How Can Agricultural Policies and Strategies Help to End Child Labour in Agriculture?

How can agricultural policies and strategies help to end child labour in agriculture?

About this online discussion This document summarizes the online discussion How can agricultural policies and strategies help to end child labour in agriculture? held on the FAO Global Forum on Food Security and Nutrition (FSN Forum) from 27 April to 25 May 2020. The discussion was facilitated by Jessie Rivera Fagan of FAO in Rome, Italy.

The discussion was part of FAO’s activities leading up to the International Year for the Elimination of Child Labour in 2021 and of its broader efforts to contribute to the progress in achieving Target 8.7 of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2025. A comprehensive multisectoral approach is often needed to address child labour in agriculture. Therefore, participants were invited to share information and case studies on policies and programmes which have been effective at reducing child labour in agriculture in relation to the following aspects: 1) hunger and malnutrition; 2) climate change and environmental degradation; 3) family farming; 4) innovation; 5) public and private investment; 6) attention to domestic supply chains; and 7) cross-sectoral policies and strategies.

Over the four weeks of discussion, participants from 41 countries shared 90 contributions. The topic introduction and the discussion questions proposed, as well as the contributions received, are available on the discussion page: www.fao.org/fsnforum/activities/discussions/addressing-child-labour-agriculture

Addressing child labour in agriculture: defining actions and approaches

Participants highlighted that even though national attendance (Swaib Karafule, Belinda Issakou Adamou governments have put in place legal frameworks and Houssou, Dhananjaya Poudyal, Ayebare Prudence). The lack specific policies to address child labour, too many children of successful implementation of policies and programmes to remain affected by this practice. Most of these children date has been ascribed to limited budgets, lack of coverage, are engaged in harmful agricultural work, often involving lack of technical capacities, limited scope in addressing hazardous tasks in which their rights are neglected; in poverty and livelihood concerns, and low awareness addition, the work frequently interferes with their school of the impact of child labour (Marygoretti Gachagua).

1 An additional factor has been the failure to acknowledge a living wage was also highlighted (Gine Zwart). In addition, and address sociocultural issues that hamper the effective investment in basic services for rural areas is crucial, especially implementation of policies (Maria Moate). greater access to quality education, including for secondary school children, and expansion of public health care. Participants pointed out that mainstreaming child labour Other key areas of action mentioned by many participants concerns in development strategies (Maria Lee) as well as included capacity building in local communities, encouraging food and agriculture policies is crucial and that effectively government actors and NGOs to report cases of child labour, addressing child labour in agriculture requires a harmonized, monitoring and evaluating the progress of efforts to combat integrated and multistakeholder approach (Marco Dubbelt, child labour, and implementing incentive systems to avoid Bernd Seiffert, Lal Manavado, Pablo Ruiz, Maria Lee). It was employing child labour. stressed that there should be recognition of unequal power relationships between different agriculture and food supply Multiple participants also stressed the need to consider chain stakeholders, and that vulnerable and marginalized context specificities (Pablo Ruiz) – in this regard, a good groups may therefore require specific support to enhance approach could be the adoption of territorial development their participation in decision-making processes (Sérgio policies (Fatima Idahmad) – as well as the different challenges Mattos) – which should, in any case, include farmers and experienced by children of various age groups and genders their communities (John Ede, Lalaina Razafindrakoto). Related (European Commission, Godswill Chimdugam Wachukwu, to this, participants emphasized that policies should be Christian Häberli, KBN Rayana). based on a human rights-based approach (Jeston Lunda) The following sections provide an overview of the suggestions which, naturally, implies the engagement of children’s rights and case studies on policies and programmes shared by organizations (Marco Dubbelt). participants, and which relate specifically to the following A wide range of interlinked actions were suggested that different aspects: 1) hunger and malnutrition; 2) climate should be undertaken if child labour in agriculture is to be change and environmental degradation; 3) family farming; adequately addressed. Multiple participants stressed the 4) innovation; 5) public and private investment; 6) attention need to provide technical and financial support to improve to domestic supply chains; 7) cross-sectoral policies and farmers’ working conditions and income. The importance of strategies.

Addressing the challenges of vulnerable children

There are several categories of children who may be to child labour, as children travelling with their families particularly vulnerable to child labour. These may include, are out of school for a given time period. Furthermore, but are not limited to: girls; children living in emergency children who are left behind may be forced to take over contexts; those belonging to minority groups, such as the work previously done by the household member who indigenous populations; those of landless farmers or has migrated (Jacqueline Demeranville). labour migrants; and those with disabilities. Yet during the discussion, participants highlighted two categories Rural youth aged 15–17 that deserve specific attention. While youth in this age group have reached the minimum age for employment, the work they are involved in may Children involved in migration be hazardous, and thus still considered child labour. In Children migrating with families that engage in fact, these youth are at great risk of exploitation as they agricultural work may be at particular risk of child labour frequently experience barriers to decent employment, (European Commission) owing to piece-rate payments, which are related to: a) limited access to vocational pressure to meet quotas or pay back debts incurred during and secondary education; b) lack of competitiveness; c) migration, and lack of child care. Children of migrant inadequate access to services and capital; d) restrictions on families may work longer hours and be exposed to more participation in producer organizations and trade unions; hazards than children of resident families and may not and e) exclusion from government and employment- have access to education, while children traveling alone related programmes. Worldwide, about 38 million children may be particularly vulnerable to different forms of of this age cohort are engaged in child labour, most of abuse. Seasonal migration in agriculture can also lead them in agriculture (Lalaina Razafindrakoto).

