFM22Y6Triassic-Jurassic metamorphicbNWMbXFw9Y6 FX6k2rocks andMDp Cretaceous.FNWM6NXA2 graniticrFMDYWY6 rocksFX6k2 ADpNFIYNunderlie Ma largeIMFrN wXFWYXDportion ofXT theW9N MFNMarea MDpand formTXFb theW9N wFYD6YwMIprincipal 0NpFX6kbedrock ADYW2nunits. VolcanicdXI6MDY6 rocksFX6k2 ofXT lateIMWN GNFWYMFPTertiary appearMwwNMF YDin aM narrowDMFFXw 2WFYwstrip MIXDralong theW9N easternNM2WNFD edgeNprN ofXT theW9N area,MFNMs MIXDralong theW9N lengthINDrW9 XTof PrisonRFY2XD Hill,iYIIs andMDp inYD small2bMII exposuresN8wX2AFN2 ADpNFunder-v IPYDrlying theW9N TertiaryGNFWYMFP andMDp ~uaternaryoAMWNFDMFP pNwX2YW2deposits eastNM2W XTof theW9N Carson.MF2XD LY5NFnR1Ter.
TheG9N remainderFNbMYDpNF ofXT W9Nthe areaMFNM consists6XD2Y2W2 ofXT lateIMWN UioceneYIYX6NDN toWX eAMWNFDMFP~uaternary sedimentary2NpYbNDWMFP deposits.pNwX2YW2n ~agleCMrIN ValleydMIINP Y2is Ma structural2WFA6WAFMI 0M2YDbasin thatW9MW hae9M2 existedN8Y2WNp since2YD6N lateIMWN TertiaryGNFWYMFP times,WYbN2s andMDp has9M2 receiTedFN6NY5Np thickW9Y6k sequences2NeAND6N2 ofXT predominantlywFNpXbYDMDWIP AD6XD2XIYpMWNpunconsolidated 2NpYsedi-v mentarybNDWMFP pNwX2YW2ndeposite. TheG9N depositionalpNwX2YWYXDMI wMWWNFDpattern ofXT theW9N valley5MIINP isY2 ADYeANunique M2as itYW Y2ie notDXW aM 6XbwINWNIPcompletely closed6IX2Np 0M2YDbasin likeIYkN mostbX2W XTof theW9N otherXW9NF 5MIINP2valleys inYD theW9N BasincM2YD andMDp RangeLMDrN Province.RFX5YD6Nn ~oatiX2W ofXT W9Nthe surface2AFTM6N pFMYDMrNdrainage reachesFNM69N2 theW9N through-flowingW9FXAr9)TIXwYDr Carson.MF2XD LY5NFsRiver, 2A02NeANDWIPsubsequently resultingFN2AIWYDr inYD aM wXXFIPpoorly developedpN5NIXwNp wIMPMplaya wXFWYXDportion ofXT t~eW9N valley5MIINPn • .:.ti.noriYDXF IM6A2WFYDNlacustrine 2NpYbNDWMWYXDsedimentation 9M2has occurredX66AFFNp inYD theW9N wM2Wspast, MIW9XAr9although mostbX2W alluvialMIIA5YMI depositspNwX2YW2 indi-YDpYv cate6MWN wFNpXbYDMDWIPpredominantly 2A0MNFYMIsubaerial erosion.NFX2YXDn
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restFN2W unconformR.blyAD6XDTXFbM0IP onXD tW9N he olderXIpNF bedrock0NpFX6k com6XbwIN8nplex. ThG9N2Nese depositspNwX2YW2 have9M5N been0NND dividedpY5YpNp intoYDWX tenWND distinctpY2WYD6W unitsADYW2 wwYW9ith theW9N oldestXIpN2W toWX be0N discussedpY26A22Np firstTYF2W (Kirkham(KYFk9Mb 1976;ma(6; Mh6KYDDNPcKinney 1976;ma(6; ELXrNF2ogers 1975).ma(;)n TheG9N oldestXIpN2W depositspNwX2YW2 areMFN theW9N lateIMWN PRIYX6NDNliocene toWX eNMFIParly ~oAMWNFuater-v naryDMFP fluvio-lacustrineTIA5YX)IM6A2WFYDN sediments.2NpYbNDW2n ThG9N2Nese h9M5Nave been0NND furtherTAFW9NF dividedpY5YpNp intoYDWX weaklywNMkIP consolidated6XD2XIYpMWNp fluvio-lacustrineTIA5YX)IM6A2WFYDN depositspNwX2YW2 exposedN8wX2Np eastNM2W ofXT theW9N Carson.MF2XD RLY5NFsiver, andMDp '1.'ell-cementedwNII)6NbNDWNp fTIYj3X) -~~ o- lacuetrineIM6A2WFYDN conglomerates,6XDrIXbNFMWN2s sandstones,2MDp2WXDN2s andMDp mudston~sbAp2WXDN32 tW9MW hat crop6FXw out eastNM2W ofXT theW9N Carson.MF2XD LY5NFRiver andMDp aMW t theW9N State«WMWN RFY2XDsPrison, (jcpnney(h6KYDDNP 1976).ma(6)n lDIn theW9N wN2WNFDwestern Carson.MF2XD City.YWP MFNMarea W9Nt he fluvio-lacustrineTIA5YX)IM6A2WFYDN pNwX2YW2deposits 9M5Nhave 0NNDbeen pY5YpNpdivided YDWXinto ;5 pY2WYD2Wdistinst 2WFMWYrFMw9Y6stratigraphic IMPNF2layers (KYFk9Mb(Kirkham 1976),ma(6)s w9Y69which 6MDcan 0Nbe 2NNDseen YDin W9Nthe :AFFPCurry «WFNNWStreet FXMproad 6AWncut. G9NThe TIA5YX)IM6A2WFYDNfluvio-lacustrine 2NpYbNDW2sediments 5MFPvary YDin MIbX2Walmost MIIall w9P2Yphysi-v cal 69MFM6WNFY2WY62ncr.aracteristics.
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TMFbIMDpfarm.land alonMIXDr5 theW9N FY5NFnriver. TheG9N FY5NFriver depositspNwX2YW2 MFNare dividedpY5YpNp intoYDWX -17-)m() terrace,WNFFM6N* bMYD2WFNMb*mainstrear.i, andMDp floodplainTIXXpwIMYD deposits.pNwX2YW2n 7heG9N bMYD2WFNMbmainstream depositspNwX2YW2 includeYD6IApN lagIMr gravels,rFM5NI2* v5XXp*ood, 0XAIpNF2sboulders, andMDp DXwnow man-bMDv bMpNmade debris.pN0FY2n G9NT~e terracesWNFFM6N2 MFNare wFYbMFYIPprimarily composed6XbwX2Np XTof tW9YDIP hinly bedded0NppNp floodplainTIXXpwIMYD pNwX2YW2deposits consistin~6XD2Y2WYDr ofXT interbeddedYDWNF0NppNp lensesIND2N2 ofXT 2MDp2*sands, silts2YIW2 andMDp gravels.rFM5NI2n DepositsgNwX2YW2 show29Xw 2YrD2signs ofXT meanderbNMDpNF cutoffs,6AWXTT2* oldXIp channele69MDDNI2 andMDp wXDp2nponds. TheG9N fluviatileTIA5YMWYIN pNwX2YW2deposits XTof theW9N Carson.MF2XD LY5NFRiver M6WAMIIPactually rangeFMDrN YDin ageMrN TFXbfrom IMWNlate PleistoceneRINY2WX6NDN WXto theW9N wFN2NDWnpresent.
EarlyCMFIP EiXIX6NDNolocene ·pNwX2YW2deposits YD6IApNinclude youngerPXADrNF alluviumMIIA5YAb MDpand
2XbNsome re"!'orkedFNwXFkNp c.MIIA5YMIlluvial TMDfan deposits.pNwX2YW2n ThG9Y2is ADYWunit consists6XD2Y2W2 ofXT
AD6XD2XIYpMWNpunconsolidated alluvialMIIA5YMI pNwX2YW2deposits ofXT lowIXw 6rFMpYNDWradient 2WFNMb2streans depositedpNwX2YWNp inYD floodplainTIXXpwIMYD complexes.6XbwIN8N2n lWIt 5MFYN2varies inYD 6XbwX2YWYXDcom~osition MDp~nd ran~esFMDrN2 TFXbfrom aM TYDNfine grainedrFMYDNp silt2YIW toWX Ma silty,2YIWP* 2M9pPsandy wN00INpebble gravelrFM5NI lDin t'1eW9N fans.TMD2n ~ementation.NbNDWMWYXD rNDNFMIIPgenerally Y2is M02NDWabsent andMDp erosiNFX2YXDMI anal dipY22N6WYXD ssec ti on Y2i a miniI!lal.bYDYbMIn DepositsgNwX2YW2 MFNare com.rnon6XbbXD YDin tW9N'. 1e ,:veeternwN2WNFD area,MFNM* 3.ndMDp ne~rDNMF gA6kDuck HilliYII inYD theW9N IXwNF*lower, flatterTIMWWNF wXFpor-v tionsWYXD2 XTof t~eW9N valley.5MIINPn
T~eG9N youngestPXADrN2W MIIA5YMIalluvial depositspNwX2YW2 0NrYDbegin ~ellwNII YDWXinto theW9N iiolo-iXIXv cene6NDN Epoc~CwX69 andMDp 6XD2Y2Wconsist ofXT alluvialMIIA5YMI TMDfan andMDp 2WFNMbstream depositspNwX2YW2 ofXT largerIMFrNF arroyosMFFXPX2 tW9MW'.1at areMFN 6AFFNDWIPcurrently M6WY5NIPactively receivingFN6NY5YDr sedime~ts2NpYbNDW2n.-) TlleG9N TMD2fans rangeFMDrN fro~TFXb 2bMIIsmall alluvialMIIA5YMI 6XDN2cones toWX wMFWYMIIPpartially coalesced6XMIN26Np alluvialMIIA5YMI aprons,MwFXD2* andMDp c6XbbXDIP OI!ll110nly formTXFb fromTFXb re•FNwXFkYDr2."TorkinJs ofXT olderXIpNF
~ua.oAMWNFDMFP ternary deposits.pNwX2YW2n -::'':-ieseG9N2N areMFN AD6NbNDWNpuncemen ted 1IXX2Ns oose, unconsoli-AD6XD2XIYv pMWNpdated depositspNwX2YW2 •-:riE3YW9 t', aM wYpN':'1ide variety5MFYNWP ofXT texturesWN8WAFN2 andMDp composi-6XbwX2Yv tione.WYXD2n 3edsgNp2 consist6XD2Y2W ofXT thinW9YD lensesIND2N2 andMDp interbedsYDWNF0Np2 wMFMIINIparallel ;o3X -18-)m8)
W9Nthe surface;2AFTM6N; NFX2YXDMIerosional dissectionpY22N6WYXD isY2 2IYr9Wnsli~'.1t. G,8MFMwIN23xamples YDin-v clude6IApN areasMFNM2 DNMFnear ?risonRFY2XD :-IilllIYII andMDp YDin Kin3'sKYDrU2 0anyon..MDPXDn T~eseG9N2N
deposipNwX2YW2s ta. X5NFIMwoverlap andMDp wFX0M0IPprobably inYDWNFTYDrNF terfin5er \'liUn5YW9 th theW9N flood-TIXXp) wIMYDplain depositspNwX2YW2 ofXT t~eW9N :arson.MF2XD aiver.LY5NFn
~olianLXIYMD 2MDpsand depositspNwX2YW2 areMFN widespreadwYpN2wFNMp overX5NF theW9N ~osAMWNFDMFPuaternary
andMDp 0NpFX6kbedrock ADYW2unite ofXT theW9N MFNMnarea. G9NThe sand2MDp isY2 rNDNFMIIP6enerally FN2WFY6Wrestrict-v edNp inYD MFNMIareal extent;N8WNDW; 9XwN5NFs~owever, toWX W9Nthe 2XAW9NM2Wsoutheast W9Nthe valley5MIINP isY2 6X5NFNpcovered wYW9with anMD N8WND2Y5Nextensive 0IMDkNWblanket ofXT sand2MDp w9Y69TT~ich roughlyFXArEnYIP 6XDcon-v formsTXFb2 WXto theW9N WXwXrFMw9Ptoposraphy andMDp isY2 A2AMIIPusually TXADpfound onXD W9Nthe INN5/MFpsleeward,
orXF DXFW9NM2Wnortheast side2YpN ofXT FYprN2ridges MDpand arroyos.MFFXPX2n gNwX2YW2Deposits consist6XD2Y2W XTof ~ellwNII sorted2XFWNp TYDNfine sand2MDp toWX silty2YIWP very5NFP TYDNfine sand2MDp sized2Y^Np wMFWY6IN2particles ofXT quartzeAMFW^ andMDp feldspars.TNIp2wMF2n TheG9N sand2MDp isY2 loose,IXX2Ns AD6XD2XIYpMWNpsunconsolidated,. MDpand ahems29Xw2 DXno soil2XYI developpN5NIXwbNDWnment.
G9NThe FN6NDWrecent depositspNwX2YW2 includeYD6IApN IMDp2IYpNlandslide andMDp 6XIIA5YMIcolluvial de-pN) U wX2YW2nposits. TheG9N 6XIIA5YAbcolluvium consists6XD2Y2W2 ofXT wMINpale orangishXFMDrY29 bNpYAbmedium WXto coarse6XMF2N grainedrFMYDNp rFA2grus W9MWt 11at has9M2 sluffed2IATTNp downpXwD fromTFXb steep2WNNw 2IXwN2slopes duepAN toWX gravityrFM5YWP MDpand rainfall,FMYDTMIIs orXF largeIMFrN bo•.1lders0XAIpNF2 W9MWtna t have9M5N rolledFXIINp pXwDdO':':n slopes.2IXwN2n TheseG9N2N depositspNwX2YW2 show29Xw DXno wNMW9NFYDrsweathering, withwYW9 freshTFN29 TNMWAFN2features MDpand wX2YWYXD2positions characteristics69MFM6WNFY2WY62 ofXT very5NFP youngPXADr I geologicrNXIXrY6 age.MrNn
ThereG9NFN isY2 aM 2bMIIsmall Y2XIMWNpisolate:ioutcrop XAW6FXw ofXT lateIMWN PlioceneRIYX6NDN orXF earlyNMFIP PleistoceneRINY2WX6NDN 0M2MIWbasalt inYD W9Nt~e DXFW9NM2Wnort~east 6XFDNFcorner XTof theW9N area.MFNMn G9NThe ageMrN assignmentM22YrDbNDW isY2 0M2Npbased onXD theW9N factTM6W thatW9MW t~eW9N 0M2MIWbasalt over-X5NF) liesIYN2 0XW9bot~ andesiteMDpN2YWN MDpand sedimentary2NpYbNDWMFP pNwX2YW2deposits which5/9YX9 have9M5N been0NND pMWNpdated :.UoceneUIYX6NDN andMDp Pliocene.RIYX6NDNn T'leG9N 0M2MIWbasalt isY2 aM darkpMFk grayrFMP aphanit-MwEDMDYW) - ioIX rockFX6k wYW9~1th elongateNIXDrMWN veaicules5N2Y6AIN2 t~tW9MW waswM2 wFN6NpNppreceded by0P aM mudbAp TIXwnflow. ------,. -----,,y ~------
-19--19-
GEOLOGICGEOLOaiG HAZA.WSHAZARDS
A7 grNXIXrY6eolo~ic hazard,9M^MFps asM2 definedpNTYDNp by0P t~eW9N A.7):)lnG.I. Glossary:IX22MFP ofXT
~eology,:NXIXrPs isY2 aM naturallyDMWAFMIIP occurrin~X66AFFYDr orXF man-madebMD)bMpN JeolorNXIXrY65 ic con-6XDv ditionpYWYXD orXF phw9NDXbNDXDenomenon thatW9MW presentswFN2NDW2 aM riskFY2k orXF isY2 aM pwXWNDWYMIotential - dangerpMDrNF toWX lifeIYTN andMDp property.wFXwNFWPn TheG9N Carson.MF2XD City.YWP areaMFNM isY2 subject2A0jN6W
toWX aM variety5MFYNWP ofXT potentialwXWNDWYMI 6rNXIXrY6eologic hazards9M^MFp2 resultingFN2AIWYDr fromTFXb flooding,TIXXpYDrs eart~quakeNMFW9eAMkN aM6WY5YWPsctivity, orXF massbM22 wa1(M29YDrnshing. ThG9Y2ia section2N6WYXD pertainswNFWMYD2 toWX definition,pNTYDYWYXDs descriptions,pN26FYwWYXD2s andMDp locationsIX6MWYXD2 ofXT 3eo-rNXv logicIXrY6 hazards9M^MFp2 inYD theW9N Carson.MF2XD City.YWP area.MFNMn /U—\ I ] ' ^ I FLOODING•PLOODIIIG I ' Carson.MF2XD City.YWP has9M2 0NNDbeen theW9N X0jN6Wobject ofXT severe2N5NFN 9Y2WXFY6historic TIXXpYDrfloodJ ng 2YD6Nsince itsYW2 ori~inXFYrYD inYD theW9N 1850's.m8;0U2n GM0INTable 1m YDpY6MWN2indicates several2N5NFMI XTof W9Nthe bXFNmore 2NFYXA2serious TIXXp2floods YDin W9Nthe .MF2XDCarson .YWPCity MFNMarea MDpand W9Nthe N8WNDWextent XTof FN2AIWMDWresultant pMbMrNndamag e. S«N5NFMIeveral TM6WXF2factors 6XDWFY0contrib-v
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.MF2XDCarson LY5NFnRiver. 2) 7A wXXFIPpoorly bMDMrNpmanaged wMWNF29Npr.atera~ed MIXDralong wYW9with pNde-v
wINWYXDpletion XFor pN2WFA6WYXDdestruction XTof W9Nt '.1e 5NrNWMWY5Nvegetative 6X5NFcover pANdue WXto WYb0NFYDrtimbering TXFfor W9Nt~e .Xb2WX6kComstock iYDN2~ines YDin W9Nthe m8601860's*2 MDpand (0?O's,E2s X5NFrFM^YDrovergrazing TFXbfrom bYrFMWXFPmigratory 29NNwsheep 0MDp2bands YDin W9Nthe IMWNlate m800U2s18JO's,
6XDWYDAYDroontinuin3 YDWXinto W9Y2t his 6NDWAFPscentury, MDpand wNFYXpY6periodic TYFN2fires w9Y69which 9MFNhaTe
\ 6XDWFY0AWNp WX W9N TIXXp wXWNDWYMIn x) G9N 2WFA6WAFMI contributed to the flood potential.------3) The-- structural -20-)20)
2NWWIDrsetting ofXT W9Nthe Garson.MF2XD City.YWP areaMFNM alsoMI2X enhancesND9MD6N2 W9Nthe floodTIXXp wXWNDWYMIspotential, asM2 roadsFXMp2 N8WNDpYDrextendins Awup r.ianyFMMDP XTof W9Nthe 6MDPXD2canyons pro-wFXv 5YpNvide conduits6XwpAYW2 forTXF floodTIXXp waters.wMWNF2n 4) Other#W9NF factorsTM6WXF2 YD6IApNinclude W9Nthe lackIM6k XTof MDan adequateMpNeAMWN 2NwNFsewer 2P2WNbssystem, andMDp W9Nthe layoutIMPXAW ofXT streets2WFNNW2 i•YD anMD NM2W)wN2Weast-west direction,pYFN6WYXDs 0NYDrbeing wMFMIINIparallel toWX floodTIXXp waterwMWNF bX5NbNDWnmove!!lent.
G9NFNThere MFNare threeW9FNN pYTTNFNDWdifferent WPwN2types ofXT floodingTIXXpYDr FN2wXD2Yresponsi-v
0INble forTXF W9Nthe water,wMWNFs NFX2YXDserosion, andMDp 2NpYbNDWsediment damagepMbMrN ofXT W9Nthe ~arson.MF2XD City.YWP area.MFNMs FDN2NThese areMFN wNW)bMDWINswet-mantle, dry-mantle,pFP)bMDWINs MDpand rainFMYD onXD . 2DXwsnow orXF TFX^NDfrozen groundrFXADp TIXXp2floods.n *ffr'et-mantleEUTENW)bMDWIN TIXXpYDrflooding X66AF2occurs __,.) A2AMIIPusually duringpAFYDr earlyNMFIP spring2wFYDr orXF lateIMWN ~wYDW33w9NDinter when theW9N soil2XYI Y2is
waterwMWNF saturated.2MWAFMWNpn 7WAt such2A69 ti~esWYbN2 TIXXpYDrflooding Y2is generallyrNDNFMIIP wYpNwide-v spread.2wFNMpn gFP)bMDWINDry-mantle floodingTIXXpYDr isY2 bMYDIPl'.!la.inly t'leW9N FN2AIWresult ofXT violent5YXINDW
summer2AbbNF W9ADpNF29XwNF2thundershowers onXD pFPdry 2XYI2soils thatWEMMW 6MDDXWcannot absorbM02XF0 W9Nt :1e
WFNbNDpXA2tremendous runoff.FADXTTn ThisG9Y2 typeWPwN ofXT flooding,TIXXpYDrs unlessADIN22 extremelyN8WFNbNIP
severe,2N5NFNs isY2 localizedIX6MIY^Np andMDp restrictedFN2WFY6WNp toWX wM29N2washes andMDp 6MDPXD2ncanyons. LMYDRain fallingTMIIYDr XDon snow2DXw orXF frozenTFX^ND gro~ndrFXADp frequentlyTFNeANDWIP occursX66AF2 inYD lateIMWN winterwYDWNF orXF NMFIPearly spring,2wFYDrs andMDp maybMP resultFN2AIW inYD wYpN2wFNMpwidespread flooding.TIXXpYDrn lDIn allMII cases6M2N2 t'leW9N 6XDpYWYXDcondition ofXT W9Nthe soil2XYI wFX9Y0YW2prohibits
sufficient2ATTY6YNDW wNFbNM0YIYWPsper~eabili ty, andMDp t-ieW9N rainFMYD nYbbNpYMWNIP_immediately becomes0N6XbN2
runoff.FADXTTn Of#T t-ieW9N threeW9FNN WPwN2stypes, FMYDrain onXD 2DXwsnow orXF frozenTFX^ND groundrFXADp orXF 2MWAFMWNpsaturated groundrFXADp isY2 W9Nt'le bX2Wmost TFNeANDWfrequent andMDp 6MA2N2causes theW9N rFNMWN2Wgreatest amountMbXADW ofXT wFXwNFWPproperty damage,pMbMrNn
TheG9N westernwN2WNFD Garson.MF2XD City.YWP areaMFNM isY2 theW9N bX2Wmost susceptible2A26NwWY0IN WXto wXWNDWYMIpotential TIXXpYDrflooding because0N6MA2N ofXT YW2its wFX8YbYWPproximity WXto theW9N majorbMjXF 2WFNMb2streams drainingpFMYDYDr t"leW9N Garson.MF2XD Ran~e,LMDrNs Kin~'sKYDrE2 Canyon.MDPXD Greek,.FNNks Ash729 Canyon.MDPXD Creek,.FNNks andMDp ViceedY6NN :reek..FNNkn InlD factTM6W theW9N 0AIkbulk XTof theW9N )2m)-21-
area'sMFNME2 urbanAF0MD section2N6WYXD isY2 0AYIWbuilt AwXDupon Ma TIXXpflood wIMYDplain TXFbNpformed 0Pby t~oseW9X2N 2WFNMb2nstreams. Ash729 ~anyon.MDPXD ~reek.FNNk MDpand Y.in3'KYDpU2 s .MDPXD~anyon Creek.FNNk formTXFb floodTIXXp wIMYD2plains 6XD2WYWAWYDrcons ti tu tin,?; aM ,,_,5nEidespreadYpN2wFNMp TIXXp)wFXDNflood-prone areaMFNM Y19NFN~~ere 29NNWsheet floodingTIXXpYDr resultsFN2AIW2 YDin r.aterYFMWNF NFX2YXDerosion andMDp sediment2NpYbNDW damage.pMbMrNn ItlW Y2is MDan areaMFNM 2A02NeANDWIPsubsequently delineatedpNIYDNMWNp asM2 W9Nthe 100-yearm00)PNMF floodplainTIXXpwIMYD 0Pby aM H«g7USDA FNwXFWreport (19?3).(ma(x)n ?lashyIM29
TIXXpYDrflooding MDpand relatedFNIMWNp hazards9M^MFp2 duepAN toWX tW9ADpNF29XwNF2 hundershowers orXF 9NM5Pheavy I rainsFMYD2 can6MD 0Nbe N8wN6WNpexpected toWX occurX66AF YDTFNeANDWIPinfrequently inYD arroyosMFFXPX2 NM2Weast XTof t~eW9N Carson.MF2XD ~iverLY5NF thatW9MW pFMYDdrain steep2WNNw WNFFMYDsterrain, orXF relativelyFNIMWY5NIP largeIMFrN areas,MFNM2s alsoMI2X aM fewTNw drypFP pFMYDMrN2drainages inYD W9Nthe nort~ernDXFW9NFD partwMFW ofXT t~eW9N ~arson.MF2XD Jity.YWP areaMFNM (north(DXFW9 XTof Conestoga.XDN2WXrM Drive,gFY5Ns andMDp theW9N BrunswickcFAD2wY6k Substation,«A02WMWYXDs andMDp eastNM2W ofXT theW9N airport).MYFwXFW)n
TheG9N Carson.MF2XD RiverLY5NF has9M2 overflowedX5NFTIXwNp itsYW2 banks0MDk2 onXD several2N5NFMI occasionsX66M2YXD2 (M2(as indicatedYDpY6MWNp 0Pby GM0INTable 1),m)s MDpand inundatedYDADpMWNp adjacentMpjM6NDW floedplaine;TIXXpwIMYD2; ~owever,9XwN5NFs noDX wYpN2wFNMpwidespread wFXwNFWPproperty damagepMbMrN resultedFN2AIWNp because0N6MA2N ofXT W9Nt~e lackIM6k ofXT urbanAF0MD de~elopment.pN5NIXwbNDWn ?loodingyIXXpYDr 0Pby W9Nthe Carson.MF2XD RiverLY5NF isY2 rNDNFMIIP~enerally aM resultFN2AIW ofXT logIXr andMDp debrispN0FY2 da.."lIIlingpMbbYDr inYD BrunswickcFAD2wY6k Canyon..MDPXDn TheG9N narrowDMFFXw floodplainTIXXpwIMYD thatW9MW 0XFpNF2borders theW9N riverFY5NF Y2is A2AMIIPusually floodedTIXXpNp annuallyMDDAMIIP duepAN WXto sprinl2wFYDr snowmelt,2DXwbNIWs andMDp isY2 aM 2N5NFNsevere 9M^MFp~azard area.MFNMn
GM0INTable lm xindicateslDpY6MWN2 W9Nt~e bXFNmore serious2NFYXA2 episodesNwY2XpN2 XTof floodingTIXXpYDr inYD theW9N Carson.MF2XD 8ity.YWP area.MFNMn
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TABLE
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l'f. n C n 9TI o o o IUCC9AlliYe ^22 rain M C k T! ry- snow ground Rain Wet-1Mntle; ll3j Rain Of O Wet-mantle i 2"Mixed “
« « ^ S «o . .' 11167- Is =1 S DATE rw $ _;•'
4. <>. ~ « ,. *r> ci ii /21/ »H ,: 1/2/11162 1 £ ^ 2 S' § • ♦» • area to with due 2 mud the e « £ u T> a. the U 1. £ *» Tj o *»r« p up threat c *o u kwith and building -r^ J< •O B a 0*0 O RE~'.ARKS diam O *H « 0-0 O C to to Yiaible ’ gullying 5 35a?5or S5ci£ trunk in u)lI"o *-♦ mixed B-H p ** te.flooding flow . -o to £ for 9 *.2 ** x**^ o »rv >, but of >0 koad 0 u-o JS Oof o 0 u5 *> £ ct 0 9 C 03 o o $65,000 >»*M to U 0 OT3 C JC •-* “ 9 •*i-i >%0. *> p lr e t6 U Vi R iv er 0«M 0 “1 River O bJU o spe Ormsby at before ack ** streets, *» and E 9 C U 9 X uja 0 90 l «afflic~ed 0 « c &" U Empire 6 0 9 X C ^ re City, *> *o « E 9 awarded 9 c*au u energy to o *o 3S 22 9 emereency O Canyon « o c idential and set 9 O 9 to *> c ** « 9vi s it the m C « V-I 9 Oi3 New -S ^ damage 9 X 9 9 f) &. n ** o residences o Carson ££ 9 C • ■o C u p to p e -o re with in to funds 2« S-o 9 B •odue cause City Carson 0 «o 9 C ■Oderal Vi u no o 4J roads the ond Vi *> *-• Kin~'s damage 2DAIi.ACE « *» •O O 9 U X c be dissipated Fe C ge -H 9 flood £•0^0 businesses businesses X Ci« some ^ - (8 O 0 0 > o o n to pair 4, U O n 9 9 c S. o of X |g development in W) IQ •Vi ss, Vi 9 U ^ had damage ««vi n r e from 9 e ■Odama ‘ei *a o 0£ xo ki 1 O Vi « Carson bC :b ges * V 9 9 vi On m U 0 <• 9 w k reached C U Si o o 0 9 o 9 a o > V damage I amage 0 u - o oepair c o i. 2-:f2 6 0 0 9 (continued) (continued) for d County; it significant flo area development roed r OiMO-O s t r e e t s , busin area r e s id e n c e ’ streets, residence& residence& « 9 25 U U Dama future N1dcspread 2^- No Minor $5,000 Flood E x te n siv e Extensive b. 00 l a 03< TABLE anow 6 <■ FLOOD e m rain u. heavy tl o OF B B c *3of a oon 3 s & t-mantle t-rn.an >. cTYPE 5 Wet-mantle Dry-mantle Dry-mantle We <6 We 6.~0" 5 Rain so o S O' o O' 1955 / r% o « 'O O' O' $ f~4 DATE I S O' 1/)0/196) 7/1960 8/16/1958 12/22-24 12/2-4/1950 ll/14-20/1950 l/12-17/1950 l/12-17/1950 $ -25-)2;) ~!ASS2H«« WASTING(17«GFM(} («S#R«(SLOPS l4«G7clSlGu)TI:STABILITY) ThieG9Y2 WPwNty~ ofXT hazard9M^MFp maybMP N8Y2Wexist inYD anyMDP regionFN33YXD w9NFNwhere in-YDv competent6XbwNWNDW FX6k2rocks orXF AD6XD2XIYpMWNpunconsolidated depositspNwX2YW2 N8Y2Wnexie~ G9NThe 2IXwNslope TMYIAFNfailure claeeification6IM22YTY6MWYXD A2Npused YDin W9Y2this 2WApPstudy Y2is indicatedYDpY6MWNp inYD GM0INTable 2.2n TABLEG7cSC 2 CLASSIFICATION:S7««lRl:7Glo4 OF#R :'.,L\SSi7«« WASTINGW7«Gl4: {after(MTWNF «9MFwSharp 1938;max8; ZMFA9MZaruba andMDp ~eneliNDNI 1969;ma6a; iXIbN2Holmes 1965)ma6;) TypeGPwN ofXT :!ovementhX5NbNDW TuesGPwN2 ofXT ila.terialiMWNFYMIn, falleTMII2 0NpFX6kbedrock soil2XYI {few(TNw ADYW2)unite) rockfallFX6kTMII soil2XYI fallTMII FXWMWYXDMIrotational wIMDMFplanar rotationalFXWMWYXDMI wIMDMFplanar elidee2IYpN2 2IAbwslump 0IX6krIYpNblockglide block0IX6k slump2IAbw 0IX6kblock (bMDP(many units)ADYW2) rockslideFX6k2IYpN 6rIYpNlide lateralIMWNFMI spreading2wFNMpYDr pN0FY2debris slide2IYpN RateLMWN ofXT ~ovementiX5NbNDW RelativelyLNIMWY5NIP RapidLMwYp RelativelyLNIMWY5NIP «IXwSlow debrispN0FY2 avalancheM5MIMD69N talueWMIA2 creep6FNNw earthflowNMFW9TIXw soil2XYI creep6FNNw mudflowbApTIXw FX6krook 6FNNwcreep la~arIM9MF -26-)26) d G9NThe various5MFYXA2 WPwN2types ofXT massbM22 wM2WYDrwasting areMFN definedpNTYDNp 0Pby t~eW9N natureDMWAFN ofXT theirW9NYF motion.bXWYXDn yMII2Palls oriXFYrYDMWN6inate fromTFXb overhangingX5NF9MDrYDr andMDp vertical5NFWY6MI XAW6FXw2soutcrops, ~hilew9YIN aM slide2IYpN requiresFNeAYFN2 aM slip2IYw wIMDNplane between0NWwNND theW9N sliding2IYpYDr massbM22 andMDp W9Nthe stable2WM0IN materialbMWNFYMI underneath.ADpNFDNMW9n Fl~eyIXw2 requireFNeAYFN noDX slip2IYw wIMDNplane asM2 movementbX5NbNDW lessensIN22ND2 wYW9~ith pNwW9ndepth. Co~binationa.Xb0YDMWYXD2 ofXT W9Nt~e differentpYTTNFNDW modesbXpN2 ofXT movementbX5NbNDW areMFN 6XbbXDncommon. G9NThe mostbX2W co!!ll'!lon6XbbXD typesWPwN2 ofXT slope2IXwN failureTMYIAFN existingN8Y2WYDr YDin Carson.MF2XD City.YWP MFNtare: 1)m) rockfallsFX6kTMII2 inYD ,XYDWNpjointed 0NpFX6ksbedrock, 2)2 ) FX6k)rock- slidee2IYpN2 orXF debrispN0FY2 slides2IYpN2 inYD jXYDWNpjointed 0NpFX6ksbedrock, 3)x) sltL~ps2IAbw2 inYD AD6XD2XIYpMWNpunconsolidated sediments.2NpYbNDW2n Of#T tW9N2Ns ~ese, rockfallsFX6kTMII2 andMDp pN0FY2debris slides2IYpN2 maybMP 0Nbe expectedN8wN6WNp toWX X66AFoccur inYD tW9N i1e westernwN2WNFD wXFWYXD2portions XTof ~agle«MrIN Valley.dMIINPn rtockfallsLX6kTMII2 areMFN theW9N bX2Wmost serious2NFYXA2 h9M^MFpsazard, asM2 • wXWNDWYMIIPpotentially 9M^MFpXA2hazardous rockFX6k outcropsXAW6FXw2 occurX66AF throuW9FXAr9XAW6hout theW9N granodioriterFMDXpYXFYWN andMDp metavolcanicbNWM5XI6MDY6 terrain.WNFFMYDn TheG9N largestIMFrN2W MDpand mostbX2W pMDrNFXA2dangerous outcropsXAW6FXw2 areMFN t~eW9N NFX2YXD)FN2Y2WMDWerosion-resistant 0IX6k2blocks ofXT W9Y2this FX6krock WPwNtype wwYW9ith bXpNFMWNmoderate toWX closely6IX2NIP spaced2wM6Np jXYDW2sjoints, N2wN6YMIIPespecially ifYT t~eW9N jXYDWjoint wIMDN2planes wMFMIINIparallel theW9N topography.WXwXrFMw9Pn One#DN locationIX6MWYXD exemplifyingN8NbwIYTPYDr tW9Y2 :1is hazard9M^MFp isY2 t~eW9N DXFW9north side2YpN XTof "C"**0V Hill.iYIIn A7 TNwfew ofXT W9Nthe steeper2WNNwNF slopes2IXwN2 YDin theW9N metavolcanicbNWM5XI6MDY6 0NpFX6kbedreck ofXT PrisonRFY2XD iYII~ill withwYW9 MDrAIMFangular 0XAIpNFboulder typeWPwN XTof debrispN0FY2 could6XAIp developpN5NIXw intoYDWX aM rockFX6k orXF debrispN0FY2 slide2IYpN duepAN toWX 2NY2bY6seismic . shaking,29MkYDrs X5NFIXMpYDroverloading toeWXN support2AwwXFW removal,FNbX5MIs introductionYDWFXpA6WYXD ofXT waterwMWNF orXF some2XbN fluid,TIAYps XFor anyMDP combination6Xb0YDMWYXD thereofW9NFNXT (AcKinney(tY6KYDDNP 1976).ma(6)n WhereW9NFN unconsolidatedAD6XD2XIYpMWNp 2NpYbNDW2sediments N8Y2Wexist inYD Ma 2WNNwsteep terrain,WNFFMYDs block0IX6k slumps2IAbw2 areMFN Ma wXWNDWYMIpotential 9M^MFphazard W9MWthat maybMP 0Nbe YD6FNM2Npincreased by0P -2?-)2() 2MWAFMWYXDsaturation )339Y69~hich FMY2N2raise6 theW9N wXFNpore wFN22AFNpre6sure MDpand decreasespN6FNM2N2 theW9N effectiveNTTN6WY5N stress.2WFN22n DeepgNNw NFX2YXDerosion ofXT 2NpYbNDW2sediment6 andMDp faultTMAIW scarpe26MFw2 .nXTWNDoften increasesYD6FNM2N2 theW9N potentialwXWNDWYMI r.9M^MFpnazard. "SxamplesC8MbwIN2 ofXT theseW9N2N conditions6XDpYWYXD2 areMFN seen2NND lnYD theW9N drainagespFMYDMrN2 ofXT 729Ash andMDp ViceedY6NN .MDPXD2seanyone, andMDp MI2XDralson~ theW9N faultTMAIW wMFMIINIYDrparalleling ~lnIYDDN2XWMinnesota Street.«WFNNWn 3xcessl066N22 loading,IXMpYDrs saturation,2MWAFMWYXDs MDpand removalFNbX5MI ofXT lateralIMWNFMI support2AwwXFW areMFN W9FNNthree ways5)MP2 manbMD can6MD activateM6WY5MWN 0IX6kblock slW!lps2IAbw2 (Kirk-(KYFk) '1am)9Mb) n• G9NFNThere isY2 aM block0IX6k sl2IAbw.ump 0N9YDpbehind W9Nthe Garden.MFpND Spot«wXW l-iurseryIYAF2NFP onXD South«XAW9 ~.JinnesotahYDDN2XWM Street,«WFNNWs theW9NU resultFN2AIW XTof aM c6Xb0YDMWYXD ombina ti on ofXT causes.6MA2N2n ItlW isY2 locatedIX6MWNp onXD aM fortyTXFWP TXXWfoot TMAIWfault scarp,26MFws activatedM6WY5MWNp 0Pby removalFNbX5MI ofXT toeWXN support2AwwXFW duringpAFYDr 6XD2WFA6WYXDconstruction ofXT tneW9N DAF2NFPsnursery, andMDp enhancedND9MD6Np 0Pby W9Nthe numerousDAbNFXA2 springs2wFYDr2 alongMIXDr theW9N TMAIWsfa~lt, to-WXv getherrNW9NF with5UYW9 theW9N high9Yr9 ae~reepNrFNN ofXT saturation2MWAFMWYXD inYD theW9N area.MFNMn 7wAp-v wMFNDWIPparently 2IAbwYDrslumping 0NrMDbegan immediatelyYbbNpYMWNIP MTWNFafter excavation,N86M5MWYXDs andMDp Y2ie still2WYII 6XDWYDAYDrncontinuing .. GXTo wFN5NDWprevent t!liBW9Y2 typeWPwN ofXT slumping2IAbwYDr alongMIXDr TMAIWfault scarps26MFw2 theW9N followingTXIIXwYDr TM6WXF2factors 29XAIpsnould be0N M5XYpNptavoiued: WXNtoe removal,FNbX5MIs overloading,X5NFIXMpYDrs andMDp 2MWAFMWYXDnsaturation. RockslidesLX6k2IYpN2 XTWNDoften occurX66AF YDin steep2WNNw terrains,WNFFMYD2s N2wN6YMIIPespecially ▼9NFN,rhere W9Nthe granodioriticrFMDXpYXFYWY6 andMDp cetavolcanicDNWM5XI6MDY6 rocksFX6k2 areMFN highly9Yr9IP ,XYDWNpnjointed. As72 inYD tW9N he XW9NFother cases6M2N2 XTof massbM22 wasting,wM2WYDrs removalFNbX5MI XTof toeWXN support,2AwwXFWs over-loading,X5NF)IXMpYDrs andMDp seismic2NY2bY6 29MkYDrshaking bMPmay induceYDpA6N failure.TMYIAFNn ---:XamplesC8MbwIN2 YD6IApNinclude areasMFNM2 onXD Sugar«ArMF SXMTsLoaf, PrisonRFY2XD :iiYIIs-111, andMDp some2XbN areasMFNM2 inYD theW9N 9YII2hills wN2Wwest ofXT Garson.MF2XD City..YWPn :::ARTR~UAKEjI7LGiYYH7KC ~LA'EDLxS7G«g ITAZARDSi7Z7Lg« 7IW9XAr9Al though lIMFrN _arge earthquakesNMFW9eAMkN2 have9M5N notDXW significantly2YrDYTY6MDWIP )28)-28- affected Carson.MF2XD City,.YWPY theW9N occurrenceX66AFFND6N ofXT W9Y2t his wXWNDWYMIIPpotentially pN2WFA6WY5Ndestructive ~9M^MFpazard 6MDDXWcannot 0Nbe ignored.YrDXFNpn 3G.MFW9eAMY6N~rthqua.ke destructionpN2WFA6WYXD Y2ie theW9N ·resultFN2AIW XTtof: 1)m) strong2WFXDr rFXADpground bXWYXDsmotion, 2) surface2AFTM6N faultTMAIW FAwWAFNsrupture, 3)x) various5MFYXA2 secondary2N6XDpMFP NTTN6W2neffects. GM0INTable 3x lieteIY2W2 W9Nthe IMFrNFlarger eartNMFW9eAMkN2hquakes W9MWt hat 9M5Nhave 0NNDbeen felt inYD W9Nt he C.MF2XDarson City-Reno-.YWP)LNDX)dYFrYDYMVirginia City.YWP MFNM2areae since2YD6N 1850.m8;0n § co 1n t.o clt 5 i.n it7 r- t 4 non «4 -H ^ ~it., :: I, 4 .J i. C st.: -' br i Ca "O da City • 3 , klc1.n1a c c o - .o S" on dow• cr l.Jt y OCk £ ^«■S IS 4 8 3 .