(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,289,633 B2 Caldwell (45) Date of Patent: Oct

USOO82896.33B2

(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,289,633 B2 Caldwell (45) Date of Patent: Oct. 16, 2012

(54) UV-VIS-IR IMAGING OPTICAL SYSTEMS 4,681.407 A 7, 1987 Mercado 4,702,569 A 10, 1987 Mercado et al. 4,704,008 A 11/1987 Mercado (76) Inventor: James Brian Caldwell, Petersburg, VA 4,704,011 A 11/1987 Mercado (US) 4,712,886 A 12/1987 Mercado 4,761,064 A 8, 1988 Mercado (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 4,762.404 A 8, 1988 Mercado patent is extended or adjusted under 35 4,765,727 A 8, 1988 Mercado 4,790,637 A 12/1988 Mercado U.S.C. 154(b) by 972 days. 4,832,472 A 5, 1989 Robb 4,929,071 A 5/1990 Mercado (21) Appl. No.: 12/217,579 5,000,548 A 3, 1991 Mercado 5,020,889 A 6, 1991 Mercado et al. (22) Filed: Jul. 7, 2008 5,103,341 A 4, 1992 Ulrich et al. 5,204,782 A 4/1993 Mercado et al. (65) Prior Publication Data 5,210,646 A 5/1993 Mercado et al. 5,305,138 A 4/1994 Freedenberg US 2009/O2962O1 A1 Dec. 3, 2009 5,305,150 A 4, 1994 Robb 5,699,202 A 12/1997 Yamamoto 5,754,345 A 5/1998 Yamamoto Related U.S. Application Data 5,798,874. A 8, 1998 Yamamoto Provisional application No. 60/961.329, filed on Jul. 5,914,823. A 6/1999 Yamamoto (60) 5,920,432 A * 7/1999 Suenaga et al...... 359/656 20, 2007. 6,208.459 B1 3/2001 Coon et al. (51) Int. C. * cited by examiner GO2B 9/12 (2006.01) Primary Examiner — James Greece (52) U.S. Cl...... 359/784; 359/642 (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Opticus IP Law PLLC (58) Field of Classification Search ...... 359/784, 359/642 See application file for complete search history. (57) ABSTRACT Imaging optical systems having good transmission and that (56) References Cited are well corrected over the full 315 nm-1100 nm ultraviolet visible-infrared (UV-VIS-IR) wavelength band are disclosed. U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS A wide variety of apochromatic and Superachromatic design 2,633.222 A 12/1953 Rosin et al. examples are presented. The imaging optical systems have a 3,348,896 A 10/1967 Betensky broad range of applications in fields where large-bandwidth 3,486,805 A 12/1969 Kobayashi imaging is called for, including but not limited to forensics, 3,490,825 A 1/1970 Takahashi 3,517,979 A 6, 1970 LOwenthal crime scene documentation, art conservation, forgery detec 3,652,151 A 3, 1972 Kawabe et al. tion, medicine, Scientific research, remote sensing, and fine 4,050,778 A 9, 1977 Fleischman art photography. 4.206.972 A 6, 1980 Dietzsch 4,387.970 A 6/1983 Brueggemann 13 Claims, 26 Drawing Sheets

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Figure9 US 8,289,633 B2 1. 2 UV-VIS-R MAGING OPTICAL SYSTEMS ency or both. Examples include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4.206.972: 4,681407; 4,704,011; 4,712,886; 4,832,472: 4,929,071 and CLAIM OF PRIORITY 6,208,459. Finally, there are optical designs that are corrected from the This application claims priority under 35 USC S119(e) near-UV through the near-IR, but are not suited for use for the from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/961,329 shorter wavelengths in the UVA waveband ranging from 315 filed on Jul. 20, 2007, which patent application is incorpo nm up to about 350 nm. The reason for this shortcoming is rated by reference herein. either due to a lack of optical correction or a lack of transpar ency, or both. Examples include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,702,569; FIELD OF THE INVENTION 10 4,704,008; 4,761,064; 4,762,404; 4,765,727; 4,790,637; 5,000,548; 5,020,889: 5,204,782: 5,210,646 and 5,305,150. The present invention relates to the field of broadband Even though some of the examples disclosed in these patents imaging optics, and more specifically relates to optical sys are color corrected at three, four, and even five wavelengths, tems that have good transmission and are well corrected over none have adequate color correction below about 350 nm and a very wide spectrum ranging approximately from 315 nm in 15 many have extremely high absorption in the UV due to the the ultraviolet through approximately 1100 nm in the infra glasses they use. red. Accordingly, there is a need for an optical system that has both good optical correction and good optical transparency BACKGROUND ART over the 315 nm through 1100 nm waveband. Recent advances in silicon-based image detectors have SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION opened up possibilities for photography in a very wide wave band ranging from the deep UV (<200 nm) all the way to The present invention is directed to optical systems that about 1100 nm in the near infrared. For many practical pho have good transmission and are well corrected over a broad tographic purposes the UV portion of this waveband is lim 25 spectrum ranging from about 315 nm through about 1100 nm. ited to about 315 nm by atmospheric absorption of sunlight. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to combine at least two The spectrum from 315 nm to 400 nm is commonly called the different optical materials in the design, and to ensure that all UVA spectrum. So, a very useful photographic spectrum will of these materials have an optical transmission in a 10 mm range from the onset of significant atmospheric transparency thickness greater than 0.1 at a wavelength of 0.31 microns. at about 315 nm all the way to the limit of silicon-based 30 In conventional visible band photographic optics for the 35 detector technology at about 1100 nm. A lens/camera system mm (24mmx36mm) format, it is not necessary to reduce the capable of high quality imagery over the 315 nm.-1100 nm axial secondary spectrum if the focal length is less than about waveband would have a broad range of applications, includ 75 mm. Longer focal lengths—especially those longer than ing forensics, crime scene documentation, art conservation, about 200 mm—benefit from a reduction in secondary spec forgery detection, medicine, Scientific research, and fine art 35 trum. But even in these cases, it is rare to find designs that are photography. truly apochromatic, i.e., in which three distinct wavelengths Of course, there are many imaging objectives in the prior are brought to a common focus. art that are corrected for small portions of the 315 nm-1100 By contrast, photographic optics used in the extended nm spectrum, but what is both lacking and needed are objec waveband of 315 nm to 1100 nm have much more severe tives offering both good transparency and good optical cor 40 requirements regarding color correction. In lenses scaled for rection over the entire 315 nm.