2 How can agricultural policies and strategies help to end child labour in agriculture? 1. Hunger and malnutrition

The first discussion question invited participants to look at committee’s key focus is on the community’s children and how child labour in agriculture has been addressed through on providing them with quality education and one hot food security and nutrition policy and programming. The school meal a day. School meals are prepared by parents; comments received focused mainly on school feeding moreover, using seeds provided by an American NGO, programmes, which have often had positive impacts in community members have started to cultivate corn to terms of withdrawing children from work, promoting school supply the school canteen. During the week, parents take attendance and improving child nutrition. However, one care of related agricultural tasks, while children provide help participant pointed out that in general, more research is during weekends and holidays (Audrey Pomier Flobinus). needed to understand how both girls and boys can benefit ff In , there is a public Mid-day Meal Scheme, but it from these interventions (Marco Dubbelt). Literature suggests India has failed to account for the vulnerabilities of migrant that school feeding programmes in Latin America and the agriculture labour: i.e. when children migrate with their Caribbean have led to a decrease in the number of children families for seasonal agricultural work, they do not have of schooling age who work (Mylene Rodríguez Leyton), and access to this school feeding programme (Marco Dubbelt). that school feeding has led to a reduction in child labour in Bangladesh, Egypt and Zambia as well (Omar Benammour). ff In the United Republic of Tanzania, school feeding has School feeding linked to local small-scale production, received support from parents’ contributions as well with appropriate implementation management, can have as other stakeholders who take care of providing the increased benefits for smallholder farmers and contribute to school meals. The programme has led to increased school the reduction of rural poverty in local communities. attendance and a reduction in child labour (Peter Mtenda).

Participants shared the following case studies on school ff In Togo, school canteens have been established along feeding: with a school insurance programme; these efforts have positively affected child nutrition as well as school ff In Haiti, in the village of Léogâne, community members attendance, especially among girls. Consequently, the formed a committee to define a vision for the future in programme seems to have contributed to a reduction in the aftermath of a devastating earthquake in 2010. The child labour. However, to increase effectiveness it should © © FAO/K.Pratt

How can agricultural policies and strategies help to end child labour in agriculture? 3 also include children under six years of age and secondary in Argentina, which is supported by the Ministry of Labour, school-age children. Regarding the latter, children Employment and Social Security. It aims to prevent child often need to leave the house to travel to school, which labour by providing centres where children can receive considerably increases household expenses; consequently, breakfast and lunch, as well as medical check-ups. This allows parents prefer to keep their children on the farm (Adebayo parents to remain fully engaged at work, which is especially Depo). Therefore, beyond school meals, greater support critical during harvest periods when it is difficult for them to is often needed to facilitate access to education among supervise their children while doing potentially dangerous this age group. tasks. The programme has been implemented in different provinces and is managed and funded by multiple actors, Another initiative related to food security and nutrition including national, provincial and municipal governments; programming is the Attention and Case Spaces initiative the private sector; and worker unions (Sergio Díaz).