~ lio Vir ar.d § ^ 1:.-va ^ 4 §31 ~eno l'lh . wi n C anon raon ^ f J B >-1 4 ' , :ars C C1t.y, • (J 0 :1t 4 '"Sc es Ill in l.Jt haJdnc C& TJ 4*-• 5 S‘ • 1n n at ..::.rJ 48^ l.Jt 1n t.one on and 4 § * s! s :- :1ty 1n &!t.er -~· ., 2w£--g 5=; • ter r ed Cil1 t y . «1 O « « of lls CC' «* c 4 4 •> 4 3“1 snock u, s :arso ttnc ~i or. Ca c..: ? c 3 ^ ent on wa s 8 a. » 3 '■4'^£5 " pln, woll5 .... ••ll . isss l.ilr&e in in cr aul 4 5 -535SS i ■3 est f 1 5 c~ra IC'Vt!Tt:j od |» O Caro vi ol « > • 11 ) seeona ea re U • b ^ ced l« 14 ty l.Jt c e :r ^ -O .9.ticod 4 .. r u , ry r i S S S Heb.Yi Viri;inia 18U Ja.,.ni:ed JO Ci ar..a and ar fa C« .. w-.11, ',76 «) 4^ V K St-O ^Si: \'c J ) Tall1 .,e 1> Ve JV Jevere l 5 *> It- ..,cve , ey 1 a 1n 1.nJ E35 . W} V V vu JV 1-Il V1 V V Vlll J V JX-l I 'fl-Vil \'1] V VJJ Vll lI 4 5 32 2 2»i C,. 325 (~cr tl.JJrl,.;J ;T.:J;.; .s l.! ( 11 II"L: aro- X . 2 t. City O 5 0 • o o ^ 7!0 ■ 6.4 JTUl S • • • • • • •o6.- >o 5, 0 5, 5 5, 4, 6 , 7 , 0 chur) 7,J 6,0 ;; C* sO s ~ • 1 :;. (IU S L ' I A fl ano-V1ri;l.Jt1& :! TIJJU O i. 6 27 15 15 le Oj 10 ?} t y- SSK; SSrJ S3 SS35 3 33fJ3 / 24 /J / / / /21. /2 l l/ l J/15 Cl ll ll U/05 05/28 ::; SS5 s§3 is;l Oo/ ssaa ^ >S^3 3 /0 /°'-. -X. /rr. / /O / T ^ /1 5/0 4/l2/l8 8/D ,; 01, t>4 O fQ 9> r4r\>Tv r-r~ l4 96 B' E 52 52 't S4/ 94/ , 3 J > ^R&3 ^ 91.4/02/18 BCE 'J 907/U/'ll. 897/05/ CO fio i nn/0J k 868/05/J0 869/12/27 « ttj 1 lB l l8 1 U!?J 18 1 l ~ lB 1877 llloO l 1 1B7 1 1 18 sisl1e sSS 35 ^ ^ ^ 3 3333 3 <3Co.r tt.o l.Jt 3 ni.1& • ..? 4 i 4 3wl I 4 n.hq1>Akea 33 •d& t 1& ada il.:1a £ l.lTI * 1 31, ,ev l.evada J,1. eva.da ! i... .. 1 ?3 cv I ev « :ali!o h ... £ :, o .ia £1-= t ,ev |£ hev-.d& 1, 1, lieva..1a 11 av:.da I, ; n ev wc d t l. -3 3 ty, .i. :. or ty, y, al-i v.1 y, if 5?:i • 5 d Ly, t y , a. t. l! t. .:1 •, Ci .e it.y, s ! Cali.!cn- i : lili,r,er I.Axe, 1:eva.da 3 !t.eva.aa iiil evoda 11, :1 Ci Ci Ci .; : 4 _4 _ 4 ^ » i ) 4 u ri £ £ £ _ 3 htv ' ,eva.d& l l l, Valley, Cl..l . Hi - fcll is23 , , 1 ern lnia 01 on on ern ^ bOen: ^ ^ MB - s § ’V. " :1 : eon o, tcrn l t ro,ho.. . rs r,; :5 ld ,, H:ir| 6;J5 r s LS e EE38 I a.r a.r50n ll W3 Re.no keno ne Vi i:.t. ,.e C C f-yr.z:ud C&r .,est Ca Co Cl10 VircW-a llc: O A Owen, O. (J * > O 6 3 u 2 3.13 ^ I I 'f' -89. "' Y s &nd - tr ior i- s hour I : 1 3..:..a,e J l . :o 1r. one , e: prt"Yioua ':uel a :\ ' diabe, sur!&f~ snera..l 1•• 0 ^ . _., n-sarsor 1 J 3 t1 fau.ltir,&; T..i ; : 1.r At , :*:{ • r•ck aeno; ‘ ;; 1n n1th.1r da c• • O 15 1 5- ‘^3 f ·• t t; c a l^l^l ill I ~· ~'.!:.-.: ·- led ~1 : i jll eo .' c.x\.cn • s s r- - r-u.t.1.led k .■d ' J.ev 0 . , t" .. lcr • • J»CwW>» CH i t..) or. or 1n u.. .«JMOOO«J o; 3"Ti-3aurf~c• o ^V4k«OU . i i f • t.o cel..l.1.ni d, «£' .. .ake rs · ** crac,c:ed wl 2 1 £ ujs,^^ hq l;:5 !Lu.ltini; t-1.ss bl :J 1teu cno ,e Vir.;W& ed ··s ··s ~~ ~a" a.!ter1bor.ka: ed n "-C ru.a.ny; itlu^ '11 i^?f d .w ,e . k eno two, 14^ 8 , ,e . »•« . rlho t• e c k a,rt. ■ Verd.! i n Carson 111 55 3 ill 1.r r~on iht st.cr -. “ ,C. ir un U~ ea 5|psn&1l|. ~ -3 faulti.o& 1n o .: la ~t ~ tto:- cr ill willllow• urface l' 1n i:xt.er,. VJ V1 Jli L&rie f CtJcir !> Vll Awo V Two V1 t.:nei,oive V1l ... S^sVcs)\o ITT ... X I t:AW_j Vlll V1 VI VJ V IX IV IV V vu V1 V V1 V V111 Vll I Si»£< B m b rJ: .S>3 > B .:.c (1:0Jl,lU l! iu: ii I} ■8 .:.: TUJ \rv « «D r-i ^ r\ f*. 7 C3 O i*N 0^m>A 5. 6. 8 6,9 6.) s.s 7,1 5, l w> I 1.c /ll/02 I? /U/rf'! I 8 / I 4/00 i 1. 2/ 0/ 9/ 0 '1 C/ ^ ^ 59 5 54/12 5 50 4 1. l.2 ~.r;;_ 'J66 ',53/rY;/2 ') x ;xx;x xx§ '1 r ; x; 3 rrr l l 1951. 19 19 19 19 l 195 l l';l. 195 1 19 l<;I. 191.)/t 19~ l ~ 1'1)4/01/30 1915/10/03 2 «x1933/06/25 ;x«;« xx; x x x« « xx« x ■H £■3 9 t :evada n&da 1 evad.a I I a ti Nev&da , H 1;evad& 1.lorr.ia I i99 , t ;l ~d l K lhrvada I 9 ·· Nevada evnda ~o ?,evada C.1. , .13 5 ,ev J, l 1n, cno, cno, nada i r & it :t X t i a t: 1... ^ l'-y y , I }fo JorT.1.& LO"..,\UTJ a.11.IorrUa 5 Wlal £'£■ pr lfornia 3 i “ or § ■3 s |i l!t•., 31 i.: ^ J-e.ak, ,evada °i l1 VaU•.Y ! ot ot ~un l'o H.y, t 2 •*■33 a licvud.- 12 r:ev.d&. i , alle :, evkda C :: : ~l 3 iI 63S( ,cvaJa Va.lie;;, t '/ we l l, *55 ~!Sl ow , wa £5 T"hoo 3 1;.. ; kee h 3i lJow h 1 on £ £ I . rv1ew - c ri 'I g *• O t.c~ O o · ^ i in ul ru. ut ka !.xi• e.no, cno, ar c:::s g !: g abu,k.&, !.:. i Tru ) .>i..>...ie iW r,b f• '■> : te. .,o to -^ ~ JO it 5! e H C 3 m .. Ven.11 VeNi, i::1:1:ahior L:l : nS 1:e,t.c::rn He&$&l'lt ‘ ,: j O u mU ' I I C, -30-V ,. )xm)-31- «Gi#4FsSTRO~~ G~OUND:L#H4g i#G~OTION l#4 Strong«WFXDr groundrFXADp bXWYXDmotion Y2is duepAN WXto W9Nt~e releaseFNINM2N XTof seismic2NY2bY6 vibratiunal5Y0FMWYXDMI NDNFrPenergy duepAN WXto sudden2AppND displacementpY2wIM6NbNDW alongMIXDr aM fault.TMAIWn G9NThe damagepMbMrN X66AF2occurs wwYW9ith theW9N transmissionWFMD2bY22YXD ofXT vibrations5Y0FMWYXD2 fromTFXb groundrFXADp toWX structures.2WFA6WAFN2n Ground:FXADp motionbXWYXD isY2 0NIYN5Npbelieved WXto 6MA2Ncause W9Nthe moetbX2W earthquakeNMFW9eAMkN pYFN6Wdirect damage,pMbMr.W evenN5ND W9XAr9though itYW bMPmay IM2Wlast XDIPonly aM fewTNw seconds2N6XDp2 inYD aM moderatebXpNFMWN eAMkN;quake; W9XAr9t hough itYW maybMP 6XDWYDANcontinue asM2 IXDrlong asM2 fourTXAF oinutesbYDAWN2 inYD aM greatrFNMW eAMkNquake (,XYDW(Joint Committee.XbbYWWNN onXD Seismic«NY2bY6 Safety«MTNWP 1974).ma(4)n VibrationdY0FMWYXD wFXwNFWYN2properties areMFN aM TAD6WYXDfuoction of:XTt WPwNtype andMDpn. magnitudebMrDYWApN XTof faultTMAIW pY2wIM6NbNDWsdisplacement, distancepY2WMD6N fromTFXb source,2XAF6Ns andMDp typeWPwN andMDp ~eometryrNXbNWFP XTof FX6krock W9FXAr9through "\'Thichw9Y69 theW9N F.aveswM5N2 pass.wM22n G9NThe intensityYDWND2YWP XTof theW9N groundrFXADp bXWYXDmotion isY2 rFNMWN2Wgreatest DNMFnear W9Nt he ' · TMAIWsfault, MDpand diminishespYbYDY29N2 wYW9with distance,pY2WMD6Ns asM2 itYW Y2is Ma functionTAD6WYXD ofXT acceleration,M66NINFMWYXDs TFNeAND6Pfrequency ofXT 5Y0FMWYXDsvibration, andMDp durationpAFMWYXD XTof shaking.29MkYDrn gAFMWYXDDuration ofXT theW9N 29MkYDrshaking isY2 W9Nthe bX2Wmoat YbwXFWMDWimportant f~ctorTM6WXF determin-pNWNFbYDv ingYDr theW9N pNrFNNdegree ofXT pMbMrNsdamage, andMDp YD6FNM2N2increases wYW9with ruptureFAwWAFN INDrW9nlength. TheG9N mainbMYD factorsTM6WXF2 thatW9MW determiRepNWNFbYDN theW9N shaking29MkYDr damagepMbMrN MFNtare: intensityYDWND2YWP ofXT groundrFXADp bXWYXDsmotion, typeWPwN ofXT ground,rFXADps eaNMFW9eAMkNrthquake resis-FN2Y2) tentWNDW design,pN2YrDs qualityeAMIYWP ofXT materialsbMWNFYMI2 andMDp construction,6XD2WFA6WYXDs (~cKinney(i6KYDDNP 1976).ma(6)n VibrationaldY0FMWYXDMI wFXwNFWYN2sproperties, especiallyN2wN6YMIIP theW9N wNFYXpperiod XTof vibra-5Y0FMv WYXDstion, MFNare dependentpNwNDpNDW AwXDupon W9Nthe bNpYMmedia W9FXAr9through whichw9Y69 theW9N waveswM5N2 traTel.WFM5NIn «NY2bY6Seismic wM5N2waves WFM5NItravel bA69much TM2WNFsfaster, 0AWbut forTXF aM shorter29XFWNF wNFYXpsperiod, throughW9FXAr9 2XIYpsolid 0NpFX6kbedrock thanW9MD W9FXAr9through AD6XD2XIYpMWNpunconsoliuated pNwX2YW2ndeposits. Soil«XYI wFXwNFWYN2sproperties, 2A69such asM2 DAb0NFnumber ofXT IMPNF2slayer.a, consis-6XD2Y2v WND6Ptency ofXT theseW9N2N IMPNF2slayers, depth,pNwW9s moisturebXY2WAFN content6XDWNDW andMDp inertiaYDNFWYM ofXT -32-)x2) ea.chNM69 layerIMPNF 'l':ill5YII alsoMI2X affectMTTN6W v:avewM5N characteristios69MFM6WNFY2WY6N ,s ww9Y69!1 ic:t 09M5Nave aM maximumbM8YDAb effectNTTN6W onXD longIXDr periodwNFYXp (multi-story)(bAIWY)2WXFP) structures,2WFA6WAFN2s Chal-«9MIv 10"1'1'IXw de~ositspNwX2YW2 ofXT stiff2WYTT soils2XYI2 undergoADpNFrX groundrFXADp motionsbXWYXD2 ofXT predomi-wFNpXbYv nantlyDMDWIP short29XFW periodwNFYXp characteristics,69MFM6WNFY2WY62s andMDp tendWNDp toWX affectMTTN6W short29XFW periodwNFYXp structures2WFA6WAFN2 morebXFN seriously.2NFYXA2IPn A7 crucial6FA6YMI pointwXYDW isY2 theW9N inter-YDWNFv faceTM6N bet~een0NWwNND bedrock0NpFX6k andMDp alluvialMIIA5YMI soils2XYI2 asM2 theW9N wavewM5N ricochetsFY6X69NW2 andMDp produceswFXpA6N2 several2N5NFMI typesWPwN2 andMDp directionpYFN6WYXD ofXT motion.bXWYXDn TheG9N periodwNFYXp ofXT aM structure2WFA6WAFN isY2 determinedpNWNFbYDNp by0P 'I'=-GW f'f10 ww9NFNhere ~periodG2wNFYXp andMDp N=4= numberDAb0NF ofXT stories.2WXFYN2n Generally,:NDNFMIIPs alluvialMIIA5YMI fanTMD materialbMWNFYMI marginalbMFrYDMI to,WX hig'ilands9Yr9IMDp2 isY2 considered6XD2YpNFNp stiff,2WYTTs thusW9A2 h9M5YDraving short2EMXFW periodwNFYXp characteristics.69MFM6WNFY2WY62n T~eG9N Carson.MF2XD City.YWP areaMFNM isY2 underlainADpNFIMYD by0P deeppNNw alluviumMIIA5YAb thatW9MW rangesFMDrN2 fromTFXb soft2XTW nearDNMF theW9N surface2AFTM6N toWX stiff2WYTT atMW varying5MFPYDr depths,pNwW92s ritwYW9h theW9N deepestpNNwN2W soils2XYI2 inYD theW9N southern2XAW9NFD wMFWpart XTof theW9N 6YWPcity MDpand atMW theW9N mouthbXAW9 XTof 729Ash Canyon,.MDPXDs asM2 indicatedYDpY6MWNp by0P wNIIwell IXr2nlogs. G9NThe pMbMrNdamage Ma 2WFA6WAFNstructure FN6NY5N2receives Y2is pNwNDpNDWdependent DXWnot XDIPenly AwXDupon W9Nthe WPwNtype XTof bMWNFYMImaterial 0NDNMW9beneath W9Nthe 2WFA6WAFNstructure MDpand W9Nthe 9NYr9Wheight XTof W9Nthe 2WFA6WAFNsstructure, 0AWbut MI2Xalso AwXDupon W9Nthe 6XD2WFA6WYXDconstruction XTof W9Nthe 0AYIpbuild-v YDrning. bMDPUa.ny XTof W9Nthe XIpold 9Y2WXFY6historic 0AYIpYDr2buildings MFNare 6XD2WFA6WNpconstructed XTof AD)un- F6YDTXF6Npreinforced 0FY6kbrick XFor 2WXDNstone bM2XDFPsmasonry, wFX5YpYDrproviding Ma 2YrDYTY6MDWsignificant 9M^MFpnhazard. «A69Suc".-1 2WFA6WAFN2structures MFNtare: W9Nthe yYF2W? irst HDYWNp'United nINW9XpY2W..'.:ethodist .9AF69sChurc ~1 , W9Nt 'he #IpOld bYDW:.tint cAYIpYDrs:Suildin~, W9Nt he #Fb20POrmsby .XADWPCaunty .XAFW8ourt iXA2Ns;:ouse, MDpand :FM6NGrace cXFpNwY6kBorde~ick bYppIN:.Udd.le «69XXIsSchool, MI2Xal~o W9Nthe iNFXNHeroe bNbXFYMI~emorial cAYIpYDrsBuildin~, W9Nt he 4N5MpMNevada «WMWNState SY0FMFPnLibrary. iX2W:.rest XTof W9Nthe XIpNFolder 6XbbNF6YMIcommercial 0AYIpYDr2buildings YDin W9Nthe pXwDWXwDdO\"Tntovrn 2N6WYXDsection 9M5Nhave TMI2Nfalse TFXDW2sfronts, wMFMwNW2sparapets, MDpand 6XFDY6N2ncornices, _ , )xx) orXF MFNare constructed6XD2WFA6WNp ofXT ADFNYDTXF6Npunreinforced 0FY6kbrick orXF block.0IX6kn Such«A69 typesWPwN2 ofXT construction6XD2WFA6WYXD asM2 wFXjN6WYDrprojecting cornices6XFDY6N2 andMDp parapetswMFMwNW2 wFN2NDWpresent· 2NFYXA2serious hazards9M^MFp2 WXto wNpN2WFYMD2pedestrians duringpAFYDr anMD NMFW9eAMkNnearthquake. lWIt ~houdc9XAp be0N DXWNpnoted thatW9MW 2WFXDrstrong groundrFXADp bXWYXDmotion andMDp FNIMWNprelated damagepMbMrN maybMP resultFN2AIW TFXbfrom MDan NMFW9eAMkNearthquake 5;9X2N,::hose NwY6NDWNFepicenter isY2 out-XAWv side2YpN W9Nthe Carson.MF2XD .YWPCity area,MFNMs asM2 ~ellwNII asM2 oneXDN rNDNFMWNpgenerated wYW9YDwithin theW9N ~arson.MF2XD City.YWP areaMFNM YW2NITnitself. «HL(7.UYtU (7HSG LHR(Hix Surface«AFTM6N faultingTMAIWYDr maybMP 0Nbe FN2wXD2Y0INresponsible forTXF dar.ia.gepMjDMrN WXto 0AYIpbuild-v ings,YDr2s ~ridges,0FYprN2s dams,pMAD2s tunnels,WADDNI2s canals,6MDMI2s andMDp wYwNIYDN2;pipelines; itYW FN2AIW2results fronTFXb 5NFWY6MIvertical andMDp horizontal9XFY^XDWMI TMAIWfault displacements,pY2wIM6NbNDW2s WYIWYDrstilting, warpingwMFwYDr MDpand levelIN5NI changes.69MDrN2n TheG9N damagepMbMrN isY2 generally.rNDNFMIIPs FN2WFY6WNprestricted toWX theW9N immediateYbbNpYMWN vicinity5Y6YDYWP ofXT theW9N rupture.FAwWAFNn ?aultingyMAIWYDr X66AF2occurs pre-wFNv dominantlypXbYDMDWIP alongMIXDr pre-existingwFN)N8Y2WYDr faultsTMAIW2 (both(0XW9 activeM6WY5N andMDp inactive),YDM6WY5N)s andMDp 0FMD69N2branches ofXT W9N2Nthese faults.TMAIW2n lDpY6MWYXD2Indications XTof faultsTMAIW2 inYD AF0MDurban areaeMFNM2 areMFN revealedFN5NMINp by0P XTT2NWoffset curbs,6AF02s cracked6FM6kNp wM5NbNDW2spavements, tiltedWYIWNp orXF cracked6FM6kNp 0AYIpYDr2sbuildings, 0FXkNDbroken wYwN2spipes, NW6netc. numerous4AbNFXA2 wXWNDWYMIIPpotentially activeM6WY5N faultsTMAIW2 andMDp lineationsIYDNMWYXD2 have9M5N 0NNDbeen foundTXADp throughoutW9FXAr9XAW W9Ntne Carson.MF2XD City.YWP area.MFNMn VARIOUSd7Ll#H« SECONDARY«C.#4g7Lu 'S:'~'.SCTSCyyC.G« G9NFNThere MFNare 2N5NFMIse!eral 2N6XDpMFPsecondary NTTN6W2effects associatedM22X6YMWNp withwYW9 NMFW9eAMkN2earthquakes whichw9Y69 maybMP constitute6XD2WYWAWN significant2YrDYTY6MDW hazards.9M^MFp2n G9N2NThese includelD6IApN such2A69 wFX0INb2problems M2as liquefaction,IYeANTM6WYXDs densification,pND2YTY6MWYXDs damagepMbMrN toWX IYTNlife linee,IYDN2s MDpand triggeringWFYrrNFYDr ofXT slope2IXwN failures.TMYIAFN2n LiquefactionSYeANTM6WYXD resulFN2AIW2 ta fromTFXb W9N33IX22t:1.ec·1ose XTof shear29NMF 2WFNDrW9strength -34-)x4) XTof anMD unconsoliAD6XD2XIYpMWNpdated depositpNwX2YW durinGpAFYDWj NMFW9eAM,6Nearthquake s2DMkYDrs haking, andMDp bMPmay cause6MA2N 2NWWIYDrsettling ofXT W9Nt ~e surface2AFTM6N aMDpnd slo2IXwNp e failure.TMYIAFNn G:NDNFMIsenera l. c6XDpYWYXD2 onditions conducive6XDpA6Y5N WXto liquefactIYeANTM6WYXDi on are:MFNt 1)m) looseIXX2N soils2XYI2 ~FYW9ith aM FNIMWY5Nrelative pND2YWPdensity ofXT IN22less W9MDt han (;>s75~ , orXF high9Yr9 5XYpvoid ratio;FMWYX; 22) ) ADYTXFbIPuniformly grFMpNpraded TYDNfine 2MDp2;sands; x)3) 9Yr9h igh pNrFNNdeg ree ofXT saturation;2MWAFMWYXD; 4) IM6klack ofXT 6X9N2YXDscohesion, MDpand ;)5) loIXww initialYDYWYMI confining6XDTYDYDr wFN22AFNnpressure. LSYeANTM6WYXDiquefaction potentialwXWNDWYMI YDWND2Yinten si-v fiesTYN2 wYW9'\":i t h YD6FNM2YDrincrea sing 2N5NFYWPseverity MDpand pAFMWYXDdura tion ofXT 2WFXDrstrong grFXADpround 29MkYDrnshaking. 7FNM2Areas ofXT wXWNDWYMI] otential liquefactionIYeANTM6WYXD inYD SMrIN=ag le dMIINPValley ~ YD6IApNnclude 2XbNsome FY5NFriver pNwX2YW2sdeposits, andMDp MDan alMIIA5YAbl uvium layerIMPNF 6XbwX2Npcomp osed ofXT wNII~ ell sorted2XFWNp TYDNf ine 2MDp2sand~ andMDp silts2YIW2 ADpNFIPYDrunderlying M a bMjXFmajor wXFWYXDportion XTof W9Nthe downtownpXwDWXwD area.MFNMn ThG9N2Nese sediments2NpYbNDW2 9M5Nhave lo~IXw rela-FNIMv WY5Ntive pND2YWPsdensity, IXwlow confining6XDTYDYDr wFN22AFNspressure, lackIM6k co6X9N2YXDshesion, andMDp MFNare waterwMWNF satur2MWAFMWNpa ted duringpAFYDr wMFWpart ofXT tW9N ~e PNMFnyear. Densification,gND2YTY6MWYXDs Ma 9M^MFp hazard 2YbYIMFsimilar toWX liqueIYeANTM6WYXDsf action, Y2is W9Nt h e resultFN2AIW ofXT 6XbwM6WYXDcompaction XTof pFPsdry, co6X9N2YXDIN22hesionless soils2XYI2 ofXT lowIXw FNIMWY5Nrelative pND2YWPdensity 9Pby W9Nt he vibrations5Y0FMWYXD2 XTof seismic2NY2bY6 s29MkYDrn nakin~ . RXWNDWYMIPotential pND2YTY6MWYXDdensification areasMFNM2 areMFN theW9N same2MbN M2as wXWNDWYMIp otential IYeANTM6WYXDliquefaction MFNM2sa reas, W9MWt hat is,Y2s drypFP soile=densification;2XYI2= pND2YTY6MWYXD; ~hw9YINile ,,..etwNW soils=2XYI2= IYeANTM6WYXDnliquefaction. Po'\"RXGn)NF:er lines,IYDN2s rM2gas lines,IYDN2s andMDp FXMp2roads areMFN allMII susceptible2A26NwWY0IN WXto damagepMbMrN froTFXbm eartNMFW9eAMkNhquake occurX66AFFND6Nnr ence. Sp«wN6YTY6MIIPsecifically, MWat W9Nt ne :urry.AFFP Street«WFNNW 2A02WMWYXDsubstation tW9NFN here areMFN DAbNFXA2numerous transformers,WFMD2TXFbNF2s regulators,FNrAIMWXF2s andMDp X5NFIXMpoverload 0FNMkNF2breakers W9MWt~at areMFN DXWnot ancMD69XFNpsh ored, MDpand 6XAIpcould NM2YIPeasily 0Nbe toppled.WXwwINpn yAFW9NFs? urth er, tW9NFN h ereare MFN rM2gas IYDN2lines )x;)-35- YDin tW9N h e areaMFNM witwYW9XAWh out sufficient2ATTY6YNDW s29AW)XTT h ut-off 5MI5N2svalves, tW9NFN0P) h ereby wFN2NDWYDrpresenting Ma danpMDrNFXA2g erous TYFNfire MDpand N8wIX2YXDexplosion 9M^MFpnhazard. GwXTwo h9Yr9igh-v wayswMP2 cross6FX22 faultsTMAIW2 t.W9MWhat 6XAIpcould MWat anyMDP timeWYbN become0N6XbN activeM6WY5N wYW9with resultantFN2AIWMDW severe2N5NFN XFor evenN5ND pY2FAwWY5Ndisruptive damagepMbMrN asM2 Ma very5NFP realFNMI wX22Y0YIYWPnpossibility. ThereG9NFN areMFN bMDPmany typesWPwN2 ofXT slope2IXwN TMYIAFNfailure tW9MW hat 6MDcan 0Nbe trig-WFYrv geredrNFNp 0Pby seismic2NY2bY6 29MkYDrnshaking. LX6kTMII2Rockfalls andMDp IMDp2IYpN2landslides MFNare oftenXTWND set2NW inYD motionbXWYXD by0P NMFW9eAMkNearth quake vibrations;5Y0FMWYXD2; YDin TM6Wfact almostMIbX2W MDPa ny typeWPwN XTof AD2WM0INunstable materialbMWNFYMI wXAIp~ ould 0Nbe 2A26NwWY0INsusceptible tWX o NMFW9eAMkN e a rthquake M6WY5MWYXDnactivation. SUBSID~NCSSUBSIDENCS RemovalLNbX5MI XTof grFXADpwMWNFsround~ater, oil,XYIs rM2sg as, h9PpFX6XbwM6WYXDsydrocompaction, MDpand •$ peatwNMW X8YpMWYXDoxidation bMPmay resultFN2AIW YDin subsidence2A02YpND6N XTof theW9N landIMDp 2AFTM6Nnsurf ace. A7 possiblewX22Y0IN TAWAFNfuture cause6MA2N ofXT subsidence2A02YpND6N inYD tW9N h e C.MF2XDarson C.YWPity areaMFNM wouldwXAIp be0N tW9N n e FNbX5MIremoval XTof groundvrFXADpwMWNFnra ter. ?LY5N i ve factorsTM6WXF2 2WFXDrIPstrongly influenceYDTIAND6N W9Nt h e magnitudebMrDYWApN ofXT 2A02YpND6Nsubsidence duepAN toWX groundrFXADpwMWNFr.ater wwYW9pFMwMIit~drawal (Alfors(7ITXF2 andMDp XW9NF2others 1973).ma(x) n 1)m) :.IagnitudehMrDYWApN ofXT ~aterwMWNF levelIN5NI decline.pN6IYDNn 2) ThicknessG9Y6kDN22 ofXT alluviumMIIA5YAb WMwwNptapped 0Pby wNII2nwells. 3)x) IndividuallDpY5YpAMI MDpand combined6Xb0YDNp tW9Y6kDN22N2 hicknesses andMDp compressibilitiee6XbwFN22Y0YIYWYN2 ofXT tW9N h e silt2YIW andMDp clay6IMP IMPNF2layers wYW9YDwith in 5NFWY6MIvertical sections2N6WYXD2 tappedWMwwNp 0Pby wNII2nwells. 4) LengtSNDrW92h s ofXT timeWYbN pAFYDrduring w9Y69which waterwMWNF lIN5NIevel declinespN6IYDN2 areMFN maintained.bMYDWMYDNpn ;)5) 4Ab0NFNumber ofXT occurrencesX66AFFND6N2 ofXT 9NM5Pheavy withdrawalswYW9pFMwMI2 XTof waterwMWNF YDin anyMDP area.MFNMn jse-36-k Subsidence«A02YpND6N maybMP c~use6MA2N damagepMbMrN ofXT 2N5NFMIseveral WPwN2stypes,IT aM FN2AIWTI/2jsult ofXT pYTTNFNDWYMIdifferential 2A02YpND6Nssubsidence, rFXADpcround fissurin~,TY22AFYDrs 2AFTM6Nsurface 2A0sub-v sidence,2YpND6Ns andMDp wX22Y0INpossible faultTMAIW FNM6WY5MWYXDnreactivation. G9N2NThese wFX6N22N2processes ■» can6MD YDTIY6Winflict dama~epMbMrN onXD FXMp2sroads, 0FYprN2sbridges, 0AYIpYDr2sbuildings, 6MDMI2scanals, I wYwNIYDN2spipelines, AWYIYWYN2sutilities, MDpand W9Nthe waterwMWNF 2AwwIPYDrsupplying MeAYTNF2aquifers themselves.W9Nb2NI5N2n TheG9N locationIX6MWYXD XTof Carson.MF2XD 8ity.YWP Y2is conducive6XDpA6Y5N toWX 2A02YpND6Nsubsidence asM2 theW9N valley5MIINP floorTIXXF isY2 comprised6XbwFY2Np ofXT AD6XD2XIYpMWNpsunconsolidated, IXX2NIPloosely • wM6kNppacked 2MDp2ssands, silts2YIW2 MDpand clays,6IMP2s allMII XTof w9Y69whici areMFN susceptible2A26NwWY0IN toWX 6XbwM6WYXDncompaction. Currently.AFFNDWIP W9NFNthere Y2is DXno N5YpND6Nevidence ofXT subsidence2A02YpND6N inYD tneW9N valley,5MIINPs 0AWbut itYW 6XAIpcould NM2YIPeasily 0N6XbNbecome Ma futureTAWAFN hazard9M^MFp f~rTHF ,p Carson.MF2XD 8ity.YWP YTif theW9N areaMFNM undergoesADpNFrXN2 WFNbNDpXA2tremendous growth,rFXwW9s wYW9with resultantFN2AIWMDW N8wMDpNpexpanded 6rFXADpwMWNFroundwater re~oval.FNbX5MIn ABAND~ABAirooiTSD ~INE t~ORKINGS^orkikss GFND69N2sTrenche~, shafts,29MTW2s gloryrIXFP 9XIN2sholes, raises,FMY2N2s winzes,wYD^N2s MpYW2sadits, abandonedM0MDpXDNp 0AYIpYDr2sbuildings, MDpand tunnelsWADDNI2 areMFN wXWNDWYMIpotential "iazards9M^MFp2 WXto wNXwINpeople (especially(N2wN6YMIIP WXto children),69YIpFND)s andMDp animalsMDYbMI2 visiting5Y2YWYDr XFor YD9M0YWYDrinhabiting W9Nthe area.MFNMn :nIMDP.rany ofXT theseW9N2N XIpold workingswXFkYDr2 contain6XDWMYD rottenFXWWND timbersWYb0NF2 orXF AD2WM0INunstable FX6krock slopes,2IXwN2s renderinFNDpNFYDr6 themW9Nb sus-2A2v ceptible6NwWY0IN toWX 6XIIMw2Ncollapse ADpNFunder W9Nthe slightest2IYr9WN2W strain2WFMYD XFor 2WFN22nstress. Va.riouedMFYXA2 WPwN2types ofXT minebYDN ,;,:orkingswXFkYDr2 andMDp N8wIXFMWYXDexploration wYW2pits MFNare presentwFN2NDW throughoutW9FXAr9XAW theW9N area,MFNMs I:la.IlYbMDP ofXT whichw9Y69 9M5Nhave notDXW 0NNDbeen 2NMINpeealed fromTFXb access.M66N22n Generally:NDNFMIIP theseW9N2N dopX notDXW wX2Npose aM serious2NFYXA2 hazard;9M^MFp; 9XwN5NFshowever, thereW9NFN areMFN aditsMpYW2 andMDp ADpNFrFXADpunderground workingswXFkYDr2 f13f U269near 6926;areas ofFA IFU;«X296,V2considerable minerE«U296V«L6N«FUalization af6«DS aroun~69FYUX oldFVX . E«U2;mines such;YI0 as6; N02t~e M92E«29Premier ~O««U25line. LOSSTWHH OFWM ~PE9HRCTITh'3RAL RSSOURCSSRMHW7R4TH Toe#02 lossVF;; ofFA mE«U296Vineral r92;FY9I2;esources as6; a6 92;YVNresult ofFA urbY9,6U«L6a niza-G N«FUtion is«; . notUFN a6 ~eologict2FVFt«I 06L69Xhazard by,: definition,X2A«U«N«FU... since;«UI2 lossVF;; FAof V«A2life and6UX i9Fi29N:property damageX6E6t2 are692 notUFN involved;«UgFVg2Xh ~ow0Fgl2g29.ever, «Nit doesXF2; IFU;N«NYN2constitute a6 si;«tU«A«I6UNgnificant gt2FVFt«Ieolog ic problemi9F,V2E why0292ere tN0292 ~ere is«; a6 rapidly96i«XV: expandin32bi6UX«Ut Y9,6Uurban area,6926. AF9f or it«N involves«UgFVg2; tN02 ~e lossVF;; FAof a6 UFUf92U2y6,V2non-renewable 92;FY9I25resource. SHYI0uch VF;;loss ofFA mineralE«U296V resources92;FY9I2; The#02 «UXY;N9«6Vindustrial nineralE«U296V resources92;FY9I2; «UX«t2UFY;indi~enous toNF tN02 ne Carsono69;FU o«N:~ity area6926 are692 notUFN YU«uY2unique since;«UI2 theyN02: canI6U ,2be minedE«U2X else2V;2y0292where «Uin N02the ~y2;N29Uestern i69Npart ofFA theN02 ;N6N2.state, N0FYt0t ~ough N0«;t his yFYVXwould «UgFVg2involve 2bF9exor-G ,«N6UNbitant costsIF;N; dueXY2 toNF ever2g29 incre«UI926;«Uta sing 2U29t:.energy, h06YV6t2.aulage, and6UX laborV6,F9 IF;N;5costs. T#02he ::nostEF;N i:nportant«EiF9N6UN resource92;FY9I2 VF;;loss wo•yFYVX..1ld ,2be toNF N02t :-ie aggre-6tt92G t6N2gate industry.