-1100 nm spectrum. the 35 mm format, it has been found essential to achieve fully In the prior art there are a number of examples of optical apochromatic correction even for focal lengths as short as 24 designs suited for a modest waveband in the near-UV. Typi mm or less. For focal lengths greater than about 100 mm, it is cally these designs have ordinary two-wavelength achroma desirable to achieve superachromatic correction whereinfour tism, and their performance begins to degrade in the green or 45 distinct wavelengths are brought to a common focus. yellow portion of the visible spectrum. Examples include Thus, in order for an optical system to be truly useful for the U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,663.222; 3,348,896; 3,517,979; 3,652,151: 315 nm-1100 nm spectrum, it must be exceptionally well 4,050,778; and 4,387,970. These designs have unacceptable corrected for chromatic aberrations, and in addition it must be absorption at wavelengths below about 350 nm, and they also very transparent to UVA radiation. These two simultaneous have extremely poor correction in the visible red and near 50 requirements demand that extreme care must be exercised infrared. when selecting optical materials. The prior art also includes examples of optical designs that The UV transparency constraint puts most high index use fused silica and CaF2 to achieve true apochromatic cor glasses, especially the flint glasses with high dispersion, off rection from the deep UV at about 250 nm through the visible limits since these glasses have high UV absorption, especially waveband at about 650 nm. Examples include U.S. Pat. Nos. 55 in the 315 nm-320 nm region. Consider for example the Ohara 3,486,805; 3,490,825; 5,103,341; 5,305,138; 5,699,202: glass PBM18Y, which has an index n of 1.59551 and an Abbe 5,754.345; 5.798,874; and 5,914,823. The advantage of this number of 38.77. The Abbe number is defined as (n-1)/(n- type of design is that the optical transmission is extremely n), where n, n, and n are the refractive index values at good, even at very short wavelengths down to about 190 nm. wavelengths of 587.5618 nm, 486.1327 nm, and 656.2725 Unfortunately, the dispersions of fused silica and CaF2 60 nm, respectively. PMB18Y is one of the so-called “I-line” become very similar for wavelengths longer than about 650 glasses that are specially designed and manufactured to give nm, so it is impossible to adequately correct chromatic aber good UV transmission, especially down to the i-line wave ration into the near infrared. length of 365.0146 nm. Nonetheless, PBM18Y has an inter Also of interest are optical designs that are well corrected nal transmission of only about 22% through a 10 mm thick from the visible into the near infrared or even into the mid 65 sample at a wavelength of 320 nm, and at 310 nm the trans infrared, but are not suited to use in the ultraviolet either mission of PBM18Y drops to nearly Zero. Other glasses with because of a lack of optical correction or a lack of transpar similar Abbe number that are not in the I-line class have US 8,289,633 B2 3 4 essentially Zero transmission in the 310 nm-320 nm range. FIG. 2a is a layout drawing of an apochromatic inverted Thus, it turns out that virtually all glasses having an Abbe telephoto lens system showing magnification settings of 0.0x number less than 40 are essentially useless for lenses operat and -0.25x according to Example 2 of the present invention. ing in the 315 nm.-1100 nm spectrum. The same is true for FIG.2b is a plot of chromatic focal shift vs. wavelength for glasses having an index of refraction n greater than 1.8. An 5 an apochromatic inverted telephoto lens system at a magni exception would be the case where the lens elements are very fication setting of 0.0x according to Example 2 of the present Small, such as in microscope objectives. Here, the Small size invention. of the lens elements means that they can be made very thin, FIG.2c is a plot of internal transmission vs. wavelength for thus improving their UV transmission. an apochromatic inverted telephoto lens system according to The constraint on chromatic aberration correction means 10 Example 2 of the present invention. that optical systems for the 315 nm.-1100 nm spectrum should FIG. 2d are plots of vs. Image Height at 10 cycles/mm. 20 be apochromatic or Superachromatic, even for relatively short cycles/mm and 40 cycles/mm for the UV-VIS-IR waveband focal lengths. As a result, many of the glass types used must of 315 nm-100 nm, the UV waveband of 315 nm-400 nm, the have anomalous partial dispersion in order to correct the 15 VIS waveband of 400 nm-700 nm, and the IR waveband of secondary or tertiary spectrum. Suitable crown glasses for 700 nm-100 nm according to Example 2 of the present inven positive-powered lens elements in positive-powered groups tion. or negative-powered elements in negative-powered groups FIG. 3a is a layout drawing of an apochromatic inverted include the fluor-crowns, such as Ohara S-FPL51 or Ohara telephoto lens system showing magnification settings of 0.0x S-FPL53, the fluor-phosphate crowns such as Schott and -0.15x according to Example 3 of the present invention. N-PK51, and calcium fluoride (CaF2). Suitable “flint' FIG.3b is a plot of chromatic focal shift vs. wavelength for glasses for negative-powered lens elements in positive-pow an apochromatic inverted telephoto lens system at a magni ered groups or positive-powered elements in negative-pow fication setting of 0.0x according to Example 3 of the present ered groups include the lanthanum crown glasses such as invention. S-LAL18, S-LAL14 and S-LAL12, and a few of the barium 25 FIG.3c is a plot of internal transmission vs. wavelength for crown glasses such as S-BAL42, S-BAL35, and S-BAL41. an apochromatic inverted telephoto lens system according to Although these glasses are not normally thought of as flint Example 3 of the present invention. glass, they serve a similar function when combined with fluor FIG. 3d are plots of MTF vs. Image Height at 10 cycles/ crown, fluor-phosphate crown, or CaF2. Other useful glasses mm, 20 cycles/mm and 40 cycles/mm for the UV-VIS-IR include S-FSL5, S-BSL7, and fused silica, although these are 30 waveband of 315 nm-1100 nm, the UV waveband of 315 generally not as effective for chromatic aberration correction nim-400 nm, the VIS waveband of 400 nm-700 nm, and the IR and are used to flatten the field and to correct other mono waveband of 700 nm-100 nm according to Example 3 of the chromatic aberrations instead. Superachromatic correction present invention. requires special care in glass selection, and the use of weak FIG. 4a is a layout drawing of a Superachromatic macro positive elements made of light flint I-line glass Such as 35 focusing lens system showing magnification settings of 0.0x PBL6Y or PBL1Y has been found to be particularly effective. and -0.5x according to Example 4 of the present invention. Table 9 and 10, below, provide refractive index and trans FIG. 4b is a plot of chromatic focal shift vs. wavelength for mission data on a number of glass types found to be useful in a Superachromatic macro focusing lens system at a magnifi developing preferred embodiments of the invention. cation setting of 0.0x according to Example 4 of the present By very careful choice of materials and design forms, it is 40 invention. possible to develop a wide range of high quality imaging FIG. 4c is a plot of internal transmission vs. wavelength for systems for the 315 nm to 1100 nm waveband. The example a Superachromatic macro focusing lens system according to embodiments described below are mainly intended for 35mm Example 4 of the present invention. format (24mmx36mm) photography, and include 24 mm and FIG. 4d are plots of MTF vs. Image Height at 10 cycles/ 35 mm apochromatic wide-angle designs, 60 mm apochro 45 mm, 20 cycles/mm and 40 cycles/mm for the UV-VIS-IR matic and 105mm Superachromatic macro designs, a 300 mm waveband of 315 nm-1100 nm, the UV waveband of 315 superachromatic telephoto, a 3:1 100mm-300 mm superach nim-400 nm, the VIS waveband of 400 nm-700 nm, and the IR romatic Zoom lens, and a 1000 mm Superachromatic tele waveband of 700 nm-1100 nm according to Example 4 of the Scope objective. present invention. 