2. Climate change and environmental degradation

Climate change and environmental degradation can make adult labour (Bernd Seiffert). This is the case on the Volta agricultural work more intensive and income less predictable, Lake in Ghana, where 20 000 children below 18 years which may, in turn, lead to an increase in child labour. In of age were reported to be involved in fisheries, most this regard, participants were invited to discuss agriculture of them boys aged 10–14 years who are recruited in stakeholders’ involvement in climate-related policy or exchange for a small compensation paid to their parents programmes and the effectiveness of these interventions in or for providing shelter to children who have travelled addressing child labour. outside their communities to access school. The activities these children are engaged in are dangerous, and their Participants pointed out that little research currently exists earnings are often insufficient to pay for shelter and on the link between climate change and child labour in food. In addition, the work often makes them too tired or agriculture (Bernd Seiffert, Marco Dubbelt). One participant hungry to pay attention at school (Martin van der Knaap). pointed to a study on Ethiopia showing that domestic chores, including fetching water, limit the ability of young girls to Additional participants further pointed out that the child attend and succeed in school; hence, increased water scarcity labour and hazardous work found in some agricultural due to climate change could negatively affect children’s activities, such as fisheries, need to be dealt with within school attendance (Bernd Seiffert). Therefore, it would be the context of adequate natural resource management, crucial for climate change-related programmes to include which requires institutions to recognize socio-economic, budget measures to address child labour in agriculture as employment and ecological dimensions and provide support well as careful assessments of the labour demand required for these. In the context of small-scale fisheries (for example), for the relevant interventions (Bernd Seiffert). this may require a) participatory fisheries management; b) social and educational initiatives focusing on gender Some comments included examples and case studies that mainstreaming and promoting empowerment of women link farming practices to environmental degradation, which in fisheries occupations; and c) value chain upgrading and can lead to child labour: democratization focusing on the decent work agenda (Sérgio ff Slash-and-burn cultivation. This practice leads to Mattos). Investment in the fishing value chain may include declining crop yields and an increase in labour needs strengthening the auctioning, processing and marketing of over time, which, in turn, can cause child labour. Therefore, fish (Martin van der Knaap) and improvement at institutional in order to restore soil fertility and reduce child labour, a levels in monitoring and control mechanisms of the value broad package of interventions is needed, including the chain (Sérgio Mattos). Improving occupational safety and promotion of sustainable agricultural practices, labour- health for all value chain actors is a key ingredient in value saving mechanization, and access to credit and insurance chain upgrading. Moreover, greater provision of education (Adèle Irénée Grembombo). among isolated rural communities is essential. Finally, increased educational status and training of fishers/producers ff Overexploitation of fishery resources. When fishery and increased capacity building for the development of resources are overexploited, fisherfolk are able to catch technologies and innovations in the full spectrum of the less fish per outing, resulting in reduced earnings. This value chain is of high importance (Sérgio Mattos). may lead them to employ children to save money on

4 How can agricultural policies and strategies help to end child labour in agriculture? © © FAO/Hoang Dinh Nam FAO/Hoang

One country-specific example was shared: While the contributions related to environmental degradation have focused heavily on sustainable fisheries management, ff In , a fishery policy was established which aimed at Brazil it is important to note that within the agriculture sector, professional qualification and social valorization, with a there are many good environmental practices that should be focus on artisanal fishing peoples: men, women, children implemented which also can potentially support livelihoods and workers in general. Systematic socio-educational both directly and indirectly, including support for child activities were carried out for fishers’ sons and daughters, welfare. This includes the integration of climate-smart recognizing the importance of strengthening historical agriculture, agroecology systems, agroforestry, integrated culture, and also minimizing the participation of these pest management and more. children in daily fishing.

3. Family farming

The third discussion question invited participants to consider ff In Benin, rural women are largely responsible for family agricultural policies and strategies related to family farming farms; consequently, only 11 percent of the women over 25 that can lead to a reduction of child labour in agriculture. years of age have completed secondary education. Pesticide Some participants pointed out that taking into account child Action Network UK has provided support to these women, labour in farmer training programmes can help reduce the enabling them to participate in decision-making at the number of children engaged in hazardous work (Marco family and community level and to engage in income- Dubbelt, Thomas Wissing). Others provided country-specific generating activities. As a result, women’s status has been information on child labour in family farming, and on different improved, and women now take on local leadership roles. ways to address the issue: Earning their own income has given them more decision- making power at the household level, which has, in turn, promoted children’s school attendance (Sheila Willis).

How can agricultural policies and strategies help to end child labour in agriculture? 5 ff In Peru, children are engaged in child labour in farming systems that are characterized by great heterogeneity. Addressing child labour on cocoa A country study suggests that a strict relationship family farms in West Africa: exists between land-related factors and child labour in Community Based Development agriculture, both in terms of its incidence and intensity. Moreover, this relation changes according to land size Child labour is a severe problem in the cocoa sector of patterns, which are likely related to different agricultural West Africa, with an estimated 2 million children engaged systems. This complex relationship between land and child in hazardous work in the cocoa industries of Ghana and labour should be considered when designing programmes Côte d’Ivoire alone (Padmini Gopal), and most children and policies (Marco De Gaetano). working in the context of family farms (Megan Passey). An increasingly used approach to address this issue is ff In the United Republic of Tanzania, agricultural producers Community Based Development (CBD), which in aiming and marketing cooperatives have been linked with savings to fight child labour also considers the socio-economic and credit cooperative societies. This has helped farmers needs of these children’s families. Adopting this approach, to cover labour costs which has, in turn, reduced child the International Cocoa Initiative as well as major cocoa labour (Peter Mtenda). cooperatives have seen some positive results; for instance, awareness campaigns have led to the establishment of ff In Uganda, in most rural communities, adulthood is “child labour committees” by rural communities, which not determined by age but rather by a child’s physical aim to fight child labour in the cocoa sector. Furthermore, development, which, together with the child’s gender, in the context of CBD, Child Labour Monitoring and defines the tasks a child can undertake. In fact, parents Remediation Systems (CLMRS) have been set up, which engage their children in agriculture and domestic chores identify children engaged in child labour and support as a first form of vocational education for them. Hence, them and their parents in withdrawing them from work rural people often perceive the elimination of child labour (Padmini Gopal). Regarding CBD in general, there have as an attempt to deny children an opportunity to help been positive results, but limitations to further success their parents and learn valuable skills. Therefore, it is are attributed to the communities’ lack of control over crucial that child labour be addressed through appropriate financial resources and the absence of context-specific awareness raising while also using a cultural lens (Paul approaches (Padmini Gopal). Emuria).