«UXY;N9:5 SaH6UXnd a6UXnd gt96g2Vravel usedY;2X i9«E69«V:primarily forAF9 road9F6X con-IFUG struction;N9YIN«FU are692 abundant6,YUX6UN in«U theN02 areaand69266UX are692 ofFA N0922three types:N:i2;O i2X«E2UNpediment gravels,t96g2V;. ;N926Estream orF9 V6IY;N9«U2lacustrine deposits,X2iF;«N;. and6UX dX2IFEiF;2Xecomposed gr~nites.t96U«N2;5 SandH6UX and6UX ~ravelt96g2V i«N;pits are692 locatedVFI6N2X nearU269 ClearoV269 Creek,o922n. northUF9N0 along6VFUt ry75H5.s. !lid«t0y6:ghway 3951cp nearU269 tN02 he countyIFYUN: line,V«U2. and6UX in«U ;2g296Vseveral otherFN029 areas.6926;5 ?MF;;«,V2ossible depositsX2iF;«N; exist2b«;N in«U tN02 he a6VVYg«YElluvium V6:29;layers 26;Neast ofFA theN02 Carsono69;FU River.R«g295 OtherWN029 industrial«UXY;N9«6V E«U296Vmineral X2iF;«N;.deposits, alt~oug6VN0FYt0h notUFN i92;2UNV:presently ofFA IFEE29I«6Vcommercial extent,2bN2UN. ;YI0such -38-f1wf 6;as ,69«N2Nbarite, gypsum,t:i;YE. and6UX t96i0«N2graphite 2b«;Nexist «Uin small;E6VV amounts6EFYUN; g9«N0fwiti- in«U N02t ~e are~69265. ConsiderableoFU;«X296,V2 amounts6EFYUN; ofFA t:i;YEgypsum 06g2have ,22Ubeen E«U2Xmined in«U theN02 fO«FYUX-7 !ound !:dFY;2ouse area6926 ;«UI2since N02the early269V: 1900'rcsse s.;5 HFE2Some gypsumt:i;YE wasy6; ,2«Utbeing 92EFg2Xre~oved forAF9 soil;F«V IFUX«N«FU29;conditioners 6;as lateV6N2 6;as theN02 1950rcps81 s.65 SmallHE6VV iFX;pods FAof ,69«N2barite 2b«;Nexist FUon PrisonM9«;FU rt9««VV.ill, and6UX t96i0«N25rapnite wasy6; minedE«U2X «Uin VoltairemFVN6«92 ~anyon.o6U:FU5 AlarieC V69t2 dimensionX«E2U;«FU stone;NFU2 uY699:quarry is«; . VFI6N2Xlocated a.t6N theN02 a2g6X6Nevada StateHN6N2 Prison.M9«;FU5 AC V«t0Nlight :2VVFy«;0yellowisn greyt92: 0F9«LFUN6VV:horizontally ,2XX2Xbedded sandstone;6UX;NFU2 h06;as ,22Ubeen Y;2Xused in«U theN02 IFU;N9YIconstruc-G N«FUtion ofFA manyE6U: ,Y«VX«Ut;buildings in«U Carsono69;FU Cityo«N: and6UX aR2UF.eno, and6UX 06;has ,22Ubeen uY699«2Xquarried 0292here ;«UI2since 1862.rw()5 ~etallicxV2N6VV«Iv«U«U296V·mineral depositsX2iF;«N; are692 also6V;F ;«tU«A«I6UNsignificant «Uin N02t he Carsono69;FU ~ityo«N: area.69265 The#02 ?remierM92E«29 ~ineV7U2 . twoNyF milesE«V2; westy2;N ofFA 0arsono69;FU Cityo«N: «;is «Uin a6 li:'.!lyV«U: uY69NLfE«I6quartz-mica ;I0«;Nschist IFUN6«U«Utcontaining copperIFii29• sulfide;YVA«X2 minerals,E«U296V;. small;E6VV amounts6EFYUN; ofFA silver;«Vg29 and6UX gold,tFVX. and6^«X ~racesN96I2; ofFA anti-6UN«G mony,EFU:. cobalt,IF,6VN. ~rsenic,69;2U«I. leadV26X and6UX bismut,«;EYN05h . H2g296VSeveral ;E6VVS!llall goldtFVX E«U2;mines werey292 active6IN«g2 XY9«Utduring t~eN02 early269V: history0«;NF9: ofFA thisN0«; X«;N9«IN.8district; depositsX2iF;«N; ofFA silver,;«Vg29. arsenic69;2U«I a6UXnd IFii29copper h06g2ave been,22U yF9n2Xworked ;iF9spor-G 6X«I6VV:adically overFg29 N02the :269;5years. T~'le#02 BunkerwYUn29 :ilV««VVll ~OV«U2.line, a6 fewA2y milesE«V2; east26;N ofFA M9«;FUPrison :Lilld«VV 06;has ,22Ubeen yF9n2Xworked AF9for ~oldtFVX and6UX IFii29hcopper; tN02 he m6VV2:Valley m«2yView :.tine,jV«U2. onlyFUV: a6 E«V2mile a~ay,6y6:. i9FXYI2Xproduced tunNYUt;N2U.5sten, 6UXand has06; ,22Ubeen prospectedi9F;i2IN2X forAF9 mercury,E29IY9:. leadV26X and6UX silver.;«Vg295 There#0292 692are ot'herFN029 small;E6VV silver-;«Vg29ftFVX.6 old, «9FU.iron, and6UX tungstenNYUt;N2U minesE«U2; and6UX depositsX2iF;«N; FAor undeterminedYUX2N29E«U2X 2IFUFE«Ieconomic g6VY2value in«U theN02 69265area. The#02 o69;FU~arson aiverR«g29 IFEE6UX2Xco!!lmanded attention6NN2UN«FU as6; a6 iFN2UN«6Vpotential i9FXYI29Jroducer ,2I6Y;2because ofFA theN02 largeV69t2 quantitiesuY6UN«N«2; orFA GomstockoFE;NFIn N6«V«Ut;.tailin6s, quicksilver,uY«In;«Vg29. and6UX amalgam6E6Vt6E dischargedX«;I069t2X into«UNF it«N A9FEfrom N02the manyE6U: millsE«VV; A9FEfrom EmpirekEi«92 toNF -39-f1cf Dayton.Z6: NFU5 There#0292 «;is N02the iF;;«,«V«N:p ossibility tN06Nnat wy«N0ith a6 I06Ut2cha n5e «Uin yF9VXworld i9FXYIN«FUproduction orF9 i9«I2;prices it«N couldIFYVX ,2IFE2become econooically2IFUFE«I6VV: A26;«,V2fea sible toNF mineU«U2 ~anyE6U: FAof tN02 he depositsX2iF;«N; in«U tN02 he area.69265 ItjN mayE6: ,Fbe IFUIVYXconclud-G ed2X tN06N hat it«N is«; U2I2;;69:necessary tNF o i92g2UNprevent t~eN02 VF;;loss ofFA N02;2these ::u.neralE«U296V resources92;FY9I2; fromA9FE t~eN02 ~06gFIavoc FAof Y9,6Uurban spra;i96yV.wl, even2g2U «Aif onlyFUV: AF9for historical0«;NF9«I6V value,g6VY2. orF9 tN02 he enjoyment2U^F:E2UN FAof E«U296Vmineral collectors.IFVV2INF9;5 fWsf-40- kmCT7C#jo1aEVALUATION OPW0 THE#d1 CARSONoCRHWa CITYoj#K CRHCArtEA :FOR0WR URBANIZATION7RwCrWj6C#jWa #0«;Thia sectionF2IN«6U i29N6«U;pertains tQN6 theN02 evaluation2g6VY6N«FU QfFA N02the Carsono69;FU Cityo«N: 6926area forAF9 suitability;Y«N6,«V«N: forAF9 Y9,6U«L6N«FU5urbanization. The#02 evaluation2g6VY6N«FU hae06; ,22Ubeen ba3ea,6;2X FUon theN02 i92;2UI2presence ofFA geologict2FVFt«I 06L69X;hazards 6UXand con-IFUG I29U;.cerne, as6; indicated«UX«I6N2X in«U #6,V2Table W54. #02;2T~ese IFUI29U;concerns and6UX t06L69X;1azards have06g2 ,22Ubeen ran~ed96Un2X A9FEfrom 1r toNF 3h.l , g9«N0with 1r being,2«Ut theN02 leastV26;N iFN2Upoten-G N«6VV:tially serioue,;29«FY;. and6UX 73 N02t~e mostEF;N iFN2UN«6VV:pQtentially serious.;29«FY;5 The#02 etudy;NYX: has06; ,22Ubeen diTidedX«g«X2X into«UNF quarteruY69N29 ;2IN«FU;.sectione, withy«N0 N02the iFpo-G N2UN«6Vtential hazards06L69X; and6UX ooncernsIFUI29U; V«;N2Xlisted ferAF9 each.26I05 jNIt is«; 6;;YE2Xa~sumed thatN06N developmentX2g2VFiE2UN in«U marshesE69;02; iSYUV2;;unlese drainedX96«U2X first),A«9;N2. and6UX QnFU N02the immediate«EE2X«6N2 9«g29riTer floedAVFFX plainiV6«U yFYVXwould be,2 6gF«X2Xhavoided; }herefore,N0292AF92. suchFYI0 factorsA6INF9; 06g2haTe notUFN5. ,22Ubeen takenN6«n2U int~«UNF IFU;«X296N«FU5consideratien. C926;Areas toeNFF steep;N22i forAF9 developmentX2g2VFiE2UN 692are indicated«UX«I6N2X as6; ;YI05euoh. #CwTkTABLE 4W 'S'VALUATIONkmCT7C#jWa sPOF DZV::LOP1ENTZkmkTWMTj6a# H7j#CwjTj#KSUITABILITY 1-rf 100rss :269year AVFFXfleed 87HZC2(USDA) )f2- LiquefactionT«uY2A6IN«FU 3-1f 0V6;0Flash floodingAVFFX«Ut Wf4- :fineral«V«U296V resource92;FY9I2 leesVF;; 5-pf SheetH022N flewAVFy fleodingAVFFX«Ut (f6- SlepeHVFi2 instability«U;N6,«V«N: 3f7- k69N0uY6n2Earthquake -41--41- TABLl:TABL3 44 ((cont.) cont • ) Loc8..tionTFI6N«FU lr u 31 4W 5p 6( 73 To#FFo SteeJHN22fi 7#FN6Votal T# 14rW l~«O RR 20)s 3k S3S3 -~-m Sec.H2I5 2) X4 !R i-XxX Sec.H2I5 2) X4 X4 X 4 11rr / H2I5 ) X4 X4 X4 14rW / H2I5 ) X4 :s::HvOO l·rfjf Sec.~:~:H2I5 31 X4 X 4 f1 4 12r) Na ..;..r Se~.H2I5 31 X4 S'H ¾N Sec.H2I5 31 X4 X4 31 Sec.H2I5 4W X4 lr Ek ½« Sec.H2I5 5p 0s T# 15rp URjj R 20)s "3k s~Hk -{-r Sec.H2I5 351p X4 X4 X4 X4 X4 25)p 1-8jjk t~-«f Se~.H2I5 351p X4 X4 X4 15rp NWr#3 « Sec.H2I5 31p 5 X4 · X4 X4 18rw SWH« 1·N Sec.H2I5 351p X4 X4 X4 18rw Sec.H2 I5 341W X4 Ek ½—k Sec.H2I5 3311 X4 X4 v 5p W ~-j8 Sec.H2I5 1133 X4 4X 8w Sec.H2I5 1)32 X4 1r 1 5«; H2Sec. I5 1r31 4X 4 X c9 (3 Ojf Sec.H2I5 1r31 4X r H2I5Sec. 1r31 4X 4X W4 H1 m H2I5Sec. 1s30 r 4X 4 X 4X r(16 ak O — H2I5Sec. 1s30 4X 4X r)12 r#3 O X H2I5Sec. 1s30 4X 4X W4 H# —h H2I5Sec. 1s30 4X 4X (6 1 — X H2I5Sec. )c29 4 rl «9P O H2I5Sec. )c~9 4 rl H# —O h H2I5Sec. )c29 4 4X w8 Hk r X H2I5Sec. )w28 3 4X 4X 37 ak — H2I5Sec. )w28 4X 4 X 4X r113 a« O X H2I5Sec. )w28 4:'{ rl H) O X H2I5Sec. )w28 4X 4X w8 Hk h X H2I5Sec. )327 4X 4 X 4X r113 ak f H2I5Sec. )327 4X 4X 4X rr11 # 5 S H2I5Sec. )32 7 4X 4X (6 1 f H2I5Sec. )(26 4X 4 X 4 X 4X 4 X )p25 (# ] — H2I5Sec. )(26 4X 4X 37 H# ! ;22S-ec.5 )(26 8 4X 4X r)12 Hk A H2I5Sec. )123 4X 4X 4 X r)12 ak r H2I5Sec. )123 4X 4X 4X w8 # S9 H2I5Sec. )123 4X 4X 37 Hk if H2I5Sec. ))22 4X 4X 4X rW14 v -42--42- TABI3TABL3 44 (cont.)(cont.) ------Location 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Too Steep Total :N~ ~- Sec. 22 X X X X. 18 NY' ~- Sec. 22 X X 12 S'V i Sec. 22 X X X 13 SE j Sec. 21 X X X X 18 i Sec. 21 X X 12 NW i Sec. 21 X X 3 1 SW 1 Sec. 21 X S"t."N, t-. Sec. 20 X 1 Sec. 20 X X 3 SW J Sec. 20 X 1 s~ f Sec. 19 X X 12 19 X X X X 7 f 19 X X X 10 1_! ~=~:Sec. 18 X X X 10 18 X 1 : 1 18 X X 6 S'l.' J ~=~:Sec 17 X X 3 N t Sec: 17 X X X 10 SW i Sec. 17 X X 3 SE j_ Sec. 16 X X X 10 NE f Sec. 16 X 1 NW~ Seo. 16 X X 8 SW I Sec. 16 X X 3 s~ 1 Sec. 15 X X X X 14 NE I Sec. 15 X: X X 10 NW .o; Sec. 15 X X 9 SW _1_ Sec. 15 X X 3 Sec. 14 X X X 12 NW i· Sec. 14 X X 7 SW f Sec• 14 X X X 11 SE -- Sec. 11 X X X 7 NE 1 Sec. 11 X X X X 14 NW l Sec. 11 X X X X X 17 S:l Sec. 11 X 7 S3 1 Sec. 10 X X X 12 N f Sec. 10 \ X 8 s-;r J Sec. 10 X 7 s~ .i Sec. 9 X X 9 9 0 1 Sec. "-,. Sec. 9 X X 9 S 1 Sec. 8 X X 9 8 X 7 NE Sec. NW i·· Sec. 8 0 Sec. 7 X X X 14 " Sec. 7 X X 9 -43--43- TABL3TABLE 44 (cont.)(cont.) - Location 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Too Steeo ?otal S3 Sec. 6 X X I 3 N f Sec. 6 X X 10 S"!'J' Sec. 6 X X X 10 E Sec. 5 0 11W ft _.Sec. 5 X X 8 f;!I Sec. 5 X X 9 :l: j Sec. 4 0 1-ri:'T ,; Sec. 4 X 7 SW t Sec. 4 X X 9 SE I Sec. 3 X X 12 NE .. Sec. 3 X X X X 1.9 11W t Sec. 3 X X X 12 SW I Sec. 3 0 SE Sec. 2 X X X X 19 ?T t. Sec. 2 X X X 12 4- Sec. 2 X X X 15 T 16 M R 20 E • Sec. 35 X X 6 SB Seo. 34 X X X X X 25 N f Sec. 34 X S'N · Sec. 34 X X X 16 E ! Sec. 33 X X X 12 NW 4 Sec. 33 X X X 15 SW t Sec. 3 3 X l SE -- Sec. 32 X X 8 N t Sec. 32 X X X 13 S':f I Sec. 32 X X X 15 s~ t Sec. 31 X X X 14 N " Sec. •31 X SW¾ Seo. 31 X X X 18 T 16 N R 19 Sec. 36 X X 6 Sec. 35 X 7 < Sit Sec. 35 X ,- Sec. 35 X X 13 " s,:, j_ Sec. l X X X X 22 N_;; j_ Sec. l X X 10 NW Sec. l X S'Y t~- Sec. 1 X X 12 Sec. 2 X 7 s: t. Sec. 2 X X 6 S"i "-. Sec. 2 X fWWf-44- #CwT1TABU 4W ..8IFUN52(cont.) Location 1 2 3 4 !5 6 7 To o Steeo 7otal JU SE f Sec. 11 I X X X 10 N 2 Sec. 11 X Sec. 11 I X X 6 SW t Sec. 12 I X X I x 16 I w t Sec. 12 I I I ' x 7 SE ..l. Sec. 13 X I I X X X 11 Sec. 13" X X I 5 iI I NW i Sec. 13 X X I Ix X 18 SW 1.. Sec. 13 X i X 7 S3 't"' Sec. 14 I I X X X 17 I NS Sec. 14 j X X 10 1'1\V i Sec. 14 I X X 6 I Sec. 14 X X iI X 10 Sec.t 23 X i X X X 14 Sec,. 24 X 6 Sec. 25 X \ Sec. 26 X Sec. 35 X • • Sec. 36 I X — The#02 above6,F92 #6,V2Table «VVY;N96N2;illustrates tN02 he 06L69X; hazards NFto ,2b~ AFYUXf ound in«U 26I0each H2IN«FUSect ion FAof tN02 he ;NYX:study area.69265 RegR2t«FU;ions wy«N0ith a6 NFN6Vtotal ~1aV«6L69Xzard numericalUYE29«I6V #6VY2value FAof N0922t hree 812(3) F9or lessV2;; 692are tN02 he ;6A2;Nsafest AF9for N02t he VFI6N«FUlocati~n ofFA any6U: ;N9YINY92etructure intended«UN2UX2X fAF9or useY;2 by,: l~rV69t2ge numbersUYE,29; ofFA people,i2FiV2. ;YI0sue~ as6; ;I0FFV;.s~~ools, 0F;i«N6V;.hospitals, s;0Fii«Ut hopping centers,I2UN29;. ad-6XG minietraE«U«;N96N«g2t ive ,Y«VX«Ut;.bui ldings, I6;«UF;.casinos, otFN029 her entertainment2UN29N6«UE2UN centers,I2UN29;. and6UX largeV69t2 apartment6i69NE2UN coIFEiV2b2;5mp lexes. #02;2T~ese 6926;a reas are692 A922f ree fromA9FE majorE6^F9 AVFFX«Utflooding .h506L69X;.azards, and6UX a692re a6 ;6A2safe distanceX«;N6UI2 fA9FErom YU;N6,V2unstable elopes;VFi2; and6UX knownnUFyU A6YVNfault zones.LFU2;5 jUIn eections;2IN«FU; ':':y«N0i t h a6 UYE29«I6Vnul'!l erical g6VY2value above6,Fg2 1.3, and6UX tN0292AF92 herefore fWpf-45- 06g«Uthaving 6a 0«t0hig'.-1 06L69Xhazard iFN2UN«6V.potential, thereN0292 692.are, U2g29N02V2;;.nevert-neless, eoMe;FE2 s~ail;U6«V areas6926; relatively92V6N«g2V: safe;6A2 forAF9 theN02 constructionIFU;N9YIN«FU ofFA ;«UtV2single ~esidences.92;«X2UI2;5 strictHN9«IN precautions,i92I6YN«FU;. 0FhoeSf2g29.~ever, should;0FYVX be02 · takenN6»I2U as6; toNF locationVFI6N«FU and6UX typeN:i2 FAof IFU;N9YIN«FO55constructio;•. #02T~e LandT6UX 7;2Use I2 OveWg29V6:-rlay lfapS6i indicates«UX«I6N2; N02;2t'."lese areas6926; 6;&s wellgh2VV as6; i9Fi29proper sites;«N2; AF9for all6VV FN029other Y9,6Uurban facilities.A6I«V«N«2;5 MdKHjoCTPHYSICAL PRO?:::RTIZSMRWMdR#jdH O:?WR SOILSHWjTH jaIN TJ-3#d1 CARSOH4CRHWjA CITYoj#K CRdCJue.A SoilHF«V i9Fi29N«2;properties 692a.re uY«N2quite ioportant«EiF9N6UN NFto development,X2g2VFiE2UN. and6UX should;0FYVX ,2be consideredIFU;«X292X in«U theN02 planningiV6UU«Ut stage.;N6t25 SomeHFE2 ofFA N02;2these i9Fi29N«2;propertiee are:692h i9F,6,V2probable foundationAFYUX6N«FU stability,;N6,«V«N:. ex-2bG I6g6N«FUcavation iFN2UN«6V.potential, 6UXand septic-tank;2iN«IfN6Un suitability;Y«N6,«V«N:5 . .?robableM9F,6,V2 AFYUX6N«FUfoundation stability;N6,«V«N: is«; rated96N2X onFU theN02 ability6,«V«N: toNF i9Fg«X2p;ovide ;FYUXsound foundationAFYUX6N«FU materialE6N29«6V forAF9 ,Y«VX«Ut;5buildings. RR2V6N«g2elative ,269«Utbearing Talueeg6VY2; 6UXand shrink-svell;09«Unf;y2VV iFN2UN«6Vpotential are692 «EiF9N6UNimportant I9«N29«65criteria. ~cavation—RbI6g6N«FU iFN2UN«6Vpotential «;is 96N2Xrated as6; N02t:1e relative92V6N«g2 ease26;2 FA0f ex-2bG I6g6N«FUcavation forAF9 ;06VVFyshallo~ N92UI02;trenches 6UXand excavations.2bI6g6N«FU;5 The#02 impor-«EiF9G N6UNtant i696E2N29;parameters 692are N02the X2t922degree FAof IFU;FV«X6N«FUconsolidation orF9 I2E2UN6cementa-G N«FUtion AF9for YUIFU;FV«X6N2Xunconsolidated 6VVYg«YE.alluvium, X2iN0depth FAof y26N029«Ut.weathering, &.nd6UX N02the typeN:i2 and6UX frequencyA92uY2UI: FAof structural;N9YINY96V defectsX2A2IN; ofFA theN02 9FIn5rock. Septic-tankH2iN«IfN6Un ;Y«N6,«V«N:suitability is«; rated96N2X 6IIF9X«Utaccording NFto theN02 6,«V«N:ability FAof theN02 materialE6N29«6V toNF X«;iF;2dispose ofFA effluent2AAVY2UN withouty«N0FYN causingI6Y;«Ut 6Xad-G g29;2verse environmental2Ug«9FUE2UN6V problems.i9F,V2E;5 Permeability,M29E26,«V«N:. 92V«2A.relief, AVFFXfloed-G «Uting iFN2UN«6V.potential, and6UX t9FYUXy6N29groundwater depthX2iN0 are692 important«EiF9N6UN I9«N29«65criteria. 8VjI(«UU2:(!J:cKinney 19?6).rc3(25 «o.s, PhysicalM0:;«I6V i9Fi29N«2;properties FAof soils;F«V; foundAFYUX in«U N02the Carsono69;FU Cityo«N: 692are 692are ;0FyUshown «Uin N02the AFVVFy«Utfollowing #6,V2Table 8#6,V2(Table 5).p25 ·- low 1.ow Low Low Low Low Low ·----·-- erlic-1"1\k :. - . - 1 y - 9 0 or ■30 9’ 9 1 od t acod 0 9 where i;h.l here 13 =1w ?| hi sU!lo hl,y •* to 9 ^ ^ w ^ ^ ti e ractured at.e t.o hl y , 2 ^ ^ ^ u ,.clured lhered f erate Lew w 52. |2 i; 8 2Jf2 ·-·-- J c r L.cw hi o.llhcred v.1.t.ion J3 6 2 if 2 2 9 A ^ !r her erate hi Lo fr,a.ctured ,, oo J 9 £ IM 1.ow or w we. 1' muu. ~c:~ d .- , ---- 9 9b ,.. ure .. ! .S53 local ept. cat.hcr- s-N., , 3Ti;3SS ra.te j •oath- j: b 0 r, u W* 1. 1. t h fract. X K 0 9 V, foliated V, 5 ciexc -4 ^ K o or p -> lo p >> til ---, £ £!!icb hly o -c *o o or oodc i T ^3 £2S U Lt od p 4 U i; 9 -- H1th ed er hi hichly Hl,h loc"1l.y ly 1-robaole fractured ,;nere -- 11..:; £irS2? fow.d:.tlon .;o at .A irtr ft L.cw Low if J Low ? j 1.ow rt.iaa inney,l'f76) ealive 1n -~ . .l i,a - c ii______cr E ·- i.: y e li1-ro er- t. t y ..;c.c. ty ur re i 25 |§3" ture u oder- llly ct rc 9 c4 ; > l3 1|3 r.od - ~1ty, ic.&.l e ac ill TABLi:, iia.coder- will u b t o fra fr t.o y o o, Si3 Si3 - Craclure t.o on l§ 2 s|fract SiS Ph . __ __ per::.e3bW Low Cl"Clto&bi Law per=.o, ate ate u .; a a lelnl1Y ,. M M i penn- f Can 1.ow ate Low f_ rr Ml S* «I 9__ !roe. . o yo uori,:i 1 i ?R ?R 1· one - 0 0 p ts to t.o <>l S.-32alone 5M arro t.o ;1.rroy If ...outheaat. a (;.Japt.ed epl. s sion.u a fe^g-3 ■599^tal- ili. very C -TJ 9 9 >H 0 U 9 .H oteep very ~11. toderat.e Cent.le Sa?«r.o>tl,y ucept. otecp :rtcep S s · l.7 ocu. IsJJ^Cenlle TJ 2 - sas1d 5 >.1 -3 t.o S3 covered u.i,, 1lal- o:11'1.&.nli locally ooil lt, e erele iijy 3.3 S if r :; y ^ £ lcw,1c oil cr S s ..* e; E s .. " i5:iIDOd <1 basa edUed cralely clo oil wilh - > 9 325| l5 ; Joi.nt.1; ... avo P u >» 4 r.1.t. r L veily ou ^ —-3 » c el loc le o! 5 83a::: Joi.nls; cily -.-- Ui 5 ed t> 9 :: 55^? r.. , v U 4 I. u 9 0 •• > cra lnlc Joinl• 10 to lu!!j •*•*44 s rn lo; 85ascoa.rHl.7 9 J-3^ ., ---- c opac u 0 :- covered V flow tanl. - a-g S3 ? MM , M co and .-!th ,> U 9 •paced 35Ai Joi.n „■* M 001.l :.1:. clo::,e a Sr, op.,ccd lhit i cranodiorl rc 4..."".:1 i -- HM- Mirl 3 a “ cci •rtllJ fill? k; dy ddel.7 3 lc&nl.c 2 V 35 .2? ir|M re &f"'Ced Vo roc o cover.-! llll• :a.r: wlt.h wi -- a -- Low lo• ~.i&h erat.e i 1 lo 2 - tilch ow .?l 3oo 9 •A L .JOpl.ic-llU\k .JOpl.ic-llU\k « 6r m a l|s walo hlch . 3 ^ t * :-fi£ tlicb f.i&h era.t.e ch 2 s ~J Uch,problm labh 2 1 cround with o :i :.:od C~Y&lion ...... X 51only -H > £ Mcb t.o 3lo 3 a £f3aoi low lion occ cb f.ich Hieb low low 5 »~l 1..only - 1da i 1*5 ... t.o ~1'b rrol>dble , ow • > • •> ) •* - r&le • 2 Hieb a t 1H1'b low oje live 3 -- odorale cor;l |i L" ( - i4 o t' lo L:od~rat.e 5 :tel.a ^ I - 1. - I > s TiJH.l: . ill a S5111,h . * £ low 3 lo r1 >V lo - t • t.o iit E ..4 li !lel&l!Ye cr1Li.Jlod fine- t·o3lly lo ^5at3 r .. . • 1' to . ex.cepl a. i wo.ll1 35 sleep R. Q 4 l« 'O ill g C fi. £ ." * ^ \ c l.la Low .§Low •a s a present rroyo - topocr1lpl\7 lone rro t.eep Con!orm:s • • a s i.oo .1 3 “•3 O a 3 a , 4 ucepl. • a Cenlle ^ u 0tm 004eral• Conlhw ed J eJ gg i ted l 3 M t... ,c ler- d; 3 3a g idat -io 5 la aU sill i.Jl t.o la oan ~,d P adiI S loc ^ 3 olidat.MJ 8 S 8 “ m s M *S o cr I,<, il -d · :>&r,d s =,ai g§l u aandy c J o.u,d t.t. i h•l•rocon- ^ “ W1ton:,,0l lldale..:l silly uncoz,:..oUaa cravel • anu - U i lhi..11, ---· - w,con w,co1pol- i,.lert,.,dded i,.lert,.,dded “ 3 p i| 1 S-. «H t o V co r *i lo 1 -• sr-1-conoolidnled . h Uda - cravel ^ U la •* O u silly ^ vel o -o b d; > 1 :s co a whh 5"1\dy --- aort.ed lo wil 3*;l ""1r.d; ~d 11a11d - cr 1&1 .s? s s g s^'l®s - * >. >t amai >* :.&ndy « craveUy M •* T3 5 l s dcoo lty s . saa agilly o D •> « illy ruolly y) .a b illy lo S bedded lo --- ^35 aas •tebes 1-. ~a::o'tencous, s > ~41ldy ji roorl7 t!oz:occnao •illy »t id.led r. »: ;ravel i - £3 ilas ioll n ’ -49- \\ ^AYSWAYS 07 RinJUCINvx~DUCING DAIIAG7DA:!AGS RESULTHCGR:::SULTil,G ?R0H?R011: aSOLOGIGGZOLOGIC HAZARDSiIAZARDS FLOOD T^AZARDS:1AZA.qDS #96X«N«FU6VV:Traditionally N02the I0F.«I2c hqice «Uin 6926;areas ;Y;I2iN«,V2susceptible NFto AVFFX;floods 06;has ,22Ubeen 2«N029either NFto «U;N6VVinstall AVFFXflood i9FN2IN«FUprotection X2g«I2;devices 8t2U296VV:(~enerally FUV:only X6E;dams «Uin E6^F9major g6VV2:;2.valleys), F9or NFto 2UXY92endure N02the VF;;5loss. #0292T~ere 692.are, 0FgS2g29.~O"l'eTer, FN029other I0F«I2;choices N06Nthat I6Ucan ,2be E6X2made NFto 92XYI2reduce F9or 2V«E«U6N2eliminate V«A2life 6UXand i9Fi29N:property VF;;2;losses XY2due NFto AVFFX«Ut5flooding. jUIn N02the o69;FUCarson o«N:City 6926area N02the E6^F9major AVFFX«Utflooding 06L69Xhazard «;is UFNnot A9FEfrom N02the o69;FUCarson R«g29River Fg29AVFg58«Utoverflowing «N;its ,6Un;.banks, ,YNbut A9FEfrom AV6;0flas h AVFFX«Utflooding «Uin N02the «UN29E«NN2UNintermittent 6UXand i292UU«6Vperennial ;N926Estream ,2X;beds «Uin N02the I6U:FU;canyons 6UXand FUon N02t~e 6VVYg«6Valluvial A6U;fans 6VFUtalong N02t1.e ,F9X29«Utbordering EFYUN6«U;5:!lOuntains. , #0292Trere 692are 6V;Falso V2;;29lesser 06L69X;hazards A9FEfrom 6926;areas FAof ;022Ns~eet AVFyflow FUon N02the gentlyt2UNV: ;VFi«Utsloping i2X«E2UNpediment ;Y9A6I2;5surfaces. MF;;«,V2Possible E2N0FX;~ethods FAof 92XYI«Utreducing F9or 2V«E«U6N«Uteliminating N02t he AVFFXflood X6E6t2damage include:«UIVYX2O r2l) oFU;N9YIN«FUConstruction FAof ;N922N;streets i29i2UX«IYV69perpendicular F9or 6Nat 6a 0«t0high 6UtV2angle toNF theN02 flov.rAVFy X«92IN«FUdirection ofFA theN02 AVFFXflood 96N29;5\•:aters. 8CN(At theN02 i92;2UNpresent N«E2time ;2g296Vseveral streets;N922N; trendN92UX i696VV2Vparallel toNF N02the AVFFXflood flowAVFy direction,X«92IN«FU. and6UX continueIFUN«UY2 Yiup ;2g296Vseveral ofFA theN02 canyons,I6U:FU;. thusN0Y; i9Fg«X«Utproviding conduitsIFUXY«N; forAF9 >"theN02 floodAVFFX waters).y6N29;25 2))2 Installa-jU;N6VV6G tionN«FU ofFA largerV69t29 and6UX 2bN96extra ;N922Nstreet drainsX96«U; in«U iFN2UN«6Vpotential AVFFXflood areas6926; toNF accomodate6IIFEFX6N2 floodAVFFX y6N29;5~ aters. 3)p2 Upgrade7it96X2 theN02 sewer;2y29 sys-;:;G tem,N2E. ~ithy«N0 enough2UFYt0 standpipes,;N6UXi«i2;. drains,X96«U;. and6UX valvesg6Vg2; toNF takeN6n2 careI692 ofFA exce~e2bI2;; ~ater.y6N295 4)W2 ConstructoFU;N9YIN i6g2Xpaved streets;N922N; wy«N0ith curbsIY9,; 6( tQNF 82 inches«UI02; in«U height02«t0N toNF channelI06UU2V floodAVFFX waters,y6N29;. therebyN0292,: preventini92g2UN«Ut5 fpsf-50- N02Ethem A9FEfrom 29FX«Uteroding ;Y9A6I2;surfaces 6UXand «UYUX6N«Utinundatin6 i9Fi29N:5property. p25 ) Z22i2UDeepen I06^«U2V;channels FAof «UN29E«NN2UNintermittent 6UXand i292UU«6Vperennial ;N926E;streams N06Nt nat A92uY2UNV:frequently AVFFX8flood, f«U~n F9X29order NFto _IFUN6«Ucontain 6UXand IFUN9FVcontrol N02t he y6N295 water. (26) 6FU2Zone 6926;areas ;Y;I2iN«,V2susceptible NFto A92uY2UNfrequent AVFFX;.floods, N0Y;t hus i92g2UN«Utpreventing IFUcon-G ;N9YIN«FUetruction FAof 92;«X2UI2;residences 6UXand iY,V«Ipublic F9or IFEE29I«6Vcommercial ;N9YINY92;structures «Uin iV6I2;places FAof 0«t0high iFN2UN«6Vpotential AVFFXflood 06L69X5hazard. 327) CU:Any ;N9YINY92;structures «Uin AVFFXflood 06L69Xhazard 6926;areae ;0FYVXa~ould ,2be 92uY«92Xrequired NFto E22Nmeet ,Y«VX«Utbuilding ;i2I«A«I6N«FU;epecifications 6;as NFto IFU;N9YIN«FUconstruction X2;«tUdesign 6UXand ;N92UtN05strengt~. w28 ) «6N29;02XWatershed N926NE2UNtreatment NFto 92XYI2reduce 2bI2;;«g2excessive 9YUFAA5runoff. #0«;7his IFYVXcould «UIVYX2include ;22X«Utseeding FAof U6N«g2native t96;;2;grasses 6UXand AF96t2forage iV6UN;plants NFto i92pre-G g2UNTent 29F;«FUerosion FAof ;VFi2;5elopes. PF92;N6N«FU? orestation i9F^2IN;projects 692are 6V;Falso 6a E26U;means FAof 92XYI«Utreducing 9YUFAArunoff 6UXand 29F;«FUerosion «Uin E6U:many 6926;5a reas. Wg29t96L«Ut.Over~razing, VFtt«Ut.logging, F9or V69t2large IV269«Utclearing Fi296N«FU;oper~tions ·se;0FYVX hould ,2be i9F0«,«N2Xprohibited «Uin 6926;areas 6X^6I2UNadjacent NFto I6U:FU;canyons 6UXand X96«U6t2drainage I06UU2V;5c~annels. jUIn 6U:any ,Y9Uburn 6926area «EE2X«6N2immediate 6IN«FUaction ;0FYVXshould ,2be N6n2Utaken NFto i9Fg«X2provide IFg29cover NFto i92g2UNprevent 29F;«FU5erosion. HAZAdC6CRZHJU>S 0s3 ? :.JASSdCHH ";';#WCH#ja4ASTING UoetdF;N massE6;; ·~~y6«N«Ut h06L69X;azards are692 ,9FYt0Nbrought about6,FYN ,:by manE6U up-YiG setting;2NN«Ut tN02 he naturalU6NY96V balance,6V6UI2 in«U erosional29F;«FU6V fAF9I2;5orcee. AnyCU: cutIYN orF9 fill,A«VV. orF9 even2g2U a6 cI06Ut2 han6e in«U h0:X9F;N6N«Iydrostatic pressurei92;;Y92 wy«VVill chI06Ut2ange theN02 localVFI6V stress;N92;; conditions,IFUX«N«FU;. and6UX mayE6: quiteuY«N2 oftenFAN2U initiate«U«N«6N2 .JJ orF9 accelerate6II2V296N2 a6 slide.;V«X25 The#02 f'olloAFVVFy«Ut~"T in...s discussionX«;IY;;«FU providesi9Fg«X2; several;2g296V v:y6:;ays ofFA re-92G ducingXYI«Ut damageX6E6t2 resulting92;YVN«Ut fromA9FE geologict2FVFt«I hazards06L69X; nearU269 areas6926; al-6VG ready926X: developedX2g2VFi2X and6UX forAF9 potentialiFN2UN«6V developments.X2g2VFiE2UN;5 Th#02e mE2N0FX;ethods are692 dependentX2i2UX2UN uponYiFU tN02 ~e natureU6NY92 ofFA theN02 developmentX2g2VFiE2UN a6UXnd tN02 he 6 -51-fprf Im«696IN29«;N«I;characteristics ofFA N02the ~azard.06L69X5 There#0292 are692 several;2g296V typesN:i2; ofFA E6;;mass y6;N«Ut.wasting, each26I0 ofFA y0«I0Tihich 92AV2IN;reflect~ theN02 factorsA6INF9; 92;iFU;«,V2responsible forAF9 its«N; origin.F9«t«U5 T~#02;2ese fac-A6IG NF9;.tors, «Uin ,9«2A.brief, 692are as6; AFVVF#;Ofollov's: 1)r2 o06Ut20hange ofFA ;VFi2slope gradient.t96X«2UN5 #0«;This E6:may ~e■,2 dueXY2 NFto naturalU6NY96V F9or 69N«A«I«6Vartificial interference,«UN29A292UI2. t~atN06N is«; NFto theN02 YUX29E«U«Utundermining FAof N02the AFFNfoot ofFA a6 ;VFi2slope ,:by stream;N926E erosion29F;«FU F9or ,:by 2bI6g6N«FU5excavation. Thie#0«; in-«UG I926;2crease «Uin ;VFi2slope gradientt96X«2UN changesI06Ut2; theN02 stress;N92;; equilibrium2uY«V«,9«YE in«U N02the 9FInrock ~hichy0«I0 mayE6: UFNnot ,2be resumed92;YE2X untilYUN«V crackingI96In«Ut orF9 movementEFg2E2UN FIIY9;occurs «Uin theN02 9FInrock E6;;5mass. over-steepeningWg29f;N22i2U«Ut ofFA cutsIYN; :06;1as a6 similar;«E«V69 .and6UX Y;Y6VV:usually EF92more iI!lIIlediate«EE2X«6N2 effect.2AA2IN5 . )22) ExcessivekbI2;;«g2 VF6X«Ut5loading. OverloadingWg29VF6X«Ut oftenFAN2U leadsV26X; toNF an6U increase«UI926;2 , in«U shear;0269 strength;N92UtN0 and6UX «Uin theN02 iF92fy6N29pore-water i92;;Y92pressure «Uin clc.!.yeyIV6:2: rock,9FIn. whichy0«I0 in«U turnNY9U results92;YVN; in«U 6a decreaseX2I926;2 in«U stren~t~.;N92UtN05 Wg29over-G loadingVF6X«Ut mayE6: be,2 ,9FYt0Nbrought 6,FYNabout by,: formationAF9E6N«FU ofFA embankments,2E,6UnE2UN;. fills,A«VV;. ;N9YINY92;.structures, and6UX wastey6;N2 dumps.XYEi;5 IfjA N02the overloadingFg29VF6X«Ut occursFIIY9; rapidly96i«XV: onFU relatively92V6N«g2V: y26nweak soil;F«V layers,V6:29;. orF9 onFU sloping;VFi«Ut ,2XX«Utbedding planes,iV6U2;. N02the iFN2UN«6Vpotential X6Ut29danger «;is greatlyt926NV: 2U06UI2X5enhanced. 3)12 ShocksH0FIn; and6UX vibrations.g«,96N«FU;5 Earthquakes,k69N0uY6n2;. largeV69t2 scale;I6V2 explo-2biVFG sions,;«FU;. and6UX even2g2U vibrationsg«,96N«FU; FAof E6I0«U2;.machines, i9FXYI2produce F;I«VV6N«FU;oscillations ofFA X«AA292UNdifferent frequenciesA92uY2UI«2; «Uin rocks,9FIn;. N0Y;t~us temporarilyN2EiF969«V: cha.ngingI06Ut«Ut theN02• stress;N92;; y0«I0which I6Ucan disturbX«;NY9, N02the equilibriuc2uY«V«,9«YE state;N6N2 ofFA N02the elope.;VFi25 IfjA theN02 elope2VFi2 sediments;2X«E2UN; IFUN6«Ucontain looseVFF;2 sands,;6UX;. highly0«t0V: saturated;6NY96N2X fineA«U2 sands;6UX; orF9 clays,IV6:;. orF9 uncomsolidatedYUIFE;FV«X6N2X ;2X«E2UN;.sediments, ;YXX2Usudden liquefactionV«uY2A6IN«FU mayE6: result.92;YVN5 4)W2 C~angeso06Ut2; ofFA ~atery6N29 content.IFUN2UN5 R6«U~ain and6UX E2VNcelt y6N29r.ater penetratei2U2N96N2 -52-fp)f intojUNF t~eN02 joints»F«UN; t~erebyN0292,: increasing«UI926;«Ut theN02 poreiF92 pressurei92;;Y92 in«U theN02 soil;F«V orF9 rock,9FIn] ,g0«I0 ·hicl--, result92;YVN in«U a6 decreaseX2I926;2 in«U cohesionIF02;«FU and6UX internal«UN29U6V friction.A9«IN«FU5 PeriodsM29«FX; ofFA unusuallyYUY;Y6VV: h0«t0igh rainfall,96«UA6VV. orF9 in«U theN02 sudden;YXX2U presencei92;2UI2 ofFA a6 significant;«tU«A«I6UN amount6EFYUN ofFA T-atery6N29 bec,2I6Y;2ause ofFA some;FE2 ~uman0YE6U interference,«UN29A292UI2. nayU6: ~reatlyt926NV: accelerate6II2V296N2 thisN0«; process,i9FI2;;. resulting92;YVN«Ut in«U a6 slide.;V«X25 PeriodsM29«FX; ofFA drougX9FYt0N!1t mayU6: causeI6Y;2 clayeyIV6:2: soil;F«V toNF dessicateX2;;«I6N2 and6UX shrink,;09«Un. reducing92XYI«Ut tN02 he co-IFG hesion02;«FU ofFA theN02 soil;F«V and6UX causingI6Y;«Ut fissuring,A«;;Y9«Ut. thusN0Y; allov6VVFy«Ut;ing watery6N29 toNF penetratei2U2N96N2 theN02 clayeyIV6:2: rocks.9FIn;5 5)p2 ~ffectskAA2IN; ofFA groundwater.t9FYUXy6N295 The#02 flowAVFy ofFA groundwatert9FYUXy6N29 exerts2b29N; pressurei92;;Y92 onFU soil;F«V particles,i69N«IV2;. ~hichy0«I0 impairs«Ei6«9; tlN02.e stability;N6,«V«N: ofFA theN02 elope.;VFi25 ItjN canI6U washy6;0 outFYN soluble;FVY,V2 cementI2E2UN and6UX thusN0Y; •:e5g26n2U;ea.ken theN02 intergranular«UN29t96UYV69 ,FUX;hbonds; as6; a6 result92;YVN cohesionIF02;«FU decr~aseaX2I926;2; and6UX theN02 coefficientIF2AA«I«2UN ofFA internal«UN29U6V frictionA9«IN«FU drops.X9Fi;5 ~oving*Fg«Ut t9FYUXfground- y6N29~ater y6;02;~ashes FYNout A«U2fine ;6UXsand 6UXand silt;«VN i69N«IV2;~articles A9FEfrom N02t he ;VFi2.slope, 6UXand AF9E;forms YUX29t9FYUXunderground I6g«N«2;cavities y0«I0T-hich y26n2Uweaken N02the ;N6,«V«N:stability FAof N02tr.e ;VFi25slope. (26) «26N029«UtWeathering FAof 9FIn;5rocks. a6NY96VNatural E2I06U«I6Vmechanical 6UXand I02E«I6Vchemical y26N029«Ut~eathering 2AA2IN;effects t96XY6VV:gradually X«;NY9,disturb N02t he IF02;«FUcohesion FAof 9FIn;5rocks. 