50 FIG.5a is a layout drawing of a superachromatic telephoto BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS lens system according to Example 5 of the present invention. FIG.5b is a plot of chromatic focal shift vs. wavelength for FIG. 1a is a layout drawing of an apochromatic macro a Superachromatic telephoto lens system at a magnification focusing lens system showing magnification settings of 0.0x setting of 0.0x according to Example 5 of the present inven and -0.5x according to Example 1 of the present invention. 55 tion. FIG.1b is a plot of chromatic focal shift vs. wavelength for FIG.5c is a plot of internal transmission vs. wavelength for an apochromatic macro-focusing lens at a magnification set a Superachromatic telephoto lens system according to ting of 0.0x according to Example 1 of the present invention. Example 5 of the present invention. FIG.1c is a plot of internal transmission vs. wavelength for FIG. 5d are plots of MTF vs. Image Height at 10 cycles/ an apochromatic macro-focusing lens according to Example 60 mm, 20 cycles/mm and 40 cycles/mm for the UV-VIS-IR 1 of the present invention. waveband of 315 nm-1100 nm, the UV waveband of 315 FIG. 1d are plots of MTF vs. Image Height at 10 cycles/ nim-400 nm, the VIS waveband of 400 nm-700 nm, and the IR mm, 20 cycles/mm and 40 cycles/mm for the UV-VIS-IR waveband of 700 nm-1100 nm according to Example 5 of the waveband of 315 nm-1100 nm, the UV waveband of 315 present invention. nim-400 nm, the VIS waveband of 400 nm-700 nm, and the IR 65 FIG. 6a is a layout drawing of a Superachromatic Zoom lens waveband of 700 nm-1100 nm according to Example 1 of the system showing focal length positions of 100 mm and 300 present invention. mm according to Example 6 of the present invention. US 8,289,633 B2 5 6 FIG. 6b is a plot of chromatic focal shift vs. wavelength for system according to the present invention, the Modulation a Superachromatic Zoom lens system at focal length positions Transfer Function (MTF) is an excellent and widely accepted of 100 mm and 300 mm according to Example 6 of the present means by which to judge the State of optical correction. invention. In particular, a photographic objective with a focal length FIG. 6c is a plot of internal transmission vs. wavelength for 5 greater than about 45 mm and an aperture between f/2.8 and a Superachromatic Zoom lens system according to Example 6 f/5.6 intended for a format size of about 24 mmx36 mm is of the present invention. considered to be well-corrected if the MTF values at 10 FIG. 6d are plots of MTF vs. Image Height at 10 cycles/ cycles/mm and 40 cycles/mm have the following character mm, 20 cycles/mm and 40 cycles/mm for the UV-VIS-IR istics: 1) the MTF at 10 cycles/mm is approximately 90% or waveband of 315 nm-1100 nm, the UV waveband of 315 10 greater on-axis and is approximately 60% or greater at image nim-400 nm, the VIS waveband of 400 nm-700 nm, and the IR heights less than or equal to 20 mm off-axis; and 2) the MTF waveband of 700 nm-1100 nm according to Example 6 of the at 40 cycles/mm is approximately 50% or greater on-axis and present invention when it is adjusted to a focal length of 100 is approximately 30% or greater at image heights less than or . equal to 20 mm off-axis. FIG. 6e are plots of MTF vs. Image Height at 10 cycles/ 15 For wide angle and Zoom photographic objectives the cri mm, 20 cycles/mm and 40 cycles/mm for the UV-VIS-IR teria for “well-corrected are relaxed somewhat, especially in waveband of 315 nm-1100 nm, the UV waveband of 315 the outer parts of the image field. Thus, a photographic objec nim-400 nm, the VIS waveband of 400 nm-700 nm, and the IR tive with a focal length less than about 38 mm and an aperture waveband of 700 nm-1100 nm according to Example 6 of the between f/2.8 and f/5.6 intended for a format size of about 24 present invention when it is adjusted to a focal length of 300 mmx36 mm is considered to be well-corrected if the MTF . values at 10 cycles/mm and 40 cycles/mm have the following FIG. 7a is a layout drawing of a Superachromatic telescope characteristics: 1) the MTF at 10 cycles/mm is approximately objective according to Example 7 of the present invention. 80% or greater on-axis and is approximately 30% or greater at FIG.7b is a plot of chromatic focal shift vs. wavelength for image heights less than or equal to 20 mm off-axis; and 2) the a Superachromatic telescope objective according to Example 25 MTF at 40 cycles/mm is approximately 40% or greater on 7 of the present invention. axis and is approximately 10% or greater at image heights less FIG. 7c is a plot of internal transmission vs. wavelength for than or equal to 20 mm off-axis. a Superachromatic telescope objective according to Example FIG. 9 illustrates the visible waveband MTF performance 7 of the present invention. of several commercial Zeiss Contax photographic lenses FIG. 7d is a plot of on-axis peak-to-valley wavefront error 30 intended for the 24 mmx36mm format, including a 25mm VS. wavelength for a Superachromatic telescope objective f/2.8 wide-angle lens, a 60 mm f/2.8 macro lens, a 300 mm according to Example 7 of the present invention. f/2.8 telephoto lens and a 100 mm-300 mm f/4-f/5.6 Zoom FIG. 8a is a layout drawing of an apochromatic large for lens set to 300 mm. These lenses can be considered to be mat lens system according to Example 8 of the present inven well-corrected for their intended use as photographic lenses, tion. 35 and thus serve as examples to verify that the statements made FIG. 8b is a plot of chromatic focal shift vs. wavelength for above regarding optical correction for the 24 mmx36 mm an apochromatic large format lens system at a magnification format are reasonable. The Zeiss MTF vs. image height data setting of -0.2x according to Example 8 of the present inven is provided for spatial frequencies of 10 cycles/mm. 20 tion. cycles/mm and 40 cycles/mm, which are the same frequen FIG. 8c is a plot of internal transmission vs. wavelength for 40 cies used to analyze Examples 1-6 in FIGS. 1d. 2d, 3d, 4d, 5d. an apochromatic large format lens system according to 6d. and 6e. The Zeiss Contax MTF data was downloaded from Example 8 of the present invention. their website at the following web address: http://www.zeiss FIG. 8d are plots of MTF vs. Image Height at 3.75 cycles/ .com/C12567 A8003B58B9/Contents-Frame/ mm, 7.5 cycles/mm, 15 cycles/mm and 30 cycles/mm for the 84O1A54783ED1154C1257OF9004.9667D UV-VIS-IR waveband of 315 nm-1100 nm, the UV waveband 45 Photographic objectives intended for formats larger than of 315 nm-400 nm, the VIS waveband of 400 nm-700 nm, and 24 mmx36 mm are still best judged by MTF, but the exact the IR waveband of 700 nm-1100 nm according to Example 8 criteria for “well-corrected are adjusted appropriately of the present invention at a magnification of -0.2x. because the image area is significantly larger. A common FIG. 9 are plots of MTF vs. Image Height for at spatial large format size for extremely high quality digital photogra frequencies of 10 cycles/mm. 20 cycles/mm, and 40 cycles/ 50 phy is 72 mmx96 mm, which is the format size used by many mm for white light for four different commercial photo digital scanning cameras such as Betterlight. The image circle graphic lenses. needed to cover this format is at least 125 mm, and preferably at least 150 mm in order to allow camera movements. Large DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION format digital scanning cameras are typically used for preci 55 sion copying of flat artwork. Lenses intended for use with 72 The present invention relates to the field of broadband mmx96 mm large format scanning cameras with a focal imaging optics. More specifically, the present invention length greater than about 150 mm and an aperture between relates to optical systems that have good transmission and are f/5.6 and f/11 are considered to be well-corrected if the MTF well corrected for a spectrum ranging approximately from values at 7.5 cycles/mm and 30 cycles/mm have the following 315 nm in the ultraviolet through 1100 nm in the infrared. 