DOCSLIB.ORG

Electrophysiological and Alarm Responses of Solenopsis Invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) to 2-Ethyl-3,5-Dimethylpyrazine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Electrophysiological and Alarm Responses of Solenopsis Invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) to 2-Ethyl-3,5-Dimethylpyrazine insects Article Electrophysiological and Alarm Responses of Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) to 2-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine 1,2,3 1,3, 2, , Ya-Ya Li , Deguang Liu * and Li Chen * y 1 College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; [email protected] 2 State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 3 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas (Northwest A & F University), Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.L.); [email protected] (L.C.); Tel.: +86-29-8709-2697 (D.L.); +86-10-6480-7780 (L.C.) Present address: College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071001, China. y Received: 23 November 2019; Accepted: 10 December 2019; Published: 13 December 2019 Abstract: 2-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine is an isomer of 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine, the alarm pheromone component of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. The pyrazine was synthesized and its alarm activity was investigated under laboratory conditions. It elicited significant electroantennogram (EAG) activities, and released characteristic alarm behaviors in fire ant workers. The EAG and alarm responses were both dose-dependent. Two doses of the pyrazine, 1 and 100 ng, were further subjected to bait discovery bioassays. Fire ant workers excited by the pyrazine were attracted to food baits, and their numbers increased over time. Ants displayed very similar response patterns to both low and high doses of the pyrazine. The pyrazine impregnated onto filter paper disc attracted significantly more fire ant workers than the hexane control for all observation time intervals at the low dose, and in the first 15 min period at the high dose. The pyrazine loaded onto food bait directly tended to attract more fire ant workers than the hexane control. These results support the potential use of 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine to enhance bait attractiveness for the control of S. invicta in invaded regions. Keywords: red imported fire ant; bioassay; antennal response; myrmecology; social behavior; alarm pheromone 1. Introduction Chemical communication is of great importance in social organizations, which can have large impacts on survival and maintenance of integrity of ant colonies. When facing potential dangers, ants release alarm pheromones to alert nestmates for colony defense [1]. In response to alarm pheromones, ants show characteristic behaviors, such as attacking and biting the odor source or moving rapidly away from the odor source [2,3]. Furthermore, alarm pheromones may act as attractants, thus recruiting more workers for intensified attacks on intruders. Alarm responses can vary among species [3]. Generally, ants of those species with large and dense colonies often run toward the pheromone source with mandibles opened [4]. Ants have evolved a wide variety of compounds in communicating threats [5]. Pyrazines are a major group of pheromonal compounds isolated from mandibular glands and venom reservoir in Insects 2019, 10, 451; doi:10.3390/insects10120451 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects Insects 2019, 10, 451 2 of 9 Insects 2019, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 8 ants [6–8]. Pyrazines originating from mandibular glands typically trigger alarm responses, whereas thoseants [6–8]. from Pyrazines poison glands originating often serve from a mandibular trail following glands function typically [7]. trigger alarm responses, whereas thosePyrazines from poison seem glands to be often widespread serve a trail among following the two function subfamilies, [7]. Ponerinae and Myrmicinae, of the Formicidae.Pyrazines seem Few to species be widespread in Dolichoderinae, among the Ecitoninae, two subfamilies, Ectatomminae, Ponerinae and and Formicinae Myrmicinae, produce of the pyrazinesFormicidae. as Few alarm species and trail in Dolichoderinae, pheromones [8,9 Ecit]. Mostoninae, ant Ectatomminae, pyrazines are tri-substituted and Formicinae derivatives. produce Mono-,pyrazines di-, as and alarm tetra-substituted and trail pheromones pyrazines are[8,9]. much Most less ant common. pyrazines Numerous are tri-substituted dimethylalkylpyrazines, derivatives. whichMono-, show di-, 2,5-dimethyl-3-alkyl and tetra-substituted or 2,6-dimethyl-3-alkyl pyrazines are substitution much less patterns, common. have been Numerous detected fromdimethylalkylpyrazines, mandibular gland secretions which show of a variety 2,5-dimethyl-3-alkyl of ant species [7 ,8or]. 