View metadata,citationandsimilarpapersatcore.ac.uk http://doc.rero.ch RHYOLITE ,SERPENTINITE CAMPANA,ALPS,TRADE, Key words:CERAMICS,LAUGEN-MELAUN, St. Bernard. passes,suchastheSimploncorridor and(b)transalpine,usingtheAlpine andtheGrand two principalsouth-northexchangeroutesexisted, (a)fluviatile,alongtheRhone- all ofthem wereproducedeitherinItalyorLyonandthenexportedtothenorth;(2)that Germany wereanalysedchemically byX-rayfluorescence.Theresultsrevealed:(1)that unearthed in eleven LateLatenesites (2 TheAlpsasapassage: advantage (recycledmaterial? Socio-cultural specificity?). locally. Theuseofserpentinitetemper ispuzzlingandnotrelatedtoanytechnological north oftheAlpineridgeadoptedLaugen-Melaunstyleandproducedsuchpottery by intermarriages betweenthetwopopulationsand/oreconomic exchange.Thepotters of theInnvalleyandTrentino/AltoAdige.Suchcontactscouldhavebeenmotivated demonstrate thatlonglastingcontactsandceramic tradeexistedbetweenthepopulations this regionserpentinitetemper was preferredbyancientpotters. Theseresults detected northoftheAlpinecrestinSwitzerland,LiechtensteinandAustriathat the 7 imported potterydecreasesmarkedly form the11 Bolzano regiontoSouth-EasternSwitzerland(Innvalley)andthattheamountof therefore ofalocal/regionalproduction;(2) wereimportedthat theseceramics from the the volcanic rocksoftheBolzanoarea,i.e. core region ofthisculture. Thismaterial is Trentino/Alto Adigecontainsapredominantly volcanictemper, whichcanbelinkedto from thisareacoveringatime spanof500yearsreveals:(1)thatthepotteryfrom the .Apetrographicstudyof454shards Switzerland –LiechtensteinandWestern c. to6 TheAlpsasabarrier Ch. duMusée6,CH-1700Fribourg,Switzerland University ofFribourg,DepartmentGeosciences,MineralogyandPetrography, M. MAGGETTI PASSAGE FORCERAMICTRADE? –ABARRIEROR THE ALPS reference thiswork shouldbecitedto Published inArchaeometry47(2):389-401,2005which th th -6 c.BC)canbefoundinnorthernItaly(Trentino/Alto Adige)–Eastern th c.BC(approximately 10%import) and(3)thatnoimported potterycanbe : ceramic remnantsoftheso-calledLaugen-Melaunculture(11 59 fragments ofablackglossware,theso-calledCampana, nd -1 1 st c.BC)inSwitzerlandandneighbouring th c.BC(approximately 70%import) to provided byRERODOCDigitalLibrary th brought toyouby CORE http://doc.rero.ch the following,results havebeenindicated inpercent.Thishasbeendoneforthe to theaimsThe samples ofthestudy.In were thereforeselectedspecificallywithregards questions oftheproject. necessary to finda compromise betweentime spenton researchandtheculturalhistorical excavated shards ortheceramics producedduringthisperiod.Asamatter offact,itwas analysed persite.Ithasthereforebeenimpossible toreflectthe entirediversityofthe Waeber Obviously,onlyaminimalet al.(1979)and (1981). number ofsamples were already byMaggettietal.(1979,1982,1983),Marro (1978),Marroetal.(1979),Stauffer archaeological siteswereanalysed(Fig.1).The results ofthisstudyhavebeenpublished As partofalarge-scalestudy,total from454 samples thethreetime horizonsand30 group AtoC? chronological evolvement and/ordifferenceintheproductionofLaugen-Melaun from Isthere(2) Howelaboratewasthetechnologyusedbyancientpotters? anyevidence ofa any evidenceoftrade,whatweretheregionsinvolved? (1) Which vesselsweremanufactured locallyandwhichoneswereimported? Ifthereis questions bymeans ofscientificmethods: similar among thethreemajor regions,anattemptwasmade toanswer thefollowing Laugen-Melaun C(7-6 into Laugen-MelaunA(11 thepotterycanbegroupedchronologically Based onvariationsinshapeanddecoration, drinking vessels, potsetc.