60 characteristics: 1) the MTF at 7.5 cycles/mm is approxi In the Summary of the invention above, the descriptions mately 85% or greater on-axis and is approximately 40% or below and in the claims, the phrase “well-corrected in rela greater at image heights less than or equal to 75 mm off-axis; tion to the optical system of the present invention is under and 2) the MTF at 30 cycles/mm is approximately 50% or stood in the art to mean that the collective effect of aberrations greater on-axis and is approximately 10% or greater at image in the optical system are reduced to the point where the optical 65 heights less than or equal to 75 mm off-axis. system is able to satisfactorily perform its particular imaging Photographic lenses properly designed for the UV-VIS-IR function. For example, in a photographic objective optical waveband of 315 nm.-1100 nm should be well-corrected US 8,289,633 B2 7 8 according to the above criteria when the MIT is calculated Chromatic focus shift vs. wavelength at a 0.7 pupil Zone is over this whole waveband. In addition, such lenses should illustrated in FIG. 1b, and transmission vs. wavelength is also be well corrected for the UV (315 nm-400 nm), VIS (400 illustrated in FIG.1c. The fact that there are three crossings in nim-700 nm) and IR (700 nm-1100 nm) sub-wavebands when FIG. 1b indicates that this design is a true apochromat. the MTF is calculated at a common focal plane. The reason 5 FIG. 1d illustrates the MTF of Example 1 wide open at f/4 for this is that in some applications the whole 315 nm-1100 for an object located at infinity. The four different plots are nm waveband will be imaged at the same time, but in many calculated for the full UV-VIS-IR waveband of 315 nm-1100 applications the waveband will be split by the use offilters so nm, the UV sub-waveband of 315 nm-400 nm, the VIS sub that only discrete portions will be imaged. In one important waveband of 400 nm-700 nm, and the IR sub-waveband of scenario, the lens will be focused via a viewfinder in the 10 700 nm-1100 nm, respectively. FIG. 1d clearly demonstrates visible spectrum, and then UV, VIS, and IR pass band filters that Example 1 is well corrected over each of the UV, VIS, and will be placed in the optical path to photograph an object in IR sub-wavebands as well as for the full UV-VIS-IR wave the UV, VIS, and IR sub-wavebands. Clearly in this scenario it is important that there be little or no focus shift in the three band. different sub-wavebands. 15 In the case of telescope objectives MT is less useful and it EXAMPLE 2 is more appropriate to use peak-to-valley wavefront error (PTVWFE) as a criterion of optical correction. In particular, Example 2, which is a 35 mm focal length wide-angle the on-axis PTVWFE of a well-corrected UV-VIS-IR tele photographic objective for 35 mm format, is illustrated in scope objective scaled to a focal length of 1000 mm and/or an FIG. 2a, which shows cross-sectional layouts at magnifica entrance pupil diameter of about 100 mm should be less than tions of 0 and -0.25x. Elements 206, 211 and 212 are made /4 wavelength throughout a major portion of the visible spec from CaF2; elements 202 and 204 are made from Ohara trum from 435 nm to 656 nm; it should be less than /8 S-FPL51; elements 203, 205, 207 and 213 are made from wavelength at approximately 550 nm; it should be less than /2 Ohara S-FSL5; element 201 is made from Ohara S-BAL42: wavelength in the extreme portions of the visible spectrum 25 and element 210 is made from Ohara S-LAL14. Element 209 from 400 nm to 435 nm and from 656 nm to 700 nmi; and it is the aperture stop and 214 is the image plane. In this design, should be less than /2 wavelength outside the visible spec S-FPL51 has been used as a substitute for CaF2 in the larger trum from 315 nm to 400 nm and from 700 nm to 1100 nm. All elements 202 and 204 in order to reduce costs. However, this evaluations of PTVWFE must be donea common focal plane, reduces the transmission at 315 nm. S-LAL14 and S-BAL42 i.e., without any focus shift as the wavelength is varied. 30 are used as matching flints. Separating the design into two independently moving groups 216 and 217 eliminates varia EXAMPLE 1. tion of lateral chromatic aberration and astigmatism during focusing. Example 1, which is a 60 mm focal length macro-focusing Element 208 is a 5 mm thick filter with plane parallel photographic objective for 35 mm format, is illustrated in 35 FIG. 1a, which shows cross-sectional layouts at magnifica surfaces made of S-BSL7. It is anticipated that in ordinary use tions of 0 and -0.5x. Elements 101, 103, 104, 105, and 109 a lens corrected over the 315 nm to 1100 nm waveband will be are made from CaF2; elements 102, 108, 110 and 111 are used with a filter. A typical scenario involves the following made from fused silica (SiO2); and element 106 is made from steps: first the lens is focused in the visible waveband with a Ohara S-LAL18. Element 107 is the aperture stop and 112 is 40 visible pass band filter in place; next a visible band photo the image plane. This design has a very high internal trans graph is taken with the visible pass band filter in place; next a mission throughout the 315 nm.-1100 nm waveband because series of photographs are taken in the UV and IR portions of there is just a single thin element (106) that is not CaF2 or the spectrum after removing the visible pass band filter and fused silica. The addition of a negative-powered S-LAL 18 attaching appropriate UV or IR pass band filters. A widely element 106 enables the apochromatic color correction to be 45 accepted practice for attaching a filter to a lens is to Screw it far Superior in the near infrared to apochromats made solely onto a threaded outer portion of the lens barrel. However, in from CaF2 and SiO2. the cases of wide-angle lenses in which the chief ray height is Example 1 is composed from just three different optical large at the front element and large aperture lenses in which materials, however despite this simplicity it has the combina the marginal ray height is large at the front element the tion of both good optical correction and good transparency 50 required diameter of the filter becomes very large. In such over the entire 315 nm.