2,6-dimethyl-3-alkyl substitution patterns,2-Ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine have been detected from mandibular (Figure1) is glan a componentd secretions of a poison variety gland of ant secretionsspecies [7,8]. of ant species2-Ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine in Myrmicinae (Acromyrmex (Figure, Atta 1), Dacetonis a component, Manica of, Messorpoison, glandMetapone secretions, Myrmica of ant, Pheidole species, Pogonomyrmexin Myrmicinae, and (AcromyrmexTetramorium, )[Atta8,10, ,11Daceton] and, Ectatomminae Manica, Messor (Eciton, Metapone burchelli, )[Myrmica12], and, primarilyPheidole, functionsPogonomyrmex as a trail-following, and Tetramorium pheromone.) [8,10,11] Thereand Ectatomminae are several reports (Eciton of 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazineburchelli) [12], and primarily infunctions mandibular as a trail-following glands of dolichoderine pheromone. (Iridomyrmex There are several purpureus reports), ectatommine of 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine (Ectatomma sp.) and ponerinein mandibular (Odontomachus glands of bauri dolichoderine, Pachycondyla (Iridomyrmex indica, Pachycondyla purpureus obscuricornis), ectatommine, and (EctatommaPachycondyla sp.) striata and) antsponerine [9,13 ,14(Odontomachus]. No functions bauri had, beenPachycondyla attributed indica to this, compoundPachycondyla in antsobscuricornis until Vander, and Meer Pachycondyla et al. [15] reportedstriata) ants its [9,13,14]. isolation No and functions identification had been from attributed the mandibular to this compound gland of thein ants red until imported Vander fire Meer ant, Solenopsiset al. [15] reported invicta. 2-Ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine its isolation and identification elicited from rapidthe mandibular and erratic gland movement of the of red fire imported ant workers, fire apparentlyant, Solenopsis functioning invicta. 2-Ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine as an alarm pheromone. elicited rapid and erratic movement of fire ant workers, apparently functioning as an alarm pheromone. Figure 1. Chemical structures of pyrazines. 2-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine (Figure (Figure 1),1), anan isomerisomer ofof 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine,2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine, isis aa mandibular gland componentcomponent of ponerine ants, Odontomachus brunneus [16],[16], O.O. chelifer [8],[8], O. troglodytes [17[17].]. Unlike Unlike other other pyrazine pyrazine components components from fromO. troglodytes O. troglodytesworkers, workers, however, however, this pyrazine this failedpyrazine to release failed significantto release alarmsignificant behaviors alarm [17 behaviors]. Because [17]. 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine Because 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine is commercially- is availablecommercially-available as a mixture with as itsa isomermixture of with 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine its isomer of 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine (ca. 60% 3,5-dimethyl (ca. isomer 60% and3,5- 40%dimethyl 3,6-dimethyl isomer isomer),and 40% the 3,6-dimethyl synthetic mixture isomer), of 2-ethyl-3,6(or the synthetic 5)-dimethylpyrazine mixture of 2-ethyl-3,6(or has been used 5)- fordimethylpyrazine most electrophysiological has been used and for behavioral most electrophysiological studies [15,18–23]. Bioassaysand behavioral with isomers studies purified[15,18–23]. by preparativeBioassays with GC orisomers HPLC demonstratedpurified by thatpreparative 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine GC or HPLC demonstrated had a relatively that lower2-ethyl-3,6- active responsedimethylpyrazine threshold had than a relatively 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine lower active response and threshold the mixture than of2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine the two isomers [15,18]. and theA previous mixture of study the two has isomers reported [15,18]. the electroantennogram (EAG) and behavioral responses of S. invictaA workersprevious to study synthetic has 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazinereported the electroantennogram [24]. (EAG) However, and very behavioral limited responses information of onS. alarminvicta activityworkers of to 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine synthetic 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine is available [24]. for fire However, ants in thevery literature. limited information In the present on study,alarm activity we aimed of 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine to examine both EAG and behavioral is available responses for fire ants of fire in antthe workersliterature. to In the the synthetic present pyrazine,study, we andaimed further to examine test for both attractiveness EAG and ofbehavioral the synthetic responses pyrazine-enhanced of fire ant workers baits. to the synthetic pyrazine, and further test for attractiveness of the synthetic pyrazine-enhanced baits. 