(Stauffer-Isenring, 1983). temper andacapacityof1–4litres.Theywereusedforstorage,boilingliquidsoras with acoarse Isenring 1983).Thisstyleischaracterisedbythedoubleconicvessel Swiss-Liechtensteinian-Austrian AlpineRhineValley(Perini1976,Pauli1980,Stauffer- Italian SouthTyrolandTrentino,theAustrianEast Tyrol,theSwissGrisonsand The LatebronzeageLaugen-Melaun ceramic style iswidespread intheareasof CERAMICS LAUGEN-MELAUN evidence thattheAlpswere apassage, allowingtraderelationships. example,argue fortheAlpsasabarrier.Inother chemical analysiswillprovide presented inthefollowing.Basedonmineralogic-petrographic analysis,onecasewill significant, yetsurmountable Inordertoillustrate obstacle? this,two exampleswillbe questions abouttheroleofAlpsinceramic trade:didtheyrepresentahindranceor a The Brixenconferencemotto“ThelinkingroleoftheAlpsinpastcultures”,evokes INTRODUCTION th centuryBC).AsthetypicalLaugen-Melaunceramic isvery th centuryBC),Laugen-MelaunB(10-8 2 th centuryBC)and http://doc.rero.ch metamorphism, i.e.theyshowastrongschistosityandcontain asericitictochloritic production, becausethey havebeenmetamorphosed bytheAlpine lowgrade Inn (Fig.3),theycannot havebeenusedasasourceofrawmaterialforceramic sites. Eventhoughthere are severalsmall rhyolitedeposits inthecatchment area ofthe of volcanicrockfragments ofthesamepetrographiccomposition foundattheItalian the 88analysed shards (Table1).The remaining 43%containalargerorsmaller amount constituents.Thisapplies to57%of be expectedtooccurinlocalpotteryasnon-plastic amphibolite, serpentiniteanddolomitic limestone. Accordingly,thesetypes ofrockmay located, hasageologicalframework consisting predominantly ofgneiss,schist, The SwissandLiechtensteinianSettlements manufactured onsite.Instead,theywere imported from theareaofcentralgroup. crystalline basement (Fig.2),whichweretempered withvolcanicrockonly,werenot Consequently, thefourteenobjectsfrom the two northernmost locations,situatedonthe the area,localpotterymaybeexpectedtocontainlittlenovolcanicelements. with themarginal location ofthesettlements. Infact,duetothegeologicalconditionsof entirely volcanictemper material, issignificantly lower (Table1).Thisisinaccordance constituents. contrast tolocalclays,whicharefattyi.e.richinclayminerals and poorinsuch temper identification).Besides,theamountofnon-plasticelements (25-50vol.%)isin temper duetothetheirbi-modal distributi non-plastic element andthusconfirmsthisassumption.Incase,thenon-plasticsare volcanic constituents (Table1).Thestudy ofthin sections reveals rhyolite asthemain Consequently, locallyproducedceramics may beexpectedtocontainpredominantly areavia glaciersandrivers.outcrops andweretransportedtotheinvestigated fragments ofgneiss,schistandgranite.Theseoccurnorththequartz-porphyric addition tothesecomponents, thevalley’s unconsolidatedsediments containlithic the so-calledquartz-porphyricplateau,amighty sequenceofrhyolitesandbasalts.In the presenceofvolcanicand/orcarbonatic(dolomite)rocks.The volcanicelements form Between BozenandTrento,theareatoeastwestofEtschriverismarked by The ItalianSettlements arenot statisticallysufficient. the small however,theconclusions numberofsamples, single purposeofallowingcomparisons tobedrawnmore quicklyandefficiently.Dueto Peripheral Group Inn ValleyGroup: Central Group: Geology: Thegeologicalstructureoftheinvestigatedareaisrathersimple(Fig.2). Thesesitesarelocatedatthecentreofvolcaniccomplex. : Incontrasttothecentralgroup,numberofshardscontaining Thecatchment area oftheInnriver,where thethreesitesare on (seeMaggetti1994forthecriteriaallowing 3 http://doc.rero.ch ultrabasites may selected,despitebeing havebeen rareinthelocalrockspectrum, river atthethan 1%ofserpentinite. The sites from containsinfactless Nungässer etal.