09F;NFrost 2AA2IN;effects FAN2Uoften 2U06UI2enhance N02;2these i9FI2;;2;.processes, y0«I0which IFYVXcould 92;YVNresult «Uin 9FInrock A6VV;falls F9or ;V«X2;5slides. 327) o06Ut2;:~anges «Uin g2t2N6N«FUve6etation IFg29cover FAof ;VFi2;5slopes. Z2AF92;N6N«FU.Deforestation, Fg29t96L«Ut.overgrazing, ,9Y;0brus'-1 92EFg6Vremoval F9or IV269«Ut.clearing, «Ei6«9;impairs N02the y6N29water 92t«E2Uregimen «Uin N02the ;Y9A6I2surface V6:29;.layers, ew~geb«I0tlc'-1 I6Ucan I6Y;2cause V69t2large ;I6V2scale 29F;«FU.erosion, 6UXand FAN2Uoften 92;YVN;results «Uin ;VYEi;.slumps, ;V«X2;slides F9or AVFy;5flows. CU:Any FAof N02;2t'-1ese IFUX«N«FU;.conditions, F9or 6U:any ·IFE,«U6N«FUcombination FAof ;YI0suca fp1f IFUX«N«FU;«conditions, I6Ucan 92;YVNresult «Uin ;FU2sone AF96foni FAof E6;;mass v5g6;N«Ut5wastin3 . #02'r-ie A«9;Nfirst ;«SU;signs FAof EFg2E2UNmove~ent ;92sre Y;Y6VV:usua lly uY«N2quite ;Y,NV2.aubtle, ;YI0such 6;as ;2NNV«Utsettling F9or Yif,YVt«Utup-bul$ ing FAof 9F6Xroad i6g2E2UN;.pavements, ,9Fn2Ubroken i«i2;.pipes, I96In;cr~cks F9or FN029ot ~er ;«tU;signs FAof X«;N92;;distress «Uin IFUI92N2concrete ;N9YINY92;.structures, VF;;loss FAof 6V«tUE2UNa lig n~ept «Uin IFU;N9YIN2Xc onstructed A26NY92;.f ea tures, A92;0f resh ;I69i;sc~rps F9or I96In;cracks «Uin N02t '1. e ;F«V. s 0il, F9o r «UI926;«Utincreasing 6EFYUN;a..~ounts FAof X2,9«;d ebris 6Na t N02t :1e T'-(-... ,FNNFEbottom FAof ;VFi2;.slopes, «UX«I6N«Utindica t i n J AYNY92future ;29«FY;serious A6«VY925f ailure. jl AVOIDAin'^AYODAit:'S s3O? ::..IAS S v3C13UU':7A3'i'IH'.r 5f: ^m6CRZH:.AZA...l.DS ., #02'!'r!. e A«9;Nfirst ;N2istep «Uin N02t ~ e i92g2UN«FUprevention FAof E6;;ma ss P36;N«Utwasting «;is N02t~e 92IFtU«N«FUrecognition FAof 6a iFN2UN«6VV:potentia lly 06L69XFY;hazardous 69265area. #9«2Uv ·1en 92Irec-G FtU«L2Xognized «Nit «;is FAN2Uoften A26;«,V2fe a sible NFto 6gF«Xavoid N02t ~ e 06L69Xhazard ,:by 92VFrelo-G I6N«Utcating N02t ~ e i9FiF;2Xproposed ;N9YINY92structure F9or 0«t0y6:5~igh~ a y. jNIt «;is UFNnot 6Vy6:;al~ ays P U2I2;;69:necessary NFto 92VFI6N2relocate NFN6VV:htotally; ;FE2N«E2;sometines E292V:merely 6a I06Ut2c :1.an~e «Uin 6V«tUE2UN.~lign~ent, t96X«2UN.J r a dient, F9Sor X«92IN«FUdirection FAof excavation2bI6g6N«FU IYNcut y«VV~ ill significantly;«tU«A«I6UNV: 92XYI2reduce N02t h e 06L69X5~azard. IfjA a6 iFN2UN«6Vpotentia l slide;V«X2 cI6UUFN a nnot be,2 a6gF«X2Xvoided tN0292 i ere a692re sev-;2gG eral296V met~odsE2N0FX; ofFA preventativei92g2UN6N«g2 treatmentN926NE2UN toNF eniance2U06UI2 ~bility:t^SS,«V«N:h 1)r2 ~cavation.kbI6g6N«FU5 AC pi92g2UN6N«g2reventative meaE26;Y92sure in«U a6U n excavati9n2bI6g6N«iU a6926rea coneistsIFU;«;N; pi9«E69«V:ri~arily ofFA properi9Fi29 slope;VFi2 desi~n.X2;«tU5 ItjN is«; moreEF92 econ~rai-2IFUFE«G calI6V a6UXn1 effective2AA2IN«g2 toNF designX2;«tU tN02 ~e excavation2bI6g6N«FU ofFA a6 slope;VFi2 in«U a6 mannerE6UU29 tN06N h at 1"e;«VVill minimizeE«U«E«L2 sliding,;V«X«Ut. rat96N029:-ier tN06U han toNF excavate2bI6g6N2 steep;N22i slopes,;VFi2;. and6UX h06g2ave toNF flattenAV6NN2U tN02E h em after6AN29 sliding;V«X«Ut h06;as oc-FIG curred.IY992X5 U7;Y6VV:sually tN02 he reworked92yF9n2X soil;F«V h06;as onlyFUV: a6 fA96IN«FUraction ofFA theN02 strength;N92UtN0 ofFA theN02 in-place«UfiV6I2 soil,;F«V. ~N0Y; hus requiring92uY«9«Ut mucEYI0h moreEF92 exten-2bN2UG eive9;FA slope;VFi2 treatmentN926NE2UN tN06U ~an if«A it«N h06Xad initially«U«N«6VV: been,22U excavated2bI6g6N2X properly.i9Fi29V:5 ~oFU;N9YIN«Ut onstructin6 slopes;VFi2; wy«N0ith benches,2UI02; orF9 ~bermsn;,29E;; en2U06UI2;~ances -54-fpWf t~eN02 stability,6N6,«V«N:N especially2;i2I«6VV: if«A sufficient;YAA«I«2UN drainageX96«U6t2 systems;:;N2E; are692 installed.«U;N6VV2X5 InjU t,eN02 caseI6;2 ofFA an6U existin2b«;N«Utg landslide,V6UX;V«X2. excavation2bI6g6N«FU ofFA t~eN02 -~026X.ead, orF9 removal92EFg6V ofFA all6VV unstableYU;N6,V2 ::iaterialE6N29«6V wy«VVill oftenFAN2U be,2 enough2UFYt0 toNF eliminate2V«E«U6N2 orF9 considerablyIFU;«X296,V: reduce92XYI2 t,eN02 ~a06L69X5zard. ItjN mayE6: be,2 possibleiF;;«,V2 toNF render92UX29 t~eN02 site;«N2 safe;6A2 forAF9 proposedi9FiF;2X construc-IFU;N9YIG tion,N«FU. sim;«EiV:ply by,: re~ovin92EFg«Utg tN02 ~e weaky26n soil;F«V layer.V6:295 2))2 Drainage.Z96«U6t25 "?;veryZg29: precautioni92I6YN«FU s;0FYVX h ould be,2 takenN6n2U toNF preventi92g2UN sur-;Y9G faceA6I2 runoff9YUFAA ~96N29ater fromA9FE entering2UN29«Ut a6 potentiallyiFN2UN«6VV: unstableYU;N6,V2 a6926.rea, since;«UI2 watery6N29 is«; a6 :najorE6^F9 agent6t2UN ofFA movementEFg2E2UN orF9 slippa~e.;V«ii6t25 AnyCU: de-X2G pressionsi92;;«FU; orF9 pondsiFUX; above6,Fg2 slope;VFi2 linesV«U2; orF9 embankments2E,6UnE2UN; s;0FYVX~ould be,2 drainedX96«U2X toNF preventi92g2UN percolatiol'l'-.i29IFV6N«FA«S ofFA wy6N295ater. Unnecessary7UU2I2;;69: 92EFg6Vremoval 1A ofFA vegetationg2t2N6N«FU should;0FYVX be,2 avoided6gF«X2X in«U orderF9X29 toNF preventi92g2UN erosion.29F;«FU5 SurfaceHY9A6I2 runoff9YUFAA orF9 flowAVFy fromA9FE springs;i9«Ut; orF9 seeps;22i; ;0FYVXs ~outd neverU2g29 ,2be 6VVFy2Xallowed toNF AVFyflow across6I9F;; orF9 into«UNF YU;N6,V2unstable F9or iFN2UN«6Vpotential landslideV6UX;V«X2 --, 6926;5areae. :Iet~ods*2N0FX; FAof «Ei9Fg«Utimproving ;Y9A6I2surface X96«U6«t2drainage «UIVYX2include 92;06i«Utresiaping FAof ;VFi2;.elopes, IFU;N9YIN«FUconstruction FAof i6g2Xpaved X«NI02;.ditches, «U;N6VV6N«FUinstallation FAof AVYE2;flumes F9or IFUXY«N;.cond~it~, 6UXand i6g«Utpaving F9or g2t2N6N«FUvegetation IFg29«Utcovering FAof ;VFi2;5slopes. HY,X96«U6t2Subdrainage «;is U2I2;;69:necessary «Uin 6926;areas y0292,;-;here t9FYUX~rounq:::atere}6N29 «;is i92;2UN5present. · #92UI02;.Trenches, X96«Udrain i«i2;.pipes, «EiV6I2E2UNimplacement FAof A«VN29filter E6N29«6V.material, X96«U2«t2fdrainage- _.., NYUU2V;.tunnels, 0F9«6FUN6V~ oriaontal X96«U;.drains, 6UXand IFUN«UYFY;continuous ;«i0FU;sip~ons 692are 6VVall Y\2Xused NFto «U;Y92insure ;Y,X96«U6t2subdraina5 e' «Uin iFN2UN«6Vpotential ;V«ii65t2slippage 6926;5areas. 123) R2;N96«U«UtRestraining ;N9YINY92;5s~ructures. o9«,Crib y6VV;.waLls, i«V«Ut.piling, ,YVn026X;.bulkheads, 6UXand FN029ot~er 92;N96«U«Utrestraining X2g«I2;devices 692are IFEEFUV:commonly Y;2Xused 6;as IF992IN«g2corrective E26;Y92;aeaeuree 6AN29after ;V«X2slide EFg2E2UNmovement X2g2VFi;hdevelops; N0FYt0though Y;Y6VV:usually y«N0wit~ XY,«FY;dubious ;YII2;;5success. HYI0Such ;N9YINY92;structures 692are EYI0much EF92more 2AA2IN«g2effective «Aif ------55-fppf ' installed«U;N6VV2X as6; i92g2UN6N«g2preventative treatment.N926NE2UN5 The#02 2AA2IN«g2U2;;effectiveness ofFA theseN02;2 ;N9YINY92;struct ures is,«;. ~0F▼S2g29.owev~r, X2i2UX2UNdependent onFU theN02 6,«V«N:ability ofFA theN02 structure;N9YINY92 toNF 92;«;Nre_siat (a)862 shear;0269 action,6IN«FU. (b)8r§25 overturning,Fg29NY9U«Ut. \ .. and6UX 8I2(c) sliding;V«X«Ut onFU F9or ,2VFybelow t~eN02 ,6;2base FAof theN02 structure.;N9YINY925 T:-1e#02 designX2;«tU and6UX constructionIFU;N9YIN«FU ofFA N02;2t hese restraining92;N96«U«Ut devicesX2g«I2; siould;0FYVX containIFUN6«U adequate6X2uY6N2 i9Fg«;«FU;provisions forAF9 draining,X96«U«Ut. unlessYUV2;; t~eN02 soil;F«V is«; freeA922 draining,X96«U«Ut. orF9 if«A it«N is«; kn~wnnUFyU thatN06N noUF subsurface;Y,;Y9A6I2 watery6N29 ~;X«VVill ever2g29 be,2 i92;2UN5present. BwYNN92;;2;uttresses at6N theN02 footAFFN ofFA active6IN«g2 orF9 iFpo-G tentialN2UN«6V landV6UX slides;V«X2; are692 usedY;2X forAF9 i92g2UN«FUprevention and6UX IF992IN«FU.correction, .,,,. and6UX are692 composedIFEiF;2X _either2«N029 ofFA rockfill9FInA«VV orF9 earthfill.269N0A«VV5 They#02: are692 almost6VEF;N always6Vy6:; Y;2Xused in«U connectionIFUU2IN«FU y«N0wit~ embankment2E,6UnE2UN construction,IFU;N9YIN«FU. an6UX.d are692 im1tall~~«U;N6VV2X -either2«N029 t·oNF i9Fg«X2provide weighty2«t0N 6Nat theN02 toeNF2 FAof a6 • landslide,V6UX;V«X2. sue~;YI0 a~6i toeNF2 ;YiiF9Nsupport orF9 strut;N9YN fills,A«VV;. orF9 toNF increase«UI926;2 yN02 e shear;0269 stren~t~;N92UtN0 FAof · theN02 soil;F«V ,:by IFU;N9YIN«FUconstruction FAof a6 dikeX«n2 orF9vr4 ,YNN92;;buttress ofFA E6N29«6Vmaterial ':1.aving06g«Ut ;Y,;N6UN«6VV:substantially 0«t029higher shear;0269 strength;N92UtN0 t'!ianN06U t~eN02 nativeU6N«g2 soil.;F«V5 M«V«Ut.Piling, although6VN0FYt0 notUFN g29:very successful;YII2;;AYV in«U retarding92N69X«Ut ;V«X2~lide movement,EFg2E2UN. is«; EF92more effective2AA2IN«g2 if«A Y;2Xused as6; a6 i92fpre- j ventativeg2UN6N«g2 rat':1er96N029 N06Uthan 6;as a6 correctiIF992IN«,U6V6nal E26;Y925mea~ure. The#02 s:1.earing;0269«Ut 92;«;N6UI2resistance ofFA a6 soil;F«V massE6;; mayE6: oftenFAN2U be,2 «UI926;2Xincreased considerablyIFU;«X296,V: by,: theN02 placementiV6I2E2UN FAof i«V2;5piles. #02:They should,;0FYVX. 0Fy2g29.however, neverU2g29 ,2be -driv-X9«gG 2Uen into«UNF soils;F«V; thatN06N ,2IFE2become "quick";uY«In; YUX29under vibration.g«,96N«FV«5 PilesM«V2; y«VVwill be,2 foundAFYUX toNF ,2be ineffective«U2AA2IN«g2 wherey0292 thereN0292 «;is movementEFg2E2UN ofFA soil;F«V ,2be-G Ny22Utween and6UX around69FYUX N02the i«V2;.piles, if«A N0292there is«; overturningFg29NY9U«Ut ofFA N02the I;«A9fpiles, orF9 developmentX2g2VFiE2UN ofFA 6a surface;Y9A6I2 rupture9YiNY92 in«U theN02 soil;F«V ,2VFybelow X,Athe i«V2pile tips.N«i;5 W24) no~eleZFy2V; have06g2 ,22Ubeen usedY;2X y«N0with some;FE2 success;YII2;; in«U i92g2UN«Ut5preventing , -- -- fp(f-56- 9FInrock slides;V«X2; «Ui n ~a069Xrd XY96,V2dura ble rock.9FIn5 S4YI0uc h ;V«X2;slidEBare 692 commonIFEEFU in«U cutsIYN; in«U durXY96,V2a ble rock9FIn «Aif ,2XX«Utbedding orF9 ^F«UNjoint iV6U2;planes are692 i92g6V2UNprevale~t 2;i2I«6VV:especia:lly «Aif tN02: hey ;VFi2slope toNFgf69Xward tN02 he exc2bI6g6N«FU5avation. ZF92V;Do;rels are692 «U;N6VV2Xinstalled ,:by drillin~X9«VV«Ut 0FV2;holes into«UNF tN02 he 9FInrock normalUF9E6V toNF 6UXand 6I9F;;across planesiV6U2; ofFA wy26nU2;;.eakness, and6UX tN02U nen t9FYN«Utgroutin3 steel;N22V ~=XFy2V; owels i«UNF nto N02t he holes.0FV2;5 T2UtN0I.engt:1 and6UX ;i6I«Utspacing ofFA doXFy2V;wels dependsX2i2UX; uponYiFU tN02 Le con-IFUG X«N«FUdition ofFA N02t~e rock.9FIn5 dFInRock ,FVN;.bolts, a6 EFX«A«I6N«FU modification ofFA doXFy2V;.wels, are692 noi-rUFy usedY;2X 2bN2U;«g2V:extensively toNF i92g2UNprevent rock9FIn movement.EFg2E2UN5 'i'#02;2he se a692re 026g::1 cavy ,FVN;bolts 'Fy«N0i t"'.-1 a6 wy2Xt2edge · orF9 expansion2bi6U;«FU deviceX2g«I2 at6N tN02 he 1VFy29 err. er end;2UXh tN02::1 ey are692 iV6I2Xplaced in«U a6 0FV2 h ole N06Nt~a~ «;is drilledX9«VV2X into«UNF N02t he rock9FIn normalUF9E6V toNF e,;I6nU2;;.. eakness iV6U2;5planes. AC larV69t2ge y6;029wa s ':1. er YUX29under tN02 he nutUYN ~10FVX;olds N02t he expan-2bi6UG ;«FUsion deviceX2g«I2 ;Fso tN06N ~at noUF gt9FYN«Utroutin~ «;is required.92uY«92X5 T:1#02;2ese rock9FIn ,FVN;bolts • N0Y;thus anc:1or6UI0F9 theN02 key-n2^9 ;V6,;slabs ofFA 9FInrock NFto i92g2UNprevent rock9FIn A6VV;5falls. 5)p2 Tie#«2 rods9FX; are692 A92uY2UNV:frequently use~Y;2X toNF secure;2IY92 restrainin92;N96«U«Ut~ struc-;N9YIf ._, J NY92;5tures. Th#02:ey are692 steel;N22V rods9FX; orF9 cablesI6,V2; fastenedA6;N2U2X toNF verticalg29N«I6V iF9por-G N«FU;tions ofFA theN02 restraining92;N96«U«Ut structure;N9YINY92 and6UX NFto dead.menX26XE2U iV6I2Xplaced «Uin stable;N6,V2 E6N29«6Vmaterial ,20«UXbehind tN02 he structure.;N9YINY925 There#0292 are692 FN029other metE2N0FX;:1 ods toNF increase«UI926;2 st;N6,«V«N:hability: BwV6;N«Utlasting I6Ucan be,2 Y;2Xused NFto ,926nbreak smoot;EFFN0:1 contactIFUN6IN iV6U2;planes and6UX i9Fg«X2provide a6 mE2e-G chI06U«I6Vanical bond,FUX ,2Ny22UbetV: een N02t ~e twoNyF surfaces.;Y9A6I2;5 Slide4V«X2 massesE6;;2; canI6U sometimes;FE2N«E2; ,2be ~069X2U2Xardened artificially69N«A«I«6VV: ,:by N02t he injection«U^2IN«FU ofFA chemi-I02E«G I6V;.cals, orF9 by,: t9FYN«Utgrouting •::-y«N0i t h iF9NV6UXportland I2E2UN5cernen t. :SleewV2IN9FfF;EF;«; tro-osmoeis has06; been,22U usedY;2X toNF remove92EFg2 moisture;EF«;NY92h freezingA922L«Ut ofFA tN02 he E6;;mass canI6U 6V;Faleo ,2be useY;2Xi NFto increase«UI926;2 stability.;N6,«V«N:5 InjU manyE6U: casesI6;2; y02Ur.hen theN02 iFN2UN«6Vpotential ;VFi2slope failureA6«VY92 I6UUFNcannot ,2be avoided,6gF«X2X. and6UX preventativei92g2UN6N«g2 measuresE26;Y92; have06g2 failed,A6«V2X. ,9«Xt«Utbrid~ing fp3f-57- «;ie Y;2Xhused; t1isN0«; 92uY«92;requires iV6I«Utplacing N02t he 2UX;ends FUon stable;N6FV2 6t9FYUX.round, tN0Y; ~us ,9«Xt«Utbridging tN02 ~e unstableYU;N6,V2 area.69265 -·' Th#0292-ere is«; noUF ;2Nset i92;I9«,2Xprescribed treat~entN926N;«2UN AF9for oassE6;; y6;N«Utwasting i9F,V2E;.problems, 6;as N0292t~ere is«; 6a g69«2N:variety ofFA ~etE2N0FX;.~ods, sometimes;FE2N«E2; requir-92uY«9G ing«Ut a6 IFE,«U6N«FUca~bination ofFA treat~ents.N926NE2UN;5 --- CorrectiveoF992IN«g2 :O«261Y92;Ie a sures forAF9 :19.O«6;;ss 'i.'astin~#l6;N«Ut ~:06L69X;a.zards A*F;NOSt ofFA tN02 he i92g2UN6N«g2preventative ~easuresE26;Y92; canI6U also6V;F ,2be Y;2Xused 6;as correctionalIF992IN«FU6V mE26;Y92;easures AF9for elope;VFi2 A6«VY925failure. #02T~e N0922t ~ree ,6;«Ibasic typesN:i2; FAof slope;VFi2 failureA6«VY92 are692 falls,A6VV;. slides,;V«X2;. and6UX fAVF▼g;5 lm•.r s. ~alleP6VV; are692 commonlyIFEEFUV: correctedIF992IN2X ,:by oneFU2 orF9 6a IFE,«U6N«FUcombination ofFA N02the AFVVFy«Utfollowin6 methods:E2N0FX;O relocation,92VFI6N«FU. AV6NN2U«Utflattenin~ tN02 he ;VFi2;.slopes, ,2UI0«Utbenching tN02 1 e ;VFi2;.slopee, and6UX surface;Y9A6I2 drainage.X96«U6t25 The#02 mostEF;N frequentlyA92uY2UNV: • Y;2Xused metE2N0FX~od forAF9 reducin92XYI«Utg damageX6E6t2 ·,:by 9FInrock A6VVfall «;is excavation.2bI6g6N«FU5 #«92Wire mes~E2;0 netsU2N; and6UX steel;N22V fencesA2UI2; canI6U also6V;F be,2 Y;2Xused toNF 92N69Xretard •·- 9FInrock falla.A6VV;5 The#02 correctiveIF992IN«g2 :neasuresE26;Y92; recommended92IFEE2UX2X fAF9or tN02 :1e IF992IN«FUc orrec ti on FAof slides;V«X2; include:«UIVYX2O 1.r5 RelocationR2VFI6N«FU )52. ~cavation;RbI6g6N«FU ,:by re~oval92EFg6V at6N tN02 ~e head,026X. AV6NN2U«Utflattening ofFA slopes,;VFi2;. benc~in,2UI0«Ut5 FAof slopes,;VFi2;. orF9 IFEiV2N2complete removal92EFg6V 3.15 SurfaceHY9A6I2 drainageX96«U6t2 ,:by openFi2U X«NI02;.ditc~ee, 92t96X«Utre~radin~ N02the ;Y9A6I2.surface, F9or sealing;26V«Ut ofFA ;Y9A6I2surface I96In;cracks 4.W5 SubdrainageHY,X96«U6t2 ,:by 0F9«LFUN6Vhorizontal X96«U6t2.drainage, X96«U6t2drainage N92UI02;trenches orF9 NYUU2V;tunnels 5.p5 RockRFIn 6UXand eart~269N0 buttresses,YNN92;;2; at6N theN02 footAFFN fpwf-58- (56. Cribso9«,; and6UX retaining92N6«U«Ut wy6VV;alls 357. PilingM«V«Ut 8.w5 BlastingwV6;N«Ut CVVAll ofFA theseN02;2 metnods,E2N0FX;A y«N0with N02the exception2bI2iN«FU ofFA 92VFI6N«FU.relocation, canI6U ,2be Y;2Xused toNF ;NFistop E6;;nass movement.EFg2E2UN5 wYNN92;;2;.3uttresses, I9«,;.cribs, 92N6«Uretain-G ing«Ut walls,y6VV;. i«V«Ut.piling, and6UX ,V6;N«Utblasting E2N0FX;met~ods ;0FYVXs~ould ,2be limitedV«E«N2X NFto ;E6VVsmall scale;I6V2 slides,;V«X2;. as6; tN02: ~ey 692are ;2VXFEseldom successful;YII2;;AYV onFU V69t2large slides.;V«X2;5 T~e#02 typeN:i2 FAof treatmentN926NE2UN ,2;Nbest suited;Y«N2X AF9for a6 particulari69N«IYV69 slide;V«X2 «;is dependentX2i2UX2UN onFU N02t~e I0696IN29«;N«I;characteristics ofFA N02t~e ;V«X25slide. I, The#02 techniquesN2I0U«uY2; EF;N~ost A92uY2UNV:frequently Y;2Xused NFto IF992INcorrect a6UXnd toNF controlIFUN9FV }1o~sAVFy; include:«UIVYX2O 1.r5 R2VFI6N«FURelocation C )52. "3xcavationRbI6g6N«FU ,:by flAV6NN2U«Ut1 ttening theN02 slopes,;VFi2;. ,2UI0«Utbenching t~eN02 slopes,;VFi2;. and6UX completeIFEiV2N2 removal92EFg6V 3.15 SurfaceHY9A6I2 X96«U6t2drainage by,: . openFi2U X«NI02;.ditches, re92t96X«Ut5 radin6 theN02 surface,;Y9A6I2. and6UX sealing;26V«Ut surface;Y9A6I2 crac~sI96In; W54. SubdrainageHY,X96«U6t2 ,:by 0F9«LFUN6Vh orizontal X96«U6t2.drainage, ,:by horizontal0F9«LFUN6V drains,X96«U;. 6UXand ,:by N92UI02;trencnes Bridginw9«Xt«Ut5 «;is also6V;F commonlyIFEEFUV: Y;2Xused «Uin floAVF«#w 6926;areas 6;as N02:t h ey 692are Y;Y6VV:usually longVFUt and6UX narroU699Fyw movements.EFg2E2UN;5 DrainageZ96«U6t2 is«; probablyi9F,6,V: oneFU2 FAof N02the mostEF;N effective2AA2IN«g2 E2N0FX;~ethods ofFA IFUN9FVcontrol if«A theN02 massE6;; «;is 6a semi-fluid;2E«fAVY«X orF9 AVY«Xfluid E6N29«6V5material. IfjA N0292there «;is a6 structure;N9YINY92 i92;2UN.present, its«N; iF;«N«FUposition onFU theN02 V6UX;V«X2landslide is«; 6Uan important«EiF9N6UN IFU;«X296N«FU5considera tion. There#0292 692are iF;;«,V2possible 92V6N«g2relative VFI6N«FU;locations-near—U269 t~eN02 head,026X. in«U theN02 middle,E«XXV2. orF9 nearU269 theN02 -59-fpcf toe.NF25 ':'he#02 followingAFVVFy«Ut is«; a6 summary;YEE69: ofFA - m§UN9FVtrol methodsE2N0FX; as6; op-FiG posediF;2X toNF locationVFI6N«FU ofFA a6 structure.;N9YINY925 (Committee8oFEE«NN22 onFU LandslideT6UX;V«X2 InvestigationsjUg2;N«t6N«FU; 1958).rcpw25 1.r5 Relocation-generallyR2VFI6N«FU—t2U296VV: notUFN required92uY«92X if«A theN02 structure;N9YINY92 is«; nearU269 theN02 middleE«XXV2 ofFA a6 small;E6VV slide.;V«X25 2.)5 RemovalR2EFg6V ofFA theN02 h026Xead-not—UFN normallyUF9E6VV: practicali96IN«I6V wheny02U theN02 structure;N9YINY92 is«; nearU269 theN02 head026X ofFA theN02 slide.;V«X25 3.15 Pl.attening0V6NN2U«Ut ofFA theN02 slopes-most;VFi2;—EF;N frequentlyA92uY2UNV: applic-6iiV«IG able6,V2 wheny02U theN02 structure;N9YINY92 is«; at6N theN02 head026X ofFA tN02 he S elope.;VFi25 •- PSoFEiV2N2Complete removal-in92EFg6V—«U itself«N;2VA onlyFUV: applicable6iiV«I6,V2 V ~heny02U theN02 structure;N9YINY92 is«; nearU269 theN02 toeNF2 ofFA theN02 slide;V«X25 . • 5.p5 Lo~erTFy29 gradet96X2 V«U2line-— onlyFUV: applicable6iiV«I6,V2 wheny02U theN02 ;N9YINY92structure «;is U269near theN02 head026X ofFA N02the slide.;V«X25 (56. SurfaceHY9A6I2 X96«U6t2drainage-rarely—9692V: N02the FUV:only IF992IN«g2corrective E26;Y92measure U22X2Xhneeded; 6Vy6:;always X2;«96,V2desirable «Uin IFE,«U6combina-G N«FUtion y«N0with FN029other E26U;5means. 35?. dF9«LFUN6VHorizontal X96«U6t2drainage-applicable—6iiV«I6,V2 92t69XV2;;regardless FAof N02the iF;«N«FUposition FAof N02the ;N9YINY925structure. w58. Z96«U6t2Drainage N92UI02;trenches-— UFNnot UF9E6VV:normally 6AA2IN2Xaffected ,:by N02the iF;«N«FUposition FAof N02the ;N9YINY925structure. c59. wYNN92;;2;Buttresses-not—UFN E6N29«6VV:materially 6AA2IN2Xaffected ,:by N02the iF;«N«FUposition FAof N02the ;N9YINY925structure. rs510. o9«,;8Cribs, 92N6«U«Utretaining y6VV;.walls, 6UXand i«V«Utpiling 8A«b2X2(fixed)- — 2;i2I«6VV:especially Y;2AYVuseful 6;as YUX29i«UU«Utunderpinning y02Uwhen N02the ;N9YINY92structure «;is 6Nat N02t he 026Xhead FAof N02the ;V«X2.slide, 6UXand N02the X2iN0depth FAof EFg2E2UNmovement «;is ;06VVFyhshallow; FN029y«;2otherwise -60-f(sf notUFN materiallyE6N29«6VV: 6AA2IN2Xaffected ,:by N02t he iF;«N«FU p osition ofFA N02the structure.;N9YINY925 11.rr5 M«V«UtPiling (not8UFN A«b2X2fixed)-recommended — 92IFEE2UX2X onlyFUV: AF9for small,;E6VV. s;06VVFy hallow slides,;V«X2;. a6UXnd forAF9 ;N9YINY92;structures nearU269 theN02 026X5head. 12.r)5 Blasting-wV6;N«Ut—6iiV«I6,V2a 1Jplicable oFUV:nly w:1y02Uen N02the structure;N9YINY92 «;is nearU269 N02t he 026X head ofFA N02t he elide.;V«X25 SARTHCiUAKST:!Q,UAKZ :-IAZA..WHAZARD StructuresHN9YINY92; 692a re nor:nallyUF9E6VV: X2;«tU2Xdesigned toNF wy«N0;N6UXithstand g29N«I6Vvertical loads,VF6X;. t'h.atN06N «;.is, t'heN02 loadVF6X i9Fg«X2Xprovided ,:by tN02«9 heir ownFyU ;,:y2«t0Nei6ht 6UXand theN02 IFUN2UN;contents theyN02: contain.IFUN6«U5 ItjN «;is 92V6N«g2V:relatively easy26;: toNF computeIFEiYN2 theseN02;2 forcesAF9I2; 6UXand i9Fg«X2provide ,Y«VX«Ut;buildine;s y«N0with materialsE6N29«6V; ofFA suffi-;YAA«f § I«2UNcient IFEi92;;«g2compressive ;N92UtN0strength toNF i92g2UNprevent failureA6«VY92 underYUX29 normalUF9E6V conditions.IFUX«N«FU;5 AC structure;N9YINY92 subjected;Y,^2IN2X toNF an6U eart269N0uY6n2hquake i106;as NFto wy«N0;N6UXithstand forcesAF9I2; veryg29: differentX«AA292UN A9FEf rom N0F;2t'hose forAF9 y0«I0wh ich «Nit y6;~as desiX2;«tU2X.gned, AF9for tN02 he ~roundt9FYUX EFg2;moves 0F9«LFUN6«fV:.horizonta'i~y, e"'§v«N0ith lateralV6N296V 6UXand torsionalNF9;«FU6V ;N92;;2;stresses FIIY99«Utoccurring N09FYt0FYNt ~roughout tN02 he structure.;N9YINY925 M«VV69;?illars a6UXnd y6VV;walls designedX2;«tU2X toNF Yi0FVXuph old verticalg29N«I6V forcesAF9I2; are692 suddenly;YXX2UV: 92uY«92Xrequired NFto withstandy«N0;N6UX 0F9«LFUN6V'horizontal ones.FU2;5 dF9N69~ortar y0«I0~'hich wy6;as 2AA2IN«g2V:effectively h0FVXold-G «Uting bricks,9«In; orF9 ;NFU2;stones a6i69Npart is«; UFynow re92uY«92Xquired NFto 0FVXhold tN02E hem to-NFG gether.t2N0295 ?loors#VFF9; ~nd6UX roofs9FFA; N06Ntha t have06g2 been,22U ;YiiF9N2Xsupported ,:by wy6VV;alls IFYVXcould 06g2have N06Nthat ;YiiF9Nsupport N6n2Utaken away,6y6:. unlessYUV2;; i9Fi29proper ea269N0uY6n2rthquake i92g2UN6N«g2preventative measuresE26;Y92; 06g2have ,22Ubeen N6n2Uta.ken «Uin theN02 construction.IFU;N9YIN«FU5 StructuresHN9YINY92; fa.11A6VV AF9for 6a varietyg69«2N: ofFA 926;FU;hreasons: BuildinwY«VX«Ut;6 s y«N0~ith tN0«In hick heavy026g: wallsy6VV; IFVV6i;2collapse ,2I6Y;2because ofFA tN02 he X«AA«IYVN:difficulty -61-f(rf in«U providingi9Fg«X«Ut t~eN02 necessaryU2I2;;69: strength;N92UtN0 toNF resist92;«;N ea269N0uY6»I2rthquake stress.;N92;;5 ::jv26g:eavy tileN«V2 roofs9FFA; oftenFAN2U collapseIFVV6i;2 dueXY2 toNF theirN02«9 o"7nFyU T-eightgS2«t0N5f •. StructuresHN9YINY92; constructedIFU;N9YIN2X ofFA bricks,9«In; orF9 stones;NFU2; ~nd6UX mor-EF9G tarN69 toppleNFiiV2 unlessYUV2;; earthquake269N0uY6n2 resistant92;«;N6UN nateria.lE6N29«6V wasy6; a~ci.ed6t5X2X forAF9 reinforcement.92«UAF9I2E2UN5 AdobeCXF,2 structures;N9YINY92; are692 veryg29: hazardous,06L69XFY;. as6; theyN02: collapseIFVV6i;2 easily26;«V: duringXY9«Ut eart~quake269N0uY6n2 motion.EFN«FU5 Woodenm#FFX2U struc-;N9YIG turesNY92; are692 ~oreEF92 durable,XY96,V2. but,YN willy«VV also6V;F suffer;YAA29 damageX6E6t2 unlessYUV2;; properlyi9Fi29V: braced.,96I2X5 TI:ere#0292 are692 manyE6U: typesN:i2; ofFA da..."'1.ageX6E6t2 fromA9FE eart269N0h-G quakes:uY6n2;O "jj05«EU2:;~imneys mayE6: break,926»£ offFAA at6N tN02 he roof9FFA lineV«U2 orF9 crumble;I9YE,V2h tr.eN02 entire2UN«92 building,Y«VX«Ut mayE6: be,2 movedEFg2X completelyIFEiV2N2V: offFAA its«N; founda-AFYUX6G tion;N«FUh i696i2N;parapets and6UX cornicesIF9U«I2; are692 frequentlyA92uY2UNV: »6992Xjarred loose,VFF;2. creatingI926N«Ut a6 real926V hazard06L69X toNF anything6U:N0«Ut belo,2VFyhw; sometimes;FE2N«E2; poorlyiFF9V: attached6NN6I02X wallsy6VV; are692 detachedX2N6I02X fromA9FE tN02r. e 92;Nrest ofFA theN02 ,Y«VX«Ut.~uilding, usuallyY;Y6VV: 06ii2U«Uthappening in«U certainI29N6«U typesN:i2; FAof FVXold ,Y«VX«Ut;hbuildings; crack-I96InG «Uting ofFA iV6;N29plaster 6UXand IFUI92N2concrete wallsy6VV; «;is veryg29: IFEEFU.56UXcommon, .and ,2I6Y;2because FAof IFEi92;;«FU.compression, «;is FAN2Uoften X«6tFU6Vhdiagonal; ;2g292severe X6E6t2damage FAN2Uoften FIIY9;occurs «Uin ,Y«VX«Ut;buildings y«N0with ;2g296Vseveral N:i2;types FAof IFU;N9YIN«FU.construction, «Aif N02:t hey rerewere «Ei9Fi29V:improperly N«2Xtied NFt2N0295together. HY,;Y9A6I2Subsurface t2FVFt«Igeol'ogic IFUX«N«FU;condi ti one iV6:play 6a E6^F9major 9FV2role «Ufn N02the N:i2type FAof IFU;N9YIN«FUconstruction 92uY«92Xrequired NFto y«N0;N6UXwithstand 269N0uY6n2earthquake X6E6t25damage. jUIn t2U296V.general, ;N9YINY92;structures FUon X22ideep 6VVYg«YEalluviW!l ;YAA29suffe..{ t926N29greater X6E6t2damage N06Uthan N0F;2those FUon 9FIn5rock. CA IY9«FY;curious i696XFbparadox FIIY9;.occurs, 0Fy2g29.~owever, 6;a.a 9«t«Xrigid ;0F9Nshort i29«FXperiod ;N9YINY92;strucytnes 692are X6E6t2Xdamaged EYI0~uch V2;;less «Aif N02:they 92;Nrest FUon X22ideep 6VVYg«YEalluvium 96N029rat~er N06Ut~an FUon 9FIn5rock. #0«;This «;is 6ii692UNV:apparently XY2due NFto N02the EFN«FUmotion y0«I0.