2. Materials and Methods 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Ant Sources and Colony Maintenance 2.1. AntMature SourcesS. invicta and Colonycolonies Maintenance were collected from the campus of South China Agricultural University (Guangzhou,Mature S. China). invicta Each colonies colony were with workers,collected broods, from the and campus queens wasof maintainedSouth China in fluon-coatedAgricultural plasticUniversity trays
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Subgeneric Revision of Crematogaster and Discussion of Regional Species-Groups (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
    Zootaxa 3482: 47–67 (2012) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:42F5ABE3-37EC-48D6-AB1A-357BCC93DF68 A subgeneric revision of Crematogaster and discussion of regional species-groups (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) BONNIE B. BLAIMER Department of Entomology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract Crematogaster ants are diverse, widespread and abundant in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate climates throughout the world. The species diversity of this genus has been notoriously difficult to manage based upon morphology alone, and former attempts have generated a vaguely defined subgeneric system. I propose an improvement of the previous subgeneric classification and recognize two subgenera based upon a concurrent molecular study of the global diversity of these ants. Five of 13 former subgenera of Crematogaster are hereby synonymised under the subgenus Orthocrema Santschi: Neocrema Santschi syn. nov., Eucrema Santschi syn. nov., Rhachiocrema Mann syn. nov., Mesocrema Santschi syn. nov. and Apterocrema Wheeler syn. nov.. The eight remaining subgenera are synonymised under the subgenus Crematogaster sensu stricto: Decacrema Forel syn. nov., Oxygyne Forel syn. nov., Atopogyne Forel syn. nov., Sphaerocrema Santschi syn. nov., Colobocrema Wheeler syn. nov., Paracrema Santschi syn. nov., Physocrema Forel syn. nov. and Xiphocrema Forel syn. nov.. I present keys, morphological diagnoses and illustrations for the two revised, globally distributed subgenera Orthocrema and Crematogaster sensu stricto, based upon the worker caste. The two subgenera can be distinguished from each other by a combination of features of the petiole, postpetiole and propodeal spiracle.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ANTS of the GENUS METAPONE FOREL.* Downloaded from by WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER
    ANN ALS OF The Entomological Society of America Volume XII SEPTEMBER, 1919 Number 3 THE ANTS OF THE GENUS METAPONE FOREL.* Downloaded from By WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER. The singular genus Metapone was established by Forel, in 1911t, for an ant from Ceylon, M. greeni, characterized by a peculiar Ponerine habitus (resemblance to Cylindromyrmex and Simopone), scrobed head, supposedly ll-jointed antennre in the http://aesa.oxfordjournals.org/ male as well as in the worker and female, one-jointed maxillary and three-jointed labial palpi, terminally spinose or dentate middle and hind tibire and metatarsi and what he regarded as an unusually slender, strongly segmented, non-tuberculate larva, with long sparse hairs, and stout mandibles, and pupating without spinning a cocoon. He says of this genus, which he made the type of a new tribe, Metaponini: "I regard it as constituting a special section, which I place provisionally by guest on June 7, 2016 among the Ponerinre and which I call Promyrmicinre. Perhaps later it will be necessary to transfer it to the Myrmicinre. I reserve my opinion in regard to this matter," etc. A year later, Emeryt examined M. greeni and its larva more critically and found that alcoholic specimens of the latter when properly softened and expanded had the usual shape of body, head and mouthparts of the Myrmicine larva and were furnished with long, serially arranged, hooked, dorsal hairs unlike any known Ponerine larvre, but like many larval Myrmicinre. He concluded that Metapone is a true Myrmicine ant and says: "It seems to me that the comparison of Metapone with Cylindro- myrmex and Simopone on the one hand and Sima on the other.