4. Innovation

The fourth discussion question invited participants to share different forms of innovation can help reduce child labour information on how policies and programmes related to in agriculture.

Digitalization

Some participants discussed the potential of digitalization in technology ledgers (blockchain technology). A good practice the fight against child labour. For instance, online portals on is seen in the case of the Italian pasta and pesto sauce child labour could be developed, which could help monitor the manufacturer, Barilla, which has teamed up with IBM to implementation of relevant policies and activities by national tackle transparency and traceability in its pesto production or regional organizations. Such portals could also provide an cycle. All details – from cultivation, treatment and harvesting interface for documenting verified child labour practices, as in the field to transportation, storage, quality control and well for advocacy and awareness-raising activities. However, then on to the consumer –are tracked and made available it is crucial to carefully manage how child labour is monitored on a blockchain system accessed by scanning the product’s in order to avoid defamation of those involved. Furthermore, QR code. Similar processes could be developed to allow the sustainability of these platforms should be considered greater transparency on the distribution of value along the from the onset (Ken Lohento). supply chain, ensuring that farmers obtain fair prices for their products and even bringing to light working conditions, Digitalization can further enhance traceability and due such as child labour. diligence along agricultural supply chains through distributed

6 How can agricultural policies and strategies help to end child labour in agriculture? Mechanization

Various participants stressed the need to promote mechanization to help reduce child labour (Stephen Olubusoye Ajagbe, Dhananjaya Poudyal, Adèle Irénée Grembombo, Taibou Sonko, Michela Espinosa). Specifically, some pointed out that the dietary energy required to undertake the agronomic work needed to generate sufficient income to meet family needs is generally not available to smallholders; therefore, © © FAO/Saul Palma FAO/Saul children are often put to work as well. Addressing child labour may thus be supported effectively by facilitating smallholders’ access to mechanization (Dick Tinsley). However, mechanization also involves challenges: one should consider its consequences for people who depend on manual work, Participants also shared information and suggestions on which is the case for many women, as well as farmers’ actions in specific countries: limited financial means (Marco Dubbelt). Solutions that ff In , a project implemented by Pesticide Action revolve around mechanization should keep in mind that Benin Network UK provided farmers with milling equipment. most families that engage their children in farming come In a survey of 498 farmers, 50 percent of the respondents from a vulnerable socio-economic status with low levels of reported that proximity to milling equipment was an education, and therefore appropriate and pragmatic access important factor for girls’ school attendance. Without should be assessed along with consideration for whether a mill in the village, girls are often kept from attending mechanization will support or hinder decent employment school to process maize and millet manually (Sheila Willis). generation (Lal Manavado). ff In Ghana, mechanization could effectively address child labour in rice farming. The government could subsidize simple rice planting machines that would allow farmers to plant rice in rows for higher yields, in addition to simple hand-held rice weeding machines. Furthermore, state-owned banks could offer reasonable payment plans to agroprocessing companies for them to buy basic equipment for rice milling. Last, farmers could be provided with subsidies or flexible payment plans to buy suitable nets, which could then be used to cover rice farms to keep birds away from the fields Abena( Abedi).

ff In the United Republic of Tanzania, connecting tractor suppliers with agricultural cooperatives has provided farmers with access to tractors, using loans repaid in instalments. Furthermore, hoeing has been mechanized. Both developments have helped to address child labour (Peter Mtenda).

ff In Mali, in the Ségou region, agricultural cooperatives provided training to help pastoral farmers understand the dependence of livestock on child labour and how this could be reduced through labour-saving technology. Previously, children stood in front of the plow oxen to guide them. Through collective discussion and information sharing, it was found that better agricultural practices could be put in place to reduce children’s work, including properly training oxen so that they no longer need to be guided FAO/Luis Tato © (Bréhima Bouare). ©

How can agricultural policies and strategies help to end child labour in agriculture? 7 5. Public and private investment