-1100 nm waveband. Variation of coma cases it may be advantageous to adopt a different filter attach during focusing is eliminated by fixing a weakly powered ment approach in which the filter is screwed onto a mounting two-element rear group 115 at a constant distance from the flange located near the back of the lens, or is inserted into a image plane while moving a high-powered front group 114. slot opening in the lens barrel, or is swung into place by Negative-powered elements 101 and 111, and the weak 55 rotating an internal filter wheel. The latter approach of using meniscus element 102, located near the front and rear of the an internal filter wheel is particularly desirable because it lens act to flatten the field. This is of critical importance in a allows for a very rapid changing of filters and it keeps the lens using so much low index material Such as CaF2. Ele filters clean. Example 2 is well suited to this approach ments 108 and 109 are cemented together to form a doublet because the filter is located near the aperture stop and its 113 in order to avoid tight tolerances and to minimize the 60 diameter is thus very small relative to what it would have to be number of air-glass interfaces that must be AR coated. This if it were located in front of the lens. For ordinary lenses in latter point is important because AR coatings for the very which the filter is located in front it is not necessary to include broad 315 nm-1100 nm waveband pose special challenges. the filter in the optical design because the filter has no effect The focallength of Example 1 is 60mm, the aperture is f/4. on the aberrations for a distant object. For ordinary close the image format is 24mmx36mm (43.26 mm diagonal), the 65 focusing magnification ratios ranging down to 1:1 the effect diagonal field of view (FOV) is 39.6 degrees, and the total of the filter is very small and can be neglected. However, if the transmission of the on-axis ray bundle at 315 nm is 82.8%. filter is located between the front vertex of the lens and the US 8,289,633 B2 9 10 image plane it must be included in the optical prescription FIG. 3d illustrates the MTF of Example 3 wide open at f/4 because then it will have a noticeable effect on the optical for an object located at infinity. The four different plots are aberrations. calculated for the full UV-VIS-IR waveband of 315 nm-1100 Although Example 2 is a reversed telephoto type design nm, the UV sub-waveband of 315 nm-400 nm, the VIS sub with a natural separation of positive and negative power, this 5 waveband of 400 nm-700 nm, and the IR sub-waveband of was not sufficient to flatten the field. The addition of meniscus 700 nm-1100 nm, respectively. FIG. 3d demonstrates that element 213 with a strong concave surface facing the image Example 3 is well corrected over each of the UV, VIS, and IR plane was found to be very effective in correcting residual sub-wavebands as well as for the full UV-VIS-IR waveband. field curvature. Elements 210 and 211 are cemented together to form a doublet 215 in order to avoid tight tolerances and to 10 EXAMPLE 4 minimize the number of AR coated surfaces. Example 4, which is a 105 mm focal length macro-focus The focallength of Example 2 is 35 mm, the aperture is f/4. ing photographic objective for 35 mm format, is illustrated in the image format is 24mmx36mm (43.26 mm diagonal), the FIG. 4a, which shows cross-sectional layouts at magnifica diagonal field of view (FOV) is 63.4 degrees, and the total 15 tions of 0 and -0.5.x. Elements 401, 410 and 411 are made transmission of the on-axis ray bundle at 315 nm is 32.2%. from Ohara S-FSL5; elements 402 and 406 are made from Chromatic focus shift vs. wavelength at a 0.5 pupil Zone is Ohara PBL6Y: elements 403 and 409 are made from Ohara illustrated in FIG. 2b, and transmission vs. wavelength is S-FPL51Y: element 404 is made from Ohara S-FPL53; and illustrated in FIG.2c. The fact that there are three crossings in elements 405 and 408 are made from Ohara S-BAL42. Ele FIG.2b indicates that this design is a true apochromat. ment 407 is the aperture stop and 412 is the image plane. It is FIG. 2d illustrates the MTF of Example 2 wide open at f/4 notable that none of the elements are made from CaF2 or for an object located at infinity. The four different plots are fused silica, but despite this the design has Superachromatic calculated for the full UV-VIS-IR waveband of 315 nm-1100 color correction with very low tertiary spectrum, and also has nm, the UV sub-waveband of 315 nm-400 nm, the VIS sub very respectable transmission down to 315 nm. In Example 4. waveband of 400 nm-700 nm, and the IR sub-waveband of 25 S-FPL53 and S-FPL51Y effectively substitute for CaF2 and 700 nm-1100 nm, respectively. FIG. 2d clearly demonstrates S-BAL42 acts as a matching flint. Weak elements made from that Example 2 is well corrected over each of the UV, VIS, and PBL6Y are the key to achieving superachromatic color cor IR sub-wavebands as well as for the full UV-VIS-IR wave rection. band. The level of correction is in fact unusually high for a Variation of coma during focusing is eliminated by fixing a wide-angle photographic objective. 30 weakly powered two-element rear group 415 at a constant distance from the image plane while moving a high-powered EXAMPLE 3 front group 414. Negative-powered elements 401 and 411, and the weak meniscus element 402, located near the front Example 3, which is a 24 mm focal length wide-angle and rear of the lens act to flatten the field. This is of critical photographic objective for 35 mm format, is illustrated in 35 importance in a lens made from materials having a low refrac FIG. 3a, which shows cross-sectional layouts at magnifica tive index. Elements 408 and 409 are cemented together to tions of 0 and -0.15x. Elements 301, 305 and 314 are made form a doublet 413, and elements 403, 404, and 405 are from fused silica (SiO2); elements 303, 304,306, 308, 312 cemented together to form a triplet in order to avoid tight and 313 are made from CaF2; element 302 is made from tolerances and minimize the number of surfaces requiring an Ohara S-FPL51Y: element 309 is made from Ohara S-FPL51: 40 AR coating. element 307 is made from Ohara S-BAL42; and element 311 The focal length of Example 4 is 105 mm, the aperture is is made from Ohara S-LAL 18. Element 310 is the aperture f74, the image format is 24mmx36mm (43.26 mm diagonal), stop and 315 is the image plane. Example 3 bears a resem the diagonal field of view (FOV) is 23.3 degrees, and the total blance to Example 2, but in Example3 there is more extensive transmission of the on-axis ray bundle at 315 nm is 24.4%. use of CaF2, SiO2 and S-FPL51Y. As a result, Example3 has 45 Chromatic focus shift vs. wavelength at a 0.7 pupil Zone is a significantly higher transmission at 315 nm than Example 2. illustrated in FIG. 4b, and transmission vs. wavelength is Apochromatic performance has been achieved by pairing illustrated in FIG. 4c. The fact that there are four crossings in CaF2 and S-FPL51Y with S-LAL18 and S-BAL42. Separat FIG. 4b indicates that this design is a true Superachromat. ing the design into two independently moving groups 317 and FIG. 4d illustrates the MTF of Example 4 wide open at f/4 318 eliminates variation of lateral chromatic aberration and 50 for an object located at infinity. The four different plots are astigmatism during focusing. calculated for the full UV-VIS-IR waveband of 315 nm-1100 Similar to Example 2, the separation of positive and nega nm, the UV sub-waveband of 315 nm-400 nm, the VIS sub tive power inherent in the reversed telephoto design form was waveband of 400 nm-700 nm, and the IR sub-waveband of found insufficient to flatten the field, and residual field cur 700 nm-1100 nm, respectively. FIG. 4d clearly demonstrates vature is eliminated with meniscus element 314 with a strong 55 that Example 4 is well corrected over each of the UV, VIS, and concave Surface facing the image plane. Elements 311 and IR sub-wavebands as well as for the full UV-VIS-IR wave 312 are cemented together to form a doublet 316 in order to band. avoid tight tolerances and minimize the number of AR coated Surfaces. EXAMPLE 5 The focallength of Example 3 is 24 mm, the aperture is f/4. 