~hich, N0FYt0thoug~ 6II2V296N2X.accelerated, ;22E;seems NFto ,2be «Uin N02the AF9Eform FAof t2UNV2gentle 9FIn«Utrocking 96N029rather N06Uthan N02the ;069i.sharp, ;0F9Nshort i29«FXperiod g«,96N«FU;vibrations FUon 069Xhard 9FIn5rock. WN029Other N:i2;types FAof ;N9YINY92;structures A692fare ,2NN29better f()f-62- FUon 9FInrock orF9 069X29~arder surfaces.;Y9A6I2;5 CVVAll ;N9YINY92;structures directlyX«92INV: onFU a6 faultA6YVN orF9 3.t6N tN02 he ,6;2base ofFA a6 steep;N22i ;VFi2slope U269near a6 A6YVNfault faceA6I2 a6 926Vreal iFN2UN«6Vpotential X6Ut295danger. jNIt «;is true,N9Y2. '.10wever,0Fgf2g29. tN06N r,at some;FU2 •::g52VVfell- ,Y«VNbuilt ,Y«VX«Ut;buildings ofFA simple;«EiV2 construction,IFU;N9YIN«FU. sucn;YI0 as6; logVFt I6,«U;cabins XFdo ;Y9g«g25survive. CU:Any N:i2type ofFA ,Y«VX«Utbuildin.; ofFA 926n\":eak constructionIFU;N9YIN«FU is«; FAof courseIFY9;2 susceptible;Y;I2iN«,V2 NFto damage,X6E65t2. and6UX thisN0«; willg9«VV ,2be 2U06UI2Xenhanced if«A N02the structure;N9YINY92 is«; iV6I2Xplaced onFU alluvia~6VVYg«6V Jround.t9FYUX5 The#02 06gFIhavoc I6Y;2Xcaused ,:by 269N0uYI«n2;earthquakes is«; UFNnot 92;N9«IN2Xrestricted NFto 5N02t~e IFVV6i;2collapse orF9 failureA6«VY92 ofFA ,Y«VX«Ut;5buildings • ...!any»6U: secondary;2IFUX69: effects2AA2IN; are692 equally2uY6VV: orF9 even2g2U EF92?:'lore ~azardous.06L69XFY;5 Fires0«92; 692are oneFU2 ofFA N02ttie greatestt926N2;N hazards,06L69X;. especially2;i2I«6VV: if«A gast6; and6UX 3v6N29v:ater linesV«U2; are692 ,9Fbro-G n2U5ken. Z6E6t2XDamaged lifeV«A2 V«U2;lines E6:may i92g2UNprevent firefighting,A«92A«t0N«Ut. medicalE2X«I6V 6«X.aid, orF9 emergency2E29t2UI: ;YiiV«2;supplies fromA9FE gettingt2NN«Ut tN09FYt05 hrough. ~a.i::isZ6E; couldIFYVX ,2be 9YiNY92X.ruptured, tN0292,: hereby causingI6Y;«Ut floo\in~AVFFX«Ut F9or lossVF;; ofFA U22X2Xneeded 3v6N29~ater supplies.;YiiV«2;5 PossibleMF;;«,V2 X6E6t2damage toNF I02E«I6Vch~mical A6INF9«2;.factories, P.e-^§2f r troleumN9FV2YE storage;NF96t2 tanks,N6Un;. hospitals,0F;i«N6V;. UYIV269nuclear iV6UN;.plants, even2g2U zoos,LFF;. #9FYVXwould all6VV i92;2UNpresent serious;29«FY; i9F,V2E;problems orF9 hV56L69X;5azards. AnCU arriving699«g«Ut earthquake269N0uY6n2 wave,y6g2. y02N029whether fromA9FE 6a nearU269 quake,uY6n2. F9or fromA9FE 6a ;N9FUtstrong X«;N6UNdistant shock,;0FIn. is«; I6i6,V2capable FAof N96U;E«NN«Uttransmittin~ its«N; effect2AA2IN NFto 6a ,Y«VX«Utbuilding «Uin such;YI0 a6 wayy6: thatN06N theN02 EFN«FUmotion 6Nat theN02 topNFi «;is EYI0muc".1 greatert926N29 tNVf«6U '.1.an thatN06N at6N theN02 t9FYUX5grou.n.,..'d. CV;F.Also, theN02 effect2AA2IN at6N theN02 NFitop FAof a6 tallN6VV ,Y«VX«Utbuilding E6:~Y ,2be uY«N2quite differentX«AA292UN fromA9FE a6 nearbyU269,: strong;N9FUt 269N0uY6n2e3.rthquake ttanN06U t'.1atN06N fJ"omA^9FE_ 6a moreEF92 ;2g292severe oneFU2 several;2g296V "."lundred0YUX92X E«V2;t'lile s a,6y6:5;ay. Generally42U296VV: N02the great926N2;N tee t stress;N92;; occursFIIY9; bet~een,2Ny22U NyFfN0«9X;b·o-thirds and6UX t:1.ree-quartersN0922fuY69N29; tN02 he height02«t0N FAof a6 tallN6VV ;N9YINY925structure. CUAn earthquake269N0uY6n2 XF2;does i~part«Ei69N simple;«EiV2 motionEFN«FU NFto 6a l/ \ \ -63-f(1f building;,Y«VXVUth h0Fy2g29. owever, usuallyY;Y6VV: tN0292 ~ere ~=592re el2V6;N«Ia stic impacts«Ei6IN; fAFVVFy2Xollowed by,: forcedAF9I2X and6UX freeA922 vibrationsg«,96N«FU; ofFA tN02 h e structure.;N9YINY925 The#02 responsibility92;iFU;«,«V«N: ofFA eart'.'lquake269N0uY6n2 en2Ut«U229«Ut6 ineerin~ is«; toNF de-X2G sign;«tU so;F tN06N ~at all6VV partsi69N; ofFA t~eN02 building,Y«VX«Ut are692 tiedN«2X toNFt2N029.5 ether, and6UX tN06N ~at theN02 combinedIFE,«U2X verticalg29N«I6V and6UX h0F9«LFUN6Vorizontal forcesAF9I2; at6N any6U: point,iF«UN. bot'!-1,FN0 static;N6N«I and6UX induced«UXYI2X by,: tN02'.'l e largestV69t2;N forseeableAF9;226,V2 eart269N0uY6n2.!1quak:e, ~illy«VV notUFN exceed2bI22X . theN02 stren;N92UtN0g t '.1 ofFA tN02 h e structure;N9YINY92 a6N t tN06N:'18. t point.iF«UN5 OfWA course,IFY9;2. a6 practicali96IN«I6V liV«E«N6N«FU~itation a6UXnd balance,6V6UI2 bet,2Ny22U-- een build-,Y«VXG ing«Ut costIF;N and6UX probablei9F,6,V2 damageX6E6t2 mustEY;N be,2 considered.IFU;«X292X5 T#02'.'l e usualY;Y6V require92uY«92E2UNme nt i«; s thatN06N theN02 totalNFN6V damageX6E6t2 s;0FYVX h ould notUFN exceed2bI22X tenN2U percenti29I2UN ofFA t~eN02 buildin,Y«VX«Utg cost,IF;N. and6UX tN06N nat theN02 damageX6E6t2 s;0FYVX n ould be,2 confinedIFUA«U2X toNF plaster,iV6;N29. ~ltV6;;.a ss, ornamentalF9U6E2UN6V facing,A6I«Ut. non-beUFUf,269«Uta ring ~alls,y6VV;. and6UX theN02 like.V«n25 Th#02 e building,Y«VX«Ut ~yFYVX.ould, tN0292AF92. h erefore, notUFN col-IFVG V6i;2.lapse, and6UX theN02 repaired92i6«92X ;N9YINY92.structure, bein,2«Utg still;N«VV s;FYUX ound «Uin its«N; ;N9YINY96Vstructural X2N6«V;.details, y«VVwill IFUN«UY2continue NFto ,2be 269N0uY6n2earth quake 92;«;N6UN5resistant. #02The t9FYi«Utgrouping FAof 6VVall N:i2;types FAof ;N9YINY92;structures «Uin I«N«2;cities E6n2;makes N02tr.e 269N0uY6n2earthquake 06L69X'1.azard X«AA«IYVNd i f ficult NFto ;FVg2hs olve; «UX«g«XY6Vindividual ;N9YIstruc-G NY92;tures 692are FUV:only 6a i69Npart FAof N02t h e i9F,V2E5problem. jAIf I«N«2;cities IFYVXcould ,2be IFUcon-G ;N9YIN2Xstructed v««N0FYN~ith out 92t69Xreg ard NFto Fg29f6VVover-all IF;N.cost, 6UXand y«N0with N02t h e 6;;Y9assur-G 6UI2ance FAof 6EiV2ample AYUX;.funds, N02t h e iF;;«,«V«N:possibility FAof X6E6t2damage IFYVXcould ,2be V69t2V:l a rgely 2V«E«U6N2X5eliminated. 7UX29Under 2b«;N«Utexisting IFUX«N«FU;.conditions, 0Fy2g29.h owever, «Nit «;is iF;;«,V2possible AF9for 6a y2VVwell IFU;N9YIN2Xconstructed ,Y«VX«Utbuildin~ NFto ,2be X6E6t2Xdamaged ,:by N02t h e A6VVfall FAof 6a V69t29larger 6UXand y26Nn29~ eaker 6X^6I2UNadjacent ,Y«VX«Uthbuilding ; 2g2Ueven «Uin E«UF9minor 269N0earth-G uY6n2;quakes 6X^6I2UNadjacent ,Y«VX«Ut;buildings E6:may EFg2move y«N0v:ith 92;i2INrespect NFto 26I0ea.ch FN029.other, 92;YVN«Utresulting «Uin ;29«FY;serious X6E6t2damage NFto 2«N029either F9or ,FN05both . RFy~ ow 0FY;2;~ouses 692are Y;Y6VV:usually 2b2EiNexecpt A9FEfrom ;29«FY;serious X6E6t2.damage, 6;as N02:t h ey EFg2move 6;as 6a YU«N.unit, 2bI2iNexcept AF9for N02the IFE29corner 0FY;2.h ouse, ;«UI2since «Nit V6In;lacks ;YiiF9Nsupport FUon FU2one f(Wf-64- eide,;«X2. w~y0«I0ic~ _6VVFf9allo~sw it«N NFto Ny«;Nt~ist orF9 deform.X2AF9E5 jUIn 6a cityI«N: consideredIFU;«X292X toNF ,2be «Uin a6 high0«t0 ;2«;E«Iseismic risk9«;n area,6926. special;i2I«6Vf- careI692 and6UX i9FA2;;«FU6V«;Eprofessionalism mustEY;N tFgo into«UNF all6VV iV6UU«Utplanning 6UXand yF9n5v,ork. '!'he#02 cityI«N: s~ould;0FYVX h06g2ave E6U:I!l.any v'y«X2ide streets,;N922N;. i69n;parks and6UX FN029other openFi2U spaces;i6I2; toNF i9Fg«X2provide refuges92AYt2; at6N theN02 timeN«E2 ofFA 6Uan earth-269N0G quake;uY6n2h also6V;F temporaryN2EiF969: homes0FE2; AF9for i2FiV2people ~y0F;2 hose 0FY;2;l,ouses are692 ren-92UG deredX292X YU«U06,«N6,V25uninhabitable. LifeT«A2 linesV«U2; ;0FYVXs ~ould be,2 ,Y«VNbuilt c::i.rld6UX E6«UN6«U2Xmaintained NFto E«U«E«L2mini~ize N02t ~e dangerX6Ut29 toNF lifeV«A2 and6UX i9Fi29N:property and6UX VF;;loss ofFA ser-;29G vices.g«I2;5 StructuresHN9YINY92; are692 269N0uY6n2es.rthquake resistant92;«;N6UN onlyFUV: why02Uen all6VV ofFA N02the structural;N9YINY96V componentsIFEiFU2UN; a692re i9Fi29V:properly N«2Xtied NFt2N029toget~er wy«N0ith goodtFFX IFUU2IN«FU;.connections, ~~y02Uen tN02 he selected;2V2IN2X materialsE6N29«6V; ofFA constructionIFU;N9YIN«FU 692are flexibleAV2b«,V2 and6UX durable,XY96,V2. ~~y02Uen t~eN02 ,96I«Utbracing system;:;N2E «;is adequate6X2uY6N2 AF9for theN02 typeN:i2 FAof ;N9YINY92structure and6UX theN02 ;2«;E«Iseismic IFUX«N«FU;.conditions, S«Xand• ~~y02Uen 6VVall FAof N02the featuresA26NY92; ofFA theN02 X2;«tUdesign 6UXand engineering2Ut«U229«Ut ofFA a6 ,Y«VX«Utbuilding 692are faithfullyA6«N0AYVV: 6UXand properlyi9Fi29V: 2b2IYN2X5executed. Table#6,V2 6( «UX«I6N2;indicates theN02 g69«FY;various effects2AA2IN; FUon ;N9YINY92;structures causedI6Y;2X ,:by differentX«AA292UN intensities«UN2U;«N«2; ofFA eart~quakes.269N0uY6n2;5 #CwT1TABI.3 6( *FX«A«2X~odi!ied ~V«29I6VV«ercalli jUN2U;«N:Intensity ScaleHI6V2 FAof 1931rc1r8 8rcp((1956 g29;«FU28;versionf VV6;FU9:Masonry A.B.C.D.C5w5o5Z5 To#F -avoid6gF«X ambiguity6E,«tY«N: ofFA language,V6UtY6t2. tN02 ,1e qualityuY6V«N: ofFA masonry,E6;FU9:. ,9«In.brick, orF9 othervrise,FN029y«;2. is«; specified;i2I«A«2X ,:by tN02 he follow-AFVVFyG «Uting V2NN29«UtOlettering: O^6;FU9:~-!asonry CA.5 JoodHFFX yF9nE6U;0«i.workmanship, mortarEF9N69 6UXand X2;«tUhdesign; rein-92«UG forced,AF9I2X. especially2;i2I«6VV: V6N296VV:.laterally, and6UX ,FYUXbound f(pf-65- #C1T1TABL:S (6 8IFUN52(cont.) NFt2N029together ,:by Y;«Utusing ;N22V.steel, IFUI92N2.concrete, 2NI5hetc.; X2de-G ;«tU2Xsigned NFto 92;«;Nresist V6N296Vlater~l AF9I2;5forces. O^6;FU9:;lasonry wB.5 4FFXGood yF9nE6U;0«iworkmanship 6UXand EF9N69hmortar; 92«UAF9I2X.reinforced, ,YNbut UFNnot X2;«tU2Xdesigned NFto 92;«;Nresist V6N296Vlateral AF9I2;5forces. #A6;FU9:~la.eonry 4c.5 W9X«U69:Ordinary yF9nE6U;0«iworkmanship 6UXand EF9N69hmortar; UFno 2bN92E2extreme y26nU2;;2;weaknesses V«n2like A6«V«Utfailing NFto N«2tie «Uin 6Nat IF9U29;.corners, ,YNbut U2«N029neither 92«UAF9I2Xreinforced UF9nor X2;«tU2Xdesigned 6t6«U;Nagainst 0F9«LFUN6Vhorizontal AF9I2;5forces. jA6;FU9::.fasonry Z5D. #26nWeak E6N29«6V;.materials, ;YI0such 6;as 6XF,2hadobe; iFF9poor EF9N69hmortar; VFylow ;N6UX69X;standards FAof yF9nE6U;0«ihworkmanship; y26nweak 0F9«LFUN6VV:5~orizontally. j5I. aFNNot A2VN5felt. :Jarginal6«69t«U6V 6UXand VFUtfi29«FXlong-period 2AA2IN;effects FAof V69t2large 269N0uY6XI2;earthquakes.5 jj5II. M2VNFelt ,:by personsi29;FU; at6N rest,92;N. FUon Yii29upper AVFF9;.floors, F9or favorablyA6gF96,V: iV6I2X5placed. III.jjj5 FeltM2VN indoors.«UXFF9;5 Hangingd6Ut«Ut objectsF,^2IN; swing.;y«Ut5 Vibrationm«,96N«FU likeV«n2 passingi6;;«Ut ofFA lightV«t0N trucks.N9YIn;5 DurationZY96N«FU estimated.2;N«E6N2X5 Jay»6: notUFN be,2 recognized92IFtU«L2X as6; an6U earthquake.269N0uY6n25 IV.jm5 Hangingd6Ut«Ut objectsF,^2IN; swing.;y«Ut5 Vibrationm«,96N«FU likeV«n2 pas~ingi6;;«Ut ofFA heavy026g: trucks;N9YIn;h orF9 sensation;2U;6N«FU of·aFAX 6 jolt^FVN like\V«n2 6 heavy026g: ball,6VV striking;N9«n«Ut theN02 walls.y6VV;5 StandingHN6UX«Ut motorEFNF9 carsI69; rock.9FIn5 ~indowe,#«UXFy;. dishes,X«;02;. doorsXFF9; rattle;96NNV2h 6tV6;;2;lasses clink.IV«Un5 Crockeryo9FIn29: clashes.IV6;02;5 InjU theN02 upperYii29 ranges96Ut2; ofFA IVjm woodenyFFX2U wallsy6VV; and6UX framesA96E2; creak.I926n5 v.m5 PeltM2VN outdoors;FYNXFF9;h directionX«92IN«FU estimated.2;N«E6N2X5 SleepersHV22i29; awakened.6y6»I2U2X5 -66-f((f TABLE#C1T1 (6 (cont.)8IFUN52 LiquideT«uY«X; disturbed,X«;NY9,2X. some;FE2 spilled.;i«VV2X5 SmallHE6VV YU;N6,V2unstable F,^2IN;objects displX«;iV6I2Xa ced orF9 Yi;2N5upset. DoorsZFF9; ;9«Ut.swing, .close,IVF;2. open.Fi2U5 Shutters,H0YNN29;. i«INY92;pictures mEFg25ove. M2UXYVYEPendulum IVFIn;clocks stop,;NFi. start,;N69N. chI06Ut2a nge rate.96N25 VI.mj5 ?elP2VN t ,:by all.6VV5 IV«6U:Jany frig"!-ltenedA9«t0N2U2X and6UX run9YU outdoors.FYNXFF9;5 PersonsM29;FU; wy6Vnalk unsteadily.YU;N26X«V:. ~y«UXFy;.indowa, disX«;02;.hes, glass-tV6;;G wy692are ,9Fn2U5broken. K(U«InU6In;.nicknacks, ,FFn;.books, etc.2NI5 offFAA ;02Vg2;5s helves. PicturesM«INY92; offFAA walls.y6VV;5 ?0Y9U«NY92urniture movedEFg2X F9or overturned.Fg29NY9U2X. WeakS26n plasteriV6;N29 and6UX liasonry*6;FU9: DZ I96In2X5cracked. SmallHE6VV ,2VV;bells ring9«Ut (church,8I0Y9I0. school).;I0FFV25 Trees,#922;. ,Y;02;bushes shaken;06n2U vis-g«;G «,V:.ibly, orF9 heard0269X NFto rustle.9Y;NV25 mjj5VII. Z«AA«IYVNDifficult toNF ;N6UX5stand. aFN«I2XNoticed ,:by X9«g29;drivers ofFA motorEFNF9 cars.I69;5 Bd6Ut«Ut.anging objectsF,^2IN; uY«g295quiver. ~urniture0Y9U«NY92 ,9Fn2U5broken. Dama~eZ6E6t2 NFto :.t:asonry*6;FU9: DZ including«UIVYX«Ut cracks;I96In;h weaky26n chim-I0«EG neysU2:; ,9Fn2Ubroken at6N N02the 9FFAroof V«U25line. ?06VVall ofFA iV6;N29.plaster, looseVFF;2 ,9«In;.bricks, stones,;NFU2;. tiles,N«V2;. cornices,IF9U«I2;. also6V;F YU,96I2Xunbraced i696para-G i2N;pets and6UX architectural69I0«N2INY96V ornaments.F9U6E2UN;5 HFE2Some I96In;cracks «Uin ;fa.eonry*6;FU9: c.o5 We)6g2;aves onFU iFUX;hponds; wy6N29ater turbidNY9,«X wy«N0ith mud.EYX5 SmallHE6VV slides;V«X2; and6UX cavingI6g«Ut in«U along6VFUt sand;6UX F9or 6t96g2Vravel ,6Un;.banks. T69t2Large ,2VV;bells ring.9«Ut5 CoFUI92N2oncrete irrigation«99«t6N«FU ditchesX«NI02; damaged.X6^U6t2X. VIII.mjjj5 SteeringHN229«Ut ofFA EFNF9motor I69;cars affected.6AA2IN2X5 DamageZ6E6t2 toNF ::.I.a.sonryC;*6;FU9:oh i69N«6Vpartial IFVV6i;25collapse. SomeHFE2 damageX6E6t2 toNF .:Jasonry*6;FU9: B;wh noneUFU2 toNF 1fasonry*6;FU9: C5A. ?all06VV orFA stucco;NYIIF and6UX ;FE2some masonryE6;FU9: wallfl.y6VV;5 #y«;N«Ut.~!sting, fallA6VV FAof .I0«EU2:;.?himneys, factoryA6INF9: stacks,;N6In;5 ' ,,. m. f(3f-67- #CwTHTABLE (6 8IFUN52( c on t . ) EFUYE2UN;8monuments, NFSvS29;.tO"''ers, 2V2g6N2Xelevated N6Un;5t anks . 096E2.?rame 0FY;2;!7.0 uses X EFg2Xmoved FUon AFYUX6N«FU;found:i.tions «Aif UFNnot ,FVN2Xbolted XF▼#Uhdo~n; VFF;2l oo se i6U2Vpanel 96«V;walls N09FyUthro..-.·n FYN5out. Z2I6:2XDecayed i«V«Utpiling ,9Fn2Ubr.oken FAA5off. w96UI02;Branches ,9Fn2Ubro~en A9FEfro~ N922;5trees. o06Ut2;::1.anges «Uin AVFyflow F9or N2Ei296NY92te~perature FAof ;i9«Ut;sprin~s 6UXand y2VV;5wells. o96In;Cracks «Uin y2Nwet t9FYUXJround 6UXand FUon ;N22isteep ;VFi2;5slopes. j45n:. 42U296V'ieneral i6U«I5panic. *6;FU9::.rasonry ZD X2;N9F:2Xhdestroyed; *6;FU9:.:J;,,.a.sonry 4C 026g«V:heavily X6E6t2X.dama6 ed, ;FE2N«E2;sometimes y«N0wi t -:1 IFEiV2N2complete IFVV6i;2hcollapse; O^6;FU9::Jasonry 1B ;29«FY;V:seriously X6E6t2X5d:L":la~ed. 42U296V.'} eneral X6E6t2d,,.. mu5 e NFto AFYUX6N«FU;5foundations. 096E2;'?raCTes I96In2X5cracked. H29«FY;Serious X6E6t2dar.:ia.6 e NFto 92;res-G 29gF«9;5ervoirs. 7UX29t9FYUX~nderJround i«i2;pipes ,9Fn2U5broken. oFU;i«IYFY;Conspicu~us I96In;cracks «Uin N02t~e t9FYUXground «Uin 6VVYg«6N2Xalluviated 6926;.areas, ;6UXs ~nd 6UXand EYXmud 2^2IN2X.ejected, 269N0uY6n2earthquake AFYUN6«U;.f ountains, ;6UXsand I96N29;5craters. 45x. *F;N:!oat E6;FU9:masonry 6UXand A96E2frame ;N9YINY92;structures X2;N9F:2Xdestroyed y«N0wit:1 N02«9their AFYUX6N«FU;5foundations. HFE2So~e yv2VVf,Y«VNwell-built yFFX2Uwo oden ;N9YINY92;structures 6UXand ,9«Xt2;bridges X2;N9F:2X5destroyed. H29«FY;Serious X6E6t2dama~e NFto X«n2;.dikes, X6E;.UaI!lS, 2E,6UnE2UN;5embankr!ients. T69t2Larg e V6UX;V«X2;5landslides. mh6N29~ ater N09FyUt hrown FUon ,6Un;banks FAof I6U6V;.cane.ls, 9«g29;.rivers, V6n2;.lakes, 2NI5etc. H6UXSand 6UXand EYX:nud ;0«AN2Xs hifted 0F9«LFUN6VV: FU ,26I02; 6UX AV6N V6UX;5 R6«V; ,2UN5 horizontally on beaches a.nd flat lands. ~ailsI oent. 4j5XI. R6«V;~ails ,2UNbent t926NV:5greatly. 7UX29t9FYUXUnderground i«i2V«U2;pipelines IFEiV2N2V:completely FYNout FAof service.;29g«I25 4jj5XII. Z6E6t2Damage U269V:nearly NFN6V5total. ~argeT69t2 9FInrock massesE6;;2; displaced.X«;iV6I2X5 LinesT«U2; ofFA sig'=1t;«t0N and6UX levelV2g2V distorted.X«;NF9N2X5 ObjectesW,^2IN2;· ··tN09FyU:1 ro;,m into«UNF theN02 air.6«95 1origin3.lSW9«t«U6V 1931rc1r versiong29;«FU in«U '#FFX.'Tood, :.i:.*5W5 0. and6UX lTVV2YE6UU.eu:-:iann, '?.35 1931.rc1r5 ~odified*FX«A«2X :i*29I6VV«ercalli intensity«UN2U;«N: scale;I6V2 ofFA 1931,rc1r. SeisnoloH2«;EFVFt«I6V5 ical SocietyHFI«2N: ofFA A..":lericaCE29«I6 Bulletin,wYVV2N«U. V.m5 53,p1. No.aF5 5,p. .?.P5 979-c3cfcw35987. 21.9568rcp( versiong29;«FU preparedi92i692X by,: Charles?.o069V2; P5 ~ic'=1terR«I0N29 in«U 3lementarykV2E2UN69: Seismology,H2«;EFVFt:. 1958,rcpw. .?.P5 137-138.r13fr1w5 ·m35750922E6U,-1.~~-?reeman & ,.,o.oF5 -68-f((f ConstructionoFU6N9YINVFU ~or3F9 k69N0uY6n2~~rt~guake ~esistanceR2;«;N6UI2 SFFXWood ?ra~eP96E2 wY«VX«Ut;3uildinge AC ~~refullyb«692AYVV: designedX2;«tU2X and6UX constructedIFU;N9YIN2X modernEFX29U uoodgOFFX A96E2frame ,Y«VX«Utbuilding is«; by,: farA69 tA«2 ~e EF;N~ost X2;«96,V2desirable ;E6VVsmall i9Fi29N:property invest-«Ug2;NG mentE2UN in«U 6a re92t«FUg ion pronei9FU2 NFto eart269N0uY6n2;5hquakes. #02?~e 0«t0high earthquake269N0uY6n2 92;«;N6UI2resistance ofFA TioNgFFXod structures;N9YINY92; is«; dueXY2 i9«E69«V:primarily toNF N02the V«t0Nlight-G U2;;ness and6UX AV2b«,«V«N:flexioility FAof N02t~e material.E6N29«6V5 T~e#02 V«t0NU2;;lightness makesE6n2; theN02 inertial«U29N«6V loadVF6X reeultin92;YVN«Ut6 fro~A9FE theN02 ,Y«VX«Utv;building's resistance92;«;N6UI2 toNF tN02 he groundt9FYUX movementsEFg2E2UN; relatively92V6N«g2V: small;;E6VVh N02t~e AV2b«,«V«N:flexibility enables2U6,V2; theN02 supporting;YiiF9N«Ut co~ponentsIFEiFU2UN; ofFA N02t ~e ,Y«VX«Utbuilding (8e~aSS6VV;.1ls, colur.m.s,IFVYEU;. 6UXand studs);NYX;2 toNF moveEFg2 #9«N0~1th theN02 V6N296Vlateral shock;0FIn ~avesg6g2; wiy«N0FYNtiout crack-I96InG «Ut.ing, ,926n«Ut.breaking, orF9 ,2IFE«Utbecoming disconnected.X«;IFUU2IN2X5 CUFN029Another 6Xg6UN6t2advantage «;is ,$ thatN06N theN02 qualityuY6V«N: ofFA tN02 h e ,Y«VX«Utbuilding material,E6N29«6V. and6UX N02t he qualityuY6V«N: FAof connectionsIFUU2IN«FU; are692 moreEF92 easily26;«V: controlledIFUN9FVV2X thanN06U witiy«N0 FN029ot~er materi-E6N29«G als.6V;5 SinceH«UI2 ~oodyFFX buildings,Y«VX«Ut; are692 notUFN so;F readily926X«V: damagedX6E6t2X ,:by a6 N92EF9.tremor, theyN02: are692 ,2NN29better equipped2uY«ii2X toNF wit~standy«N0;N6UX aftershocks,6AN29;0FIn;. Xy0«I0~~ich I6Uc~n be,2 ^Y;Njust as6; damagingX6E6t«Ut ~s6; N02t~e mainE6«U tremor.N92EF95 W«FFXood frameA96E2 ,Y«VX«Ut;.buildings, ~o~ever,0Fy2g29. are692 notUFN al6Vy6:;fuY6n2ways .quake i9FFAh~roof; thus,N0Y;. 6a ~oodyFFX A96E2frame buildin,Y«VX«Ut5 fyFYVX~ould suffer;YAA29 damageX6E6t2 if«A any6U: FU2one orF9 moreEF92 ofFA theN02 followingAFVVFy«Ut IFUX«N«FU;conditions 2b«;Nhexist: CA iFF9poor site;«N2 ofFA soft,;FAN. YU;N6,V2unstable t9FYUX5ground. AC y26nweak orF9 iFF9V:poorly VFI6N2X.located, orF9 «U6X2uY6N2V:inadequately IFUU2IN2Xconnected foundation.AFYUX6N«FU5 HN9YINY96VV:Structurally ~y26neak architectural69I0«N2INY96V A26NY92;5features. CUAn old,FVX. iFF9V:poorly E6«UN6«U2X~aintained ,Y«VX«Ut.building, orF9 any6U: poorlyiFF9V: ,Y«VNbuilt ;N9YINY925structure. f(cf-89- jU;YAA«I«2UNInsufficient V6N296Vlateral ,96I«Ut.bracing, F9or «U6X2uY6N2i nadequate UYE,29number FAof VF6Xf,269«Utloa d-bearing gl6VV;walls 6UXa nd IFVYEU;5columns. jEi9Fi29Improper iV6I2E2UNplacement F9or «U6X2uY6N2inadequate IFUU2IN«FU;connections FAof V6N29later ,96I«Utbracing 6UXand FN029other ;N9YINY96Vstructural X2N6«V«Ut5detailing. HE6VV.Small, N0«Uthin g29N«I6Vvertical ;YiiF9N;.supports, ;YI0sue~ 6;as ;N«VN;stilts Y;2Xused AF9for ;FE2some 0«VV;«X2~illside 0FE2;5homes. d26g:~eavy 9FFA;.roofs, ;YI0such 6;as IV6:clay N«V25tile. aFUfIFUN«UYFY;Non-con~inuous IF9U29corner IFVYEU;.columns, 6UXand FN029ot~er I9«N«I6Vcritical ;YiiF9N;supports «Uin 6a NyFf;NF9: t wo-story ,Y«VX«Ut5building. w96I«UtOBracing: w2;«X2;Besides 6a tFFX5 ood t2FVFt«Igeologic ;«N2site 6UXand 6a ;N9FUtstrong y2VV~ ell IFUU2IN2Xconnected AFYUX6N«FU.foundation, N02t ~e EF;Nmost «EiF9N6UNimportant IFUX«N«FUcondition ., AF9for 6a XY96,V2durable 6UXand ;6A2safe yFFXwood ,Y«VX«Utbuilding «;.is. 6 a lateralV6N296V ,96I«Utbracin~ ;:;N2E.system, 2«N029either X«6tFU6Vdiagonal ,96I«Utbracing F9or ;0269s hear y6VVwall ,96I«Ut5bracing. Z«6tFU6VDiagonal ,96I«Utbracing is«; Y;Y6VV:usually a6 minimalE«U«E6V 92uY«92E2UN.require~ent, and;EX entails2UN6«V; theN02 placementiV6I2E2UN ofFA a6 ;29«2;series ofFA E2N6Vmetal straps;N96i; F9or VYE,29lumber strips;N9«i; at6N about6,FYN a6 forty-fiveAF9N:fA«g2 de~reeX2t922 an6UtV25 le across6I9F;; tN02 ~e studs;NYX; ofFA a6 ,Y«VX«Ut5building. ~iagonalsZ«6tFU6V; should;0FYVX span;i6U theN02 distanceX«;N6UI2 fro~A9FE theN02 roof9FFA lineV«U2 toNF theN02 foundationAFYUX6N«FU sill,;«VV. be,2 nailedU6«V2X secµrely;2IY92V: toNF each26I0 stud,;NYX. a~d6UX s~ould;0FYVX al6Vy6:;ways crossI9F;; studs;NYX; nearU269 larV69t25 e doorXFF9 orF9 win-y«UG dowXFy openingsFi2U«Ut; toNF strengthen;N92UtN02U wy26neak pointsiF«UN; in«U tN02 h e wall.y6VV5 AC system;:;N2E ofFA X-bracing4f,96I«Ut (two8NyF crossedI9F;;2X diaJonals)X«6tFU6V;2 is«; always6Vy6:; preferablei92A296,V2 toNF a6 single;«UtV2 diagonal.X«6tFU6V5 DiaZ«6tFU6V5 onal bracin,96I«Ut6 is«; notUFN nearlyU269V: as6; strong;N9FUt as6; shear-wall;0269fy6VV bracing,,96I«Ut. but,YN is«; adequate6X2uY6N2 if«A theN02 folloAFVVFy«Utwing conditionsIFUX«N«FU; are692 metE2N (Yanev8K6U2g 19?4):rc3W2 O -70-f3sf 1)r2 The#02 area6926 06;has UFNnot ;,22Ubeen 0«;NF9«I6VV:historically ;Y,^2INsubject toNF 2bN92E2extreme E6tU«NYX2magnitude quakesuY6n2; 8Fg29(over (6 FUo~ theN02 RichterR«I0N29 scale)~;I6V22. and/or6UXlF9 is«; notUFN withiny«N0«U 10rs E«V2;~ilea FAof a6 largeV69t2 and6UX active6IN«g2 fault.A6YVN5 )22) The#02 ,Y«VX«Utbuilding is«; notUFN locatedVFI6N2X FUon an6U YU;N6,V2unstable F9or 2bI2iN«FU6VV:exceptionally ;FANsoft t2FVFt«Igeologic formation,AF9E6N«FU. orF9 at6N t~eN02 «UN29A6I2interface ofFA alluvium6VVYg«YE and6UX ,2X9FIn5bedrock. 12~) #02T'.le ,Y«VX«Utbuilding is«; a6 sinJle;«UtV2 story;NF9: type,N:i2. and6UX arc~-69I0«G tecturallyN2INY96VV: IFUg2UN«FU6Vconventional (no8UF lengthyV2UtN0: glass.:wall~,tV6;; y6VV;. noUF split;iV«N levels,V2g2V;. UFno stilt;N«VN mountings).EFYUN«Ut;25 W24) The#02 ,Y«VX«Utbuilding doesXF2; UFNnot have06g2 an6U exterior2bN29«F9 vene~rg2U229 FAot stucco;NYIIF orF9 :nasonry.E6;FU9:5 \ P Shear-wallH0269fy6VV ,96I«Utbracing /( a6 continuousIFUN«UYFY; IFg29«Uteovering ofFA plywoodiV:g.fFFX panelingi6U2V«Ut overFg29 t~1eN02 studs);NYX;2 is«; recommended92IFEE2UX2X «Uin lieuV«2Y ofFA diagonalX«6tFU6NV ,96I«Utbracing in«U 92t«FU;regions i9FU2prone toNF strong;N9FUt tremors,N92EF9;. and/or6UXlF9 in«U YUun-G usualY;Y6V orF9 ;iV«Nsplit levelV2g2V 6UXand multi-storyEYVN«f;NF9: structures.;N9YINY92;5 #02T~e iV:ply-G yFFXwood should;0FYVX be,2 ofFA goodtFFX quality,uY6V«N:. and6UX welly2VV nailedU6«V2X toNF ;NYX;5studs. , Thin#0«U iV1#yFFXplywood panelsi6U2V; willy«VV be,2 ;YAA«I«2UNsufficient if«A applied6iiV«2X withy«N0 gyp-t:iG ' sum;YE ,F69Xboard orF9 some;FE2 otherFN029 relatively92V6N«g2V: weaky26n y6VVwall sheathing.;026N0«Ut5 The#02 conventionalIFUg2UN«FU6V "double-~all";XFY,V2fy6VV; IFU;N9YIN«FUconstruction ofFA sheetrock;022N9FIn and6UX ;NYIIFstucco is«; UFNnot ;N9FUtstrong 2UFYt0enough in«U 0«t0high earthquake269N0uY6n2 intensity«UN2U;«N: 6926;.areas, and6UX ;YI0such constructedIFU;N9YIN2X 2b«;N«Utexisting buildin,Y«VX«Ut;5 s should;0FYVX 06g2have N02the wallsy6VV; facedA6I2X y«N0with iV:yFFXplywood orF9 strong;N9FUt woodyFFX i6U2V«Ut5paneling. Wood«FFX clapboardIV6i,F69X siding,;«X«Ut. 2;i2I«6VV:especially «Aif diagonailyX«6tFU6VV: braced,,96I2X. is«; quiteuY«N2 strong;N9FUt 6UXand earthquake269N0uY6n2 resistant.92;«;N6UN5 Wood«FFX ;0«UtV2shingle siding;«X«UtS6Y«X~and 6;,2;NF;asbestos siding;«X«Ut XFdo UFNnot i9Fg«X2provide adequate6X2uY6N2 atrengt~,;N92UtN0. and6UX should;0FYVX f3rf-?1- require92uY«92 theN02 inclusion«UIVY;«FU ofFA steel-reinforced;N22Vf92«UAF9I2X diagonalX«6tFU6V ,96I«Utbracing F9or ehear;0269 wally6VV bracing.,96I«Ut5 AC g69«2N:variety ofFA steel;N22V framingA96E«Ut 6UXand anchor-6UI0F9G «Uting devicesX2g«I2; 6XXadd g6VY6,V2valuable 92«UAF9I2E2UNreinforcement NFto any6U: typeN:i2 FAof ,96I«Ut5bracing. StuccoHNYIIF WalleeO36VV; and6UX !*6;FU9:.(asonry Veneers:m2U229;O AlthoughCVN0FYt0 stucco;NYIIF is«; easily26;«V: fractured,A96INY92X. N06Nthat ~y«VVill seldom;2VXFE happen06ii2U wheny02U applied6iiV«2X toNF a6 strong;N9FUt y«92wire meshE2;0 thatN06N !las06; ,22Ubeen carefullyI692AYVV: lappedV6ii2X and6UX securely;2IY92V: U6«V2Xnailed toNF iV:yFFXplywood sheathing;026N0«Ut orF9 IV6i,F69X5clapboard. ItjN thusN0Y; ,2IFE2;becomes uY«N2quite strong;N9FUt 6UXand AV2b«,V2flexible and6UX y«VVwill Y;Y6VV:usually UFNnot fall.A6VV5 AC seri-;29«G ousFY; i9F,V2Eproblem is«; N06Nthat manyE6U: stuccoed;NYIIF2X ,Y«VX«Ut;buildings are692 constructedIFU;N9YIN2X withy«N0 sheetrock;022N9FIn orF9 plasteriV6;N29 ,F69X.board, neitherU2«N029 FAof whichy0«I0 «;is strong;N9FUt 2UFYt0enough NFto y«N0;N6UXwithstand lateralV6N296V s~ock;0FIn y6g2;.waves, especially2;i2I«6VV: «Aif «Nit is«; a6 multi-storyEYVN«f;NF9: structure.;N9YINY925 IfjA stucco;NYIIF doesXF2; A6VVfall fromA9FE a6 wally6VV it«N ie«; Y;Y6VV:usually «UX«I6N«g2indicative ofFA ;29«FY;serious structural;N9YINY96V damageX6E6t25v: PresentM92;2UN epeciticatione;i2I«A«I6N«FU; forAF9 ;«UtV2single story;NF9: ,Y«VX«Ut;buildings in«U tneN02 Uniform7U«AF9E wY«VX«UtBuilding CodeoFX2 (1973}8rc312 callI6VV forAF9 a6 heavy026g: weldedy2VX2X wirey«92 meshE2;0 i9Fiprop-G 29V:erly overlappedFg29V6ii2X and6UX mountedEFYUN2X directlyX«92INV: toNF studs;NYX; y«N0with 16r( gaget6t2 staples;N6iV2; every2g29: 6( inches,«UI02;. and6UX a6 I692AYVV:carefully 6iiV«2Xapplied oneFU2 inch«UI0 l&yerV6:29 ofFA etucce.;NYII25 ~eonry*6;FU9: veneersg2U229; are692 quiteuY«N2 ;Y;I2iN«,V2sueoeptible NFto earthquake269N0uY6n2 X6E6t25damage. PartM69N FAof theN02 i9F,V2Eproblem «;is I6Y;2Xcaused ,:by theN02 increased«UI926;2X weighty2«t0N ofFA theN02 ,9«Inbrick F9or stone;NFU2 facing.A6I«Ut5 The#02 anchorage6UI0F96t2 ,2Ny22Ubetween tneN02 ,9«Inbrick orF9 stone;NFU2 6UXand t~eN02 yFFXwood A96E2frame are692 oftenFAN2U weak,y26n. allowing6VVFy«Ut theN02 veneerg2U229 toNF crackI96In orF9 fallA6VV 6y6:away fromA9FE theN02 frameA96E2 duringXY9«Ut a6 tremor.N92EF95 PeerM229 uY6V«N:quality EF9N69.mortar, i69N«IYV69V:particularly limeV«E2 mortar,EF9N69. has06; littleV«NNV2 ., reeietanoe92;«;N6UI2 wheny02U subject;Y,^2IN toNF earthquake269N0uY6n2 stresses;;N92;;2;h weaky26n mortarEF9N69 E6:may ,2be recognized92IFtU«L2X by,: its«N; N2UX2UI:tendency NFto scrape;I96i2 away6y6: 26;«V:easily and6UX crumbleI9YE,V2 ,2Ny22Ubetween theN02 fingers.A«Ut29;5 :.letal*2N6V tiesN«2; designedX2;«tU2X toNF y«N0;N6UXwithstand -?2-f3)f 6a horizontal0F9«LFUN6V forceAF9I2 equal2uY6V NFto twiceNy«I2 theN02 weighty2«t0N FAof tneN02 veneerg2U229 should;0FYVX anchor6UI0F9 N02the veneerg2U229 directlyX«92INV: toNF theN02 studs;NYX; at6N oneFU2 footAFFN «UN29g6V;5intervals. m2U229;Veneers onFU woodyFFX A96E2frame y6VV;walls ;0FYVXshould notUFN exist2b«;N EF92more thanN06U A«AN22Ufifteen A22Nfeet 6,Fg2above t9FYUXground level.V2g2V5 ;hl.sonryOA251FU9: and6UX Concrete»FUI92N2 3uildingewY«VX«Ut; !laeonry:6;FU9: and6UX concreteIFUI92N2 structures;N9YINY92; are692 t2U296VV:generally EF92more sus-;Y;G I2iN«,V2ceptible toNF earthquake269N0uY6n2 X6E6t2.damage, YUV2;;unless properlyi9Fi29V: constructedIFU;N9YIN2X y«N0with goodtFFX yF9nE6U;0«iworkmanship NFto enable2U6,V2 N02Ethem toNF ,2be sufficiently;YAA«I«2UNV: strong;N9FUt NFto y«N0;N6UXwithstand N92EF9;5tremors. TJnreinforoed#»«92«UAF9I2X E19«Inrick Buildings:wY«VX«Ut;O wY«VX«Ut;Buildings constructedIFU;N9YIN2X ofFA ,9«Inbrick thatN06N have06g2 notUFN ,22Ubeen reinforced92«UAF9I2X ,:by steel;N22V and6UX iFY92Xpoured con-IFUG I92N2crete framingA96E«Ut willy«VV suffer;YAA29 theN02 EF;Nmost severe;2g292 earthqua.k.e269N0uY6n2 damage.X6E6t25 SuohHYF0 structures;N9YINY92; cannotI6UUFN withstandy«N0;N6UX theN02 strong;N9FUt l~tera.lV6N296V move~ent,EFg2E2UN. .whic~y0«I0 y«N0~ith theirN02«9 considerableIFU;«X296,V2 weighty2«t0N and6UX inflexibility,«UAV2b«,«V«N:. createsI926N2; an6U oTerwhelmingFg29y02VE«Ut inertial«U29N«6V loadVF6X N06Nth.at cracksI96In; theN02 mortar,EF9N69. 