DOCSLIB.ORG

Phosphatidylserine Derived from Soy Lecithin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phosphatidylserine Derived from Soy Lecithin GRAS Notice (GRN) No.636 http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/NoticeInventory/default.htm ORIGINAL SUBMISSION 000001 NutraSource, lnc . 6309 Moming Dew Ct, Clarksville, MD 21029 (41 0)-531-3336 or (30 I) 875-6454 March 8, 2016 ( G~N00Db36 Dr. Antonia Mattia Office of Food Additive Safety (HFS-255) Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Food and Drug Administration 5100 Paint Branch Parkway College Park, MD 20740 Subject: GRAS Notice for Phosphatidylserine derived from Sunflower Lecithin Dear Dr. Antonia Mattia: On behalf of ECA Healthcare, Inc., we are submitting for FDA review a GRAS notification for phosphatidylserine (PS) derived from sunflower lecithin. The attached documents contain the specific information that addresses the safe human food uses for the notified substance. We believe that this determination and notification are in compliance with proposed Sec. 170.36 of Part 21 ofthe Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR section170.36) as published in the Federal Register, Vol. 62, No. 74, FR 18937, April17, 1997. We enclose an original and two copies ofthis notification for your review. Please feel free to contact me if additional information or clarification is needed as you proceed with the review. We would appreciate your kind attention to this matter. Sincerely, (b) (6) 3/;?/2-t:J/6 Susan Cho, Ph.D. Susanscho [email protected] Agent for ECA Healthcare, Inc. enclosure ~~cc:;~U'\!1~\Q) 1 MAR 16 20'6 oFfiCE OF FOOD AODI11VE SAfETY j I 000002 GRAS EXEMPTION CLAIM for SunPSTM Manufactured by ECA Healthcare, Inc. Prepared by: NutraSource, Inc. 6309 Morning Dew Court Clarksville, MD 21029 Tel: 410-531-3336; [email protected] A. GRAS EXEMPTION CLAIM: phosphatidylserine (PS) from sunflower lecithin (SunPS®) - Exemption from the Requirement for Premarket Approval Pursuant to Proposed 21 CFR 170.36 ECA Healthcare, Inc. (hereinafter referred to as ECA) has determined that its phosphatidylserine (PS) from sunflower lecithin (SunPSTM) is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS). Consistent with Section 201(s) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, this determination is based on scientific procedures described in the following sections. Since these procedures specify the conditions of its intended use in food, the use of ECA’s SunPSTM is exempt from the requirement of premarket approval. Signed Susan Cho Date: Agent for ECA Healthcare, Inc. B. Notifier’s Name and Address Jiang Su, Managing Director ECA Healthcare, Inc. 1017 North Building, 1839 Qixin Rd Shanghai, China 201101 Tel: +86+139-1704-0601 or 909-859-4956 (Cell phone in California) Fax: +86-21-3358-0611 E mail: [email protected] 1 000003 GRAS EXEMPTION CLAIM for SunPS™ Manufactured by ECA Healthcare, Inc. Prepared by: NutraSource, Inc. 6309 Morning Dew Court Clarksville, MD 21 029 Tel: 410 -531-3336 ; Susanscho 1({U yahoo.com A. GRAS EXEMPTION CLAIM: phosphatidylserine (PS) from sunflower lecithin (SunPS ®) ­ Exemption from the Requirement for Premarket Approval Pursuant to Proposed 21 CFR 170.36 ECA Healthcare, Inc. (hereinafter referred to as ECA) has determined that its phosphatidylserine (PS) from sunflower lecithin (SunPS™) is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS). Consistent with Section 201(s) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, this determination is based on scientific procedures described in the following sections. Since these procedures specify the conditions of its intended use in food, the use ofECA' s SunPS™ is exempt from the requirement of premarket approval. Signed (b) (6) Susan Cho Date: Agent for ECA Healthcare , Inc. B. Notifier's Name and Address Jiang Su, Managing Director ECA Healthcare, Inc. 1017 North Building, 1839 Qixin Rd Shanghai, China 201101 Tel: +86+ 139-1704-0601 or 909-859-4956 (Cell phone in California) Fax : +86-21-3358-0611 E mail: [email protected] 1 000004 C. Name of GRAS Substance TM Common name is Phosphatidylserine (PS). Trade name is SunPS , manufactured by ECA Healthcare, Inc. D. Product Description D.1. Identity Chemical name: Phosphatidylserine (PS). Per IUPAC-CBN nomenclature, it is a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine. Chemical Abstract Registry Number: There is no CAS Reg. Number assigned specifically to PS derived from sunflower lecithin. The generic CAS Reg. Number assigned to PS is: 84776-79-4. Chemical Formula: The empirical formula of