    [Show full text]
  • Description of a New Genus of Primitive Ants from Canadian Amber
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Insecta Mundi Florida 8-11-2017 Description of a new genus of primitive ants from Canadian amber, with the study of relationships between stem- and crown-group ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Leonid H. Borysenko Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Entomology Commons Borysenko, Leonid H., "Description of a new genus of primitive ants from Canadian amber, with the study of relationships between stem- and crown-group ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (2017). Insecta Mundi. 1067. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/1067 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. INSECTA MUNDI A Journal of World Insect Systematics 0570 Description of a new genus of primitive ants from Canadian amber, with the study of relationships between stem- and crown-group ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Leonid H. Borysenko Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes AAFC, K.W. Neatby Building 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, K1A 0C6, Canada Date of Issue: August 11, 2017 CENTER FOR SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY, INC., Gainesville, FL Leonid H. Borysenko Description of a new genus of primitive ants from Canadian amber, with the study of relationships between stem- and crown-group ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Insecta Mundi 0570: 1–57 ZooBank Registered: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C6CCDDD5-9D09-4E8B-B056-A8095AA1367D Published in 2017 by Center for Systematic Entomology, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Taxonomic Revision of Ponerine Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Schmidt, Chris Alan Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 23:29:52 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194663 1 MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND TAXONOMIC REVISION OF PONERINE ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE: PONERINAE) by Chris A. Schmidt _____________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the GRADUATE INTERDISCIPLINARY PROGRAM IN INSECT SCIENCE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2009 2 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Chris A. Schmidt entitled Molecular Phylogenetics and Taxonomic Revision of Ponerine Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4/3/09 David Maddison _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4/3/09 Judie Bronstein
    [Show full text]
  • Of Sri Lanka: a Taxonomic Research Summary and Updated Checklist
    ZooKeys 967: 1–142 (2020) A peer-reviewed open-access journal doi: 10.3897/zookeys.967.54432 CHECKLIST https://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research The Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Sri Lanka: a taxonomic research summary and updated checklist Ratnayake Kaluarachchige Sriyani Dias1, Benoit Guénard2, Shahid Ali Akbar3, Evan P. Economo4, Warnakulasuriyage Sudesh Udayakantha1, Aijaz Ahmad Wachkoo5 1 Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka 2 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China3 Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 191132, India 4 Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan 5 Department of Zoology, Government Degree College, Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India Corresponding author: Aijaz Ahmad Wachkoo ([email protected]) Academic editor: Marek Borowiec | Received 18 May 2020 | Accepted 16 July 2020 | Published 14 September 2020 http://zoobank.org/61FBCC3D-10F3-496E-B26E-2483F5A508CD Citation: Dias RKS, Guénard B, Akbar SA, Economo EP, Udayakantha WS, Wachkoo AA (2020) The Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Sri Lanka: a taxonomic research summary and updated checklist. ZooKeys 967: 1–142. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.967.54432 Abstract An updated checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Sri Lanka is presented. These include representatives of eleven of the 17 known extant subfamilies with 341 valid ant species in 79 genera. Lio- ponera longitarsus Mayr, 1879 is reported as a new species country record for Sri Lanka. Notes about type localities, depositories, and relevant references to each species record are given.