92;YVNresult-G «Uting «Uin collapseIFVV6i;2 ofFA theN02 building.,Y«VX«Ut5 3rioksw9«In; orF9 atones;NFU2; laidV6«X in«U strict;N9«IN verticalg29N«I6V alignment,6V«tUE2UN. orF9 dry,X9:. orF9 withy«N0 iFF9poor qualityuY6V«N: mortar,EF9N69. enhance2U06UI2 theN02 iFN2UN«6Vpotential damageX6E6t2 toNF th~N02 structure.;N9YINY925 Generally,42U296VV:. un-YUG reinforced92«UAF9I2X ,9«Inbrick ,Y«VX«Ut;buildings are692 6a 06L69Xhazard and6UX a6 liability.V«6,«V«N:5 o6g«Cavi-G ty-wallN:fy6VV ,9«Inbrick ,Y«VX«Ut;.buildings, th.atN06N is«; thoseN0F;2 IFU;N9YIN2Xconstructed y«N0with 6a doubleXFY,V2 y6VVwall ofFA ,9«Inbrick separated;2i696N2X ,:by a6 t6i.gap, providei9Fg«X2 6VEF;Nalmost UFno resistance92;«;N6UI2 toNF V6N296Vlateral forces,AF9I2;. are692 extremely2bN92E2V: difficultX«AA«IYVN 6UXand ooetlyIF;NV: NFto 92«UAF9I2.reinforce, and6UX are692 a6 disasterX«;6;N29 waitingy6«N«Ut toNF happen.06ii2U5 ConcreteoFUI92N2 wVFInBlock Buildings:wY«VX«Ut;O StructuresHN9YINY92; madeE6X2 FAof IFUI92N2concrete ,VFInblock I6Ucan exhibit2b0«,«N greatt926N strength;N92UtN0 and6UX resistance92;«;N6EI2 «Aif theN02 0FVhol-G lowsVFy; ofFA theN02 blocks,VFIn; a692 e i9Fi29V:properly reinforced92«UAF9I2X y«N0with 0F9«LFUN6Vhorizontal -?3-f31f and6UX verticalg29N«I6V ;N22Vsteel 9FX;.rode, and6UX groutedt9FYN2X ~ithy«N0 iFY92Xpoured concreteIFUI92N2 toNF formAF9E ;FV«X.eolid, IFUN«UYFY;continuous shear-wall;0269fy6VV YU«N;5units. AnyCU: ~istakesU«;N67I2; «Uin structural;N9YINY96V deeignX2;«tU F9or '."TorkmanaiupyF9nE6U;«««i y«VV\':ill I6UI2Vcancel N02the advantagee6Xg6UN6t2; FAof N0«;thie typeN:i2 FAof IFU;N9YIN«FU5construction. #m26n~eak orF9 failureA6«VY92 iF«UN;points willy«VV exist2b«;N «Aif tN02 he mortarEF9N69 «;is faulty,A6YVN:. if«A theN02 iFY92Xpoured concreteIFUI92N2 t9FYNgrout-G «Uting doeeXF2; UFNnot IFEiV2N2V:completely fillA«VV I6g«N«2;.cavities, «Aif steel;N22V reinforC'ii.ng92«UAF9I«Ut «;is inadequate,«U6X2uY6N2. orF9 «Aif IFUU2IN«FU;connections y«N0with theN02 X«6i096S;diaphragms ofFA theN02 ,Y«VX«Utbuilding are692 weaky26n orF9 insufficient.«U;YAA«I«2UN5 #02The AFVVFy«Utfollowing desi~nX2;«tU 6UXand IFU;N9YIN«FUconstruction featuresA26NY92; should;0FYVX ,2be «UIVYX2Xincluded' «Uin IFUI92N2concrete ,VFInblock ;N9YINY92;etructures (Yanev8K6U2g 19?4):rc3W2O 1)r2 m29N«I6VVertical reinforcing92«UAF9I«Ut -S8SN22Vteel bars,69; orF9 9FX;rode ;0FYVXshould ,2 IFUN«UYFY; A9FE 9FFA NF AVFF9. 6UX 5;0FYVX 4 be continuous from roof to fleor, and #should have06g2 theN02 ends2UX; ,2UNbent toNF i92g2UNprevent slippage;V«ii6t2 fromA9FE theirN02«9 anchorage.6UI0F96t25 They#02: ;0FYVXshould ,2be iV6I2Xplaced at6N mostEF;N notUFN overFg29 twoNyF feetA22N apart.6i69N5 2))2 The#02 horizontal0F9«LFUN6V bars,69; should;0FYVX 6V;Falso ,2be 6Nat NyFtwo footAFFN intervals,«UN29g6V;. whichy0«I0 requires92uY«92; N06Nthat every2g29: thirdN0«9X orF9 fourthAFY9N0 layerV6:29 ofFA concreteIFUI92N2 ,VFInblock should;0FYVX ,2be toppedNFii2X withy«N0 horizontal0F9«LFUN6V reinforcements92«UAF9I2E2UN; embedded2E,2XX2X in«U a6 continuousIFUN«UYFY; beam,26U FAof iFY92Xpoured concrete.IFUI92N25 3)12 1g29:Every h0FVVFyollow ofFA theN02 wettedy2NN2X concreteFFUI92N2 ,VFIn;blocks should;0FYVX ,2be filledA«VV2X y«N0with i9Fi29V:properly IFEi6IN2Xcompacted con-IFUG creteI92N2 grouting.t9FYN«Ut5 W24) AdditionalCXX«N«FU6V horizontal0F9«LFUN6V and6UX verticalg29N«I6V reinforce-92«UAF9I2G mentsE2UN; should;0FYVX ,2be usedY;2X at6N corners,IF9U29;. at6N theN02 inter-«UN29G sections;2IN«FU; ofFA all6VV 9t~erFN029 walls,y6VV;. and6UX 69FYUXaround doorXFF9 openingsFi2U«Ut; and6UX windows.y«UXFy;5 -74-f3Wf 5)p2 Verym29: tFFXgood qualityuY6V«N: EF9N69mortar ;0FYVXshould be02 Y;2X5used. 6)(2 AnCU 2bN29«F9exterior veneersg2U229; overFg29 theN02 concreteIFUI92N2 block,VFIn EY;Nmust ,2be welly2VV 6UI0F92X5anchored. 327) ConcreteoFUI92N2 blocks,VFIn; laidV6«X in«U theN02 ;N6tt292Xstaggered connnonIFEEFU bond,FUX i6NN29Upattern arrangement6996«Ut2E2UN «;is moreEF92 resistant92;«;N6UN thanN06U a6 i696VV2Vparallel ;N6Instack ,FUXbond 6996Ut2E2UN5arrangement. R2«UAF9I2XReinforced Brickw9«In Buildings:wY«VX«Ut;O T~ese#02;2 are692 veryg29: similar;«E«V69 in«U IFU;N9YIN«FUconstruction NFto concreteIFUI92N2 block,VFIn ,Y«VX«Ut;5buildings. Two#yF separate;2i696N2 layersV6:29; FAof ,9«Inbrick are692 laidV6«X ~i\hy«N0 IFUU2IN«Utconnecting steel;N22V tiesN«2; embedded2E,2XX2X in«U N02the mortar,EF9N69. and6UX 0F9«LFUN6V~orizontal 6UXand g29N«I6Vvertical HN22Vsteel 92«UAF9I2E2UN;reinforcements in-«UG serted;29N2X «Uin t~eN02 space;i6I2 between,2Ny22U tN02 he NyFtwo layers,V6:29;. y0«I0which «;is tN02Ui1en filledA«VV2X withy«N0 iFY92Xpoured concrete.IFUI92N25 T:us#0«; N:i2type ofFA building,Y«VX«Ut~e. if«A welly2VV constructed,IFU;N9YIN2X. is«; A6«9V:fairly effective2AA2IN«g2 «Uin resisting92;«;N«Ut earthquake269N0uY6n2 stresses.;N92;;2;5 oV6:f#«V2Clay-Tile wY«VX«Ut;OBuildings: dFVVFyHollow · IV6:fN«V2;clay-tiles are692 similar;«E«V69 NFto IFUI92N2concrete ,VFIn;blocks except2bI2iN thatN06N theyN02: are692 ,9«NNV2brittle and6UX easily26;«V: shattered.;06NN292X5 They#02: are692 notUFN 6a ;FYUXsound ,Y«VX«Utbuilding materialE6N29«6V in«U earth-269N0f quake-proneuY6n2fi9FU2 regions,92t«FU;. 2g2Ueven wheny02U reinforced92«UAF9I2X withy«N0 steel;N22V 6UXand L---- i9Fi29V:properly groutedt9FYN2X withy«N0 IFUI92N25concrete. lJnreinforced7U92«UAF9I2X StoneHNFU2 and6UX Adobe:CXF,2O StoneHNFU2 and6UX adobe6XF,2 ,Y«VX«Ut;.buildings, ;~ especially2;i2I«6VV: N0F;2t~oee lackingV6In«Ut 92«UAF9I2E2UNreinfercement and6UX bracing,,96I«Ut. have06g2 i96IN«I6VV:praotically UFne flexibilityAV2b«,«V«N: F9or strength;N92UtN0 forAF9 resisting92;«;N«Ut lateralV6N296V AF9I2;forces orFA eart~qua.kes.269N0uY6n2;5 ~jorV«6^F9 alterations6VN296N«FU; wouldyFYVX ,2be required92uY«92X toNF reinforce92«UAF9I2 t~eseN02;2 structures,;N9YINY92;. and6UX are692 Y;Y6VV:usually UFNnot warrantedy6996UN2X F9or economically2IFUFE«I6VV: feA26;«,V2ha sible; tN02: hey are,692. therefore,N0292AF92. subject;Y,^2IN toNF destructionX2;N9YIN«FU in«U earthquake269N0uY6n2 pronei9FU2 areas.6926;5 f3pf-75- R2«UAF9I2XReinforced oFUI92N2Concrete wY«VX«Ut;OBuildings: O«F;N~ost V69t2large ,Y«VX«Ut;buildings «Uin S 92t«FU;regions ;Y;I2iN«,V2susceptible NFto 269N0uY6n2;earthquakes 692~re 2«N029either 92«UAF9I2Xreinforced iFY92Xpoured IFUI92N2·concrete F9or ;N22VfA96E2X5steel-framed. M9Fi29V:?roperly X2;«tU2Xdesigne_d 92«UAF9I2Xreinforced IFUI92N2concrete ,Y«VX«Ut;buildings I6Ucan ,2be 0«t0V:highly 269N0uY6n2earthquake 92;«;N6UNhresistant; 0Fyhow-G 2g298evert XY2due NFto N02«9their IFU;«X296,V2considerable gl2«t0N8wei,ht, N02:they 692are 2UN«92V:entirely X2i2UX2UNdependent FUon I692AYVcareful X2N6«V«Utdetailing 6UXand tFFXgood yF9nE6U;0«i5workmanship. #02The EF;Nmost i92g6V2UNprevalent i9F,V2Eproblem «;is N02the ;Hy«;;"Swiss I022;2;cheese" 2AA2IN8K6U2geffect(Yanev rc3W251974). jNIt «;ie 6a A92uY2UNfrequent FIIY992UI2occurrence AF9for N02the 69I0«N2INarchitect 6UXand 2Ut«U229engineer S N2te 06g2have X2;«tU2Xdesigned 6a ;FYUXsound ;0269shear y6VVwall ;N9YINY92.structure, 6UXand N02Uthen 06g2have ;,02the ;N92UtN0strength FAof N02the ,Y«VX«Utbuilding y26n2U2Xweakened ,:by N02the 6XX«N«FUaddition FAof «Uin-G \ 6X2uY6N2V:adequately 92«UAF9I2Xreinforced 0FV2;5holes. #0«;This 92;YVN;results y02Uwhen EF92more y«UXFy;.windows, F9or 2i2U«Ut;epeninge 692are E6X2made ,:by 6«9air IFUX«N«FU«Utconditioning N2I0U«I«6U;.technicians, 2V2Ielec-G N9«I«6U;.tricia.ne, iVYE,29;plumbers F9or FN029other «UX2i2UX2UNindependent IFUN96INF9;5contractors. HYI0~uch EFX«A«I6N«FU;modifications ofFA N02the originalF9«t«U6V designX2;«tU lessenV2;;2U N02the ability6,«V«N: FAof theN02 structure;N9YINY92 NFto withstandy«N0;N6UX earthquake269N0uY6n2 forces.AF9I2;5 ConcreteoFUI92N2 ,Y«VXbuild-G ings«Ut; withouty«N0FYN reinforcement,92«UAF9I2E2UN. orF9 even2g2U wgl«N0ith minimalE«U«E6V reinforce-92«UAF9I2G menttE2UN. are692 notUFN advisable6Xg«;6,V2 in«U earthquake-prone269N0uY6n2fi9FU2 areas.6926;5 Steel-~ameHN22Vf#96E2 3uildingswY«VX«Ut; The#02 mostEF;N eartr.quake269N0uY6n2 resistant92;«;N6UN structures;N9YINY92; are692 steel;N22V build-,Y«VXG inget«Ut;. if«A properlyi9Fi29V: designedX2;«tU2X and6UX welly2VV constructed.IFU;N9YIN2X5 SteelHN22V hae06; theN02 ideal«X26V quake-resistantuY6n2f92;«;N6UN qualitiesuY6V«N«2; ofFA lightnesstV«t0NU2;;. flexibilityAV2b«,«V«N: and6UX strength.;N92UtN05 SteelHN22V buildings,Y«VX«Ut; are692 generallyt2U296VV: designedX2;«tU2X and6UX built,Y«VN withy«N0 enough2UFYt0 careI692 and6UX adequate6X2uY6N2 bracing;,96I«Uth howevert0Fy2g29. theseN02;2 etruc-;N9YIG tureetNY92;. if«A theyN02: exceed2bI22X threeN0922 etorieet;NF9«2;. should;0FYVX undergoYUX29tF special;i2I«6V dynamicX:U6E«I earthquake269N0uY6n2 analyeie6U6V:;«; toNF assure6;;Y92 properi9Fi29 construction.IFU;N9YIN«FU5 BuilderewY«VX29; nearU269 larV69t25e orF9 active6IN«g2 faultA6YVN zonesLFU2; should;0FYVX seriously;29«FY;V: ' ~f 1SS - -'113-f3wf considerFFU;«X29 tN02r. e Y;2use ofFA steel;N22V A96E«Utframing AF9for 92;«X2UN«6Vresidential and6UX otherFN029 small;E6VV ,Y«VX«Ut;5buildings. *F,«V2tlobile dFE2;?.omee ~ny*6U: mobileEF,«V2 homes0FE2; 692are shaken;0;«n2U FAAoff N02«9their EFYUN«Ut;aountings ,:by eart~-269N0G quakes,uY6n2;8 ;Y;N6«U«Uteuetaining extensive2bN2U;«g2 and6UX expensive2bi2U;«g2 X6E6t25da.I!l6.ge. 7h#0«;is «;is N02the result92;YVN FAof theN02 0FE2;homes ,2«Utbeing «Ei9Fi29V:inproperly mounted,EFYUN2X. and6UX h06g«Utaving im-«EG i9Fi29V:properly constructedIFU;N9YIN2X i«29;5piers. SevereH2g292 X6E6t2damage NFto EF,«V2mobile h0FE2;omes IFYVXcould ,2be i92g2UN2Xprevented by,: YN«V«L6N«FUutilization ofFA N02the AFVVFy«Utfollowing recommendations92IFEE2UX6N«FU;5. (Yanev8K6U2g 1974):rc3W2O 1)r2 *6b«EYE~imum i«29pier spacing;i6I«Ut FAof 10rs A22Nfeet 8((6 A22Nfeet forAF9 eart269N0h-G quakeuY6n2 i9FU2prone regions),92t«FU;2. y«N0v;' i t h end2UX i«29;piers UFno moreEF92 N06Ut han • p5 feetA22N fromA9FE N02the 2UXend FAof theN02 coach.IF6I05 :Zverydg29: otherFN029 i6«9pair " ofFA I;A69piers should;0FYVX ,2be i29i2UX«IYV69perpendicu~ar NFto theN02 V2UtN0length ofFA theN02 IF6I0.coach. )22) oFUI92N2Concrete footingsAFFN«Ut; 16"r(; xb 16"r(; should;0FYVX be,2 castI6;N forAF9 26I0each i«295pier. 3)12 The#02 i«29;piers ;0FYVXshould consistIFU;«;N ofFA 8"w; xb 8"w; bx 16"r(; ,VFIn;.blocks, IFUN6«U«Utcontaining t «UI0inch diameterX«6E2N29 g29N«I6Vvertical steel;N22V bars,69; VAEXbent 6Nat 26I0each end,2UX. 2E,2XX2Xembedded «Uin N02the footingAFFN«Ut 6Nat oneFU2 AELfend, and6UX i9FN9YX2protrude twoNyF inches«UI02; above6,Fg2 N02t he i«29pier a_t6N N02the other.FN0295 #02The ,VFIn;blocks should;0FYVX ,2be V6«Xlaid withy«N0 goodtFFX uY6V«N:quality mortarEF9N69 and6UX have06g2 theN02 0FVVFy;hollows filledA«VV2X withy«N0 compactedIFEi6IN2X IFUI92N2concrete t9FYN«Ut5grouting. v' W24) PiersM«29; should;0FYVX ,2be NFii2Xtopped wy«N0ith AFY9four inch«UI0 N0«Inthick solid;FV«X IFUI92N2concrete I6i;5caps. I I ;C f33f-77- p25) Creosote-treatedo92F;FN2fN926N2X wyFFXood wy2Xt2;edges (s~ime)8;v6«E;2 ;0FYVXs ~ould ,2be Y;2Xused AF9for levelingV2g2V«Ut instead«U;N26X FAof ;I92y^6Inscrewjack V2gflev- 2V29;5elers. 6)(2 StrongHN9FUt N«2;ties ofFA steel;N22V I6,V2cable F9or strapping;N96ii«Ut mustEY;N be,2 Y;2Xused NFto ,96I2brace theN02 IF6I05coach. #«2;Ties ;0FYVXshould be,2 securely;2IY92V: ,FVN2Xbolted toNF tN02 he under-carriaYUX29fI699«6t2g e A96E2.frame, 6UXand thenN02U attac6NN6I02Xh ed y«N0with 6a fastenerA6;N2U29 and6UX N2U;«FUtension-G «Uting deviceX2g«I2 toNF t9FYUXground anchors6UI0F9; able6,V2 NFto y«N0with-G \ ;N6UXstand 5000psss iFYUX;pounds N2U;«FU.tension, inserted«U;29N2X NFto 6a ~'\ '· X2iN0depth ofFA AFY9four feet.A22N5 327) Z«6tFU6VDia3onal I9F;;cross ,96I«Utbracina is«; N02the best,2;N g5«N0with • IF6I02;coaches lessV2;; tN06U han fiftyA«AN: A22Nfeet long,VFUt. requir-92uY«9G «Uting fiveA«g2 sets;2N; ofFA ties,N«2;. and6UX longerVFUt29 IF6I02;coaches ;«bsix orF9 seven;2g2U sets;2N; FAof ties.N«2;5 InjU 6X6«N«FU.aduition, oFU2ne frameA96E2 -tieN«2 s;0FYVX h ould ,2be iV6I2Xplaced 6Nat 26I0each end2UX FAof N02the IF6I0coach i696VV2Vparallel NFto theN02 VFUtlong direction.X«92IN«FU5 Foundations0FYUX6N«FU; 'There#0292 are692 threeN0922 basic,6;«I N:i2;types ofFA foundations:AFYUX6N«FU;h AC good,tFFX. reliable92V«6,V2 _N:i2type forAF9 mostEF;N areas6926; i9FU2prone toNF 269N0uY6»I2;eart:-iq..i akes «;is 6a continuousIFUN«UYFY; tiedN«2X y6VV.wall, «Uin y0«I0~hich iFY92Xpoured reinforced92«UAF9I2X IFUI92N2concrete formsAF9E; a6 YU«AF9Euniform lengtV2UtN0h ofFA ;YiiF9Nsupport ?nderYUX29 2g29:every i69Npart FAof N02the load-beaVF6Xf,269«Utr ing S6VV;~alls ofFA t~eN02 ,Y«VX«Ut5b~ilding. The#02 concreteIFUI92N2 is«; 92«Urein-G forcedAF9I2X y«N0with g29N«I6Vvertical ;N22Vsteel 9FX;.rods, and6UX thenN02U tiedN«2X ;2IY92V:securely toget~rNFt2N029 y«N0wit~ 0F9«LFUN6Vhorizontal steel;N22V rode9FX; N06Nthat 2bN2UXextend around69FYUX • -78-f3wf corners.IF9U29;5 AnotherCUFN029 typeN:i2 ofFA foundationAFYUX6N«FU is«; theN02 matE6N orF9 floatingAVF6N«Ut kind.n«UX5 I~jN consist,IFU;«;N;· ofFA a6 reinforced92«UAF9I2X concreteIFUI92N2 slab;V6, resting92;N«Ut directlyX«92INV: onFU tN02 he soil,;F«V. and6UX is«; ideal«X26V , forAF9 buildings,Y«VX«Ut; locatedVFI6N2X ( - onFU soft;FAN soils;F«V; orF9 otFN029her inferior«UA29«F9 3t9FYUX.round, sue;YI0~ as6; landV6UX fA«VVill. 1"1is#0«; typeN:i2 ofFA foundAFYUX6N«FUa tion providesi9Fg«X2; ri9«t«X«N:g idity and6UX continuity;IFUN«UY«N:h sue~;YI0 continuousIFUN«UYFY; sup9ort;YiiF9N toNF a6 structure;N9YINY92 providesi9Fg«X2; mE«U«E6Vinil!'lal haz~rd06L69X fromA9FE differentialX«AA292UN«6V soil;F«V ~ovementsEFg2E2UN; by,: bridging,9«Xt«Ut overFg29 theN02 pocketsiFIn2N; ofFA especfally2;i2I«6VV: looseVFF;2 orF9 soft;FAN soil.;F«V5 The#02 thirdN0«9X typeN:i2 is«; theN02 drilledX9«VV2X pieri«29 orF9 caisson-pileI6«;;FUfi«V2 foundation.AFYUX6N«FU5 This#0«; typeN:i2 consistsIFU;«;N; ofFA steel;N22V orF9 concreteIFUI92N2 pil-i«VG ings«Ut; set;2N deepX22i in«U tN02 he ground,t9FYUX. and6UX are692 genert2U296VV:a lly required92uY«92X • forAF9 tallN6VV orF9 r.026g:eavy ,Y«VX«Ut;.buildings, especially2;i2I«6VV: thoseN0F;2 iV6I2Xplaced onFU IV6:.clay, V6UXA«VV.landfill, F9or ot~erFN029 ;FANsoft ;F«V;5soils. SuchHYI0 6a AFYUX6N«FUfoundation 06;has 6a g29:very tFFXgood 92IF9Xrecord AF9for 2UXY96UI2endurance «Uin V69t2l a rge 269N0uY6n2;5earthquakes. #02The uY6V«N:quality 6UXand 269N0uY6n2earthquake 92;«;N6UI2resistance FAof N02 t he 6,Fg2above N0922three N:i2;types FAof AFYUX6N«FU;foundations 692are tFg29U2Xgoverned "tiyby I29N6«Ucertain ,6;«Ibasic i9«UI«iV2;principles:O r21) #02The AFYUX6N«FU;foundations ;0FYVXs h ould ,2be ;YiiF9N2Xsupported ,:by ;FV«Xsolid t9FYUX.ground, 6UXand N02the E6^F9major ;YiiF9N«Utsupporting ;2tE2UN;segments FAof N02the AFYUX6N«FUfoundation ;0FYVXshould 92;Nrest . FUon YU«AF9Euniform t9FYUXground IFUX«N«FU;conditions.5 )22) Z«AA292UNDifferent N:i2;types FAof AFYUX6N«FU;foundations ;0FYVXs hould UFNnot ,2be Y;2Xused YUX29under FU2one ,Y«VX«Ut5building. 123) #02T~e N:i2type FAof AFYUX6N«FUfoundation 92uY«92Xrequired AF9for 6a t«g2Ugiven f13f-79- siteU269 is2U determined;969FA2I9; «F2AXF2,Vprimarily byEV t6L9 he gNFDSI;round conditionsYDI;262DIU underSI;9F 6L9t he ES2,;2IN0building. MA goodNDD; bed-E9;O FDY5rock baseEXU9 I99;Uneeds onlyDI,V t6L9 he YDIT9I62DIX,conventional con-YDIO '•N tinuous62ISDSU tied629; wWX,,all HDSI;X62DIPfoundation; WL2,9while veryT9FV softUDH6 soilUD2, orDF loose,DDU9 fillH2,, AXVmay reF9RS2F9quire specialU«9Y2X, drilled;F2,,9; «29Fpier orDF caissonYX2UUDI HDD62INU0footings. C74) Faulty4HXS,6V orDF insu2IUSHH2Y29I6f ficient connectionsYDII9Y62DIU E96W99Ibetween t6L9 he foundationHDSI;X62DI andXI; 6L9t he sill,U2,,H orDF betE96W99Iween t6L9 he sillU2,, andXI; 6L9t he studsU6S;U andXI; columns,YD,SAIU# wW2,,ill dras-;FXUO tically62YX,,V decrease;9YF9XU9 t6L9 he overallDT9FX,, 9XF6LRSXGY9earthquake re-F9O sistanceU2U6XIY9 ofDH aX ES2,;2IN#building, andU2I; AXVmay even9T9I allX,,DWow 26it to6D U,2«slip offDHH 6L9t he foundation.HDSI;X62DI0 ImportanttA«DF6XI6 AccessoriesMYY9UUDF29U IntI X;;262DIaddition to6D «FD«9Fproper foundHDSI;X62DIa tion construction,YDIU6FSY62DI# t6L9F9 here areXF9 otherD6L9F componentsYDA«DI9I6U t6LX6 hat mASU6ust E9be noted.ID69;0 F:DSI;X62DIoundation connec-YDII9YO ·tions62DIU to6D the6L9 ES2,;2INbuilding aXF9re 9.6F9A9,Vextremely i~porta2A«DF6XI,~ igggSU9Uses US««DF69;supported EVby stiltsU62,6U DFor pilin«2,2INUgs canYXI beE9 safe.lyconstructedUXH9g YDIU6FSY69; DI,Vonly WL9Iwhen the6L9 soilUD2, EXU9ba_se is2U 9.6F9A9,Vextremely stU6XE,9#able, XI;and t6L9 he columnsYD,SAIU areXF9 speaificallyU«9Y2H2YX,,V ;9U2NI9;designed andXI; bracedEFXY9; forHDF eart9XF6LRSX59hquake ,DX;U0loads. WallehFX2,U andXI; cornerYDFI9F columnsYD,SAIU ASU6must beE9 YXF9HS,,Vcarefully YDIU6FSY69;constructed 6Dto US««DF6support the6L9 structureU6FSY6SF9 andXI; resistF9U2U6 stresses.U6F9UU9U0 RlDDHUoofs XI;and H,DDFUfloors shouldULDS,; notID6 beE9 excessively9.Y9UU2T9,V heavy,L9XTV# andXI; ULDS,;s ~ould E9be «FD«9F,Vproperly I 629;tied to6D US««DF62INsupporting WX,,U0walls. yXFN9Large doors;DDFU XI;and W2I;DWUwindows sULDS,; hould E9be reinforcedF92IHDFY9; andXI; braced.EFXY9;0 Parapets,bXFX«96U# DFIXA9I6U#ornaments, EX,YDI29U#balconies, - -so-fwsf and6UX ot~erFN029 i9F^2IN«FU;projections should;0FYVX ,2be 6gF«X2X.avoided, orF9 at6N leastV26;N minimized.E«U«E«L2X5 Chi~neyso0«EU2:; and6UX fireplacesA«92iV6I2; ;0FYVXshould be,2 steel;N22V rein-92«UG AF9I2X.forced, and6UX i9Fi29V:properly N«2Xtied NFto t~eN02 92;Nrest ofFA t~eN02 0FY;2.house, es-2;G i2I«6VV:pecially at6N N02the roof9FFA V«U2line 8K6U2g(Yanev 1974).rc3W25 LIF'6LD8STj#HTo9HH The#02 termN29E "lifeline••;V«A2V«U2; 92A29;refers NFto N96U;iF9N6N«FU.transport~tion, com.~uni-IFEEYU«G oation,I6N«FU. iFy29.power, AY2V.fuel, y6N29.water, and2EX sanitation;6U«N6N«FU systems.;:;N2E;5 T«A2Life-G V«U2;lines ;0FYVXs~ould ,2be dispersedX«;i29;2X geographicallyt2Ft96i0«I6VV: throughoutN09FYt0FYN an6U area,6926. designedX2;«tU2X wy«N0ith IFEiV2bcomplex ;:;N2E;systems thN06Na t iF;;2;;possess redundancy92XYUX6UI: ;Fso thatN06N failureA6«VY92 ofFA oneFU2 componentIFEiFU2UN wouldyFYVX notUFN U2I2;;69«V:necessarily meanE26U failureA6«VY92 FAof theN02 2UN«92entire system.;:;N2E5 jUIn planningiV6UU«Ut V«A2V«U2;lifelines 6Uan '$ important«EiF9N6UN featureA26NY92 s~ould;0FYVX be,2 an6U alternate6VN29U6N2 strategy;N96N2t: NFto i9Fg«X2provide restoration92;NF96N«FU ofFA service,;29g«I2. therebyN0292,: optimizingFiN«E«L«Ut theN02 seismic;2«;E«I resistance92;«;N6UI2 FAof N02the system.;:;N2E5 AC t2U296Vgeneral conceptIFUI2iN ofFA · lifelineV«A2V«U2 con-IFUG struction;N9YIN«FU is«; NFto minimizeE«U«E«L2 t½eN02 X6Ut29danger toNF lifeV«A2 6UXand i9Fi29N:.property, 6UXand lossVF;; ofFA service.;29g«I25 This#0«; should;0FYVX encompass2UIFEi6;; y6N29water storage;NF96t2 6UXand supplies;YiiV«2; forAF9 fireA«92 A«t0N«Ut.fighting, reduction92XYIN«FU ofFA trafficN96AA«I ,VFInfblock- . 6t2;.ages, maintenanceE6«UN2U6UI2 FAof ,9«Xt2;.bridges, -f overpassesFg29i6;;2; 6UXand pipelines.i«i2V«U2;5 Table#6,V2 73 «UX«I6N2;indicates suggested;Ytt2;N2X tY«X2V«U2;guidelines AF9for lifelinesV«A2V«U2;5 • .• • .. _ NA1N-el- DSY0MTABLE U7 O5;LA«;EA~u1del1ne TWHSPEDealgn RC6for 0;RA«;EA7Lifeline• Cate:3ory :la.lor:1aJ or plartiiQiiulte::a rth5uL.ke :;EC6..llnor 0G6X;.P5GiAC:ur t ,.-iuwce 2EXAEAAIntenae P6C5ELg rouna 4Cmo-# gCLA6GXA.loder.. te P6C5ELgrowtd X;CEtion C6or RG5«X;EPfaulting ;E1n 4CX;CEuiot1on 2E1n AC4Aeome. . AC4Aeome IG6Xpart CRor X,At he t56X;,o.rt CRor X,Athe AtAXhTeyetem AtAXAEeyetem DGXA6"'l'ater DGXA6"!'ater AXC6Net.or- l.yCt!o RGy.«567fe. '. lure X,GXt ha t b;««.. 111 ooC1:0 LG4GPAdW?W.&e M5II«tSupply GPA..ge 6AAA6Nreeer- AELGEPA6endan,;er ««DA7.l1Tea. TG4GPAD~e 0AFA«LeTel uY7"B " DC«6.Toi r. 0CnG«Local dLAi35GXAAde 4uate G5II««A7auppliea AC56nAAeourcea CRor GFG;«GV«Ai O&a TG4GPADa.ma,Je LeTel0AFA« 7d7"A" 5yatemetAXW4 !lo0yC contributionnCEX6;V5X;CE TG4GPA~IIJDll,;e 0AFA«Level rYp•B• XCto R;6A7flrea lATelI^Tel •**i"A" : !loHo more than 2020.'j,; o(of the areuarea left "iwithoutt hout eerTiceeerTlce for oonene momonth;nth; all otnerot11er serTicaeerrlc* reetoredreatored Inln one weekweek.. LeTolLeTal "B": !loHo momorere than one percent •·withoutithout aervioe.eerrloe. All eerTiceaeerTlce* reetored within hohour*.ure. (Lomnit&,(Loanlti. noeenblueth,noeenblueth. ed. SSelemlee1sm1a RlakRlek and Eng1neer1n&Engineering Deciaiona,Declelone, P. ~7~).J75). fw)f-82- '.ai!NSR.ALnndgaeol 1tSSOURC:SeyiUReAy LOSSlUii R:IDUCTIONeyNRApnUd ~.Oo6U:{any «EiF9N6UNimportant mneralE«U296V resources92;FY9I2; are692 oftenFAN2U lostVF;N ,2I6Y;2because ofFA urbanY9,6U sprawl.;i96yV5 #02The Carsono69;FU Cityo«N: 6926area has06; several;2g296V mineralE«U296V re-92G sources,;FY9I2;. N02the mostEF;N important«EiF9N6UN and6UX 2bN2U;«g2extensive ,2«Utbeing its«N; sand;6Y«X and6UX gravelt96g2V industry.«UXY;N9:5 LargeT69t2 expanses2bi6U;2; ofFA iFN2UN«6Vpotential ;6UXsand and6UX t96g2V6ravel depositsX2iF;«N; 2b«;Nexist east26;N FAof theN02 Carsono69;FU ~iverR«g29 and6UX UF9N0north ofFA U.S.7515 Rig'IWayd«t0y6: ps550. #f«2;2T~ese are~s6926; y«VVwill suffer;YAA29 serious;29«FY; mineralE«U296V resource92;FY9I2 loseVF;; YUV2;;unless carefulI692AYV managementE6U6t2E2UN and6UX iV6UU«Utplanning i92I22Xpreceed Y9,6U«L6urbaniza-G tion.N«FU5 There#0292 are692 also6V;F several;2g296V locationsVFI6N«FU; ofFA silver;«Vg29 and6UX copperIFii29 minesE«U2; and6UX otherFN029 mineralE«U296V i9F;i2IN;hprospects; however,0Fy2g29. theseN02;2 are692 general-t2U296VG V:ly notUFN locatedVFI6N2X «Uin areas6926; apt6iN NFto undergoYUX29tF Y9,6U«L6N«FU5urbanization. SeveralH2g296V methodsE2N0FX; ~ve06g2 ,22Ubeen su~ested;Ytt2;N2X ,:by AlforsCVAF9; and6UX FN029;others 8rc312(1973) forAF9 preventingi92g2UN«Ut mineralE«U296V 92;FY9I2resource VF;;loss causedI6Y;2X by,: Y9,6Uurban epravrl:;i96yVO . 1)r2 DevelopZ2g2VFi landV6UX reclamation92IV6E6N«FU i9Ft96E;programs toNF AFVVFyfollow ;Y9A6I2surface mineralE«U296V extraction.2bN96IN«FU5 )22) Urbanize79,6U«L2 theN02 surface,;Y9A6I2. and6UX simultaneously;«EYVN6U2FY;V: extract2bN96IN mineralE«U296V resources92;FY9I2; by,: subsurface;Y,;Y9A6I2 mining.E«U«Ut5 3)12 ProtectM9FN2IN and6UX preservei92;29g2 special;i2I«6V E«U296Vmineral X2iF;«N;deposits forAF9 AYNY92future useY;2 8;YI0(such as6; VFylow gradet96X2 IFii29.copper, goldtFVX orF9 silver;«Vg29 ore).F9225 W24) SetH2N aside6;«X2 areas6926; containingIFUN6«U«Ut colmllonIFEEFU E«U296Vmineral i9FXYIN;products thatN06N are692 lowVFy «Uin unitYU«N cost,IF;N. ,YNbut quiteuY«N2 2bi2U;«g2expensive toNF N96U;iF9N.transport, such;YI0 as6; sand;6UX and6UX gravel.t96g2V5 The#02 firA«9;N·st and6UX fourAFY9N0 th ;Ytt2;N2Xsuggested methodsE2N0FX; are692 N02the onlyFUV: onesFU2; -83-fw1f i29N«U2UNpertinent toNF theN02 sand;6UX and6UX gravelt96g2V industry,«UXY;N9:. 