The fifth discussion question invited participants to share Multiple participants stressed the potential of certification information on where and how public and private investment schemes, which could incorporate child labour assessments in the agricultural sector has been sensitive to addressing into principles and criteria for qualifying certified products child labour, and what the role of agricultural stakeholders (Kien Nyuyen Van, Alain Rival), although one should also take has been in this process. into account existing challenges related to carrying out proper assessments and monitoring (Maria Moate). In the commune Some participants focused on the global level, discussing of Mouans-Sartoux, France, Fairtrade certification is one of the new generation of economic treaties (including trade the selection criteria in public contracts and food orders to agreements) concluded by the United States of America supply school canteens (Lea Sturton). Furthermore, in some and the European Union which foresee consultations, countries national certification schemes have been piloted litigation and even sanctions to ensure respect of social with the involvement of the local and provincial government and environmental commitments (European Commission, authorities. In these cases, it is crucial to ensure such schemes Christian Häberli). Despite the current absence of agricultural take into account child labour issues, as they can help establish labour-related trade conflicts on record, the measures and links with social services and indicate high-risk subsectors procedures foreseen in these treaties appear to illuminate and regions. At the same time, this will help those aiming to a new pathway for reducing child labour and have brought engage in ethical investments as well (Alain Rival). the discussion around “social dumping” to the international trade agenda. The idea would be to guarantee market access Participants shared some other concrete examples in which for products and services in exchange for respecting labour the public and private sector have worked towards addressing clauses in those treaties (Christian Häberli). In this regard, child labour. First, the Argentinean Network of Companies the Dutch Government is in the process of implementing a against Child Labour is a space for public-private coordination Child Labour Due Diligence Law, which requires companies in which programmes, plans and projects addressing child selling goods and services to Dutch end users to determine labour are designed. The network’s Technical Secretariat falls whether child labour occurs in their supply chains. under the responsibility of the Ministry of Labour, Employment FAO/Daniel Hayduk © ©

8 How can agricultural policies and strategies help to end child labour in agriculture? and Social Security. The 108 companies that are part of the common goals and share values and expectations in relation network commit to not hiring child labour, and carry out to the fight against child labour Patrizio( Fanti). audits and joint actions that promote the effective exercise Public-private partnerships will likely become increasingly of workers’ rights (Sergio Díaz). Second, ILO, the German determinant and impactful, especially in the aftermath of the Government, the German Development Bank and Deutsche COVID-19 pandemic. Joint investments on health systems, Bank have collaborated in the context of the Sustainable education (including schools and distance learning), social Investments in African Agriculture project implemented in protection, physical and digital infrastructures, and loans Burundi, Ghana, Kenya and Zambia. with favourable repayment conditions will be key to support Among other objectives, the project aims to address child the livelihoods of rural communities and entrepreneurships, labour in these countries (Thomas Wissing). Last, Lavazza preventing child labour in agriculture while supporting decent has gathered actors along the coffee supply chain to define employment opportunities for children of legal working age.

6. Attention to domestic supply chains

The sixth discussion question invited participants to discussed the approach of the Global March Against Child share information and views on agricultural policies and Labour (Global March), which also tries to address domestic strategies that help address child labour in domestic and supply chain issues in the context of projects that primarily local agricultural supply chains. Currently, the majority of focus on international supply chains. For instance, when resources to address child labour are invested in global supply Global March implements projects, it always collects sex- chains, whereas a large portion of child labour is found in disaggregated data to better understand where boys and family farming, including domestic and regional supply chains. girls actually work. These data show that in most cases, girls’ work is hidden and not always perceived as child Participants pointed out that addressing child labour in labour, despite the fact that it directly interferes with school domestic and local supply chains is often very difficult, attendance (Marco Dubbelt). as national enforcement of child labour laws is generally weak (Venkat Reddy Regatte). It was mentioned that, in Africa, although most attention is given to a small number of export crops (such as cocoa, coffee and tea), this has left the much greater part of children’s involvement within smallholder farms in African agriculture unexamined. This includes work associated with food crops and livestock that are often destined for own consumption and local markets. One participant (James Sumberg) pointed out the research from Action on Children’s Harmful Work in African Agriculture (Institute of Development Studies), which highlights that some reasons for the greater attention given to export crops could be related to, inter alia, the highly coordinated nature of global value chains; constraints related to transparency; the economic centrality of these crops to the producing country’s economies, reputational risk and brand image; discussions and actions around human rights due diligence legislation that is beginning to gain momentum in the Global North, along with the increased ethical concerns of consumers; and high media visibility. ©

A way to address child labour at the local level could be © FAO/Giampiero DianaFAO/Giampiero to provide farmers with credit on the condition that they do not engage in child labour; compliance would then be monitored by banks, agricultural extension officers and labour officials Venkat( Reddy Regatte). One participant

How can agricultural policies and strategies help to end child labour in agriculture? 9 Addressing child labour in domestic value chains: the case of shellfish harvesting in El Salvador

In El Salvador, ILO implemented a project aimed at the and monitoring committees were established. A key eradication of child labour in shellfish harvesting. In element of the project was to engage intermediaries and collaboration with the Ministry of Education, non-formal restaurants, encouraging them to not use child labour in education centres were set up to provide accelerated the supply chain. The project led to an almost complete education and get children re-enrolled in formal schools. eradication of child labour in shellfish harvesting, and Alternative income-generating schemes were promoted managed to instil a greater understanding of the hazards for parents to replace the money their children had been of child labour and the importance of education at the earning. Furthermore, community-based child protection national level (Benjamin Smith).