the most abundant molecule (comprising two linoleic acids) is C42H73O10PNCa. Structure: PS consists of a glycerophosphate skeleton conjugated with two fatty acids and L- serine via a phosphodiester linkage. The structural diagram below shows the general representation of the glycerophosphate backbone with R as fatty acids. The counter ion for the phosphate moiety is Ca2+ . Figure 1. General structure of PS, where R= alkyl group; the counter ion for the phosphate moiety is Ca2+ in the most abundant form. 2 000005 Fatty Acid Profile: The mean percentages of the fatty acids (FA) in PS from various sources are presented in Table 1. Table 2 presents the FA profile of SunPSTM. The bovine source is mainly composed of stearic and oleic acids; the main fatty acids in plant sources have linoleic acid and oleic acid; and fish sources have docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and palmitic acid as the main fatty acids. Different sources do not significantly impact safety profiles of PS. Table 1. Fatty acid (FA) profiles of soy-, sunflower-, fish-, krill-, and bovine-derived PS Fatty Acid Typical FA composition (as % of total FA) Soy- Sunflower- Fish- Krill- Bovine- derived derived derived derived derived PS1 PS PS2 PS3 PS4 Caprylic acid (C8:0) 1 Myristic acid (C14:0) 2 2 Palmitic acid (C16:0) 14 11 23 23.5 3 Palmitoleic acid (C16:1) 2 1.8 Stearic acid (C18:0) 4 2.9 2 1 40 Oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) 15 15.8 13 13 35 Vaccenic acid (C18:1n- 11) Linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) 62 70.11 2 1.2 alpha-Linolenic acid 5 0.2 1 1 (C18:3 n-3) Octadecatetraenoic acid 2 (C18:4n-3) Eicosenoic (C20:1n-9) 2 0.6 6 Arachidonic acid (C20:4n- 1 0.7 6) Eicosapentaenoic acid 12 31 (C20:5n-3; EPA) Erucic acid (C22:1) 1.3 6 Docosapentaenoic acid 1 0.7 (C22:5) Docosahexaenoic acid 33 14 7 (C22:6n-3; DHA) Nervonic acid (C24:1n-9) 0.3 3 Others 5 5 1 GRN No. 000223; 2 GRN No. 000279;3 GRN No. 000311. 4 Adopted from Claro et al. (1999) and GRN 545. DHA=Docosahexaenoic acid; EPA=Eicosapentaenoic acid; FA= fatty acid. 3 000006 Table 2. Typical fatty acid (FA) composition of ECA’s SunPSTM Fatty acid Percentage (as % of total FA) Palmitic acid 14.58 Stearic acid 3.88 Oleic acid 15.90 Linoleic acid 60.32 Linolenic acid 5.32 Total 100 D.2. Manufacturing Process The phosphatidylcholine-enriched lecithin is enzymatically trans-phosphatidylated with L-serine using phospholipase D, which catalyzes the substitution of the choline head-group with serine to form PS. Following the enzymatic reaction, PS is separated from the reaction mixture, purified and dried. ECA uses a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP)-controlled manufacturing process and rigorously tests its final production batches to verify adherence to quality control specifications described below. Processing aids, such as ethanol and other ingredients including excipients used in the manufacturing process, are food-grade as specified in the Food Chemical Codex (FCC). The ECA’s manufacturing facility and process are certified with the NSF International, based in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. D.3. Typical Composition and Specifications SunPSTM is produced as an off-white to brown-colored powder. Table 3 presents the typical composition of SunPSTM in comparison to those described in other GRNs for PS. Table 4 shows specifications of SunPSTM. Analysis of pesticides (less than 0.05 ppm) and dioxin congeners (less than 0.5 ppm) showed that the levels for the pesticides and other contaminants are minimal in this product. Specifications are comparable to those established in the previous GRAS notices (GRNs 186, 197, 223, and 545; PS content: GRN 186, ≥19%; GRN 197, ≥90%; GRN 223, ≥70%; GRN 545, ≥60%). ECA’s product is specified to contain ≥50% PS. The product also contains other phospholipids and glycerides naturally occurring in sunflower lecithin. These other phospholipids include lysoPS, phosphatidic acid, lyso phosphatidic acid, and associated phospholipids. Compared to the sunflower PS described in GRN 545, the specifications of SunPSTM are approximately 10% lower in the PS content and 10% higher in other phospholipids. These phospholipid profiles are not expected to impact the safety profile of PS products since other phospholipids follow similar metabolic pathways to that of PS. Phospholipids including phosphatidic acid, lyso PS, and lyso phosphatidic acid, are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes. Due to their safety and functionality, phospholipids are widely used as an emulsifier in food formulations. 