60 the image format is 24mmx36mm (43.26 mm diagonal), the Example 5, which is a 300 mm focal length telephoto diagonal field of view (FOV) is 84.1 degrees, and the total photographic objective for 35 mm format, is illustrated in transmission of the on-axis ray bundle at 315 nm is 63.2%. FIG.5a, which shows a cross-sectional layout. Like Example Chromatic focus shift vs. wavelength at a 0.67 pupil Zone is 4. Example 5 does not use either CaF2 or fused silica, but illustrated in FIG. 3b, and transmission vs. wavelength is 65 nonetheless achieves extremely high optical correction and illustrated in FIG.3c. The fact that there are three crossings in acceptable optical transmission throughout the 315 nm-1100 FIG. 3b indicates that this design is a true apochromat. nm waveband. Elements 502 and 505 are made from Ohara US 8,289,633 B2 11 12 S-FPL53; elements 501 and 507 are made from Ohara excellent correction for field curvature. All elements are com S-FPL51Y: element 503 is made from Ohara S-BAL42; ele bined in cemented groups of 2 (622, 624, 625, 626, 627 and ment 510 is made from Ohara S-BAL35; and elements 506 629), 3 (628), or 4 (623) elements. This allows the system to and 508 are made from Ohara PBL6Y. Element 509 is the achieve excellent wideband correction while minimizing the aperture stop and 511 is the image plane. S-FPL53 and number of air-glass interfaces and keeping the tolerances as loose as possible. S-FPL51Y were found to be good substitutes for CaF2, The focal length of Example 6 is continuously variable although the transmission does drop in the short UV range as from 100 mm to 300 mm, the aperture is constant throughout a result. S-BAL42 and S-BAL35 were found to be very good the Zoom range at f/5.6, the image format is 24mmx36mm matching flints for S-FPL51Y and S-FPL53. (43.26 mm diagonal), the diagonal field of view (FOV) ranges The use of a weak positive PBL6Y element in the positive 10 from 24.4 to 8.2 degrees, and the total transmission of the front group and a weak negative PBL6Y element in the nega on-axis ray bundle at 315 nm is 7.6%. Chromatic focus shift tive reargroup was found to be very effective in improving the vs. wavelength at a 0.7 pupil Zone for both 100 mm and 300 color correction from apochromatic to Superachromatic. The mm focal lengths are illustrated in FIG. 6b, and transmission normal separation of optical powers that occurs in telephoto vs. wavelength is illustrated in FIG. 6c. The fact that there are objectives served to flatten the field without the addition of 15 four crossings for both curves in FIG. 6b indicates that this any additional unusual elements. Elements 502 and 503 are design is a true Superachromat throughout the Zoom range. cemented together to form a doublet 512; and elements 504, FIG. 6d illustrates the MTF of Example 6 wide open at 505 and 506 are cemented together to form a triplet in order to f/5.6 for an object located at infinity when the lens is adjusted avoid tight tolerances and minimize the number of Surfaces to its shortest focal length of 100 mm. The four different plots requiring AR coatings. are calculated for the full UV-VIS-IR waveband of 315 The focal length of Example 5 is 300 mm, the aperture is nim-1100 nm, the UV sub-waveband of 315 nm-400 nm, the f/4.55, the image format is 24mmx36mm (43.26 mm diago VIS sub-waveband of 400 nm-700 nm, and the IR sub-wave nal), the diagonal field of view (FOV) is 8.2 degrees, and the band of 700 nm-1100 nm, respectively. FIG. 6d demonstrates total transmission of the on-axis ray bundle at 315 nm is 8.2%. that Example 6 is well corrected at the 100 mm focal length 25 over each of the UV, VIS, and IR sub-wavebands as well as for Chromatic focus shift vs. wavelength at a 0.7 pupil Zone is the full UV-VIS-IR waveband. illustrated in FIG. 5b, and transmission vs. wavelength is FIG. 6e illustrates the MTF of Example 6 wide open at f/5.6 illustrated in FIG.5c. The fact that there are four crossings in for an object located at infinity when the lens is adjusted to its FIG. 5b indicates that this design is a true superachromat. longest focal length of 300 mm. The four different plots are FIG. 5d illustrates the MTF of Example 5 wide open at calculated for the full UV-VIS-IR waveband of 315 nm-1100 f/4.55 for an object located at infinity. The four different plots 30 nm, the UV sub-waveband of 315 nm-400 nm, the VIS sub are calculated for the full UV-VIS-IR waveband of 315 waveband of 400 nm-700 nm, and the IR sub-waveband of nim-100 nm, the UV sub-waveband of 315 nm.-400 nm, the 700 nm-100 nm, respectively. FIG. 6e demonstrates that VIS sub-waveband of 400 nm-700 nm, and the IR sub-wave Example 6 is well corrected at the 300 mm focal length over band of 700 nm-1100 nm, respectively. FIG. 5d clearly dem each of the UV, VIS, and IR sub-wavebands as well as for the onstrates that Example 5 is well corrected over each of the 35 full UV-VIS-IR waveband. UV, VIS, and IR sub-wavebands as well as for the full UV VIS-IR waveband. EXAMPLE 7 EXAMPLE 6 Example 7, which is a 1000 mm focal length telescope 40 objective, is illustrated in FIG. 7a, which shows a cross Example 6, which is a 100mm-300 mm focal length Zoom sectional layout. Element 701 is made from S-FPL53, ele photographic objective for 35 mm format, is illustrated in ment 702 is made from Ohara S-BAL42, element 703 is made FIG. 6a, which shows cross-sectional layouts for focal length from CaF2 and element 704 is made from Ohara PBL6Y. This positions of 100 mm and 300 mm. Elements 602, 604, 607, design has moderate internal transmission at 315 nm because the elements are fairly thick and because several glasses hav 609, 611, 614, 617 and 619 are made from CaF2; elements 45 ing moderate UV transmission loss were required to achieve 610 and 620 are made from SiO2; elements 606 and 612 are Superachromatic color correction. In particular, the positive made from Ohara S-BAL42; element 601 is made from Ohara powered element 704 made from PBL6Y is used for fine S-LAL12; element 615 is made from Ohara S-LAL14; ele adjustment of the UV portion of the color curve to improve ments 608 and 616 are made from Ohara S-LAL18; and the color correction from apochromatic to Superachromatic. elements 603, 605 and 618 are made from Ohara PBL6Y. 50 Elements 702 and 703 are cemented together to form a dou Element 613 is the aperture stop and 621 is the image plane. blet 705 in order to improve tolerances and minimize the Despite the fact that fully 10 of its 19 elements are made from number of surfaces that must be AR coated. either CaF2 or fused silica, the overall transmission of The focal length of Example 7 is 1000 mm, the aperture is Example 6 at 315 nm is just barely acceptable at 7.6%. The f710, the diagonal field of view (FOV) is 0.5 degrees, and the reason for this is that the various Zooming groups must be 55 total transmission of the on-axis ray bundle at 315 nm is independently color corrected, and thus some modifying 28.6%. Chromatic focus shift vs. wavelength at a 0.7 pupil glass types such as lanthanum crowns and light flints are Zone is illustrated in FIG.7b, and transmission vs. wavelength necessary. This example serves to illustrate the difficulty of is illustrated in FIG. 7c. The fact that there are four crossings designing a complex Zoom system Suitable for the 315 in FIG.7b indicates that this design is a true superachromat. nim-1100 nm waveband. CaF2 is extensively used as the mate 60 FIG. 7d illustrates the on-axis peak-to-valley wavefront error rial for positive elements in positive-powered groups and for vs. wavelength for Example 7, and it clearly indicates that negative elements in negative-powered groups. S-BAL42, Example 7 is well-corrected. S-LAL12, S-LAL14 and S-LAL 18 are used as matching flints; and weak PBL6Y elements are used to achieve Super EXAMPLE 8 achromatic performance. 