(1992)have shownthatthepebblepetrographicspectrum oftheRhine selective enrichment grainsatsuch greatdistance ofserpentinite from theparentrock? geologicalprocesswouldhavelead toa invest thatmuchtime effort,andwhat and In fact,itisdifficulttosubstantiateeitherhypothesis. Why wouldpotters havechosento of sandthatwasnaturallyenrichedwithserpentinite. of small serpentinitegrainsfrom asandconsisting ofvariousmaterials; (2)and/orthe use manufactured locally,two optionsmaybeconsidered (1) either thepurposeful selection detectable bythepresenceof sharpangularfragments. Iftheceramic wasindeed technological use.Thisassumption canberuledout,however,becauseitwould possible explanation istheaddition ofserpentiniticwastematerial from some other indicate theuseofasandfraction,addedtoclaywithoutcomplex treatment. Another roundededgesareclearlyobservableandmaywere addedartificially.Nevertheless, thus Consideringthe RhineRiver? the hiatalstructure, itislikelythatserpeninite fragments and pottersspecifically selected serpentinite material from thesediments andmoraines of to thenorth?Orweretheymanufactured inthe vicinityoftheexcavationsite, i.e. locally, andtheArosazonesubsequentlytransported Platta nappe serpentinite depositsofthe particular zones(Fig.5).Werepotswiththiskindoftemper producedclosetothe large very peculiartemper serpentinite.SuchrocksoccurintheGrisons,butlimited to As shownbymicroscopic analysis,many sitespossessLaugen-Melaunceramics withthe therefore originate from thenorthern partsoftheItaliangroups. fragments andrhyolite.ThelatterpointstoItalydueitscarbonate content,itcould There isonlyonesample withanuncommontempercombination, showing calcite amphibolite. This iscompatible withtheHinterlandofIllRiver,whichcontainsalot occurring locally. Thespecimens from Altenstadt arerichin amphibolite rockfragments. which isconsistent withthetriassic“Quartenschiefer”andPermian Verrucanoschists The ceramic from theFlums-Gräpplang site,for instance,reveals a rich, schisttemper, constituents, whichcorrespondtotherespectivegeological-petrographicenvironment. phenomenon may beinterpretedasasiginificanttrend,becauseitoccurs at allthreesites. period consideredinthisstudy(Tab.2,Fig.4).Despitethesmall number ofsamples, this number ofsamples withvolcanicrocksdecreasesmarkedlyoverthe500year tempered subsequently exportedtotheInnValley.The the vicinityofItaliancentralgroupand temper andthatoftheItaliansamples may bethattheInnValleypieceswereproducedin from localmaterial. Ahighlyprobableexplanation forthesimilarity betweentheir that theshardsfrom theInnValleywithvolcanic rocktemper werenotmanufactured schistosity andcontaineithera“fresh” orclayey matrix. Itcanthereforebe concluded matrix. Incontrast,thevolcanictemperfragmentsofItalianshardshaveno Rhine valleygroup: The temper ischaracterized byeithersedimentary ormetamorphic 4 http://doc.rero.ch technique. temper element(atleastatsome excavationsites), thusindicating adifferent kindof ware ofotherculturalorientations,however, grogappearsto have beenthepreferred found intheLaugen-Melaunshardsandneveraccounts formore than1 vol. %.Inthe only bedetectedforthemarble/calcite temper andtheadditionofgrog.Grogisseldom concluded thatpottersusednaturalsand.Controlled crushingofcoarsecomponentscan The temper Itcanthereforebe grainsaremostlyroundedor have atleastroundededges. significantly throughoutthecenturies. thatmanufacturingtechniquesdidnotchange be inferred(atleastinregardstoAandB) components couldbedetected.From theconsistency oftheaveragetemper content,itcan Chronologically,neitheracoarseningnorrefiningofthetemper3mm onaverage). issimilarThe maximum diameter ofthetemper among grains thethreehorizons(1,5- remaining sites(35-40 vol. %),withexceptionof theBozenBasin (29±3vol.