4 000007 Table 3. Typical composition of SunPSTM and other PS Parameter SunPS GRN GRN GRN GRN GRN GRN 545 186 197 223 279 311 PS, % 52.3 66.8 19* 90 72.0 48.0 55.0 Phosphatidyl acid, % 7.3 9.2 ≤81 3.2 10.6 6.6 5.6 Phosphatidylcholine, % 3.6 0.4 NA NA 1.6 0.8 Lyso PS, % 0.8 0.9 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.8 Lyso phosphatidyl acid, % 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.3 NA NA Phosphatidyl inositol, % 3.5 1.3 NA NA 1.6 1.6 Other phospholipids, % 17.2 8.0 0.5 4.3 19.8 12.8 Glycerides (Tri-, di- and 4.9 0.1 2.8 3.1 mono-), % DHA+EPA, % NM NM NM NM NM 22 23 Calcium, % 2.8 2.5 NA 0.2 2.5 NA NA Sodium, % NA NA 3.1 ≤0.1 NA NA Silicon dioxide should be ≤1 1-1.5 less than 1.5% Free L-serine, % 0.5 0.4 NA 0.3 ≤0.1 NA NA Loss on drying, % 1.1 NA ≤5.0 1.0 ≤0.2 NA NA Ash, % 14.2 14.6 NA NA 12.7 NA NA Volatiles, % NM NM NM NM NM 2.0 1.5 NA=not available; NM=not measured; PS= Phosphatidylserine; *This value represents the sum of PS and lysoPS.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phosphatidylserine
    Cognitive Vitality Reports® are reports written by neuroscientists at the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF). These scientific reports include analysis of drugs, drugs-in- development, drug targets, supplements, nutraceuticals, food/drink, non-pharmacologic interventions, and risk factors. Neuroscientists evaluate the potential benefit (or harm) for brain health, as well as for age-related health concerns that can affect brain health (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes/metabolic syndrome). In addition, these reports include evaluation of safety data, from clinical trials if available, and from preclinical models. Phosphatidylserine Evidence Summary May promote cognitive function and protect from decline, especially for DHA-enriched phosphatidylserine. It has a good safety profile but has limited bioavailability. Neuroprotective Benefit: Mixed evidence from clinical trials, and considerable bias in results reporting. Has poor bioavailability and it’s unclear how well it gets into the brain. Aging and related health concerns: No clear rationale or data. One study reported a minor increase in mobility in elderly, but effect can’t be clearly tied to phosphatidylserine. Safety: Well-tolerated with no serious adverse events reported in short trials. May slightly reduce blood pressure. Information on long-term safety is not available. 1 What are they? Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a class of phospholipids that help to make up the plasma membranes in the brain. Varying the levels and the symmetry of PS in cell membranes (i.e. on the inside or outside of a membrane) can affect signaling pathways that are central for cell survival (e.g. Akt, protein kinase C, and Raf-1) and neuronal synaptic communication [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Enzyme Phosphatidylserine Synthase (Saccharomyces Cerevisae/Chol Gene/Transformation) V
    Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 80, pp. 7279-7283, December 1983 Genetics Isolation of the yeast structural gene for the membrane-associated enzyme phosphatidylserine synthase (Saccharomyces cerevisae/CHOl gene/transformation) V. A. LETTS*, L. S. KLIG*, M. BAE-LEEt, G. M. CARMANt, AND S. A. HENRY* *Departments of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; and tDepartment of Food Science, Cook College, New Jersey Agricultural Experimental Station, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 Communicated by Frank Lilly, August 11, 1983 ABSTRACT The structural gene (CHOI) for phosphatidyl- Mammals, for example, synthesize PtdSer by an exchange re- serine synthase (CDPdiacylglycerol:L-serine O-phosphatidyl- action with PtdEtn (9). However, PtdSer synthase is found in transferase, EC 2.7.8.8) was isolated by genetic complementation E. coli and indeed the structural gene for the E. coli enzyme has in Saccharomyces cerevmae from a bank of yeast genomic DNA been cloned (10). Thus, cloning of the structural gene for the on a chimeric plasmid. The cloned DNA (4.0 kilobases long) was yeast enzyme will permit a detailed comparison of the structure shown to represent a unique sequence in the yeast genome. The and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes and gene DNA sequence on an integrative plasmid was shown to recombine products. The availability of a clone of the CHOI gene will per- into the CHOi locus, confwrming its genetic identity. The chol yeast mit analysis of its regulation at the transcriptional level. Fur- strain transformed with this gene on an autonomously replicating thermore, the cloning of the CHOI gene provides us with the plasmid had significantly increased activity of the regulated mem- the levels of PtdSer synthase in the cell, brane-associated enzyme phosphatidylserine synthase.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Plasmatic Platelet-Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase Activity in Patients with Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies
    Autoimmun Highlights (2017) 8:5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13317-017-0092-7 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Exploring the plasmatic platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity in patients with anti-phospholipid antibodies 1,2 1 1 2 Martina Fabris • Adriana Cifu` • Cinzia Pistis • Massimo Siega-Ducaton • 1 1,2 3 1,2 Desre` Ethel Fontana • Roberta Giacomello • Elio Tonutti • Francesco Curcio Received: 23 December 2016 / Accepted: 12 March 2017 / Published online: 25 March 2017 Ó The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Conclusions PAF-AH plasmatic activity is particularly up- Purpose To explore the role of plasmatic platelet-activat- regulated in LAC? and in ab2GPI IgG? patients, possibly ing factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), a marker of cardio- representing an alternative prognostic biomarker for the vascular risk, in patients with anti-phospholipid antibodies therapeutic management of APS patients. (aPL). Methods PAF-AH activity was assessed in a series of 167 Keywords Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase Á unselected patients screened for aPL in a context of Anti-phospholipid syndrome Á Anti-beta2-glycoprotein I thrombotic events, risk of thrombosis or obstetric compli- antibodies Á Anti-prothrombin/phosphatidylserine cations and in 77 blood donors. antibodies Á Lupus anticoagulant Á Atherosclerosis Results 116/167 patients showed positive results for at least one aPL among IgG/IgM anti-prothrombin/phos- phatidylserine (aPS/PT), anti-cardiolipin (aCL), anti-beta2- Introduction glycoprotein I (ab2GPI) or lupus anticoagulant (LAC), while 51/167 patients resulted aPL-negative. LAC? Anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) is a hypercoagulable patients disclosed higher PAF-AH than LAC-negative disorder clinically displayed by venous or arterial throm- (22.1 ± 6.4 nmol/min/ml vs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Phosphatidylserine in Recognition of Apoptotic Cells by Phagocytes
    Cell Death and Differentiation (1998) 5, 551 ± 562 1998 Stockton Press All rights reserved 13509047/98 $12.00 http://www.stockton-press.co.uk/cdd Review The role of phosphatidylserine in recognition of apoptotic cells by phagocytes Valerie A. Fadok1,2, Donna L. Bratton1, S. Courtney Frasch1, epithelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells). To date, Mary L. Warner1 and Peter M. Henson1 there have been a number of receptors described for macrophages and other cells which bind to apoptotic cells 1 Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 and mediate their uptake. These include lectin-like receptors Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206 USA (Duvall et al, 1985, Dini et al, 1992; 1995; Hall et al, 1994; 2 corresponding author: tel: 1-303-398-1281 fax: 1-303-398-1381 Morris et al, 1994; Falasca et al, 1996), the vitronectin receptor email: [email protected] avb3 (Savill et al, 1990; Hall et al, 1994; Hughes et al, 1997), CD36 (Savill et al, 1992), an uncharacterized phosphatidyl- Received: 15.10.97; revised: 23.3.98; accepted: 2.4.98 Edited by M. Piacentini serine-recognizing receptor (Fadok et al, 1992a,b, 1993; Pradhan et al, 1997), CD14 (Flora and Gregory 1994; Devitt et al, 1998), and scavenger receptors (Sambrano and Steinberg, Abstract 1995; Fukasawa et al, 1996; Platt et al, 1996; Murao et al, 1997). The ABC1 transporter, also involved in uptake of Exposure of phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of the mammalian apoptotic cells, has recently been shown to plasma membrane is a surface change common to many mediate anion transport (Luciani and Chimini, 1996; Becq et apoptotic cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Phosphatidylserine: a Well-Studied Cognitive Solution for Supplements and Functional Foods