    [Show full text]
  • Publications by Bert Hölldobler 1 1960 B. Hölldobler Über Die
    1 Publications by Bert Hölldobler 1 1960 B. Hölldobler Über die Ameisenfauna in Finnland-Lappland Waldhygiene 3:229-238 2 1961 B. Hölldobler Temperaturunabhängige rhythmische Erscheinungen bei Rossameisenkolonien (Camponotus ligniperda LATR. und Camponotus herculeanus L.) (Hym. Formicidae.) Insectes Sociaux 8:13-22 3 1962 B. Hölldobler Zur Frage der Oligogynie bei Camponotus ligniperda LATR.und Camponotus herculeanus L. (Hym. Formicidae). Z. ang. Entomologie 49:337.352 4 1962 B. Hölldobler Über die forstliche Bedeutung der Rossameisen Waldhygiene 4:228-250 5 1964 B. Hölldobler Untersuchungen zum Verhalten der Ameisenmännchen während der imaginalen Lebenszeit Experientia 20:329 6 1964 W. Kloft, B. Hölldobler Untersuchungen zur forstlichen Bedeutung der holzzer- störenden Rossameisen unter Verwendung der Tracer- Methode Anz. f. Schädlingskunde 37:163-169 7 1964 I. Graf, B. Hölldobler Untersuchungen zur Frage der Holzverwertung als Nahrung bei holzzerstörenden Rossameisen (Camponotus ligniperda LATR. und Camponotus herculeanus L.) unter Berücksichtigung der Cellulase Aktivität Z. Angew. Entomol. 55:77-80 8 1965 W. Kloft, B. Hölldobler, A. Haisch Traceruntersuchungen zur Abgrenzung von Nestarealen holzzerstörender Rossameisen (Camponotus herculeanus L.und C. ligniperda). Ent. exp. & appl. 8:20-26 9 1965 B. Hölldobler, U. Maschwitz Der Hochzeitsschwarm der Rossameise Camponotus herculeanus L. (Hym. Formicidae). Z. Vergl. Physiol. 50:551-568 10 1965 B. Hölldobler Das soziale Verhalten der Ameisenmännchen und seine Bedeutung für die Organisation der Ameisenstaaten Dissertation Würzburg, pp. 122 2 11 1965 B. Hölldobler, U. Maschwitz Die soziale Funktion der Mandibeldrüsen der Rossameisenmännchen (Camponotus herculeanus L.) beim Hochzeitsschwarm. Verhandlg. der Deutschen Zool. Ges. Jena, 391-393 12 1966 B. Hölldobler Futterverteilung durch Männchen im Ameisenstaat Z.
    [Show full text]
  • Biographical Sketch
    BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH GARY D. ALPERT Associate, Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology, Entomology Department 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 617-495-2464 [email protected] A. PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION College/University Major Degree &Year Washington State University Psychology B.S., 1969 Washington State University Entomology M.S., 1972 Harvard University Biology Ph.D., 1981 B. ACADEMIC/PROFESSIONAL APPOINTMENTS 2012 - : Associate, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 2000 - : Adjunct Faculty, University of Massachusetts (Boston and Amherst) C. PUBLICATIONS Publications Most Closely Related to Proposal Alpert, G. D. 2007. A review of the ant genus Metapone Forel from Madagascar. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80:8-18. http://www.antwiki.org/Ant_Wiki/images/0/0a/Alpert_2007.pdf Bolton, B., Alpert, G., Ward, P. S., and Naskrecki, P. 2007. Bolton's Catalogue of ants of the world: 1758- 2005. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, CD-ROM. Borowiec, M.L., Schulz, A., Alpert, G.D., and Banar, P. 2011. Discovery of the worker caste and description of two new species of Anomalomyrma with unique abdominal morphology. Zootaxa 2810: 1- 14. http://www.antwiki.org/Ant_Wiki/images/4/44/Borowiec_2011.pdf Ellison, A.M., Gotteli, N.J., Farnsworth, E J. and Alpert, G.D. 2012. A Field Guide to the Ants of New England. 2012 (November). Yale University Press.New Haven, CT. 398p. General, D.M. and Alpert, G.D. 2012. A synoptic review of the ant genera of the Philippines. ZooKeys 200: 1-111. http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/2447/a-synoptic-review-of-the-ant- genera-hymenoptera-formicidae-of-the-philippines%7C Other Significant Publications Alpert, G.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Biogeography of a Hyperdiverse Ant Clade (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
    UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title The evolution of myrmicine ants: Phylogeny and biogeography of a hyperdiverse ant clade (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2tc8r8w8 Journal Systematic Entomology, 40(1) ISSN 0307-6970 Authors Ward, PS Brady, SG Fisher, BL et al. Publication Date 2015 DOI 10.1111/syen.12090 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Systematic Entomology (2015), 40, 61–81 DOI: 10.1111/syen.12090 The evolution of myrmicine ants: phylogeny and biogeography of a hyperdiverse ant clade (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) PHILIP S. WARD1, SEÁN G. BRADY2, BRIAN L. FISHER3 andTED R. SCHULTZ2 1Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A., 2Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, U.S.A. and 3Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A. Abstract. This study investigates the evolutionary history of a hyperdiverse clade, the ant subfamily Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), based on analyses of a data matrix comprising 251 species and 11 nuclear gene fragments. Under both maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods of inference, we recover a robust phylogeny that reveals six major clades of Myrmicinae, here treated as newly defined tribes and occur- ring as a pectinate series: Myrmicini, Pogonomyrmecini trib.n., Stenammini, Solenop- sidini, Attini and Crematogastrini. Because we condense the former 25 myrmicine tribes into a new six-tribe scheme, membership in some tribes is now notably different, espe- cially regarding Attini. We demonstrate that the monotypic genus Ankylomyrma is nei- ther in the Myrmicinae nor even a member of the more inclusive formicoid clade – rather it is a poneroid ant, sister to the genus Tatuidris (Agroecomyrmecinae).