%). group totheWestofRhine,containlesstemper (25-30vol.%)thanthoseofthe in particular).Onaverage,theshardsof theLaugen-MelaunhorizonsAandBfrom the well asthe splintery, angular outlines ofsome ofthetemper elements (calciteandmarble excavation sitesandtheirsurroundings.Furtherindicationsarethehiatalstructure,as 50 vol.%and thuscontrastswiththesignificantly fattier,temper-poorclaysofthe non-plastic elements havebeenaddedartificially.Theamount oftemper rangesfrom25- coiling technique.Thecomparison betweenrawclaysandshardsshows thatmost ofthe According toStauffer-Isenring (1983), theLaugen-Melaun pottery wasmade usingthe Manufacturing Techniques Rhine. recent rivergravelderived from them) arericherinserpentinitethan ontheWest ofthe likely explanationforthis difference,becauseasaresultthemoraines(andmost However, aconcentrationofophioliticontheEasternsiderivermay beamore tempting toregardtheRhineRiverasaboundary,separatingtwodifferenttechnologies. tempered withserpentinite becomes negligible to theWest oftheriver. Itistherefore and Liechtenstein,locatedtotheEasternside oftheRhine,number ofshards Incontrasttotheexcavationfor only1%ofthelocalriversediments. sitesoftheGrisons (Wales, GreatBritain)(Williams andJenkins1976). Similarly, theultrabasite accounts components hasfurtherbeenobservedinbronze-ageceramics from theIsleofAnglesey tempered ceramic orculturalmotivations. Thesame specificuseofultrabasic other relevantaspects,suchasparticular technologicalpropertiesoftheserpentinite- a qualitydemonstratedexperimentally byNungässeretal.(1992).Theremay havebeen because itcanbethoroughly andeffortlesslysoftenedinfirethenquenchedwater, 5 http://doc.rero.ch nor thechemical composition oftheirproductions arecurrentlyknown.Inorderto laboratory ofLyon,was attempted despitethefactthatneither allCampana workshops classified. Anattribution ofthepiecestoItalianreferencegroupsestablished bythe Fig. 7revealstheexistence offivegroupsandnumerous thatcouldnotbe samples Multivariate Classification Maggetti etal.(1998)and willbesummarized here. included intheanalysis. Theresultswerepresented byKaenelandMaggetti(1986) settlements inthePadanaregion:Adria(n=7),Verona6)andMilan14),were vessels. Inadditiontothese samples, ceramics withthetypical blackglossy coatingfrom was conductedinordertodetermine the Italian regionsoforiginthesedrinking fragments ofsuchblackglosswarefrom 11SwissandGerman (Altenburg)sites(Fig.6) Italy tothenorth. X-rayfluorescence analyses (18 major, minor andtrace elements) of 59 the wineamphorae,afinestdrinkingcrockery,so-calledCampana,wasexportedfrom transported inamphorae from ItalytowhatistodayknownasSwitzerland.Alongwith Beginning withthesecondpartof2 CAMPANA The studyof454sherdstheLaugen-MelaunstylesA-Cprovidedsurprisingresults: Synthesis a small partunderoxidizingconditions. postulated byotherauthors.Themajority ofthesamples werefiredunderreducing,and of selectedcriticalminerals usingX-raypowder diffraction,liewithintherange The firingtemperaturesof550-650°C,whichhavebeendeducedfrom thestabilityrange selection. county andLiechtenstein,canbestbeexplainedbyassuming apurposefultemper The predominanceofshards tempered