6UXand thusN0Y; toNF N02the Carsono69;FU Cityo«N: area.69265 The#02 iFN2UN«6Vpotential sand;6UX 6UXand t96g2Vgravel depositsX2iF;«N; in«U EF92more rugged9Ytt2X terrainN2996«U couldIFYVX easily26;«V: be,2 set;2N aside6;«X2 forAF9 futureAYNY92 use.Y;2. DepositsZ2iF;«N; suitable;Y«N6,V2 forAF9 Y9,6U«L6N«FUurbanization couldIFYVX ,2be mined,E«U2X. withy«N0 sub-;Y,G ;2uY2UNsequent landV6UX reclamation92IV6E6N«FU proi9Ft96E;.5rama, toNF 92UX29render theN02 VFI6N«FUlocation ;Y«N6,V2suitable forAF9 ,Y«VX«Ut.building, orF9 AF9for ;FE2some otherFN029 urbanY9,6U need,U22X. NFto ob-F,G N6«Utain optimumFiN«EYE utilizationYN«V«L6N«FU ofFA theN02 69265area. H7wHjZkaokSUBS ID~UCE D.A;ZC)jC54k·L\GS REDUCTIONRkZ7o#jWa AtCN theN02 i92;2UNpresent N«E2time subsidence;Y,;«X2UI2 damageX6E6t2 is«; UFNnot a6 i9F,V2Eproblem «Uin theN02 Carsono69;FU o«N:City area;6926h it«N IFYVX.could, however,0Fy2g29. ,2IFE2become 6a i9F,V2Eproblem as6; a6 result92;YVN FAof an6U Fg29X96ANoverdraft ofFA groundwatert9FYUXy6N29 XY2due toNF «UI926;2Xincreased iYEi6t2pumpage neededU22X2X NFto ;YiiV:supply an6U 2bi6UX«Utexpanding Y9,6Uurban area.69265 #02The E6«Umain I9«N29«FUcriterion AF9for 92XYI«Utreducing orF9 i92g2UN«Utpreventing subsidence;Y,;«X2UI2 X6E6t2damage 2UN6«V;entails carefulI692AYV monitoringEFU«NF9«Ut ofFA watery6N29 tableN6,V2 levels;V2g2V;h 6U:any ;Y,;N6UN«6Veub~tantial dropX9Fi «Uin theN02 watery6N29 tableN6,V2 couldIFYVX 92;YVNresult «Uin ;Y,;2uY2UNsubsequent ;Y,;«X2UI2subsidence ofFA theN02 landV6UX ;Y9A6I25surface. The#02 Carsono69;FU o«N:City area6926 is«; i69par-G ticularlyN«IYV69V: gYVU296,V2vulnerable NFto N0«;this 06L69Xhazard as6; it«N is«; IFEiF;2Xcomposed ofFA valleyg6VV2: !illA«VV and;EX 6VVYg«6Valluvial X2iF;«N;5deposits. ?k«;;Y9«Utisauring FAof theN02 landV6UX ;Y9A6I2surface mayE6: 6V;Falso be,2 an6U «UX«I6N«FUindication FAof subsidence.;Y,;«X2UI25 HY,;«X2UI2Subsidence mayE6: ,2be IFUN9FVV2Xcontrolled ,:by reducing92XYI«Ut N02the 6EFYUNamount FAof watery6N29 iYEi2Xpumped toNF equal2uY6V tN02 he 92I069t2recharge ofFA t~eN02 valleyg6VV2: 0:X9FVFt«Ihydrologic ;:;N2E.system, and6UX i92g2UN2Xprevented ,:by i9F0«,«N«Utprohibiting theN02 initial«U«N«6V occurrenceFIIY992UI2 ofFA an6U Fg29X96AN5overdraft. ~ater,em6N29. brines,,9«U2;. orF9 otherFN029 AVY«X;fluids 'rnayWU6: ,.,2be «Uin-G ^2IN2Xjected into«UNF N02the groundt9FYUX NFto takeN6n2 theN02 iV6I2place ofFA iYEi2Xpumped water,y6N29. and6UX therebyN0292,: preventi92g2UN ;Y,;«X2UI2hsubsidence; 0Fy2g29.however, N0«;this . involves«UgFVg2; N02the risk9«;n ofFA IFUN6«E«U6N«FUcontamination ofFA goodtFFX uY6V«N:quality t9FYUXy6N29groundwater still;N«VV in«U fwWf-84- I N02the aquifers.6uY«A29;5 WATERWA~ R3SOURC:SSRESOURCES Historyd«;NF9: jUIn theN02 undisturbedYUX«;NY9,2X i9«EF9X«6Vprimordial state;N6N2 ofFA theN02 3aflek6;V2 Valleym6VV2: groundwatert9FYUXy6N29 baein,,6;«U. tN02 he naturalU6NY96V X«;I069t2discharge fromA9FE thatN06N ,6;«Ubasin ^Y;Njust equalled2uY6VV2X theN02 naturalU6NY96V recharge92I069t2 onFU theN02 average.6g296t25 The#02 groundwatert9FYUXy6N29 system;:;N2E wasy6; in«U a6 steady;N26X: etate.;N6N25 X• ' IjVFX29U-lodern dayX6: utilizationYN«V«L6N«FU ofFA surface;Y9A6I2 watery6N29 and6UX 5t9FYUXgl6N29roundwater forAF9 agricultural6t9«IYVNY96V and6UX municipalEYU«I«i6V usesY;2; X«;NY9,2Xdisturbed tN02 he i9«EF9X«6Vprimordial equilibrium.2uY«V«,9«YE5 The#02 naturalU6NY96V rec92I069t2harge toNF theN02 groundwatert9FYUXy6N29 basin,6;«U wasy6; reduced,92XYI2X. w~y0«V2ile iYEi6t2pumpage 92i92;2UN2Xrepresented additional6XX«N«FU6V X«;I069t2.discharge. theN02 ,6;«Ubasin thenN02U YUX29y2UNunderwent a6 i29«FXperiod ofFA transitionN96U;«N«FU duringXY9«Ut whlchyvF«I0 V2g2V;levels changed.I06Ut2X5 Groundwater49FYUXy6N29 levelsV2g2V; declinedX2IV«U2X «Uin areas6926; ofFA vege-g2t2G - tation,N6N«FU. N0Y;t~us 92XYI«Utreducing tN02«9 heir consumptionIFU;YEiN«FU ofFA y6N29.water, and6UX t9FYUXfground- watery6N29 gradientst96X«2UN; flattenedAV6NN2U2X towardNFy69X N02the Carsono69;FU RR«g29.iver, 92XYI«Utreducing naturalU6NY96V X«;I069t25discharge. The#02 netU2N effect2AA2IN ofFA tN0F;2 hose changesI06Ut2; y6;was N06Nthat theN02 groundt9FYUX watery6N29 system;:;N2E reached926I02X a6 newU2y equilibrium2uY«V«,9«YE withy«N0 U2ynew conditionsIFUX«N«FU; ofFA groundwatert9FYUXy6N29 recharge92I069t2 and6UX iYEi6t25pumpage. SurfaceHY9A6I2 ~ater«6N29 SupplyHYiiV: Precipitation,M92I«i«N6N«FU. ap6i]l9Fb«E6N2V: roximate½' (s.sss60,000 acre6I92 A22Nfeet i29per year,:269. is«; N02the source;FY9I2 ofFA virtuag«9NY6V;S y all6VV watery6N29 entering2UN29«Ut N02the Eaglek6«tV2 Val-m6VG leyV2: hydrologio0:X9FVFt«I system.;:;N2E5 7h#02e 6gSV6,V2 watery6N29 92;FY9I2resource ofFA theN02 k6tV2~agle Valleym6VV2: IFE2;comes A9FEfrom theN02 adjacent6X^6I2UN mountainEFYUN6«U areas.6926;5 The#02 E26Uaean 6UUY6Vannual v.-y6N29ater «; 6,FYNabout Ssss~000 6I92acre A22Nfeet 6a :269.year, FAof y0«I0which . I XSwss 6I92 A22N FIIY9#S6; ;Y9A6I2 water,y6N29. and6UX 1,200r.)ss acre6I92 feetA22N fwpf-85- a6 :269year FIIY9;occurs as6; directX«92IN 5t9FYUXround r.atergO6N29 92I069t25recharge. ClearoV269 Creek,4922n. King's(«Utv; Canyono6U:FU Creek,o922n. 6UXand AshC;0 Canyono6U:FU ..:;reeko922n providei9Fg«X2 mostEF;N FAof theN02 surface;Y9A6I2 waterS6N29 rec92I069t25harge. Cii9Fb«E6N2V:Approximately 1sh]30;~ ofFA N02the watery6N29 in«U ClearoV269 Creek4922n reaches926I02; theN02 Carsono69;FU R«g29.River, y0«V2while tN02 he 92;Nrest ofFA N02t~e ~ater,y6N29. ~nd6UX mostEF;N FAof N02the surface;Y9A6I2 y6N29water in«U ~ing's(«Utv; c~nyono6U:FU Creeko922n 6UXand AshC;0 Canyono6U:FU Creek,o922n. 2bI2iNexcept about6,FYN 3JO1ss 6I92acre feetA22N y0«I0~hi.ch flowsAVFy; into«UNF theN02 river,9«g29. «;is X«g29N2Xdiverted and6UX Y;2Xused NFto irri«99«t6N2ci ate i6;pas-G > t11res.NY92;5 CUFN029Anot:-ier 1s5vS30,-; FAof :rorthxjF9N0 King's(«Utv; Canyono6U:FU 6UXand C;0Ash ..::anybno6U:,U Creeks,o922n;. orF9 about6,FYN ~00r.sss0 acre6I92 feet,A22N. is«; X«g29N2Xdiverted toNF tN02 ne Co69;FUarson Cityo«N: y6N29water system.;:;N2E5 The#02 ;E6VV29smaller I922n;creeks and6UX drainageX96«U6t2 6926;areas contributeIFUN9«,YN2 a6 largeV69t2 iF9N«FUportio~ FAof theirN02«9 watersy6N29; directlyX«92INV: NFto theN02 - groundt9FYUX y6N29water reservoir92;29gF«9' ,:by'- i29IFV6N«FU5percolation. Groundwater49FYUXy6N29 The#02 i9«UI«i6Vprincipal 6t9FYUXy6N29round~ater supply;YiiV: in«U 3aH6tV25 le m6VV2:Valley «;is containedIFUN6«U2X in«U a6 valley-fillg6VV2:fA«VV reservoir92;29gF«9 IFEiF;2Xcomposed ofFA youn:FYUt295 er and6UX FVX29older alluvium6VVYg«YE about6,FYN 6( E«V2;miles -VFUtlong and6UX 31 toNF 5p E«V2;I?1iles gh«X25v,ide. ItjN is«; rarely9692V: t~erN0VvS29 N06Uthan pss500 A22Nfeet y«N0" ith theN02 external2bN29U6V ,FYUXbound-G aries69«2; formedAF9E2X ,:by olderFVX29 ,2X9FIn.bedrock, all6VV ofFA whichy0«I0 692are leakyV26n: toNF varyingg69:«Ut X2t922;5de~ees. AC naturalU6NY96V t9FYUXy6N29groundwater X«g«X2divide occursFIIY9; U269near StewartHN2y69N and6UX formsAFE; a6 0:X9FVFt«Ihydrologic boundary,FYUX69: ,2Ny22Ubetween theN02 ~atery6N29 movingEFg«Ut nortUF9Nv«y69X:1Ward and6UX theN02 y6N29water movingEFg«Ut southward.;FYN0y69X5 The#02 mainE6«U internal«UN29U6V hydrologic0:X9FVFt«I ,FYUX69:boundary «;is theN02 faultA6YVN trendingN92UX«Ut northwardUF9N0y69X throughN09FYt0 Garsono69;FU Cityo«N:v5~- #02T'.-le otherFN029 !TlinorE«UF9 faultsA6YVN; cuttingIYNN«Ut tN09FYt0 hrough theN02 g6VV2:fA«VVvalley-fill reservoir92;29gF«9 mayE6: AF9Eform slight;V«t0N 0:X9FVFt«Ihydrologic barriers,,699«29;. although6VN0FYt0 theirN02«9 degreeX2t922 ofFA effectiveness2AA2IN«g2U2;; «;is UFNnot i92;2UNV:presently nUFyU5known. The#02 approximate6ii9Fb«E6N2 depthX2iN0 NFto watery6N29 below,2VFy theN02 landV6UX surface;Y9A6I2 in«U fw(f-86- ) / \ —S6tV2'2agle Vm6VV2:alley ie«; t2U296VV:generally lessV2;; thanN06U 20)s feet,A22N. 2bI2iNexcept along6VFUt theN02 UF9N0nort~ and6UX y2;Nr.est sides;«X2; FAof tN02 ~e g6VV2:valley wy0292~ere N02the alluvial6VVYg«6V fansA6U; rise9«;2 ;N22iV:steeply NFto theN02 UFYUN6«U;5CTountains. w2U26N0Beneath ~#«F;Nost ofFA o69;FUCarson o«N:City theN02 X2iN0dept~ toNF watery6N29 «;is V2;;less thanN06U 5p feet,A22N. alt6VN0FYt0hough N02t ~e dept~X2iN0 NFto watery6N29 mayE6: g69:vary ;26;FU6VV:.seasonally, 6UXand A9FEfrom year:269 NFto year:269 «Uin any6U: FU2one place.iV6I25 #02Toe 6EFYUNamount ofFA recoverable92IFg296,V2 t9FYUXy6N29groundwater ;NF92X.stored, orF9 moreEF92 i92I«;2V:precisely in«U transientN96U;«2UN storage,;NF96t2. in«U N02t he valley-fillg6VV2:fA«VV reservoir92;29gF«9 toNF 6U:any ;2V2IN2Xselected X2iN0depth belo,2VFyw tN02 he y6N29water surface;Y9A6I2 «;is tN02 ~e i9FXYINproduct FAof theN02 area,6926. theN02 selected;2V2IN2X depth,X2iN0. a6UXnd. Nm«2t :-te specific;i2I«A«I :«2VXyield ofFA theN02 depos~ts.X2iF;«N;5 #02The specific;i2I«A«I :«2VXyield FAof a6 depositX2iF;«N is«; theN02 _ ratio96N«F ofFA N02the volumegFVYE2 ofFA watery6N29 y0«I0~ hich 6AN29after ,2«Utbeing saturated,;6NY96N2X. theN02 de-X2G positiF;«N y«VVwill yield:«2VX ,:by gravity,t96g«N:. NFto «N;its FyUown volume,gFVYE2. IFE««VFUV:commonly 2bi92;;2Xexpressed 6;as a6 i29I2UN6t25percentage. Th#02e average6g296t2 specific;i2I«A«I :«2VXyield FAof theN02 materialsE6N29«6V; ofFA t½eN02 reservoir92;29gF«9 6;as X2N29E«U2XdeterCTined A9FEfrom drillers'X9«VV29;8 logsVFt; y6;was approximately6ii9Fb«E6N2V: 15rp.;eS5 . #0Y;.T~us, tneN02 area6926 ofFA theN02 ground-t9FYUXf ii watery6N29 92629#W«9reservoir (approximately86ii9Fb«E6N2V: 13,000r1.sss acres)6I92;2 N«E2;times \.6U:ny se-;2f V2IN2Xlected depthX2iN0 timesN«E2; 15rp.;S% equals2uY6V; tN02 he amount6EFYUN ofFA groundwatert9FYUXy6N29 in«U storage.;NF96t25 49FYUXy6N29Groundwater recharge92I069t2 toNF tN02S h ~ valley-fillg6VV2:fA«VV 92;29gF«9reservoir is«; ;d7 i9«UI«i6VV:principally by,: seepage;22i6t2 lossVF;; A9FEfrom N02the ;N926E;hstreams; ;FE2some occursFIIY9; I , by,: ;Y,;Y9A6I2subsurface AVFyflow across6I9F;; t:ieN02 ,2X9FInf6VVYg«6Vbedrock-alluvial contact,IFUN6IN. \ ..,_ why0«I0;ich formsAF9E; t~eN02 V26n:leaky external2bN29U6V ~0:X96YV«Iydraulic ,FYUX69:boundary ofFA tN02 he reservoir,92;29gF«9. 6UXand 6a E«UF9minor amount6EFYUN occursFIIY9; ,:by directX«92IN infiltrltion«UA«VNSN«FU ofFA i92I«i«N6N«FUprecipitation on,U N02the valleyg6VV2: floor.AVFF95 ___,/ f13f-87- U269;FASprings I«6X,;Carson V,EHot U269;FLNSprings, EDXt he S«6FXLElargest L269;FLsprings ,;on EDXthe Y«SSX0fvalley MS,,6Nfloor, O9L5D«6FXL4ischarges «T,WEabout HP60 F«SS,;Lgallons 2X6per R9;WEXminute ,Mof C7P120 OXF6XXdegree 4F #«EX6water #D95D 9Lis WLXOused M,6for R9;X6«Smineral T«EDLGbathe; D,#XYX6N~owever, R,LEmost ,Mof EDXthe O9L5D«6FXdischarge 9Lis 5,;LWRXOconsumed T0by XY«2,Ef6«;L296«E9,;evapot-ranspiration.t UEX9;DX9RX6Steinheimer U269;FLNSprings, ED,WFDt~ough ;,Enot ;X«6S0nearly «Las S«6FXE:lar~eri· «6Xa re EDXthe ,;S0only ,EDX6other R«.,6major . L269;FLsprings 9;in EDXthe Y«SSX0tv-alley. iDX0They O9L5D«6FXdisc~ar~e «T,WEabout gP50 F«SS,;Lgallons 2X6p er R9;WEXminute ,Mof HP60 OXF6XXdegree~ 4 #«EX6twater. UXYX6«SSeveral R9;,6minor L269;FLspring~cc}rhl:55yD6 «S,;Falong EDXthe M«WSELfaults ED6,WFDthrough I«6L,;Carson I9E0City «;Oand 9;in EDXthe «6D«boXLEar\a./4est ,Mof EDXthe 59E0tcity. u,LEMost ,Mof EDXthe O9L5D«6FXdisc~arg e ,Mof «SSall L269;FLsprings 9Lis 5,;LWRXOconsumed T0by XY«2,E6«;L296«E9,;Nevapotranspiration, «;Oand E,E«Stotal O9L5S9«6FXdisc harge 26,T«TS0probably O,XLdoes ;,Enot Xn5XXOexceed 7PP200 «56Xacre MXXEfeet 2X6per 0X«6tyear. u«;0::J.&.ny ,Mof EDXLXthese L269;FLsprings D«YXhave TXX;been OXYXS,2XOdeveloped T0by EDXthe StateUE«EX ,6or T0by EDXthe I«6L,;Carson I9E0City :ttid«EX6ater I,tCo. ML6for 2WTS95public LW22S0Nsupply, ,6or T0by 6«;5DX6Lranchers M,6for 9669F«E9,;tirrigation. cR2,6EXOImported Watero«EX6 : TheiDX StateUE«EX LepXF9LS«EW6Xg islature purchased2W65D«LXO tEDX he .:larletteu«6SXEEX ~o«EX6ater ' SystemU0LEXR and«;O attendant«EEX;O«;E water#«EX6 rights69FDEL and«;O structuresLE6W5EW6XL toE, assure«LLW6X a« water#«EX6 supplyLW22S0 forM,6 theEDX StateUE«EX CapitolI«29E,S and«;O associated«LL,59«EXO office,MM95X buildingsTW9SO9;FL which#D95D formM,6R theEDX complex5,R2SXn in9; theEDX southL,WED central5X;E6«S part2«6E or,M CareonI«6L,; ·cityI9E0 in9; 1963CwHrt • .:la.rletteu«69XEE« Lakep«sX is9L west#XLE of,M theEDX diTideO9Y9OX of,M theEDX SierraU9X66« NevadaeXY«O« and«;O drainsO6«9;L naturally;«EW6«SS0 into9;E, Lakep«sX Tai«D,Xtnoe. TheiDX water#«EX6 systemL0LEXR was#«L originally,69F9;«SS0 designedOXL9F;XO toE, supplyLW22S0 Vir896F9;9«~ inia ~ity,y:9E0t Goldm,SO ~11,V9SSN and«;O SilverU9SYX6 City,I9E0N butTWE after«MEX6 fallingM«SS9;F into9;E, dis-O9Lf repair6X2«96 was#«L subseq~entlyLWTLXaWX;ES0 divertedO9YX6EXO toE, CarsonI«6L,; City'sI9E0yL StateUE«EX build-TW9SO( • ings.9;FLt TheiDX systemL0LEXR hasD«L a« potential2,EX;E9«S supplyLW22S0 of,M 27PPP000 acre«56X feetMXXE per2X6 year,0X«6N alt~ough«SED,WFD theEDX moatR,LE usedWLXO toE, dateO«EX haD«Ls beenTXX; 72037P acre«56X feet.MXXEt ------8f11f8- ToeThe CarsonI«6L,; CityI9E0 ~ateri«EX6 Co.I,t «SL,also TW0Lbuys L,RXsome water#«EX6 fromM6,R EDXt he State,UE«EXN 11"'hich#D95D 2WR2Lpumps about«T,WE 73PP00 acre«56X MXXEfeet 2X6per year.0X«6t iDX°i':'1 e ~:D,T«6Eobart Watersh~do«EX6LDXO alao«SL, suppliesLW22S9XL #«EX6water E,to p«)5XY9X#NLakeview, and«;O sellsLXSSL someL,RX water#«EX6 (230x1rP «56Xacre feetMXXE in9; 1978)Cw31v toE, StoreyUE,6X0 County.I,W;E0t o«EX6Water ~uality^W«S9E0 wSED,WFDAlthough theEDX water#«EX6 qualityaW«S9E0 variesY«69XL throuED6,WFD,WE6 hout tieEDX Y«SSX0Nv~lley, EDXtre surfaceLW6M«5X «;O~nd groundwaterF6,W;O#«EX6 are«6X generallyFX;X6«SS0 LW9E«TSXsuitable forM,6 9669irri-( F«E9,;Ngation, domesticO,RXLE95 and«;O common5,;R,; WLXLtuses. ~ostj9,LE of,M theEDX water#«EX6 is9L sL,ME oft xSXLL(less thanED«; 60HP 22Rppm iardness);D«6O;XLLvG iron96,; R«0may TXbe foundM,W;O 9;in excessXn5XLL of,M .3tr 22Rppm (partsx2«6EL 2X6per million)R9SS9,;v locallyS,5«SS0 in9; sialloLD«SS,#w gF6,W;O#«EX6Nroundr.ater, which#D95D mayR«0 5«WLXcause L,RXsome staining.LE«9;9;Ft AllwSS other,EDX6 269;592«Sprincipal anions«;9,;L «;Oand cations5«E9,;L aFe«6X 26XLX;Epresent 9;in theEDX water#«EX6 TWEbut none;,;X in9; haD«k«6O,WLzardous concentrations.5,;5X;E6«E9,;Lt GenerallymX;X6«SS0 tieEDX water#«EX6 at«E deptOX2EDLhs TXS,#below 2007PP toE, 300rPP feetMXXE is9L of,M F,,Ogood chemical5DXR95«S qualityaW«S9E0 forM,6 RW;9592«Smunicipal WLXuse x(~ortsdM,6EL and«;O Ya.lmbergu«SRTX6F 1966).CwHHvt owii9SZWATER CONST.I'.lPTIONIWeUSi9c4icWe e«EW6«SNatural ~roundwaterm6,W;O#«EX6 09L5D«6FXDischarge TheiDX consumptive5,;LWR2E9YX WLXuse of,M ground~aterF6,W;O#«EX6 T0by ve~etYXFXE«E9,;Na tion, and«;O theEDX O9L5D«6FXdischarge of,M groundwaterF6,W;O#«EX6 9;E,into EDXtie CarsonI«6L,; River,Z9YX6N comprises5,R269LXL theEDX ;«EW6«Snatural groundwaterF6,W;O#«EX6 discO9L5D«6FXh~rge of,M theEDX area.«6X«t 7iiDXe consump-5,;LWR2( E9YXtive useWLX of,M groundwaterF6,W;O#«EX6 byT0 vegetationYXFXE«E9,; dependsOX2X;OL 2«6E9«SS0partially W2,;upon \ EDXthe dept~OX2ED TXS,#below EDXthe S«;Oland surfaceLW6M«5X. toE, theEDX groundwaterF6,W;O#«EX6 tableE«TSXt • xiDX(The OXX2X6deeper theEDX water#«EX6 E«TSXNtable, theEDX lessSXLL is9L theEDX consumptive5,;LWR2E9YX WLXvtuse ) . TreiDX dischargeO9L5D«6FX of,M _F6,W;O#«EX6groundwater into9;E, EDXthe CarsonI«6L,; RiverZ9YX6 dependsOX2X;OL on,; theEDX groundwaterF6,W;O#«EX6 gradientF6«O9X;E near;X«6 EDXthe river.69YX6t (ThexiDX flatterMS«EEX6 tEDX he ' / -89-f1wf gradientF6«O9X;E towardE,Y6«6O theEDX 69YX6Nriver, EDXt he lessSXLL tEDX he discharge).O9L5D«6FXvt T.~eiDX 26XLX;Epresent natural;«EW6«S disc~arO9L5D«6FX~e fr01:1M6,; theEDX F6,W;O#«EX6groundwater T«L9;basin hasD«L TXX;been estimatedXLE9R«EXO toE, TXbe 5,700gN3PP acre«56X feetMXXE 2X6per 0X«6tyear. ThreeiD6XX thousandED,WL«;O acre«56X feetMXXE of,M thisED9L is9L consumed5,;LWRXO byT0 vegetation,YXFXE«E9,;N approxi!'.!18.tely«226,n9R«EXS0 2000 acres«56XL ,Mof ;,;f9669F«EXOnon-irrigated meadowRX«O,# 5F6«LLrass ~ith#9ED an«; assumed«LLWRXO annual«;;W«S WLXuse ,Mof 1.5CNg feetMXXE of,M water.#«EX6t (~ortsxii,6EL t«;Oand ..Js.lm-)«SRf 1 TX6Fberg 1966).CwHHvt AtwE tEDX he p26XLX;Eresent E9RXtime tEDX he O9L5D«6FXdisc~arge of,M ~roundwaterF6,W;O#«EX6 ' E,to theEDX CarsonI«6L,; Z9YX6River 9Lis 7N3PP2,700 acre«56X feetMXXE 2X6per year.0X«6t Approximate-w226,n9R«EXt ( lyS0 1,200CN7PP acre«56X feetMXXE 2X6per 0X«6year dischargesO9L5D«6FXL near;X«6 eX#New KR296XtEmpire. wF695WSEW6«SAgricultural 6LXUse ,Mof Watero«EX6 iDXThe nearly;X«6S0 eoo1PP acres«56XL of,M 2«LEW6Xpasture landsS«;OL #XLEwest of,M Carson_I«6L,;N I9E0City are«6X MS,,Oflood 9669F«EXOirrigated with#9ED surfaceLW6M«5X water#«EX6 M6,Rfrom AshwLD I«;0,;Canyon Creek,I6XXsN King's29;FdL CanyonI«;0,; Creek,m6XXsN and«;O ClearISX«6 Creek.I6XXst TheiDX meanRX«; annual«;;W«S water#«EX6 available«Y«9S«TSX M,6for tED9L his 2W62,LXpurpose is9L about«T,WE 6,800HN1PP «56Xacre feetMXXE per2X6 year,0X«6N L,RXsome of,M which#D95D is9L excess,Xn5XLLN and«;O disc~argesO9L5D«6FXL a«L s surfaceLW6M«5X #«EX6water into9;E, EDXthe CarsonI«6L,; River.Z9YX6t c;In theEDX ClearISX«6 CreekI6XXs area«6X« approxi-«226,n9( matelyR«EXS0 rPN30;-;. or,6 1,100CNCPP acre«56X feetMXXE per2X6 year0X«6 mayR«0 reach6X«5D theEDX river,69YX6N while#D9SX only,;S0 about«T,WE 10CPN; . or,6 300rPP acre«56X feetMXXE 6X«5DXLreaches theEDX river69YX6 M6,Rfrom EDXthe 29;FKing'sdL Canyon-AshI«;0,;fwLD CanyonI«;0,; CreeksI6XXsL area.«6X«t iDXThe differenceO9MMX6X;5X betweenTXE#XX; tEDX he «R,W;Eamount of,M water#«EX6 available«Y«9S«TSX forM,6 irrigation9669F«E9,; and«;O theEDX amount«R,W;E dischargedO9L5D«6FXO as«L surfaceLW6M«5X #«EX6water into9;E, theEDX CarsonI«6L,; ~iverZ9YX6 is9L theEDX amount«R,W;E a~«Y«9S«y0: M,6for consump-5,;LWR2( tion,E9,;N and«;O groundwaterF6,W;O#«EX6 recharge,6X5D«6FXN or,6 approximately«226,n9R«EXS0 540g8PP0 acre«56X f113feet 2X6per 0X«6tyear. TheiDX net;XE consumptive5,;LWR2E9YX useWLX of,M #«EX6water T0by 2«LEW6Xpasture F6«LLgrass D«Lhas TXX;b~en computed,5,R2WEXON WL9;Fusing tEDX he standardLE«;O«6O metiodsRXED,OL of,M theEDX -90-fwPf 4 iU99EXOUni_ted e«E9,;LNa ti orie ?oodX,,O and«;O w:.695WSEW6«SAgricultural Orgo.nizaW6F«;9k«E9,; ti' on (Arteaxw6EX«F«6a «;Oand Durbin0W6T9; 1978).Cw31vt T':1eiDX ;XEnet 5,;LWR2E9,;consumption is9L theEDX E,E«Stotal 5,;LWR2consump-( tionE9,; le-eaSX«L t~tED«E suppliedLW22S9XO T0by 26X5929E«E9,;Nprecipitation·, and«;O was#«L deter:ninedOXEX6R9;XO E,to TXbe about«T,WE tED6XX:1ree feetMXXE 2X6per year,0X«6N t':':usEDWL allowing«SS,#9;F forM,6 an«; XLE9esti-( matedR«EXO 2,3007NrPP «56Xacre MXXEfeet 2X6per 0X«6year of,M irri9669F«E9,;6ation water#«EX6 ~ctually«5EW«SS0 5,;LWRXOtconsu?!l.ed. / TheiDX M9FW6Xfigure of,M 7NrPP2,300 acre«56X• feetMXXE 2X6per 0X«6Nyear, #DX;w':1en subtractedLWTE6«5EXO M6,Rfrom t':1eEDX 5,400gN8PP acre«56X MXXEfeet per2X6 year0X«6 alloted«SS,EXO forM,6 consumption5,;LWR2E9,; and«;O recharge,6X5D«6FXN results6XLWSEL in9; 3,100rNCPP acre«56X MXXEfeet 2X6per 0X«6year of,M groundF6,W;O #«EX6water rec~arge,6X5D«6FXN ,6or approximately«226,n9R«EXS0 468HG.;; ,Mof theEDX 9669F«E9,;irrigation #«EX6twater. Ground~aterm6,W;O#«EX6 rechar~e6X5D«6FX Iro~M6,R theEDX agricultural«F695WSEW6«S WLXuse of,M surfaceLW6M«5X water#«EX6 9;5SWOXLincludes deepOXX2 2X65,S«E9,;percolation ,Mof applied«22S9XO 9669F«E9,;irri5ation water,#«EX6N seepageLXX2«FX fro~M6,R EDXthe natural;«EW6«S streamLE6X«R 5D«;;XSLchannels «T,YXabove tEDX ne 2,9;ELpoints of,M diversion,O9YX6L9,;N and«;O seepageLXX2«FX ditc':1es.O9E5DXLt ::.tunicipaluW;9592«S ~aterii«EX6 6LXUse 0«E«Data on,; t':1eEDX LW6M«5Xsurface #«EX6Nwater, 2WR2«FXNpumpage, and«;O 9R2,6EXOimported #«EX6~ater 9;MS,#inflcm- toE, theEDX RW;9592«Smunicipal v#«EX6.rater systemsL0LEXRL forM,6 trEDX.e 2X69,Operiod 1367-CwH3f 1977Cw33 9Lis listedS9LEXO 9;in Tablei«TSX 81t . :-iDXi1e dischargeO9L5D«6FX fromM6,R tEDX:1e municipalRW;9592«)t water#«EX6 L0LEXRNsystem, including9;5SWO9;F LX#«FXsewage eff:uentXMMSWX;E ~r.d«;O theEDX «FF6XF«E9,;ag~re6ation ,Mof consumptive5,;LWR2E9YX useWLX and«;O groundF6,W;O #«EX6r.ater rec':1ar6X5D«6FX6e is9L also«SL, indicated9;O95«EXO on,; i«TSXTable 8.1t :!oat69,LE ,Mof EDXthe water#«EX6 consumption5,;LWR2E9,; results6XLWSEL fromM6,R theEDX irrigation9669F«E9,; ,Mof lawnsS«#;L and«;O ,EDX6other domesticO,RXLE95 YXFXE«E9,;tvegetation. cEIt hasD«L TXX;been «LLWRXOassumed thatED«E theEDX lawnsS«#;L also«SL, consume5,;LWRX approximately«226,n9R«EXS0 threeED6XX feetMXXE of,M #«EX6water per2X6 year;0X«6G 9Eit is9L XLE9R«EXOestimated thatED«E EDX6Xt':1ere are«6X presently26XLX;ES0 about«T,WE 4008PP acres«56XL ,Mof lawnsS«#;L TX9;Fbeing irrigated9669F«EXO T0by RW;9592«Smunicipal #«EX6twater. Aw LR«SSeoall TABLE 8 , ~unicipal ~ater Budget en (ltecords fro11 Carson City and Newada Division of Bu1ld1nis and Grounda) Consumpt1n Tear Imported 'llater Surface Water .,;roundwa ter Sewaie l,;ffluent Lawns Uee Ro'c:har,i:e (acre- feet) (acre-fet,t) (acre -feet) (acre-feet) (acrt: s) (acre-fee t) (acrt-feet) 1967 1,00 1,)00 900 1,600 160 480 520 1968 690 1,100 860 1,500 170 510 S40 1969 520 1,200 960 1,800 180 540 ::40 1970 420 1,200 1,500 2,100 190 570 450 1971 470 1,)00 1,400 2,100 200 600 i.10 1972 720 l, 100 2,000 2,100 2)0 690 1,000 197) 160 850 2,600 2,500 250 750 )60 1974 210 1,100 2,800 2,800 270 810 500 1975 ))0 1,000 ),000 ),200 )00 900 2)0 1976 )40 550 4,000 ), 200 ))0 990 700 1977 61.0 ) ~O ) , 700 2 , 800 )60 1,100 760 Total 4,900 11.000 24 ,ooo 26,000 2,200 6,00Q -92-fw7f amount«R,W;E of,M thisED9L 2X65,S«EXLpercolates and«;O TX5,RXLbecomes gF6,W;O#«EX6roundwater rec6X5;«6FXthar ge. Golfm,SM CourseI,W6LX «:MSWX;E3ffluent froM6,Rm theEDX RW;9592«Smunicipal seLX#X9FXwage 2S«.9Eplant is9L usedWLXO toE, irrigate9669F«EX EDXthe city59E0 F,SMgolf course.5,W6LXt 46XLX;ES0Presently a«T,WEbout 10CPPP00 acre«56X MXXEfeet 2X6per year0X«6 of,M #«EX6/water, or,6 about«T,WE:WG: ,M EDX Y,S«;E O9L5D«6FX 9L WLXOused E,to 9669F«EXirrigate EDXthe F,SM 5,W6:e; «—:« of,M about«T,WE 10CPP0 acrea.«56X«t As-wL( LWR9;Fsuming theEDX M9FW6Xfigure of,M r3 feetMXXE per2X6 year0X«6 consumption5,;LWR2E9,; fM,6or laS«#;Lwns and«;O pastures2«LEW6XL is9L correct,5,66X5EN . EDX;then tEDX he gF,SMolf course5,W6LX consu5,;LWRXLmes about«T,WE 300rPP «56Xacre feetMXXE 2X6per year0X«6 of,M water#«EX6 available«Y«9S«TSX forM,6 groundF6,W;O#«EX6water 6X5D«6FXrecharge.t Private469Y«EX ConsumptionI,;LWR2E9,; wA 5,;L9OX6«TSXconsiderable a.mount«R,W;E ,Mof #«EX6water 9Lis TX9;Fbeing 2WR2XOpumped T0by «a majorityR«.,69E0 of,M EDXthe CI«6L,;arson I9E0City residents,6XL9OX;ELN ED«Et hat is9L ED,LXt hose not;,E on,; municipalRW;9592«S water,#«EX6N forM,6 domesticO,RXLE95 and«;O common5,RR,; WLXLtuses. 4,2WS«E9,;Population fM,6or theEDX area«6X« is9L listedS9LEXO at«E rgNPPPN35,000, wh#D9SXile thereEDX6X «6Xare only,;S0 703PPP00 hD,,sook-( upsW2L toE, EDXt'1e RW;9592«Smunicipal syatem.L0«EXRt SS,Ho Xn«5Eexact figuresM9FW6XL 5,WSOcould TXbe o,TE«9;XObtained as«L E,to theEDX ;WRTX6number of,M usersWLX6L of,M 269Y«EXprivate wells,#XSSLN butTWE 9;in vY9X#iew ,Mof tEDX he seriousLX69,WL water#«EX6 26,TSXRproblem thatED«E already«S6X«O0 existsXn9LEL in9; theEDX area,«6X«N it9E 9Lis evidentXY9OX;E thatED«E EDXthe groundwaterF6,W;O#«EX6 is9L TX9;Fbeing,averpumped-;- ;,YX62WR2XO;NEDWLNt i us, moreR,6X water#«EX6 is9L TX9;Fbeing 2WR2XOpumped eachX«5D year0X«6 thanED«; is9L recharged6X5D«6FXO tbEy, theEDX aquifer«aW9MX6 T0by 6W;,MMrunoff and«;O 2X65,S«E9,;tpercolation. 6;SXLLUnless a« solutionL,SWE9,; is9L foundM,W;O toE, theEDX water#«EX6 26,TSXRproblem futureMWEW6X growthF6,#ED restriction6XLE695E9,; #9SSwill result.6XLWSEt OverallWYX6«SS #«EX6water supplyLW22S0 «;Oand consumption5,;LWR2E9,; M,6for theEDX CaI«6L,;rson CI9E0ity area«6X« is9L shownLD,#; 9;in Tablei«TSX 9.wt -94- CONCLUSIONGO!JCLUSIOi: SinceU9;5X its9EL origin,69F9; in9; EDXthe 1850'sC1gPdL :::arsonm«6L,; CityI9E0 D«Lhas devel-OXYXS( oped,2XO 9;in a« hap'IB.zardD«2D«k«6O fas11ion,M«LD9,;N 6Y9ED,WE~ithout regard6XF«6O E,to ~eologicFX,S,F95 concerns.5,;5X6;Lt AtwE tEDXr. e timeE9RX of,M CarsonI«6L,; City'sI9E0yL 9;5X2E9,;inception theEDX im-9R( 2,6E«;5Xportance of,M 3eologicFX,S,F95 dataO«E« #«Lwas ;,Enot understood.W;OX6LE,,Ot p«EX6NLater, thoughED,WFD thereEDX6X #«Lwas a« realization6X«S9k«E9,; ,Mof theEDX significanceL9F;9M95«;5X ,Mof suchLW5D infor-9;M,6( mation,R«E9,;N it9E was#«L largelyS«6FXS0 ignored,9F;,6XON X9EDX6either TX5«WLXbecause of,M conflict5,;MS95E ~1th#9ED ot11er,EDX6 9;EX6XLELNinterests, or,6 dueOWX toE, «a lackS«5s of,M understandingW;OX6LE«;O9;F of,M its9EL impact.9R2«5Et i«9SW6XFailure E,to WE9S9kXutilize dataO«E« 2X6E«9;9;Fpertaining E,to FX,S,F95geologic concerns5,;5X6;L and«;O ~azardsD«k«6OL ~asD«L resulted6XLWSEXO 9;in W;;X5XLL«60unnecessary eartX«6EDaW«sX~quake «9;Oand MS,,Oflood O«R«FXdamage 9;in theEDX CarsonI«6L,; 8ityI9E0 3.«6X«trea. ?loads(S,,OL have),«YX repeatedly6X2X«EXOS0 in-9;( W;O«EXOundated 2«6ELparts of,M CarsonI«6L,; City:I9E0j in9; 18C1H3N67, 1874,C138N 18?5,C13gN 1C11HN886 , 1906,CwPHN 1909,CwPwN 1914,CwC8N 1928,Cw71N 1932,Cwr7N 1943,Cw8rN .tCwgPN1950, 1963,CwHrN 1975Cw3g xi«TSX(_Table 1Cvt ) . eWRX6,WLNumerous X«6EDaW«sXLearthquakes 'D«YX1ave TXX;been felt;MXSEG L,RXsome ,Mof tEDX'.