    Somato Publications Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Food Science Review Article Phosphatidylserine: A Well-Studied Cognitive Solution for Supplements and Functional Foods Itay Shafat* Frutarom Health, Israel *Address for Correspondence: Itay Shafat, Frutarom Health, Israel, E-mail: [email protected] Received: 05 August 2018; Accepted: 23 August 2018; Published: 24 August 2018 Citation of this article: Shafat, I. (2018) Phosphatidylserine: A Well-Studied Cognitive Solution for Supplements and Functional Foods. J Clin Nutr Food Sci, 1(1): 020-028. Copyright: © 2018 Shafat, I. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT Phosphatidylserine is a structural component of cell membranes, which can be found in all biological membranes of plants, animals and other life forms. The human body contains about 30g of phosphatidylserine, close to half (~13 g) of which is found in the brain. Phosphatidylserine plays a vital role in several cellular processes, such as activation of cell-membrane bound enzymes, and is involved in neuronal signaling. Phosphatidylserine can also be found in human diet, though in the last decades it is estimated that average consumption levels have declined by approximately 50%. Phosphatidylserine has been extensively studied as a dietary supplement, mainly for cognitive health in various populations, from children with ADHD to elderly, healthy and diseased alike. Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrated that oral administration of phosphatidylserine is safe and well tolerated, and can improve cognitive functions, relieve daily stress, improve skin health, molecule or its lack of organoleptic problems, makes phosphatidylserine especially suitable for functional foods.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantification and Distribution of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in South Pacific Fish and Shellfish Species
    foods Article Quantification and Distribution of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in South Pacific Fish and Shellfish Species Miguel Ángel Rincón-Cervera 1,*, Valeria González-Barriga 1, Jaime Romero 1 , Rodrigo Rojas 2 and Sandra López-Arana 3 1 Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Avda. El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago 7830490, Chile; [email protected] (V.G.-B.); [email protected] (J.R.) 2 Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile; [email protected] 3 Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +56-2-29781449 Received: 22 January 2020; Accepted: 17 February 2020; Published: 21 February 2020 Abstract: Fatty acid composition and distribution in edible species of fish and shellfish captured in the South Pacific were studied, with a focus on n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA). Fatty acids were quantified using gas-chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (GC-FID), and the distribution of different fatty acids within lipid classes (neutral and polar lipids) was achieved after oil extraction using the Folch method and separation of lipid classes via solid-phase extraction for further GC-FID analysis. Red cusk-eel was the fish species with the lowest content of both EPA and DHA (40.8 and 74.4 mg/100 g, respectively) whereas mackerel contained the highest amount (414.7 and 956.0 mg/100 g for EPA and DHA, respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • Omega-3 Fatty Acids (DHA, EPA, and Fish)
    Cognitive Vitality Reports® are reports written by neuroscientists at the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF). These scientific reports include analysis of drugs, drugs-in- development, drug targets, supplements, nutraceuticals, food/drink, non-pharmacologic interventions, and risk factors. Neuroscientists evaluate the potential benefit (or harm) for brain health, as well as for age-related health concerns that can affect brain health (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes/metabolic syndrome). In addition, these reports include evaluation of safety data, from clinical trials if available, and from preclinical models. Omega-3 fatty acids (DHA, EPA, and fish) Evidence Summary Supplements do not improve cognition in most elderly people or Alzheimer’s patients, but might help people with mild impairment or APOE4 non-carriers. Possible benefits against cardiovascular disease. Neuroprotective Benefit: Up to 5 years of treatment does not protect against cognitive decline in healthy older adults but may benefit people with mild impairment at baseline as well as non- APOE4 carriers. Aging and related health concerns: DHA or EPA might not slow the aging process, but they may help prevent or treat cardiovascular disease. Safety: Few safety concerns noted in trials or observational studies at doses lower than 3 grams/day. Possible increased risk of bleeding at high doses. 1 What is it? Omega-3 fatty acids are essential for brain and body health. They are a family of polyunsaturated fatty acids sometimes referred to as n-3 fatty acids, a term that describes their shared chemical structure. The omega-3 fatty acids vary in length from the shorter alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to the long-chain eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