7. Cross-sectoral policies and strategies

Harmonized, integrated policy

While looking at the agricultural policies and the role problem of child labour cannot be successful unless all other of stakeholders in the elimination of child labour, some national policies are effectively coordinated towards its contributors pointed out that it is important to not only mitigation (Lal Manavado), including appropriate dialogue, consider child labour policy and programmes in isolation coordination and dissemination from the national to but also to integrate concerns and stipulations within wider the community level (Ayebare Prudence). Furthermore, national policies and instruments – such as the national interministerial and interagency support can enable policies constitution, education policy, employment legislation, and interventions to be scaled up and have greater impact labour policy, local government acts, and other national (Faten Adada). A suggestion was made that appropriate acts and policies – to support its operationalization (Fredrick food and agriculture policy should integrate both public Ahaisibwe). Policies and programmes do not operate in nutrition and child labour elimination for rural areas. This isolation, rather in an environment of diverse other policy would entail the expansion of health care provision and domains. One participant mentioned that addressing the decent employment policy and initiatives (Lal Manavado).

Addressing child labour through rural workers’ and producers’ organizations

Participants were invited to discuss where and how As child labour deprives adults of employment and weakens agricultural stakeholders have complemented labour law workers’ union membership, it is crucial to integrate child compliance in order to improve working conditions of labour concerns in the agenda of rural workers’ and agricultural workers, and through this helped reduce the producers’ organizations (Paschal Ajongba Kaba). In fact, vulnerability of households engaging in child labour. They evidence suggests that when children are withdrawn from pointed out the important role of agricultural labour unions agricultural work, the consequent labour force scarcity gives as well as rural workers’ and producers’ organizations. It adult workers a better bargaining position and leads to was highlighted that it remains important to not only improved wages and working conditions (Venkat Reddy raise awareness but to institutionalize the issue of child Regatte). It was also noted that facilitating access to finance labour in the day-to-day activities of these organizations within the context of farmers’ organizations, such as through (Cisse Hamadou). It was also mentioned that while these Village Savings and Loans Associations, can help farmers organizations used to achieve agreements on better working to be less dependent on the work of children. Moreover, conditions and wages, the union movement has become through producers’ organizations farmers can negotiate for weaker due to current trends related to payment on piece- better prices through collective bargaining in order to break work basis and contract labour, which have, in turn, further the economic dependence of child labour among vulnerable exploited agricultural workers (Venkat Reddy Regatte). families. These organizations can also serve as a platform

10 How can agricultural policies and strategies help to end child labour in agriculture? for enforcement of policies aiming at ending child labour basis for an international discussion and a set of policy (Ayebare Prudence). Finally, in order to support children recommendations on ways to address child labour in of legal working age to better access decent employment agriculture developed during the regional workshop of the opportunities, ensuring their voice is heard and their claims International Partnership for Elimination of Child Labour are adequately represented, trade unions and rural workers’ in Agriculture, held in Accra (Kiril Buketov). and producers’ organizations should consider opening up ff In , many workers are unregistered or casual workers, their membership to include this age group. India or migrants. Trade unions in Gujarat and Maharashtra Participants shared the following case studies on efforts of have tried to ensure that agricultural workers have access workers’ and trade unions to improve working conditions to grievance mechanisms and to bring the agricultural and eliminate child labour: workers under the purview of the organized sector, but without significant success Marco( Dubbelt). ff In Ghana, the General Agricultural Workers Union (GAWU) aims to create and operate child labour-free zones in ff In Uzbekistan, a broad public pressure campaign initiated the Volta Lake area by implementing the Torkor model, by trade unions and expanded through the involvement which has three key components: 1) organization of of international brands and textile companies led the informal workers; 2) social mobilization through capacity Government to ratify ILO Convention 182 in 2008. building and sensitization; and 3) knowledge sharing Eventually, more than 2 million children were liberated (Paschal Ajongba Kaba). This model has formed the from forced labour in cotton fields Kirill( Buketov).

Access to education

Participants were invited to discuss cases in which agricultural and education stakeholders have come together to establish policies or programmes on addressing child labour in agriculture, ensuring that children have access to affordable and quality education in rural areas. Participants referred to the concrete example of the Child Labour Free Zone approach (Venkat Reddy Regatte), which engages, inter alia, teachers, business operators, plantation owners, parents, and health © © workers, who are all made responsible for ensuring that their FAO for Bonet/NOOR Pep area becomes free from child labour.