-l e R,6Xmore LX69,WLserious aW«sXLquakes havingD«Y9;F occurred,55W66XO in9; 1860,C1HPN 1887,C113N 1914,CwC8N 19CwrrN~3 , 195Cwg7N2, 1954,Cwg8N 1959Cwgw xi«TSX(Table 3).rvt CarsonI«6L,; CityI9E0 itself9ELXSM was#«L EDXthe epicenterX295X;EX6 of,M ~R,Ood-( X6«EXerate earthquakesX«6EDaW«sXL in9; 1887,C113N 1888,C111N 189C1w8N4 , 1C1wHN896 , 1897C1w3 «;Oand 1949.Cw8wt p,5«E9,;LLocations of,M theEDX variousY«69,WL geologicFX,S,F95 ha.zardsD«k«6OL and«;O concerns5,;5X6;L are«6X LD,#;ehown on,; t~eEDX ~eologicmX,S,F95 HazardsV«k«6OL ~p.V«2t ItcE 26,Y9OXLprovides an«; overall,YX6«SS viewY9X# of,M sitesL9EXL of,M structuresLE6W5EW6XL and«;O urbanW6T«; d~O:FS,2RX;EL~ opments Ey,«Et i1at 1:".'0#,WSOuld not;,E "laveD«YX beenTXX; 2X6R9EEXOpermitted toE, existXn9LE in9; tED:6 h~p~esent 26XLX;E S,5«E9,;Llocations Ib f13f-93- U2693TABLS 19 Water;FAI« SupplyX,VVEL andFND ConsumptionSYN0,MVAOYN c In5N ATIthe CarsonSF«0YN CitySOAL Area2«IF Water;FAI« Inflow5NWEYH P«Y,NDHFAI«Groundwater WEYHflow fromW«YM agriculturalFR«OC,EA,«FE uses,0I0 31003#nn FCgWAdL«ac.ft/yr 7,NOCOVFEminicipal rater:HFAI«4 15#Gt#,"& groundwaterR«Y,NDHFAI« recharge«ICTF«RI 720cpn FCgWAdL«ac.ft/yr Ground~aterP«Y,NDHFAI« recharge«ICTF«RI fromW«YM sewage0IHFRI effluentIWWE,INA fromW«YM theATI RYEWgolf courseCY,«0I 700cnn ac.ft/yrFCgWAdL« Initial5NOAOFE groundwaterR«Y,NDHFAI« recharge«ICTF«RI 1200#pnn FCgWAdL«ac.ft/yr P«Y,NDHFAI«Groundwater Outflow:,AWEYH Pumped.,MVID iLby CarsonSF«0YN CitySOAL ~ater;FAI« Co.SYg 38003wnn ac.ft/yrFCgWAdL« Pumped.,MVID iLby t~eATI state0AFAI 700cnn ac.ft/yrFCgWAdL« SurfaceX,«WFCI Water;FAI« 5NOAOFEInitial inflowONWEYH 1nnn9000 FCgWAdL«ac.ft/yr GroundwaterP«Y,NDHFAI« «ICTF«RIrecharge 1200#pnn ac.ft/yrFCgWAdL« Agricultural2R«OC,EA,«FE ,0I0uses p3nn2300 ac.ft/yrFCgWAdL« SF«0YNCarson CitySOAL ;FAI«Water Co.PYg diversionDOhI«0OYN 1000#nnn ac.ft/yrFCgWAdL« lEYH?low ONAYinto CarsonSF«0YN RiveryOhI« fromW«YM Kin~'s,bONRo0t Clear,SEIF«t andFND Ash20T CanyonSFNLYN CreeksS«IIu0 1400#rnn FCgWAdL«ac.ft/yr .Agricultural2R«OC,EA,«FE recha,J"ge«ICTF«RI 31003#nn ac.ft/yrFCgWAdL« NaturalsFA,«FE GroundwaterP«Y,NDHFAI« ChargeSTF«RI fromW«YM SpringsXV«ONR0 Gcnn5700 FCgWAdL«ac.ft/yr VegetationeIRIAFAOYN consumptionCYN0,MVAOYN (evapotranapiration)8IhFVYA«FN0VO«FAOYNm 30003nnn ac.ft/yrFCgWAdL« J^ DischargeaO0CTF«RI intoONAY ATIt~e CarsonSF«0YN RiveryOhI« pcnn2700 FCgWAdL«e.c.ft/yr fwgf-95- U if9M 9;M,6R«E9,;information concerning5,;5X6;9;F geologicFX,S,F95 hazardsD«k«6OL hadD«O beenTXX; WE9S9kXOtutilized. ~eiDX followingM,SS,#9;F is9L a« S9LElist of,M devel~pmentsOXYXS,2RX;EL tED«E hat sLD,WSO hould ;,Enot D«YXhave TXX;been 2X6R9EEXOpermitted in9; EDX96t~eir 26XLX;Epresent S,5«E9,;LNlocations, aueOWX E,to EDXtte 26XLX;5Xpresence ,Mof potentially2,EX;E9«SS0 active«5E9YX faults:M«WSELj ZXL9OX;E9«SResidential developmentOXYXS,2RX;E TXEfXX;between a« TS,5sblock ~6XLEest of,M SouthU,WED 6O;,;OLEdnonds Drive069YX and«;O GentryUX;E60 p«;XLane M6,Rfrom !;0OX6Snyder AvenuewYX;WX ;,6EDnort':1 toE, Valley8«SSX0 89X#View :!)rive.069YXt ResidentialZXL9OX;E9«S developmentOXYXS,2RX;E ?irX96 StreetUE6XXE and«;O CenterIX;EX6 StreetUE6XXE fromM6,R ClearISX«6 CreekI6XXs wYX;WXAvenue ;,6EDnorth toE, V,SS«;ORolland Street.UE6XXEt StructuresUE6W5EW6XL betweenTXE#XX; pW29;Lupin Drive069YX and«;O CaliforniaI«S9M,6;9« StreetUE6XXE fromM6,R RollandV,SS«;O StreetUE6XXE north;,6ED toE, WYX6S«;OOverland SUE6XXEttreet. /b N ReaidZXL9OX;E9«S en tial developmentOXYXS,2RX;E TXE#XX;be tv.• een yt89«S«s9~.'ialaki 3UE6XXE tree t «;Oand RhodesZD,OXL StreetUE6XXE and«;O west#XLE of,M BoyleA,0SX Street.UE6XXEt TheiDX western#XLEX6; 2,6E9,;portion of,M Lakep«sX GlenISX; !.i.a.nor.cS«;,6t ~eiDX residential6XL9OX;E9«S OXYXS,2RX;Edevelopment TXE#XX;between 7hoCTsoniD,RL,; 3treetUE6XXE and«;O ':':estview8XLEY9X# AvenuewYX;WX L,WEDsout:1 froI:1M6,R ?ift'-1X9MED ~treetUE6XXE «;Oand Grandvillem6«;OY9SSX Drive069YX and«;O ZastK«LE ConteI,;EX Drive.069YXt j99SO6XO~ildred A6«03ray KSXRX;E«60~lementary ScU5D,,Sthool. l!iddleIliddle Sc':1001.School. Gleason School. ResidentialZXL9OX;E9«S OXYXS,2RX;Edevelopment TXE#XX;bet~een X,W6ED?ourth and«;O iXSXTele-( graphF6«2D M6,Rfrom c69LIris StreetUE6XXE and«;O ~M,W;E«9;ountain SUE6XXEttreet. ZXL9OX;E9«SResidential OXYXS,2RX;Edevelopment ,;on a« nort;,6EDX«LEheast E6X;O9;Ftrending diagonalO9«F,;«S «a TS,5sblock #9OXwide fromM6,R theEDX 5,6;X6corner of,M iXSXTele-( graphF6«2D and«;O SS,W;E«9;Jountain toE, theEDX corner5,6;X6 of,M John),D; StreetUE6XXE and«;O I«6L,;Carson Street.UE6XXEt U fwHf-96- ResidentialZXL9OX;E9«S develqprnentOXYXS,2RX;E ,;on an«; X«LEf;,6EDX«LEeast-northeas t O9«F,;«Sdiagonal a« blockTS,5s ,~J#9OX,de- - fromM6,R tEDX he corner5,6;X6 ,Mof John),D; StreetUE6XXE «;Oand CaI«6L,;rson StreetUE6XXE toE, EDXt he corner5,6;X6 ,Mof BeverlyAXYX6S0 Drive069YX and«;O J>IarianS9«69«; Avenue.wYX;WXt CorbettI,6TXEE School.U5D,,St ResidentialZXL9OX;E9«S OXYXS,2RX;Edevelopment fromM6,R theEDX corner.of5,6;X6N,M StateUE«EX -- StreetUE6XXE and«;O Longp,;F StreetUE6XXE ;,6EDX«LEnortheast E,to 2«69;~arin 069YXDrive and«;O RandZ«;O wYX;WXtAvenue. 66T«;Urban developcentOXYXS,2RX;E TXE#XX;bet";'.'een 6tUt999FD#«0U .S . ~:ighv.-ay 50gP and«.9O p,;FLong StreetUE6XXE fromM6,R Z«;O~and AvenuewYX;WX toE, S:,R2«~mpa ~~p«;Xtne. ZXL9OX;E9«S~e siden ti 3.l OXYXS,2RX;Edevelopment TXE#XX;b tv:een =stnerpLEDX6 :;I965SX ircle and«;O RexZXn I965SXCircle X«LEeast of,M Dori0,69 yt3«0t·,-:ay. ResidentialZXL9OX;E9«S developmentOXYXS,2RX;E north;,6ED of,M StationUE«E9,; 069YXDrive toE, Woodsideo,,OL9OX Drive069YX TXE#XX;between ContiI,;E9;X;E«Snental Drive069YX ~nd«;O p«p,R«LaLoI!la Drive.069YXt ResidentialZXL9OX;E9«S developmentOXYXS,2RX;E TXE#XX;betwe en ChampID«R29,;ion StUE6XXEreet a«;Ond ShermanUDX6R«; Lanep«;X TXEYGXX;betv,een :layftdS«0MS,#X6lower to«0;,•ay and«;O CI965SXircle F( «;Oand eastX«LE ,Mof Kit29E SierraU9X66« Wayo«0 and«;O ;,6EDnorth of,M UDX6R«;Sb~rma.n Lane.p«;Xt ZXL9OX;5XLResidences northeast;,6EDX«LE fromM6,R C~ID9;,,sinook toE, theEDX corner5,6;X6 of,M « Y Yorgan6,6FX9;- ~V9SSill RZ,«Ooad «;Oand :::mpireZR296X ~aZ«;5Dnch RoZ,«Oad and«;O ;,6EDnorth E,to U.S.Highway6tUtV9FD#«0 50.gPt ResidentialZXL9OX;E9«S developmentOXYXS,2RX;E north;,6ED of,M ShermanUDX6R«; Lanep«;X E,to Apollow2,SS, Drive069YX fromM6,R 27 blocksTS,5sL eastX«LE of,M Dale0«SX Drive069YX throughED6,WFD one,;X TS,5sblock eastX«LE of,M SunriseUW;69LX Drive.069YXt 4 -- - f:3f-97- ResidentialZXL9OX;E9«S or,6 commercial5,;;X659«S developmentOXYXS,2RX;E TXE#XX;bet-1.·een BroadA6,«O LeafpX«M Lanep«;X and«;O 3aA«FSX6le Valley8«SSX0 RaZ«;5Dnch ~oadZ,«O northeast;,6EDX«LE E,to ConestogaI,;XLE,F« Drive.069YXt ResidencesZXL9OX;5XL betmeenTXEd:XX; 20XNye p«;XLane and«;O CarrollI«66,SS 069YXDrive #XLEwest ,Mof :SS,W;E«9;1ountain Street.UE6XXEt ResidencesZXL9OX;5XL west#XLE of,M 317C Z«;5D,Ranc~o Drive069YX L,WEDsouth of,M a« couple5,W2SX of,M TS,5sLblocks ;,6EDnorth of,M TeanelliX«;XSS ~rive069YX and«;O southeastL,WEDX«LE toE, EDXthe corner5,6;X6 of,M Longp,;F StreetUE6XXE «;Oand 3oleroA,SX6, 069YXtDrive. ResidencesZXL9OX;5XL in9; p«sXY9X#L~eview «S,;Falon6 ZXOLa eds Grade,I6«OXN X«LEeast of,M 1-leadcmcSX«O,# Wood33,,O !tZ,«Ooad M6,Rfrom U6tUt29FD#«0 .S • .i-~ i~hway rwg395 toE, CoI,RTLMbs CanyonI«;0,; ~Z,«O6»«;Ooad ,--and southL,WED of,M CI,W;E60ountry p9;XLine RoadZ,«O «S,;Falong 2W;«F,Nunago Pass4«LL and«;O around«6,W;O 43«F,;\'.'agon ·:;dt8DXXS:'1 eei Road.Z,«Ot 4«WSE?ault zonesk,;XL W;OX6S9Xunderlie approximately«226,n9R«EXS0 3G:7~; of,M tEDX he 1CPP00 d' xn 40'8Py dO\VntownO,#;E,#; commercial5,RRX659«S 59E0city _)l.Of,ELNots, g~;9,-, of,M EDXthe 100'CPPy xn 80'1Py commercial5,RRX659«S C - S,ELNlots, 2617HS of,M theEDX 200'7PPy xn 100'CPPy re~idential6XL9OX;E9«S lots,S,ELN BJ1N: of,M EDXthe 7PPy200' >x 2·7PPy00' residential6XL9OX;E9«S lots,S,ELN and«;O 16CHN:;; ,Mof theEDX rPPy300' xn 150'CgPy residential6XL9OX;E9«S S,ELlots 9;in EDXthe CarsonI«6L,; CityI9E0 area.«6X«t Developments0XYXS,2RX;EL 9;in theEDX M,SS,iY9;Ffollo,;,;ing S,5«E9,;Llocations shouldLD,WSO not;,E naveD«YX beenTXX; 2X6R9EEXONpermitted, dueOWX toE, LS,2Xslope instability9;LE«T9S9E0 ' hazards:D«k«6OL/ , ResidentialZXL9OX;E9«S developmentOXYXS,2RX;E along«S,;F King's29;FyL CanyonI«;0,; ~oaZ,«Od / and«;O at«E theEDX northern;,6EDX6; X;Oend of,M 29;FyLKing's CanyonI«;0,; Drive.069YXt · Res"I.dencesZXL9OX;5XL 9;in 't:ieEDX Lakeviewp«sXY9X# area«6X« #XLEwest of,M ii«F,;Wagon iiDXXSWheel RoadZ,«O and«;O EDXthe area«6X« L,WEDsouth ,Mof LevipXY9 Gulch,mWS5DN 9;5SWO9;Fincluding SandyU«;O0 Jrade,m6«OXN Lakeviewp«sXY9X# RoadZ,«O «;Oand " 8 fw1f-98- V :X9LXWeise RZ,«ONoad. ZXL9OX;E9«SResidential areas«6X«L ;,6EDnorth of,M CI,;XLE,F«onestoga 069YX Drive and«;O eastX«LE ,Mof r3 TS,5sLblocks eastX«LE of,M IcRWL mus RZ,«Otoad. ResidencesZXL9OX;5XL soutL,WEDX«LEheast ,Mof Indianc;O9«; ;.rM,W;E«9;ountain over,YX6 toE, )WLEjust X«LEeast ,Mof eXEYE,;Ne'l":'ton Z,«ORoad and«;O 72 TS,5sLblocks soutL,WEDh of,M ?ranklini6«;sS9; Z,«ONRoad. AlthoughwSED,WFD :.Ia.asZ«LL ~S«LE9;Fa.sting hD«k«6OLazards doO, not;,E ~ffect«MMX5E any«;0 of,M EDXt ne central5X;E6«S CarsonI«6L,; ~iI9E0 ty commercial5,RRX659«S area,«6X«N tEDX0i1 ey doO, «MMX5Eaf fect «226,n9a pproxi-( matelyR«EXS0 3rS--; ,Mof EDXt he 200'7PPd xn 100'CPPy residential6XL9OX;E9«S lots,S,ELN 4,o4j; of,M tEDX he ~00'7PPy x> 200'7PPy 6XL9OX;E9«Sresidential lots,S,ELN 11CC;1 ,Mof tEDX he rPPy300' nx 150'CgPy 6XL9resi-( OX;E9«Sdential lots,S,ELN and«;O 6;6^ ,Mof EDXt he 300'rPPy xn 30rPPy0 ' residential6XL9OX;E9«S S,ELl ots in9; EDXthe I«6L,;Carson ~ityI9E0 area.«6X«t Urban66T«; structuresLE6W5EW6XL 9;in EDXthe folloM,SS,#9;Fwing areas«6X«L «6Xare subjectLWT.X5E E,to theEDX hazardsD«k«6OL of,M floodsMS,,OL W;SXLLunless L2X59«Sspecial MS,,Oflood 26,EX5E9,;protection ~easuresRX«LW6XL «6Xare taken:E«sX;j FritschX69EL5D =lernentaryZSXRX;E«60 U5D,,SSc hool ZXL9OX;5XLResidences ,6or COIDI!lercial5,RRX659«S structuresLE6W5EW6XL nort;,6EDh fM6,Rrom OldWSO ~learISX«6 CreekI6XXs RZ,«Ooad E,to X«96Y9X#?airview Drive069YX and«;O w#XLEest of,M U.S.Highway6tUtV9FD#«0 rwgt395. ResidencesZXL9OX;5XL ~#XLEest of,M U.S.6tUtV9FD#«0:-iighway 395rwg fM6,Rrom ?leyshmannXSX0LDR«;; Way:«0 north;,6ED toE, =aZ«FSX6 le Valley8«SSX0 Z«;5D~anch Z,«OtRoad. ZXL9OX;5XLResidences fromM6,R ImuscRWL Z,«ORoad toE, ilpS«O9L,;adison D069YXrive «;Oand L,WEDsouth toE, SouthU,WED SutroUWE6, TiX66«5Xerrace at«E ZRX6L,;:::merson 069YXtDrive. ResidencesZXL9OX;5XL nort;,6EDh of,M ?X6«;sS9;ranklin RZ,«Otoad. ResidencesZXL9OX;5XL and«;O commercial5,RRX659«S structuresLE6W5EW6XL TXE#XX;between ~iV9SSL l ls RoadZ,«O and«;O 1!V,6F«;organ V9SSHill :toadZ,«O M6,Rfrom :aallartA«SS«6E Drive069YX toE, I fwwf-99- /.r SheepUDXX2 Drive.069YXt ResidencesZXL9OX;5XL eastX«LE of,9■ EDXthe CarsonI«6L,; RiverZ9YX6 toE, Deer0XX6 and«;O Wild:9SO HorseV,6LX RoadsZ,«OL TXE#XX;between SedgeUXOFX RoZ,«Oad and«;O AbroniawT6,;9« Z,«OtRoad. ResidencesZXL9OX;5XL X«LEeast ,Mof SouthU,WED UOR,;OL~dmonds Drive069YX TXE#XX;bet~een SnyderU;0OX6 wYX;WXAvenue and«;O ?airview(«96Y9X# 069YXtDrive. SheetUDXXE flowMS,# and«;O flas:1MS«LD MS,,O9;Fflooding ':yS«k«6OL1azards «MMX5Eaffect approximately«226,n9R«EXS0 91w; ,Mof theEDX 100'CPPy x> 40'8P/ CarsonI«6L,; CityI9E0 commercial5,RRX659«S S,ELNlots, ?3N: ,; of,M theEDX 100'CPPy x> 80'1P/ commercial5,RRX659«S 1S,ELN ots, 55ggN—,; ,Mof theEDX 7PP/200' xn 100'CPPy residential6XL9OX;E9«S S,ELNlots, 14~C8C ,Mof EDXthe 200'7PPy nx 200'7PP/ residential6XL9OX;E9«S lots,S,E«N 71G—28~ of,M theEDX rPP/300' x> 150'CgP/ residential6XL9OX;E9«S S,E«Nlots, and«;O wN—g; of,M theEDX 300'rPP/ xn 300'rPP/ residential6XL9OX;E9«S lotsS,EL in9; theEDX CarsonI«6L,; CityI9E0 «6X«tarea. Potential4,EX;E9«S depositsOX2,L9EL of,M . R9;X6«Smineral resources6XL,W65XL doO, not;,E existXn9LE 9;in theEDX 5,RRX659«Scommercial O,#;E,#;do,~mtown LX5E9,;section of,M CarsonI«6L,; City.I9E0t 7:1.eyiDX0 do,O,N :1ow-D,#f ever,XYX6N existXn9LE 9;in 12C7:; ,Mof theEDX 200'7PP/ xn 100'CPP/ residential6XL9OX;E9«S• lets,SXELN r1N938,; ,Mof theEDX 7PP/200' >x 200'7PPy 6XL9OX;E9«Sresidential lots,S,ELN 1sC1N; . of,M EDXtie 300'rPPy xn 150'CgP/ residential6XL9OX;E9«S S,ELNlots, and«;O 3~r; of,M theEDX rPP/300' nx rPP/300' 6XL9OX;E9«Sresidential lotsS,EL shownLD,#; on,; theEDX CarsonI«6L,; Cit:I9E0: R«2tmap. ¥"ndred-yearVW;O6XOf0X«6 MS,,OLNfloods, as«L OXEX6R9;XOdetermined byT0 theEDX 6r0wUSDA (1973)xCw3rv would#,WSO «MMX5Eaffect 8418N,--:;I of,M tEDXi1 e central5X;E6«S downtownO,#;E,#; 100'CPP/ xn 8P/40' lots,S,ELN HPM—60;& of,M theEDX 100'CPP/ >x 80'1P/ 5,RRX659«Scommercial lots,S,ELN 29;,29,·; of,M theEDX 200'7PP/ nx 100'CPP/ residential6XL9OX;E9«S lots,S,ELN 50gPN:J of,M theEDX 200'7PP/ xn 7PP/200' residential6XL9OX;E9«S S,ELNlots, 43-;8r . of,M EDXthe 300'rPP/ nx 150'CgP/ 6XL9OX;E9«Sresidential lots,S,ELN and«;O 4287NO,; of,M theEDX rPP/300' x> rPP/300' residential6XL9OX;E9«SN_ lotsS,EL in9; theEDX CarsonI«6L,; CityI9E0 «6X«tarea. -100-fCPPf .] SoilaU,9SL LWL5X2E9TSXsusceptible toE, liquefactionS9aWXM«5E9,; W;OX6S9Xunderlie «226,n9R«EXS0approximately 100--;SWWyS ,Mof theEDX downtor.nO,#;E,66; 100'CPPy nx 8P/40 N __£5,RRX659«Sommercial S,ELNlots, 73N.27,; ,Mof tEDX he 100'CPP/ x> 1P~0'd lots,S,ELN gG■5; ,Mof theEDX 200'7PPy nx 100'CPPd 6XL9OX;E9«Sresidential S,ELNlots, 3; ,Mof t~eEDX 200'7PPd >x 7PP200'd residential6XL9OX;E9«S lots,S,ELN 4;8NC of,M tEDX he 300'rPPd xn 150'CgPd residential6XL9OX;E9«S lots,S,ELN and«;O 2;7S ,Mof EDXthe rPP300'd nx 300'rPPd residential6XL9OX;E9«S lotsS,EL x 9;in theEDX CarsonW«6L,; CityI9E0 area.«6X«t Data0«E« 5,;5X6;9;Fconcerning FX,S,F95geologic hazardsD«k«6OL LD,WSOs hould 2S«0play a« majorR«.,6 6,SXrole in9; W6T«;urban 2S«;;9;FNplanning, affecting«MMX5E9;F «Las 9Eit does,O,XLN not;,E only,;S0 theEDX location,S,5«E9,;N butTWE equallyXaW«SS0 structureLE6W5EW6X designOXL9F; and«;O E02Xtype of,M construc-5,;LE6W5( E9,;ttion. Aw p«;OI,-3.nd 6LXryse WYX6S«0Overlay ::lapV«2 D«Lias TXX;been 26X2«6XOprepared toE, 26,Y9OXprovide guidelinesFW9OXS9;XL E;«Et hat will#9SS 2X6R9Epermit developmentOXYXS,2RX;E ,Mof locationsS,5«E9,;L 9;in tEDX ~e CarsonI«6L,; CityI9E0 area«6X« ED«Et hat will#9SS ;,Enot TXbe subjectLWT.X5E toE, geologicFX,S,F95 D«k«6OLtiazards. , C , 2U6U9.101 - ,VEL2NDS :;::::OLO.H;DD6Y620M; O5TI.C ET :;;,uD5W2;T:: HXXXXWXP(:; 1lluly .ndRAC others,I371E4# 19UGt:. 7 5 ) union*.1111100» u!uf 'Uu.r»'l i!u.ro '""'.r1::1. PerPerl 1 ~dJd : • .:>c ,t _____jef-ire:i ef .> re rreoei.t.c're~e ,, t ;u:i;uoternsry ternary :ol:blocene ocene ..1. .,1 (10,ll00(10,000 yyears)ea.rs) PleietoceneVX1543IF1A1 1.7—. 7- ,:.J;.J PlioceneVX5IF1A1 i5 — - 6 ;FAI«IX1::en'lz.oic UoceneUU 4F1A1 215 ~-—27 2? 7ert1aryTertiary llll.;CXXi ,2F1A1cene !717 —- 01 j ) gIF1A1~ocene 50~ j— - 54:..,_; Paleoc;.e!l! 6360 CIretaceousretaceoua ·,.U6 li6-l—UK.:. e ·lesozolo~eoz~lc JurassicJur&ea1o 190l 91l —-l 135'.l!i Trlassic\ riaea1 c -2!'>..25 Pe r:,itt-nml an 270—2?v- 2bJ21l J Pennsylvanian?ennoyl•anlan 34!'>045 -—05JJ.5 J UoalasiUaaiaal^ypian.,;>11ln 045345-j5 — 050J ?aleozo1oPaleozoic Devonianr>.,yonl&n ;i~5095—- 4400 ~v '.Jailurl^nllur h n .,.440-450HJ-4:0J Ordl•lOrdlvicianc 1 .. n 5005.>o ½ttmbCambrianr1 un !,5707J Pre :=bIwsbrlsnrlr.n 4.4.5 !I billibillionon yet.reyears ______, ~-1,1 _4t30rf1 ______-102- BIBLIOGRAPiiYrcApcPPZw4V* l.Ct wSM,6LNAlfors, J.T.)tit etXE al,«SN 1973.Cw3rt 66T«;Urban Geolosy;6X,S,F0G masterR«LEX6 2S«;plan forM,6 ~alifornia,I«S9M,6;9«N California.I«S9M,6;9« Division09Y9L9,; of,M ~.litS9;XLnes and«;O Geology,WX,S,F0N Bull.AWSSt 198,Cw1N 112p.CC72t 2.7t w6EX«F«NArteaga, ?(6XOO0reddy EAt . and«;O Durbin,0W6T9;N Timothyi9R,ED0 J.,)tN 19?8.Cw31t Development0XYXS,2RX;E of,M a« ZXS«E9,;rt elation forM,6 Steady-stateUEX«O0fLE«EX 2WR2«FXpumpa5 e rate6«EX forM,6 ::aJleA«FSX Valley8«SSX0 Groundwaterm6,W;O#«EX6 Basin,A«L9;N :;evadaStXY«O« U.S.G.S.6tUtmtUt ,2X;open fileM9SX report6X2,6E ?9-3wf7HCN261, CarsonI«6L,; ~ity,I9E0N eXY«O«NNevada, 45pp.8g22t 3.rt A,;D«RNBonham, E.?S9tit)tN.J., 1969,CwHwN GeologymX,S,F0 and«;O :.IineralpS9;X6«S :;)eposits0X2,L9EL of,M Waa11oeo«LD,X and«;O StoUE,6X0rey ~aunties,I,W;E9XLN ::StyXY«O«tevada, AWSStBull. 703Pt . 1;eXY«O«ev,ada Burea4AW6X«W of,M :j99;XLtines and«;O ::Zeology,mX,S,F0N 8t4. CommitteeI,RR9EEXX on,; p«;OLS9OXLandslide Investi~ations,c;YXLE9F«E9,;LN AO#9;~d~in B.At =ckel,A,sXSN XOtNed., '1958.Cwg1t Landslidesp«;OLS9OXL a«;Ond -:=ngineerine;K;F9;XX69;F .?ractice,46«5E95XN :Ug''lWayV9FD#«0 ZXLX«65Dnesearc'-1 :aoardA,«6O SpecialU2X59«S ZX2,6Ert eport 29,7wN ewrfS9ZI~rAs -:;it: Publication4WTS95«E9,; 544,g88N i«LD9;FE,;N~as"1ington, D.0.0tIt 2307rP 22tpp. gt5. Doell,0,XSSN R.q.,ZtZtN ~alry:nple,0«S60R2SXN ~mtAt.B. and«;O Cox,A.,I,nNwtN 1CwHgt965 . Jeo-mX,( R«F;XE95magnetic ?olari2,S«69E0 ty ~poc:i.s,K2,5DLN Journal),W6;«S of,M ::ZeopmX,2D0L95L'.zysics Research,ZXLX«65DN 8,StVol . 71,3CN p.2t 531-541.grCfg8Ct 6.Ht 3ieinger,A9L9;FX6N 8t)tNV.J., 1960.CwHPt GeologymX,S,F0 of,M tEDX he ?rison469L,; :~D9SSf11- BrunswickA6W;L#95s 0anyonI«;0,; a«6X«Nrea, W6RLT0Ormsby and«;O Do~glas0,9EFS«L Counties,I,W;E9XLN eXY«O«NNevada, University6;9YX6L9E0 of,M 1;eXY«O«Nevada, RZX;,teno . .NCtrt l.S. iDXL9LNThesis, 69p.Hw2t 7.3t Gianella,m9«;XSS«N Y8t(t • .? . and«;O Callag"ian,I«SS«FD«;N -:=::.,AtN 193Cwr8t4 . 7iDX".1 e ::artK«6EDaW«sX:1q uake/ of,M 0X5XRTX6December 27PN0, 1932Cwr7 at«E CedarIXO«6 .1tM,W;E«9;Nountain, :;evad.eXY«O«Na, and«;O its9EL TX«69;Fbearing on,; BA«L9;fZ«;FXasin-~~nJe structure.LE6W5EW6Xt Journal),W6;«S ,Mof Geology,mX,S,F0N Vol.8,St 42,87N 2tp. 1-Cf77t22 . 8.1t Guilluly,mW9SSWS0N J.,)tN '7/aters,o«EX6LN A.G.,wtItN W8b,,OM,6ONoodford, A.D.,wt0tN 1975.Cw3gt Principles469;592SXL of,M :}eology,mX,S,F0N 8ED4t'l ed.XOt -::3ft •. ict . ?reema.nA6XXR«; and«;O Co.,I,NN SanU«; ~rancisco,X6«;59L5,N California,I«S9M,6;9«N 77p.332t 9.wt VX5sN~eek, ~Tic"iolase95D,S«L :-iVW;EX6Nunter, 1936.CwrHt ::artK«6EDaW«sXLN'-iquakes, P469;5XE,;rince ton University~ess.6;9YX6L9E05f4.XLLt -103- AcApcWmZw4V0BIBLIOGRAPHY x5,;Etv(cont.) 10.CPt Hodgson,V,OFL,;N John),D; J.,)tN 1964.CwH8t K«6EDaW«sXLEarthquakes X9;Oand EarthK«6ED Structures,UE6W5EW6XLN Prentice-Hall,46X;E95XfV«SSN Inc.,c;5tN EnglK;FSX#,,Oewood Cliffs,IS9MMLN eX#New Jersey,)X6LX0N 2tp. 143-153.C8rfCgrt 11.CCt V,SRXLNHolmes, Artw6EDW6Nhur, 469;592SXLPrinciples of,M Physical4D0L95«S GeologyWX,S,F0N, iDXThe Z,;«SORonald Press,46XLLN eX#New York,*,6sN 12C7H188 2tp. 12.C7t Jennings,)X;;9;FLN AtVtNB.ii., 1966.CwHHt Interactionc;EX6«5E9,; of~,M j9«; and«;O ~V9Lis 3nvironment.K;Y96,;RX;Et Plenum4SX;WR Presa,46XLLN eX#New York*,6st. 13.Crt Joint),9;E CommitteeI,RR9EEXX ,;on SeismicUX9LR95 Safety,U«MXE0N 1974.Cw38t ~eetingpSXXE9;F theEDX Eart~quakeK«6EDaW«S5X Challenge,ID«SSX;FXN finalM9;«S 6X2,6Ereport toE, tEDX he pXF9LS«EW6XNLegislature, StateUE«EX of,M CaliforniaI«S9M,6;9« 09Y9L9,;Division of,M V9;XLI!ines and«;O Geolosy,X5,S,F0N SpU2X59«Secial ?4WTS95«E9,;ublication 48gN5, 77r2t223p. 14.C8t 296sD«RNKirk'-lam, RZtVtN.:J., 1976.Cw3Ht ::nvironr.ientalK;Y96,;RX;E«S Jeolo~yIX,S,F0 of,M tEDX'.1e 'fl{esternyoXLEX6; CarsonI«6L,; 0iI9E0N ty, lieXY«O«evada «6X«tarea . .l.)trtS . iDXL9LNT1esis, 6;9YX6L9E0University of,M Uevada,eXY«O«N ZX;,NReno, 97pw32t. 15.Cgt p«#L,;NLawson, wtItNA.C., 191CwC7t2 . T~eiDX recent6X5X;E faultingM«WSE9;F «Eat Jenoa,IX;,«N eXY«O«NNevada, SeismologicalUX9LR,S,F95«S SoU,59XE0ciety ,Mof wRX695«NAmerica, :Sull.AWSSt Vol.8,St 2,7N 2tp. 193-Cwrf7PPt200 . 16.CHt Lomnitz,p,R;9EkN C.It and«;O Rosenblueth,Z,LX;TSWXEDN 3.Kt xXO9E,6LvN(editors), 19Cw3Ht76. SeismicUX9LR95 ~Z9Lsisk «;Oand =ngineeringK;F9;XX69;F Decisions,0X59L9,;LN ~KSLXY9X6lsevier ScientifU59X;E9M95.ic Publis4WTS9LD9;Fhlng Company,I,R2«;0N .Amsterdam,wRLEX6O«RN 4l~p.8C82t 17.C3t ~cKinney,V529;;X0N Zt(tN~. ? ., 1976.Cw3Ht K;Y96,;RX;E«S~nvironmental JeoloIX,S,F06y of,M theEDX SoutheasternU,WEDX«LEX6; CarsonI«6L,; City,I9E0N eXY«O«tNevada. ~}!trt . S . ?heiDXL9LNsis, University6;9YX6L9E0 of,M eXY«O«Nl~evada, RZX;,Neno, 1Crr2t33p . 18.C1t 6X9kXSNUeizel, :cS95D«XS.Uc ri.a el ?.3tN , SUW2X69;EX;OX;ENuperintendent, StatUE«EXe :i3uildinAW9SO9;FL6 s and«;O Jrounds,I6,W;OLN I«6L,;Carson City.I9E0t 4X6L,;«SPersonal communication.5,RRW;95«E9,;t 19.Cwt ~oore,V,,6XN J.J.,)tItN 1969.CwHwt GeologyIX,S,F0 and«;O :V9;X6«Sllneral ZXL,W65XL~esources of,M Lyon,p0,;N Douglas0,WFS«L and«;O W6RLT0Ormsby Counties,I,W;E9XLN eXY«««Nevac.a AW6X«WBureau of,M :linesV9;XL «;Oand GIX,S,F0Neology, BAWSStull. 3gN75, 8g2t45p. 7Pt20. Rogers,Z,FX6LN D.K.,0t2tN 1975.Cw3gt K;Y96,;RX;E«S~nvironmen~al JeologyIX,S,F0 of,M e,6EDX6;Nort~ern CarsonI«6L,; CityI9E0N, eXY«O«t~evada. ~VtUtiDXL9LN.S.Thesis, University6;9YX6L9E0 of,M eXY«O«NNevada, ZX;,N~eno, 133p.Crr2t 7Ct21. Z0«SSNRyall, A.S.,wtUtN Slemmons,USXRR,;LN D.B.0trt and«;O GIXO;X0Nedney, pt0tL.D. 1966.CwHHt SeiemicityUX9LR959E0 Tectonism,iX5E,;9LRN and«;OyUW6M«5X-Surface !"aultingX«WSE9;F in9; theEDX iiXLEX6;Western 6;9EXOUnited StatesUE«EXL 0W69;FDuring 1:V9LE,695istoric Time,i9RXN fCP8f-104- BIBLIOG":t.AP~{YAcApcWmVw4ty90 x5,;Etv(cont.) SeiernologicalUX9LR,S,F95«S SocietyU,59XE0 of,M .Anerica,wRX695«N BullAWSSt. Vol.8,St 56,gHN 1105-1135p.CCPgfCCrg2t 77t22. Schryver,U5D60YX6N RZt(tN .? • , 1961.CwHCt :;eologyUX,S,F0 of,M :loundV,W;O liV,WLXouse w6X«NArea, OrmsbyW6RLT0 and«;O Lyonp0,; Counties,I,W;E9XLN lictyXY«O«tevada. University6;9YX6L9E0 of,M Nevada,eXY«O«N RZX;,teno. ~.S.VtUt Thesis,iDXL9LN 832t47p. 7rt23. Sharpe,UD«62XN C.?.,It(tN 1938.Cwr1t p«;OLS9OXLLandslides and«;O rtZXS«EXOelated ?henom4DX;,RX;«Nena, ColumbiaI,SWRT9« 6;9YX6L9E0Univer~ity ?46XLLNress, 2XYGNew York,*,6sN 137p.Cr32t 78t24. Shawe,UD«#XN D.R.,0tZtN 1965.CwHgt Strike-slipUE69sXfLS92 control5,;E6,S of,M Basin-A«L9;f RangeZ«;FX structureLE6W5EW6X indicated9;O95«EXO byT0 hisD9LE,695«Storical faults.M«WSEL tt in9; ~eeterniXLEX6; eXY«O«tNevada. GemX,S,F95«Sological U,59XE0So ciety of,M AmewRX695«Nrica, Bull.AWSSt 8,StVol. 76,3HN e,tNo. 12,C7N 2tp. 1361-137?.CrHCfCr33t 7gt25. Slemmons,USXRR,;LN D.3.,0trtN 195?.Cwg3t GeologicalmX,S,F95«S effectsXMMX5EL ,Mof EDXthe Dixie09n9X 8«SSX0Valley ?aA«96Y9X#irview Peak,4X«sN eXY«O«Nevada earthquakesX«6EDaW«9XL of,M December0X5XRTX6 16,CHN 1Cwg8t954 . 3eisnologicalUX9LR,S,F95«S 30U,59XE0ciety ,Mof America,wRX695«N Bull.AWSSt 8,StVol. 47,83N e,tHo. 8N4, 2tp. 353-375.rgrfr3gt 26.7Ht Smith,UR9EDN R.B.ZtAt and«;O Sbar,UT«6N A.L.,VtptN 1974.Cw38t ContemporaryI,;EXR2,6«60 TectonicsiX5E,;95L and«;O SeismicityUX9LR959E0 of,M tEDX he WesternoXLEX6; 6;9EXOUnited States,UE«EXLN wY9EDith :'.::MphasisA;2D«L9L on,; theEDX Intermountainc;EX6R,W;E«9; SeismicUX9LR95 Belt.AXSEt GeologicalmX,S,F95«S SocietyU,59XE0 of,M America,wRX695«N Bull.AWSSt 8,StVol. 85,1gN p.1205-1218.2tC7PgfC7C1t 73t27. Tabor,i«T,6N Zty:tR.~. and«;O 3llenKSSX; s.,UtN 1975.Cw3gt J.mX,S,F95eologic .V«2.::ap ,Mof Washoe3(«LD,X CityI9E0 ~t^W«O6«;FSXtuadrangle. 'iado«LD,Xshoe CityI9E0 folio,M,S9,N NevadaeXY«O« BureauAW6X«W of,M :linesV9;XL andLW9O Geology.mX,S,F0t 71t28. Thompson,iD,R2L,;N G.A.,mtwtN 1956.CwgHt GeologymX,S,F0 ,Mof theEDX 896F9;9«Virginia CityI9E0 ~uadrangle,^W«O6«;FSXN eXY«O«t1:l evada. U.S.Geological6tUtmX,S,F95«S SurveyUW6YX0 Bull.AWSSt 1042-C.CP87fIt 29.7wt 6;9EXOUnited StatesUE«EXL Department0X2«6ERX;E of,M A.sriculture,wF695WSEW6XN 1973.Cw3rt HistoryV9LE,60 of,M ?looding,AS,,O9;FN CaI«6L,;rson CiI9E0ty 18b«EX6LDXON,'.,·atershed , :«EX6~ater and«;O RelatedZXS«EXO Landp«;O RZXL,W65XLNesources, CentIX;E6«Sral p«D,;E«;Lahontan Basin,A«L9;N :::aI«6L,;rson RiveZ9YX6r UWTT«L9;N Subbasin, ~·evadaeXY«O«f- California.I«S9M,6;9«t ~evadaeXY«O« Department0X2«6ERX;E of,M ConservationI,;LX6Y«E9,; of,M e«EW6«SNatural RZXL,W65XLNesources, 2tp.56-98.gHfw1t 30.rPt Van8«; Driel,069XSN J.,)tN 1978.Cw31t Practical46«5E95«S 6LXUse of,M GmX,S,F95«Seological Informationc;M,6R«E9,; byT0 Planners.4S«;;X6Lt GeologymX,S,F0N, ThiDXe GeologicalmX,S,F95«S SocietyU,59XE0 ,Mof Ar!lerica,wRX695«N BouA,WSOX6Nlder, Colorado,I,S,6«O,N Vol.8,St 6,HN eWRTX6Number 10,CPN 2tp.5gw7fgwHt92-596. -105- BIBLIOGRAPHY (cont.) 31. 'lf.~ite, Gilbert P. , 1964. C'.1oice of Adjustaent to ~oods. ~esearch Paper 1;0 . 93, ,:; :,ica5 o Univer- sity Depart~ent of Geograp~y , Chicago, Illinois, 150p. 32. ~1egel, Robert L., ed. ~arthquake ~n~ineering, Prentice- :..:.all, Inc. ":.:n3 lewood :liffs, Ue'I': Jersey. 33. Worts, G.?. and :ialmberg, G.T., 1966 . :-tfd rologic Appraisal of ~a3le Valley, Or msby County, Nevada. Nevada Departme~t of Conservation and natural Re sources. ·:;ater ~esources ii. ec onnaissance Series Report 39, 55p. 34. Yanev, Peter I., 1974. Peace of :Und in =art~quake Country, C"lronicle Eooks , San ? r ancisco, California, ?art III. 35. Zaruba, Ouid o and :.renel, Voj tech, 1969. Landslides and t "leir Control. Academia .?ublisi1ing ;:ouse of the Czec~oslovak Academy of Sciences, r ra~ue, 193p. 36. Zones, ~.P., 1958 . Petrograp~ic and ?etrofabric Study of t "l e :.!eta":lorp:1ic Rocks ;;ort '.1 of 0arson City, Ormsby Co unty, J{evada. Un iversity of Nevada, Reno. ~.s. T~esis. 80p . ...,,.