    [Show full text]
  • Phosphatidylserine Assay Kit (MAK371)
    Phosphatidylserine Assay Kit Catalog Number MAK371 Storage Temperature –20 C TECHNICAL BULLETIN Product Description Components Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a glycerophospholipid The kit is sufficient for 100 fluorometric assays in consisting of a phosphatidyl group attached to L-serine 96 well plates. via a phosphodiester linkage. PS is a critical component of the cellular plasma membrane and accounts for Phosphatidylserine Assay Buffer 25 mL 2-15% of plasma membrane lipid composition, Catalog Number MAK371A depending on the cell or tissue type. The highest concentrations of PS are found in neuronal tissues, Probe Solution 200 L which are critical for maintaining conduction velocity in Catalog Number MAK371B myelinated neurons, as well as for higher order cognitive skills such as learning and memory. In Lipase Enzyme Mix 1 vial normal, healthy cells, PS is held in the inner membrane Catalog Number MAK371C surface (facing the cytosol) by the lipid transporter protein flippase. However, in apoptotic cells, PS Serine Enzyme Mix 1 vial molecules ‘shuffle’ between the inner and outer plasma Catalog Number MAK371D membrane monolayers. When PS molecules flip to the extracellular (outer) surface of the cell membrane, they Developer Enzyme Mix 1 vial act as a signal for macrophages to engulf and digest Catalog Number MAK371E the (apoptotic) cell. Phosphatidylserine Standard (1 mM) 200 L The Phosphatidylserine Assay Kit allows for Catalog Number MAK371F quantification of PS in lipid extracts of cell and tissue lysates. The assay is based on the enzymatic cleavage Reagents and Equipment Required but Not of PS to yield phosphatidic acid and L-serine, which is Provided. subsequently metabolized and reacts with a probe to Pipetting devices and accessories form a stable fluorophore at ex = 538 nm/em = 587 nm.
    [Show full text]
  • Activation of the Alternative Complement Pathway by Exposure of Phosphatidylethanolamine and Phosphatidylserine on Erythrocytes from Sickle Cell Disease Patients
    Activation of the alternative complement pathway by exposure of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine on erythrocytes from sickle cell disease patients. R H Wang, … , M E Medof, C Mold J Clin Invest. 1993;92(3):1326-1335. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI116706. Research Article Deoxygenation of erythrocytes from sickle cell anemia (SCA) patients alters membrane phospholipid distribution with increased exposure of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) on the outer leaflet. This study investigated whether altered membrane phospholipid exposure on sickle erythrocytes results in complement activation. In vitro deoxygenation of sickle but not normal erythrocytes resulted in complement activation measured by C3 binding. Additional evidence indicated that this activation was the result of the alterations in membrane phospholipids. First, complement was activated by normal erythrocytes after incubation with sodium tetrathionate, which produces similar phospholipid changes. Second, antibody was not required for complement activation by sickle or tetrathionate-treated erythrocytes. Third, the membrane regulatory proteins, decay-accelerating factor (CD55) and the C3b/C4b receptor (CD35), were normal on sickle and tetrathionate-treated erythrocytes. Finally, insertion of PE or PS into normal erythrocytes induced alternative pathway activation. SCA patients in crisis exhibited increased plasma factor Bb levels compared with baseline, and erythrocytes isolated from hospitalized SCA patients had increased levels of bound C3, indicating that alternative pathway activation occurs in vivo. Activation of complement may be a contributing factor in sickle crisis episodes, shortening the life span of erythrocytes and decreasing host defense against infections. Find the latest version: https://jci.me/116706/pdf Activation of the Alternative Complement Pathway by Exposure of Phosphatidylethanolamine and Phosphatidylserine on Erythrocytes from Sickle Cell Disease Patients Robert H.