65 The large separation of optical powers combined with the Example 8, which is a 180 mm focal length photographic negative-powered group 629 near the image plane ensures objective for 72 mmx96 mm digital scanning format, is illus US 8,289,633 B2 13 14 trated in FIG. 8a, which shows a cross-sectional layout. Ele- TABLE 1 a ments 801, 803, 805, and 807 are made from CaF2; and elements 802 and 806 are made from Ohara S-BAL42. Ele Prescription for Example 1 ment 804 is the aperture stop. This design has a very high internal transmission throughout the 315 nm-1100 nm wave- 5 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Diameter band because four of the six elements are CaF2 and the two S-BAL42 elements have very good transparency. The nega- o: - i. is CaF2 29.3178 tive powered S-BAL42 elements 802 and 806 serve as match- 2 23.65ss 6960704 26.17896 ing flints for the positive powered CaF2 elements, and results 10 3 -30.92741 6 SiO2 26.16494 in 4 -43.59143 O.25 27.48283 Example 8 is composed from just two different optical 5 Infinity 5 CaF2 27.5102 materials, which has been found to be the minimum needed to 6 -58.28956 O.25 27.53578 7 30.26674 6 CaF2 26.48707 ensure both good optical correction and good transparency 8 -283.0473 O.25 25.31733 over the entire 315 nm.-1100 nm waveband. Elements 801 and 15 9 21.9S736 5 CaF2 22.71337 802, and elements 806 and 807, are cemented together to form 10 106.7086 5.851342 20.7204 doublets 808 and 809 in order to avoid tight tolerances and to 11 Infinity 1.5 S-LAL18 17 minimize the number of air-glass interfaces that must be AR 12 1858444 4 15.6 coated. This latter point is important because AR coatings for STO Infinity 3 15.4 the very broad 315 nm-1100 nm waveband pose special chal- 20 14 36.36482 2 SiO2 18 lenges. 15 18.18018 7 CaF2 18 16 -33.33136 1 18 In order to ensure symmetry and to reduce manufacturing 17 55.47859 7 SiO2 28 costs, doublets 808 and 809 are identical, and elements 803 18 -SS.47859 4.320931 28 and 805 have the same convex radius. 25 19 -42.78595 2 SiO2 28 Example 8 is optimized for best performance at a magni- 2O 40.26281 43 28 fication of -0.2x. However due to the symmetry of the design IMA Infinity 43.26 it can be used for high quality imagery over a very broad magnification range, including but not limited to 0 to -1x. The focal length of Example 8 is 180 mm, the aperture is 30 TABLE 1b. f79, the intended image format is 72 mmx96 mm, the image circle diameter at f/9 is 125 mm, the image circle diameter at Focusing Data for Example 1 f/11 is 150 mm, and the total transmission of the on-axis ray OBMG O.O -0.5 bundle at 315 nm is 65%. Chromatic focus shift vs. wave- is OBIM Infinity 282.687 length at a 0.7 pupil Zone is illustrated in FIG. 8b, and trans- T 6 InE. 132, mission vs. wavelength is illustrated in FIG. 8c. The fact that T20 43.OOO 43.OOO there are three crossings in FIG. 8b indicates that this design is a true apochromat. FIG.8d illustrates the MTF of Example 8 stopped down to TABLE 2a f/11 for an object magnification of -0.2x. The four different plots are calculated for the full UV-VIS-IR waveband of 315 Prescription for Example 2 nim-1100 nm, the UV sub-waveband of 315 nm-400 nm, the Surf Radius Thickness Glass Diameter VIS sub-waveband of 400 nm-700 nm, and the IR sub-wave- 45 band of 700 nm-1100 nm, respectively. FIG. 1d clearly dem- o: ity,4 infinity S-BAL42 S4.19571 onstrates that Example 8 is well corrected over each of the 2 3712031 11.81699 46.44078 UV, VIS, and IR sub-wavebands as well as for the full UV- 3 -82.30732 3 S-FPL51 46.27681 VIS-IR waveband 4 74.43883 26.5369 45.16653 5 -92-06594 6 S-FSLS 48.04621 Optical Prescription Data 50 6 -46.21091 O.25 48.66189 7 S44.0835 8 S-FPL51 46.5076 Tables 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a, 6a, 7 and 8a below provide optical 8 -1000 18.31,158 45.45454 prescription data for Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. 9 -SS.12425 2 S-FSLS 34.6985S respectively.ivelv. The ddata providedided includincludes Surfacef number,b 1011 Infinity60.14009 O.257.5 CaF2 33.82433.11116 radius of curvature, thickness, glass type, and the diameter of 55 12 -60.14009 O.25 32.OO604 the clear aperture. OBJ refers to the object surface, IMA 1413 36.966830.24264 49.21.0883 S-FSLS 27.0583624.4O765 refers to the image surface, and STO refers to the aperture 15 Infinity 5 S-BSL7 16.96275 stop Surface. A listing of refractive index at various wave- 16 Infinity 5 14.08928 STO Infinity 3 12.98974 lengths for all of the glass types used in the Examples is 60 18 -21.95561 5 S-LAL14 12.62843 provided in Table 9. A listing of transmission at various wave- 19 27.29333 5 CaF2 14.08492 lengths for all of the glass types used in the Examples is 3. -: gas CaF28. 5. provided in Table 10. Tables 1b, 2b, 3b, 4b, 5b and 8b provide 22 -34.77702 O.25 20.1900S focusing data for Examples 1,2,3,4, 5, and 8, respectively. In 23 34.2O313 10.287.47 S-FSLS 21.18SOS these tables OBMG refers to object magnification, and OBIM as IMA24 Infinity21 39.98675 43.2620.96429 refers to the total distance from the object plane to the image plane. Table 6b provides Zooming data for Example 6. US 8,289,633 B2 15 16 TABLE 2b TABLE 4a-continued Focusing Data for Example 2 Prescription for Example 4

OBMG O.O -O.O68 -0.244 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Diameter OBIM Infinity 677.966 3OOOOO 5 TO Infinity SOO.OOO 125.661 14 -119.1318 8.276565 22.8 T8 18.312 13.856 3.986 15 176.7837 6 S-FSLS 28.8 T22 39.987 42.508 48.759 16 -131.4428. 