    [Show full text]
  • Colony Size Evolution in Ants: Macroevolutionary Trends
    Insect. Soc. (2016) 63:291–298 DOI 10.1007/s00040-016-0465-3 Insectes Sociaux RESEARCH ARTICLE Colony size evolution in ants: macroevolutionary trends 1,2 1 A. T. Burchill • C. S. Moreau Received: 27 October 2015 / Revised: 11 January 2016 / Accepted: 14 January 2016 / Published online: 5 February 2016 Ó International Union for the Study of Social Insects (IUSSI) 2016 Abstract Colony size is an incredibly important factor in Keywords Formicidae Á Eusociality Á social insect ecology: it affects everything from foraging Comparative methods Á Phylogenetics Á MuSSE Á strategies to colony defense to mating systems to the degree Colony size Á Group size of polymorphism. However, colony sizes vary dramatically among ant species (Formicidae): sizes range from several workers living together to super-colonies that stretch for Introduction hundreds of kilometers. Although the origins of eusociality and colonial life have been extensively theorized, little work The theoretical origin of eusociality in insects is a well- has been done describing the evolution of colony size that discussed topic in biology (Wilson 1971; Oster and Wilson followed after. Our study provides the first large-scale 1978; Crozier and Pamilo 1996). There are multiple possi- investigation into such issues, incorporating colony size ble theoretical routes to eusociality in Hymenoptera (bees, data from 118 genera and recently published, nearly com- wasps, and ants), and the specific models continue to be plete genus-level molecular phylogenies. We find that debated (Wilson 2008; Hughes et al. 2008; Abbot et al. colony size change exhibits a bifurcation pattern similar to 2011; Nowak et al. 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Publications by Bert Hölldobler 1 1960 B. Hölldobler Über Die
    1 Publications by Bert Hölldobler 1 1960 B. Hölldobler Über die Ameisenfauna in Finnland-Lappland Waldhygiene 3:229-238 2 1961 B. Hölldobler Temperaturunabhängige rhythmische Erscheinungen bei Rossameisenkolonien (Camponotus ligniperda LATR. und Camponotus herculeanus L.) (Hym. Formicidae.) Insectes Sociaux 8:13-22 3 1962 B. Hölldobler Zur Frage der Oligogynie bei Camponotus ligniperda LATR.und Camponotus herculeanus L. (Hym. Formicidae). Z. ang. Entomologie 49:337.352 4 1962 B. Hölldobler Über die forstliche Bedeutung der Rossameisen Waldhygiene 4:228-250 5 1964 B. Hölldobler Untersuchungen zum Verhalten der Ameisenmännchen während der imaginalen Lebenszeit Experientia 20:329 6 1964 W. Kloft, B. Hölldobler Untersuchungen zur forstlichen Bedeutung der holzzer- störenden Rossameisen unter Verwendung der Tracer- Methode Anz. f. Schädlingskunde 37:163-169 7 1964 I. Graf, B. Hölldobler Untersuchungen zur Frage der Holzverwertung als Nahrung bei holzzerstörenden Rossameisen (Camponotus ligniperda LATR. und Camponotus herculeanus L.) unter Berücksichtigung der Cellulase Aktivität Z. Angew. Entomol. 55:77-80 8 1965 W. Kloft, B. Hölldobler, A. Haisch Traceruntersuchungen zur Abgrenzung von Nestarealen holzzerstörender Rossameisen (Camponotus herculeanus L.und C. ligniperda). Ent. exp. & appl. 8:20-26 9 1965 B. Hölldobler, U. Maschwitz Der Hochzeitsschwarm der Rossameise Camponotus herculeanus L. (Hym. Formicidae). Z. Vergl. Physiol. 50:551-568 10 1965 B. Hölldobler Das soziale Verhalten der Ameisenmännchen und seine Bedeutung für die Organisation der Ameisenstaaten Dissertation Würzburg, pp. 122 2 11 1965 B. Hölldobler, U. Maschwitz Die soziale Funktion der Mandibeldrüsen der Rossameisenmännchen (Camponotus herculeanus L.) beim Hochzeitsschwarm. Verhandlg. der Deutschen Zool. Ges. Jena, 391-393 12 1966 B. Hölldobler Futterverteilung durch Männchen im Ameisenstaat Z.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a Global Taxonomic Review with Descriptions of Twelve New Species