The approach is labour-intensive: school registers are checked daily, with regular home visits and community meetings to discuss issues (Gine Zwart). Participants also suggested that greater dialogue be set between the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Education including partnerships with local among child labourers feeds a poverty cycle leading to youth government (and potentially local civil society organizations) unemployment and an unproductive agriculture sector. A to ensure child-headed households or vulnerable groups sustainable and modernized rural sector requires fair access in rural areas are supported so basic needs are met and to schools and an educated youth population, possessing skills children can remain in school without worrying about survival, such as literacy, numeracy, ICT and soft skills. This is even more including that of siblings (Fredrick Ahaisibwe). important at a time when school closures will have a negative Access to primary and secondary education that is affordable impact on children’s educational attendance and attainment (in terms of school fees, uniform purchases, distance from well beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. That is why investing in home) and of quality (qualified teachers, relevant curricula, distance learning tools and digital infrastructure is essential, free from abuses) for both girls and boys is an indispensable as 70 percent of African youth are currently offline, and for component of an integrated approach to prevent and reduce many children, especially girls, their withdrawal from school child labour in agriculture. The lack of school attendance will likely be permanent.

How can agricultural policies and strategies help to end child labour in agriculture? 11 Social protection

Participants were also invited to discuss the role of social The Program also promoted social and economic inclusion protection mechanisms in supporting vulnerable rural through organizing socio-educational activities for households and addressing child labour in agriculture. For parents. In 2006, the programme was integrated into instance, evidence shows that access to pensions reduces the Bolsa Família programme (Ana Lucia Kassouf). child labour in Brazil and South Africa, while access to health ff In , the Social Cash Transfers Pilot Programme in insurance has had positive effects in Guatemala and Pakistan Ethiopia the Tigray region, involving unconditional cash transfers, (Omar Benammour). Multiple contributors focused on the reduced child labour and promoted economic inclusion effect of cash transfer programmes: in agriculture (Omar Benammour). ff In Argentina, the Universal Child Allowance targets ff In , research shows that the Livelihood children of vulnerable families. The system is conditional Ghana Empowerment Against Poverty Grants, a cash transfer in the sense that parents must show compliance with programme administered by the Ministry of Gender, health checks, vaccinations and school attendance in Children and Social Protection, decreased the incidence of order to receive the allowance (Sergio Díaz). child labour among beneficiaries in the Ningo-Prampram ff In Brazil, the Child Labor Eradication Program (initially district (Padmini Gopal). administered through the federal government) provided ff In , the unconditional cash transfer programme monthly cash payments to low-income families Kenya titled “Kenya’s Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable with children aged 7–14 on the condition that they Children” has significantly reduced child labour and would withdraw their children from work and send contributed to economic inclusion in agriculture (Omar them to school. Furthermore, children participated Benammour). in an after-school programme which offered study support as well as other socio-educational activities. FAO/Eduardo Soteras © ©

12 How can agricultural policies and strategies help to end child labour in agriculture? ff In Mexico, conditional cash transfers have reduced child premises within a reasonable distance, are met. This labour in agriculture by addressing income, agricultural highlights the importance of having a coherent approach or climate-related shocks, but only when conditions for within the education sector to eliminate child labour school attendance, such as the availability of school (Omar Benammour).

Agricultural extension and advisory services

Participants also discussed other strategies that could be providers; this pluralism can be an advantage as each provider adopted, such as the deployment of agricultural extension type has different strengths (Zofia Krystyna Mroczek). One of and advisory services (AEAS) providers. These could play a the participants mentioned that the Malian Government, for big role in addressing child labour (Swaib Karafule), having instance, has developed tools for extension officers to raise a capillary network of field workers and direct relationships farmers’ awareness of the risks of child labour (Maria Lee). with rural producers, as well as the mandate to support This considered, providing targeted capacity development to not only agricultural production, but also rural livelihoods. agriculture extension actors may lead to the inclusion of child However, for this to happen, AEAS providers need to recognize labour components in agricultural AEAS. This would increase that child labour in agriculture is not only a labour problem, awareness on hazardous work for children, on the importance but an agricultural one as well. Nowadays, AEAS comprises of education and on the potential for diversification of income a whole host of state and non-state, formal and informal resources to decrease the vulnerability of rural households.

Addressing the use of hazardous pesticides

Participants stressed that another issue that warrants specific to a 2016 survey undertaken by Pesticide Action Network attention in the context of addressing child labour is the UK, which revealed that in Belarus, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan use of hazardous pesticides. For instance, the Rotterdam and Ukraine, children were directly handling pesticides. In Convention Secretariat and FAO’s Child Labour in Agriculture Kyrgyzstan and Moldova respectively, 26 and 39 percent of Prevention team have organized joint activities to help children were directly involved in the application of these reduce child labour and promote decent work conditions pesticides. In Kyrgyzstan, the issue was debated in parliament in agriculture in relation to pesticide use. At the national and efforts were made to raise public awareness of the danger level, the Rotterdam Convention has promoted information this poses to children (Sheila Willis). Another important sharing on hazardous chemicals, and national stakeholders point mentioned was the regular updating of the National have been provided with technical assistance on pesticide Hazardous Work List and the involvement of agriculture management, integrating the aim to reduce child labour and stakeholders in this consultative process (Belinda Issakou protect children (Nadia Correale). One participant pointed Adamou Houssou).