withserpentinite incertain areas oftheGrisons 2 Thereis evidencethatceramic import tookplacefrom theBozen basintotheInn (2) ThetypicalLaugen-Melaunceramic wasproduced, inthestudiedarea,forabout500 (1) methods. style orpottersimmigrated from thesouthmay havecontinuedtousetheirtraditional This typeofceramic may havebeenmanufactured bylocalpeopleadoptinganew local origin andthereforeprovesthe existence ofintensive contacts withthesouth. further tothenorth.TheexcavatedLaugen-Melaun warenorthoftheInnvalleyis valley for500years.Contrasting,noceramic tradecouldbeidentifiedforthearea years withoutevolvingtechnologically. nd centuryBC,itwascommonforwinetobe 6 http://doc.rero.ch The resultsuggestslong tradecommercebetweensouthandnorth. Gaul (Lyonresp.“Muette” referencegroup)duringthesecondhalfof 1 “Ncamp” group),thenfromEtruriaduringthe1 reference century BC,followedbyceramic withablackglossycoatingfrom Latium(Campana B, products weremost thisroutetoCeltic tribesfrom probablytransportedalong the2 (1) TheMediterraneancoastandtheRhône-Rhine corridor. AuthenticCampana A chronological gapofmore thanonecenturyamong thesamples, theypresentasfollows: Based ontheanalyses,twomain exchangeaxeswereclearly identified. Neglectingthe Only 48ofthe59Swisssamples couldbe attributedtothe5referencegroups(Fig.10). Synthesis group. is nocompelling reasonforanexclusion ofsamples 34and58from theCampanaA calcium concentrationischaracteristicforlateCampana Aproducts.Consequently,there an averageof4.12wt.%fortherestgroup5.However,itisknownthataprimary high burial. Number34ismarginal because ofahighCaOcontent(7.33wt.%)compared to marginal duetoitsP dissimilarities among theproductioncenterscurrentlyknowninItaly.Sample58is the reference group“CampanaA”. Thisattribution isessentially based on compositional selection. However, thediscrepancy istooweaktochangetheattributionofgroup5 the laboratories involved (Galetti,1994), orifitisaccidental asaresult ofsample say iftheshiftbetweentwohistograms islinkedtotheuseofdifferentcalibrationsby “Campana A”,aswelltheexistence oftwomarginal samples (34,58).Itisdifficultto Group5 likely toindicatemanufacture atdifferentworkshops. group 2.ThediscrepancyinCrbetween theSwissspecimens andthereferencegroupis Liguria andtheApennines(Piacenzazone)thatcouldbesourceofclaypertainingto regions totheeastofPoPlain.Thereareother,lesssignificant ophioliticzonesin clays foundclosetoophioliticzones,thelikesofwhichoccurfrequentlyinAlpine characterized byhighnickelandchromium contents (Fig.8).Thisindicatestheuseof Olcese andPicon,1998,Sfrecola1988).Group2the“Padana” referencegroupare remain largelyunknown(Frontinietal.1992–1993,Frontini1998,Oddone investigated, i.e.thedataarenotwelldeveloped,because the locationsofworkshops Group2 al. (1998). Attribution oftheremaining samples andgroups respectively,canbeseeninMaggettiet exemplify ourprocedure, theSwissspecimens oftwogroupswillnowbediscussed. : Fig.9showsashiftbetweentheSwiss samples andthereferencegroup : Thisgrouppertainstoaregion(Po Plain)thathasnotyetbeenwell 2 O 5 concentration(1.05wt.