    Zootaxa 4105 (6): 501–545 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2016 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4105.6.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DCB6A5BB-46C9-4D05-8B4A-C6E4CBABB6F5 The myrmicine ant genus Metapone Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a global taxonomic review with descriptions of twelve new species ROBERT W. TAYLOR1, 2 & GARY D. ALPERT3 1 Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia 2Honorary Research Fellow, CSIRO National Collections, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] 3Entomology Department, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] Table of contents Abstract . 502 Introduction . 502 Bionomics . 502 Methods . 504 General and taxonomic characters . 506 Synopsis of world Metapone species . 507 Genus Metapone Forel . 507 A. The African and Madagascan species . 507 Key to African and Madagascan Metapone species (Workers) . 508 1. Metapone madagascarica Gregg, 1958 . 508 2. Metapone emersoni Gregg, 1958 . 509 3. Metapone vincimus Alpert, 2007 . 510 4. Metapone africana sp.n. 511 B. The species of South and South-East Asia, the Malay Archipelago and the Philippines. 512 Key to the Asian species of Metapone . 512 5. Metapone greeni Forel, 1911 . 513 6. Metapone sauteri Forel, 1912 . 515 7. Metapone bakeri Wheeler, 1916 . 516 8. Metapone hewitti Wheeler, 1919. 517 9. Metapone jacobsoni Crawley, 1924 . 518 10. Metapone gracilis Wheeler, 1935 . 520 11. Metapone quadridentata Eguchi, 1998 . 521 12.
    [Show full text]
  • IDENTIFICATION GUIDE to the ANT GENERA of BORNEO Yoshiaki HASHIMOTO
    Chapter 9 IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO THE ANT GENERA OF BORNEO Yoshiaki HASHIMOTO Introduction Ants are one of the most abundant and diverse animal groups in tropical ecosystems (Stork, 1987, 1991), and they function at many levels in these ecosystems - as predators and prey, as detritivores, mutualists, and herbivores (Hölldobler and Wilson, 1990). Thus, ants have the potential to yield more meaningful biodiversity data than many other organisms, such as plants, birds, and butterflies. Moreover, since most species have stationary, perennial nests with fairly restricted foraging ranges, ants have a potential role as indicators of environmental change. Because of the potential usefulness, inventory of ants has been viewed as an important task in tropical biodiversity and conservation studies (Agosti et al., 2000). The most difficult part of ant inventory in tropical region is identification process. Inventory data are usually analyzed by relying on the presence or absence of species. However, identification of tropical ant specimens to species will be very difficult or impossible, because most groups of the ants have yet to be studied in detail. This difficulty makes the recognition of morphospecies a necessary part of inventory studies for ants (Agosti et al., 2000). The identifying ants to genus-level are not impossible, because excellent identification-key to ant genera of the all parts of the world is available in Bolton (1994). Thus, for sorting ant specimens into morphospecies, they should be identified to genus (i.e., “ Ant species 1 and species 2” to “Aenictus sp. 1 and Camponotus sp.1”). This makes it easy to handle and analyze the data.
    [Show full text]