Community mobilization and empowerment

FAO’s efforts in Mali’s Bandiagara district have focused has played an important role in the project by organizing on raising awareness of child labour and on involving and broadcasting a debate around measures to address child community members in a collective search for solutions labour. (Ali Abdoulaye). in the context of already existing Dimitra Clubs. First, club leaders, village leaders and community radio hosts were trained to equip them to better include the fight against child labour in their usual activities. Then, together with the community members, including parents, children and youth, they participated in discussions on the subject. Youth ©

aged 15–17 years learned to develop relevant arguments for © FAO/Nozim Kalandarov FAO/Nozim dialogue with other generations; together, they established monitoring committees to identify real cases of child labour and discuss them in the clubs to propose solutions, which are then endorsed by the village assembly. Community radio

How can agricultural policies and strategies help to end child labour in agriculture? 13 A cross-sectoral approach to addressing child labour in agriculture: the Cocoa Life Programme in Ghana

In the context of the Cocoa Life Programme, World Vision Welfare and the National Commission on Civic Education, Ghana, Mondelez International, the Ghanaian Government, World Vision has helped communities establish Community and other partner organizations have addressed child Child Protection Committees to monitor child protection labour in cocoa production, as well as its root causes, issues and create referral lines to enable reportage and in various ways. Several activities have been organized mediation. The specific role of these committees is to to improve cocoa farmers’ income and food security. ensure children attend school and do not work on the These include providing trainings on the cultivation farms. Another initiative concerns efforts to encourage and preparation of local micronutrient-rich food, good communities to implement independent school feeding agricultural practices, improved post-harvest management programmes using locally grown foodstuffs, which are and additional income-earning opportunities. Furthermore, then used for school meals prepared by women’s groups. the programme has promoted mechanization as well Finally, school authorities are currently engaged with the as financial inclusion through community-based and District Agricultural Development Unit for support in the community-managed savings. Additionally, the Citizen establishment of school gardens. While some communities Voice and Action Project model has supported communities have had to stop participating in the initiative due to in engaging duty bearers for the provision of adequate lack of support, records show improved enrolment during social services and infrastructure, such as schools. the implementation stages and a reduced number of children engaged in farm activities. School enrolment Some initiatives carried out in the context of the Cocoa increased from 60 to 75 percent in Kotosaa, 53 to 63 Life Programme have directly targeted child labour. For percent in Nsonyameye, and 82 to 99 percent in Danyame instance, in collaboration with the Department of Social (Angeline Munzara).

European Union-funded projects addressing child labour in agriculture

The European Union has funded various projects aiming 1 000 children and adolescents have been reintegrated to end and prevent child labour in agriculture, which into education and training in Burkina Faso and Mali. include the following: ffTACKLE was implemented by ILO in 12 countries ffShip to Shore Rights aims to prevent and reduce across Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific. The project unacceptable forms of work, including child labour, in contributed to the withdrawal of children engaged Thailand’s fishing and seafood industries. The project in child labour and the prevention of further entry of was implemented by ILO, in collaboration with the children into this employment by offering alternative Thai Government, employers’ organizations, workers’ education and training opportunities. The main focus organizations, civil society and buyers. It has achieved areas of the project consisted of providing guidance impressive results in reforming labour laws and living in formulating and effectively implementing legal and and working conditions of workers, including that of policy frameworks on child labour and education, and migrants. building institutional capacities of ministries and other relevant bodies to undertake concrete action in the fight f fCLEAR Cotton, implemented by FAO and ILO, works against child labour. towards eliminating child labour in the cotton, textile and garment value chains of Burkina Faso, Mali, Pakistan ffTrade for Decent Work, implemented by the ILO, aims and Peru. The focus has been on strengthening policy, to improve the application of the eight fundamental legal and regulatory frameworks to combat child labour ILO Conventions, including the two on child labour, in and forced labour in these sectors, and to support local European Union trading partner countries. It does so by governments, public services providers, cotton farmers raising awareness of these Conventions, and by building and their organizations, and other stakeholders in taking capacities to improve their effective implementation effective action. Since the start of the project in 2018, (European Commission).

14 How can agricultural policies and strategies help to end child labour in agriculture? RESOURCES SHARED BY PARTICIPANTS

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18 How can agricultural policies and strategies help to end child labour in agriculture? Voice of America. 2019. Farmers in Ghana using drones Work: No Child’s Business. 2020. Work: No Child’s Business for pest, disease surveillance. Voices of America [online], 9 [online]. The Hague, the Netherlands. [Cited 15 June 2020]. September 2019. [Cited 15 June 2020]. https://wncb.org www.voanews.com/episode/farmers-ghana-using-drones- pest-disease-surveillance-4024831