%)resultingfrom contamination during 7 st century,andfinally from st centuryBC. nd http://doc.rero.ch i.2 GeologyoftheareasurroundingBozen.1=Quarternary, 2=Dolomites, Fig. 2 Investigated sitesoftheLaugen-Melaunculture. Inletfigure=typical Fig. 1 FIGURE CAPTIONS war (58-51BC)? be duetoalackoffindingsortheisolationHelvetianterritorybeforeGallic Campana ceramics havebeenuncoveredatthecenterofSwiss Midlands.Could this ofLyon(KaenelandMaggetti,1986).No Campania toEtruriaandfinallytheregion Chronologically, Roman penetrationprogressedduringthetwolastcenturiesBCfrom evolution oftheCelticsociety,influencedbyanadvancingRoman economyandculture. Switzerland viathealpinepasses.The fewCampana fragments thusallow insightintothe Rhone-Rhine corridor,aswellatransalpine exchangefromthesouthtopresentday Campana), theexistenceofalongtradecommercebetweensouthandnorthvia In contrast,thesecondexample illustrates, bymeansofaluxury good(the socalled more than100km. that itwouldhavebeentoointricatetotransporttheratherfragilepotsoveradistanceof beexplainedbythefact days, whichwascrossedonlybynewstyle-ideas.Thiscanbest adopted thenewstyle.As amatter offact,thealpineridgerepresented abarrierinthose second case,itislikelythatpottersimmigratedfrom thesouthorthatlocalpeople trading productsfortheregionalmarket oras giftsortributestotheInnvalley.In the potsweretransportedtoInnvalleyasluggagebyamigratingpopulation, the Laugen-Melaunstylewasmerely adoptedand thenproducedlocally.Inthefirstcase, transported from thesouthtoInnvalley.Inneighbouringareasnorth,however, stable andlong lastingcommunities withmutual contacts.Forover500years, potswere communities livingnorth andsouthofthemain alpineridge, indicatesthe existenceof matrimonial orpoliticalpurposes.The ceramic spectrum Laugen-Melaun ofthe merchandise, stolengoods,luggagecarriedbymigratingpeopleorasgiftsrelatedto traded betweennorthand south.Suchanexchange cantakeplaceintheform of In transalpinetrade,luxurygoods,rawmaterialslackinginoneregionare andproducts DISCUSSION some kindofcultural“community” oneithersideoftheAlpswithverystrongrelations. from themain distributionroute(1).Theanalysisprovidesevidenceoftheexistence werefoundinAltenburgandGeneva,away the St.Bernard.Shardsofthisalpinefamily occurredalongalpinepasses,suchastheSimplonPlain. Thereisnodoubtthattraffic and (2) Transalpineroute.Theproductionsinquestionpertaintoworkshopsfrom thePo Limestones, 3=Volcanicrocks, 4=Granites,5Metamorphic rocks Laugen-Melaun Avase(from Pauli1980,p.40) 8 http://doc.rero.ch REFERENCES ProvenanceoftheSwiss Campana sampleswithrespecttofivereference Fig. 10 Histograms showingtheEuclidiandistancesofreferencegroup Fig. 9 BinaryplotNi–Cr(ppm) showingthepositionof59analysedSwiss Fig. 8 Preliminary classificationof59,blackcoatedceramic samples (Campana) Fig. 7 InvestigatedsiteswhereCampana ceramics werefound(Nanalyzed Fig. 6 in theGrisonianAlps.1=Plattanappe, Serpentinitedeposits(greysignature) Fig. 5 Percentaldistributionof theinvestigatedLaugen-Melaunceramics with Fig. 4 Metarhyolitedeposits(greysignature) inthe south eastofSwitzerland Fig. 3 group areunknown. The exactlocationsofthepadanaworkshops forming the“Padana”reference groupand arethereforenotshown. attributed toanactuallyknownreference groups (inletmap). Thesamples from MartignyandOlloncouldnotbe developed attheLyon’slaboratory. (group 5fromFig.7)Swissconsumption sites.Specialprogram “Campana A”(from workshopsoftheNaplesregion)andtypicalsamples samples andthe“Padana”reference group(shadedarea). cluster analysis, 15chemical elements, standardised. 