    [Show full text]
  • Expansion of Phosphatidylcholine and Phosphatidylserine/Phosphatidylcholine Monolayers by Differently Charged Amphiphiles
    Expansion of Phosphatidylcholine and Phosphatidylserine/Phosphatidylcholine Monolayers by Differently Charged Amphiphiles Katarzyna Białkowska3, Małgorzata Bobrowska-Hägerstrandb and Henry Häger­ strand1’'* a Institute of Biochemistry,o University of Wroclaw, PL-51148, Wroclaw, Poland b Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, FIN-20520, Abo/Turku, Finland. Fax: +358-2-2154748. E-mail: [email protected] * Author for correspondance and reprint requests Z. Naturforsch. 56c, 826-830 (2001); received April 11/May 25, 2001 Monolayer Technique, Nonionic Detergent, Erythrocyte Shape The degree and time-course of expansion of palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (PC) and bovine brain phosphatidylserine (PS)/PC (75:25, mol/mol) monolayers at 32 mN/m caused by differently charged amphiphiles (detergents) added to the sub-phase buffer (pH 7.4, 22 °C) were followed. Amphiphiles were added to the sub-phase at a concentration/monolayer area corresponding to the concentration/erythrocytes surface area where sphero-echinocytic or sphero-stomatocytic shapes are induced (0.46-14.6 ^m). Nonionic, cationic and anionic am­ phiphiles expanded the PS/PC monolayer significantly more (1.7-4.2 times) than the PC monolayer. A zwitterionic amphiphile expanded both monolayers to a similar extent. The initial rate of monolayer-expansion was higher for all amphiphiles (1.7-20.4 times) in the PS/PC monolayer than in the PC monolayer. It is suggested that hydrophobic interactions govern the intercalation of amphiphiles into monolayers, and that monolayer packing, modulated by phospholipid head group interactions and alkyl chain saturation, strongly influence amphiphile intercalation. A possible relation between the monolayer-expanding effect of amphiphiles and their effect on erythrocyte shape is discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Research in Phospholipids and Their Use in Drug Delivery
    pharmaceutics Review Review TheThe PhospholipidPhospholipid ResearchResearch Center:Center: CurrentCurrent ResearchResearch inin PhospholipidsPhospholipids andand TheirTheir UseUse inin DrugDrug DeliveryDelivery SimonSimon DrescherDrescher ** andand Peter Peter van van Hoogevest Hoogevest PhospholipidPhospholipid ResearchResearch Center,Center, ImIm NeuenheimerNeuenheimerFeld Feld 515, 515, 69120 69120 Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Germany; [email protected] [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-06221-588-83-60 * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-06221-588-83-60 Received:Received: 24 November 2020;2020; Accepted:Accepted: 14 December 2020; Published: 18 December 2020 Abstract:Abstract: ThisThis reviewreview summarizessummarizes thethe researchresearch onon phospholipidsphospholipids andand theirtheir useuse forfor drugdrug deliverydelivery relatedrelated toto thethe PhospholipidPhospholipid ResearchResearch CenterCenter HeidelbergHeidelberg (PRC).(PRC). TheThe focusfocus isis onon projectsprojects thatthat havehave beenbeen approvedapproved by by the the PRC PRC since since 2017 2017 and areand currently are currently still ongoing still ongoing or have recentlyor have been recently completed. been Thecompleted. different The projects different cover projects all facets cover of all phospholipid facets of phospholipid research, fromresearch, basic from to applied basic to research, applied includingresearch, including the
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Synthesis of Analogs of <I>Myo</I>-Inositol, Serine, and Cysteine to Enable Chemical Biology Studies
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2017 Design and Synthesis of Analogs of myo-Inositol, Serine, and Cysteine to Enable Chemical Biology Studies Tanei J. Ricks University of Tennessee, Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Biochemistry Commons, Biology Commons, Medicinal-Pharmaceutical Chemistry Commons, Microbiology Commons, Molecular, Cellular, and Tissue Engineering Commons, and the Organic Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Ricks, Tanei J., "Design and Synthesis of Analogs of myo-Inositol, Serine, and Cysteine to Enable Chemical Biology Studies. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2017. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4780 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Tanei J. Ricks entitled "Design and Synthesis of Analogs of myo-Inositol, Serine, and Cysteine to Enable Chemical Biology Studies." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Chemistry. Michael D. Best, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Brian K. Long, David C. Baker, Todd B. Reynolds Accepted for the Council: Dixie L.
    [Show full text]