18.35919 28.8 17 - 68.81739 3 S-FSLS 28.8 18 87.96358 41 29.4 10 IMA Infinity 43.26 TABLE 3a Prescription for Example 3 TABLE 4b. Surf Radius Thickness Glass Diameter 15 Focusing Data for Example 4 OBJ Infinity Infinity 1 289.9711 5 SiO2 79.05 OBMG O.O -OSOO 2 1354.911 O.S 75.70 OBIM Infinity 459.398 3 136.41S 3 S-FPL51Y 67.00 TO Infinity 272.456 4 33.15553 9.585237 S1.45 T14 8.277 55.219 5 1212221 3 CaF2 51.35 2O T18 41.OOO 41.OOO 6 36.681.49 7.647171 44.81 7 2759.061 3 CaF2 44.75 8 41.26276 21.28223 41.43 9 -35.76691 4.9 SiO2 40.66 TABLE 5a 10 -3224.192 2SSO439 41.91 11 59.03646 7 CaF2 33.54 25 Prescription for Example 5 12 -93.98464 12.22416 32.46 13 -151.9888 3 S-BAL42 26 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Diameter 14 -396.8509 O.77488OS 26 15 29.53042 5.426116 CaF2 24 OBJ Infinity Infinity 16 118.5459 3.692058 22 1 133.2639 6 S-FPL51 Y 65.86 17 27.06O71 2.5 S-FPL51 19 30 2 212.7231 O.S 65.10 18 53.58347 S.428608 18 3 83.91923 12 S-FPL53 64.64 STO Infinity 2.45164 12.74 4 -16O2629 3 S-BAL42 63.89 20 -41.9031 1.5 S-LAL18 13 5 82.88286 0.5 60.91 21 18.648SS 4 CaF2 15 6 49.43578 5 S-FSLS 61.35 22 -30.60S67 O.1 15 7 35.47566 15 S-FPL53 57.31 23 53.51228 3.8 CaF2 16 8 135.3114 5 PBL6Y 56.02 24 -42.7569 O.1 16 35 9 423.3695 47.7O628 54.88 25 33.31976 3 SiO2 17.4 10 -39.32989 3.5 S-FPL51 Y 31.52 26 19.88882 41 17.4 11 -924.866 O.S 31.30 IMA Infinity 43.26 12 86.41232 3.5 PBL6Y 31.16 13 57.81273 5 30.47 STO Infinity 1O-40581 30.55 40 15 143.1928 5 S-BAL3S 32.89 TABLE 3b 16 -151.3162 139.0837 33.10 IMA Infinity Thickness 43.26 Focusing Data for Example 3 OBMG O.OOO -0.153 OBIM Infinity 3OO.OOO 45 TABLE 5b TO Infinity 127.768 T12 12.224 1.OOO Focusing Data for Example 5 T26 41.OOO 45.040 OBMG O.O -0.031 -O.O90 OBIM Infinity 10,271.011 4OOOOOO 50 TO Infinity 10,000.000 3711428 TABLE 4a T8 139.084 148398 165.960 Prescription for Example 4 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Diameter TABLE 6a ss - OBJ Infinity Infinity Prescription for Example 6 1 SS.29447 3.5 S-FSLS 3541 2 32.20471 11.239.18 32.88 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Diameter 3 -34.59463 4 PBL6Y 32.37 4 -40.651.93 O.S 33.41 OBJ Infinity Infinity 5 36.04252 6.5 S-FPL51Y 32.57 60 1 333.6OO1 3 S-LAL12 90.864.49 6 SSO.98.68 O.S 31.45 2 14453O2 12 CaF2 89.05565 7 26.16145 8 S-FPL53 28.84 3 -236.2744 O.S 88.91.309 8 -197.3263 2 S-BAL42 26.70 4 91.141.98 4 PBL6Y 82.23098 9 18.51483 3 PBL6Y 23.37 5 72.33894 12 CaF2 78.9124 10 22.091.69 12.971.23 22.58 6 93O8814 8 PBL6Y 78.33317 STO Infinity 3.653.54 22.4 7 -194.1441 3.5 S-BAL42 76.68631 12 59.31478 2.5 S-BAL42 22.8 65 8 170.7135 6 71.58794 13 30.26647 5 S-FPL51Y 22.8 9 -124.98O2 2 CaF2 44.50628 US 8,289,633 B2 17 18 TABLE 6a-continued TABLE 7-continued

Prescription for Example 6 Prescription for Example 7

Surf Radius Thickness Glass Diameter 5 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Diameter

10 39.31421 6 S-LAL18 41.04788 6 389.7448 7 PBL6Y 98.29418 11 89.63887 4 39.81.123 7 S37.9943 974.612 97.54749 12 -142.2063 2 CaF2 39.6O752 IMA Infinity 8.781844 13 27.12074 8 SiO2 36.744.09 10 14 60.38511 63.561.21 35.67945 15 269.5742 5 CaF2 26.59853 TABLE 8a. 16 -51.08419 2 S-BAL42 26.52383 17 -104.84.72 47.5379 26.62047 Prescription for Example 8 STO Infinity 1.5 2589484 15 19 53.09311 7 CaF2 26.98.941 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Diameter 2O -49.SS988 2 S-LAL14 27.23041 OBJ Infinity 1059.082 624.9179 21 -1544848 O.S 27.7118 1 19.81704 6.87149 CaF2 27.2 2 25.92532 2.5 S-BAL42 22.77.078 22 207.771 2 S-LAL18 27.90874 2O 3 16.72236 3.70837 19.93378 23 54.66061 6 CaF2 27.961.6 4 27.57892 4.O9211 CaF2 19.1659 24 -2151.324 4 PBL6Y 28.48234 5 47.42948 3 17.65579 STO Infinity 3 16.54433 25 108.1674 70.12111 28.854.48 7 -49.101.95 4.O9211 CaF2 17.21526

27 54.30652 6.5 SiO2 34.12557 25 9 -16.72236 2.5 S-BAL42 19.14705 28 -92.84692 40 34.6928 10 -25.92S32 6.87149 CaF2 21.91247 11 -1986929 194.8068 25.99021 IMA Infinity 43.26 IMA Infinity 124.8957

TABLE 6b 30 TABLE 8b Zoom Configuration Data for Example 6 Focusing Data for Example 8 EFL 100 171 3OO OBMG O.O -0.2 -1.0 T8 6.OOO 66.243 106.862 OBIM Infinity 1294.233 717.734 T14 63.561 45.856 6.OOO 35 TO Infinity 1059.082 339.199 T17 47.538 S.OOO 4.237 T11 158.952 194.807 338.191

TABLE 9

Refractive Indices for Glasses Used in the Examples N315 N365 N436 N480 N546 N656 No.7 N1014 CaF2 1451336 1444890 143945 1437267 1434931 1432457 1431658. 1428788 S-FPL53 1456.325 14498.61 1.44441 1442214 1439856 1437.338 1436.514 1433462 S-FPL51 1.S2O463 1.511762. 1:SO449 1.5O157S 1.498457 1.4951.42 1.494O63. 1490102 S-FPLS1Y 1.52O603 1511855 1. SO4S4 1.5O1604 1498468 1.495139 1494057 14901.06 S-FSLS 1.S13693 1:SO4O6S 149594. 1492671 14891SO 14853S1 1484.088 1.479149 SiO2 1483929 1474SS6 1.46668. 1463SOS 1.460O84 1456378. 14551.39 1.45O243 PBL6Y 1.578381 1.559597 154537 15399 SO 15343OS 1.52847O 1526609 1519976 S-BAL42 1621738 1.6O7246 1.59527 1.590518 1585.472 1.58O148 1.578422 1.572O82 S-BAL3S 1626845 1612684 1.6O101 1.596369 1.591432 1.586197 1584489 1.578126 S-LAL12 1.726866 1.708264 1.69311 1687137 168082S 1.6742OO 1.67206S 1.664332 S-LAL14 1.746488 1.727677 1.71231 1.7O6234 1.699.794 1.692986 1.690771 1682S21 S-LAL18 1.782O)6O 1.762O3S 1.74566 1739.194 1.732342 1.72S114 1.722768 1.7141 06

55 TABLE 7 TABLE 10 Prescription for Example 7 Internal Transmission for Glasses Used in the Examples (10 mm Sample Thickness Surf Radius Thickness Glass Diameter 60 310 mm 320 mm 350 mm 400 mm OBJ Infinity Infinity CaF2 O.999 O.999 O.999 O.999 1 455.892 8 S-FPL53 10O.OS 17 S-FPL53 O.S1 O.71 O.967 O.996 2 -1883.78 2 99.71828 S-FPL51 0.37 O.6O O.947 O.995 STO Infinity 5 S-BAL42 99.3975 S-FPL51Y O.89 O943 O994 O.999 4 257.5733 10 CaF2 98.71527 65 S-FSLS O.89 O.961 O.995 O.999 5 Infinity 1 98.51699 SiO2 O.999 O.999 O.999 O.999 US 8,289,633 B2 19 20 TABLE 10-continued selected from the group comprising fused silica (SiO2) and calcium fluoride (CaF) and in which at least one other pow Internal Transmission for Glasses Used in ered lens element is made from an optical material that is the Examples (10 mm Sample Thickness neither SiO, nor CaF. 310 mm 320 mm 350 mm 400 mm 5. An optical system according to claim 1, wherein none of the lens elements are made from either SiO, or CaF. PBL6Y O.33 0.79 O.994 O.999 S-BAL42 O.36 O.S8 O.932 O.993 6. An optical system according to claim 1, wherein the S-BAL3S O16 O.43 O.904 O.993 optical system defines a 60 mm focal length macro-focusing S-LAL12 O45 O.61 O.89 O.988 photographic objective having a 35 mm format. S-LAL14 0.27 O41 O.81 O.982 10 7. An optical system according to claim 1, wherein the S-LAL18 O.32 0.55 O.86 O.984 optical system defines a 35 mm focal length wide-angle pho tographic objective having a 35 mm format. 8. An optical system according to claim 1, wherein the What is claimed is: optical system defines a 24 mm focal length wide-angle pho 1. An optical system comprising: 15 tographic objective having a 35 mm format. three or more lens elements made of two or more different 9. An optical system according to claim 1, wherein the optical materials, wherein none of the optical materials optical system defines a 105 mm focallength macro-focusing has an internal transmission less than 10% at a wave photographic objective having a 35 mm format. length of 310 nm when measured at a thickness of 10 10. An optical system according to claim 1, wherein the mm, and wherein all lens elements are made from opti optical system defines a 300 mm focal length telephoto pho cal materials having an Abbe number higher than 40; and tographic objective having a 35 mm format. wherein the optical system is well-corrected over a wave 11. An optical system according to claim 1, wherein the length band that ranges from about 315 nm to about 1100 optical system defines a Zoom photographic objective having . a 35 mm format. 2. An optical system according to claim 1, in which at least 25 12. An optical system according to claim 1, wherein the one of the optical materials has an Abbe number greater than optical system defines a 1000 mm Zoom focal telescope 71. objecting. 3. An optical system according to claim 1, in which all of 13. An optical system according to claim 1, wherein the the optical materials used have an index of refraction n less optical system defines a photographic objecting having a 72 than 1.8. 30 mmx96 mm digital scanning format. 4. An optical system according to claim 1, in which at least one powered lens element is made from an optical material k . . . .