1 –5.Specialprogram developed attheLyon’slaboratory,averagelinkage settlements inthePoPlainwithindicationofmain compositional groups found inSwitzerland(nosymbols) and27samples originatingfrom Vindonissa (8),Yverdon(3). (3), Genève(16),Martigny(1),OllonSionSt.Triphon(8), samples): Altenburg(11),Basel-Gasfabrik(3),Basel-Münsterhügel(4), 2 =Arosazone horizon (Ardezn=26,Ramosch n=31,Schuls n=31). volcanic rocktemper fromtheUnterengadinaccordingtostationandtime () 9 http://doc.rero.ch Press Como, 23–30. nera : nuovidati sullaprovenienzaeladiffusione(FrontiniP.,Grassi M.T.,eds),New chimiques deprovenance. In : Indaginiarcheometriche relativeallaceramica avernice Maggetti, M.,Picon, Galetti,G.,1998,Céramique àvernisnoirdeSuisse :arguments der SchweizerischenGesellschaft fürUr-undFrühgeschichte, 192-210. GR), EinBeitrag zurinneralpinen Bronze-und Eisenzeit.Antiqua9,Veröffentlichungen Stauffer-Isenring, Basel,DieSiedlungsrestevon Scuol-MuntBaselgia (Unterengadin, bronze- und eisenzeitlicherLaugen-Melaun-Keramik ausdem Alpenraum, In:L. Maggetti, M.,Waeber, M.M.,Stauffer,L.&Marro,Ch.,1983,Herkunftund Technik Fürstentum Liechtenstein,82,155-178. mineralogischen Keramikanalysen, Jahrbuch desHistorischenVereinsfürdas Laugen-Melaun-Keramik inLiechtenstein.ErgebnisseundInterpretationenvon Maggetti, M.,Stauffer,L.&Waeber, M.M.,1982,ZurProduktionderinneralpinen Adige allaBassa Engadina,Studi Trentinidi ScienzeStoriche, LVIII,1,3-19. Petrografiche dellaceramica « Luco »: L’importazione diCeramiche dalTrentino– Alto RisultatidelleAnalisi Mineralogiche-Maggetti, M.,Marro,Ch.&Perini,R.,1979, Burragato, O,.Grubessi,L.Lazzarini), UniversitàdeglistudiLaSapienza,Roma, 23-35. pottery, 1stEuropeanWorkshoponarchaeologicalceramics, 10-12.10.1991,(Eds:F. Maggetti, M.,1994,MineralogicalandPetrographical Methodsforthestudyofancient vernice nerainItaliasettentrionale.Sibrium, 329–401. XXII, chimiche mediantefluorescenza Xper ladeterminazione diprovenienzadellaceramica a Frontini P.,GrassiM.-T.,LocatelliD.,MelloE.,1992-93,Contributodelleanalisi Grassi M.T.,eds),NewPressComo, 39-61. alla ceramica avernicenera : nuovidatisullaprovenienzaeladiffusione(FrontiniP., della ceramica avernicenerain Italiasettentri delle analisichimiche mediante Xperladeterminazione fluorescenza diprovenienza Frontini P.,GrassiM.-T.,LocatelliD.,MelloE.,1998,Aggiornamento a:Contributo résultats d’analyses chimiques, Bull.d’EtudesPréhistoriques Alpines,XVIII, 249-261. Kaenel, G.&Maggetti,M.,1986,Importation decéramique àvernisnoirenSuisse: tre laboratory.1 Galetti, G.,1994,Analisidiceramica dirisultati anticacon fluorescenzaX.Confronto Grassi M.T.,eds),NewPressComo, 131–136. alla ceramica avernicenera : nuovi datisullaprovenienzaeladiffusione(FrontiniP., della ceramica avernicenerain Italiasettentri delle analisichimiche mediante FluorescenzaXperladeterminazione diprovenienza Frontini, P.,Grassi,M.T.,Locatelli,D.,Mello,E.,1998,Aggiornamenti a:contributo st EuropeanWorkshop onarchaeological ceramics, Roma,205–215. 10 onale. In : Indagini archeometriche relative onale. In : Indagini archeometriche relative http://doc.rero.ch Institute ofMineralogyandPetrography,University ofFribourg. spätbronzezeitlichen Keramikstils Laugen-MelaunB.,UnpublishedDiploma Thesis, Untersuchungdesalpinen Waeber, M.M.,1981,Mineralogisch-petrographische alpinen LaugenerKeramik, ArchäologiederSchweiz,2,3,130-137. Stauffer, L.,Maggetti,M.&Marro,Ch.,1979, Formenwandel undProduktionder der SchweizerischenGesellschaftfürUr-undFrühgeschichte. GR). EinBeitrag zurinneralpinen Bronze-und Eisenzeit.Antiqua9,Veröffentlichungen Stauffer-Isenring, L.,1983,DieSidelungsreste von Scuol-Munt Baselgia(Untgerengadin (Ivrea). OrcoAnthropologica6,105–107. petrografici. In : BrecciaroliTaboselli L., Sfrecola, S.,1988,Laceramica averniceneradaEporedia : datimineralogico- delle recenti ricerchenelTrentino.StudiTrentinidiScienzestoricheLV,1, 151-162. Perini, R.,1976,Appuntiperunadefinizionedellefasidella« cultura luco » sullabase einer Kulturlandschaft.ExLibris,Zürich. Pauli, L.,1980,DieAlpeninFrühzeitundMittelalter.archäologischeEntdeckung New PressComo, 33–40. vernice nera : nuovidatisullaprovenienzaeladiffusione(FrontiniP.,GrassiM. T.,eds), fondamenti teoricieproblemi aperti. In : Indaginiarcheometriche relativeallaceramica a Olcese, G.,Picon,M.,1998,Ceramiche avernice nera inItaliaeanalisi dilaboratorio : diffusione (FrontiniP.,GrassiM.T.,eds),NewPressComo, 171–178. archeometriche relativealla ceramica avernicenera : nuovidatisullaprovenienzaela mediante analisi perattivazioneneutronicastrumentale (INAA).In : Indagini Oddone, M.,1998,Determinazione dellacomposizione chimica nelleceramiche Liechtenstein, Band91,119-165. Keramikfunde derEisenzeit.Jahrbuchdes Historischen VereinsfürdasFürstentum Mikroskop undRöntgenlicht, In: J.Bill, W. Nungässer&G.Galetti:Liechtensteinische Nungässer, W.,Maggetti,M.&Galetti,G.,1992,AnalysederScherbensubstanzmit im alpinenRaum, Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 9,4,393-400. petrographische UntersuchungenanLaugener Keramik –einBeitragzum Keramikimport Marro, Ch.,Maggetti,M.,Stauffer,L.&Primas, M.,1979,Mineralogisch- UniversityofFribourg. Institute ofMineralogyandPetrography, Marro, Ch.,1978,Recherchesenarchéocéramiques, UnpublishedDiploma Thesis, 11 La ceramica avernicenera daEporedia http://doc.rero.ch Davidson, A.A.andShackley,M.L.,Geoarchaeology.Duckworth,London,115-135. spectrographic techniquesinassessingprovenanceofsediments usedinceramics. In: Williams, J.L.W. &Jenkins,D.A.,1976, Theuseofpetrographic,heavy mineral and arc 12 http://doc.rero.ch tla eihrlSts8 75 27 56 17 82 Italian PeripheralSites Table 1Distributionofthefabrictypes(allperiods) tla eta ie 07 02 20 78 90 Italian CentralSites ws n aly8 02 57 23 20 88 Swiss InnValley Site N Fabric type(%) Fabric N Site thin sections rocks only Volcanic and other Volcanic rocks volcanic rocks No http://doc.rero.ch Ramosc al DistributionofthefabrictypesinInnvalley Table 2 Locality Period N Fabric type(%) Fabric N Period Locality cusA1 327 73 - 11 A Schuls re 31 43 14 43 7 A Ardez h 2-1 83 17 78 - 11 11 12 C 9 C 813-87C8 825-75B8 B10 40- 60 B12A11 42- 1873 58 9 thin sections rocks only Volcanic and other Volcanic rocks volcanic rocks No

http://doc.rero.ch Rhine SWITZERLAND LIECHTENSTEIN

Inn ITALY Fig. 1 AUSTRIA

Etsch 20 km N http://doc.rero.ch 4 3 2 1 5 0km 20 N Fig. 2 T B http://doc.rero.ch

Rhine Flums Fig. 3

Inn Ardez 0km 10 N Ramosch Schuls http://doc.rero.ch

% Imports 100 100 100 50 50 50 A A A B B B Ardez Schuls Ramosch Fig. 4 C C C http://doc.rero.ch Flums

Rhine Altenstadt 1

2 Fig. 5

Inn 10 km N http://doc.rero.chGenève Basel Münsterhügel Martigny Basel Gasfabrik Yverdon St.Triphon Ollon Sion Vindonissa Fig. 6 Altenburg Chur 20 km N http://doc.rero.ch

81 84 83 105

1 71 87 67 64 70 65 40 Milano Adria Verona 63 Swiss 106 79 92 82 75 80 74 77 78 89 88 91 72 76 90 2 93 99 86 28 29 30 26 27 25 24 96 98 95 100 97 Fig. 7 31 85 43 44 47

3 42 66 45 62 39 60 41 22 68 54 4 55 21 32 61 101 23 104 50 51 49 52 53 56 48 59 69 73 46 57 36 33 34 5 58 35 37 102 38 103 94 http://doc.rero.ch Ni 200 120 160 40 80 0 010102020300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Fig. 8 Cr http://doc.rero.ch ...... 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 ...... 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 aa.d Mahal. 2 37 46 102 38 55 36 57 35 Fig. 9 33 APN A CAMPANA 58 SWISS 34 http://doc.rero.ch Genève Basel Münsterhügel Basel Gasfabrik St.Bernard pass Yverdon St. Triphon Sion Fig. 10 pass Simplon Altenburg Vindonissa Etruria Muette apn A Campana N camp ? Chur Padana 20 km N