Antibiotic Misuse in a Pediatric Teaching Hospital E
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Antibiotic misuse in a pediatric teaching hospital E. SCHOLLENBERG, MD; W.L. ALBRITTON, MD, FRCP[C] Antibiotic use at a pediatric teaching hospital was reviewed cause of different standards, a review of other audits for a month. A total of 188 courses of therapy were evalu- puts local experience in perspective. ated with respect to choice of antibiotic, dosage and neces- sity of treatment. Errors in therapy were noted in 30% of the medical orders and 63% of the surgical orders. The Methods most frequent error, unnecessary therapy, was found in Hospital of Winnipeg is a 204-bed, 13°h and 45% of the medical and surgical orders respec- The Children's tively. Error rates were highest for the most frequently university-affiliated referral centre. All medical pa- ordered antibiotics, notably the penicillins. The magnitude tients are admitted under the care of a pediatrician, of the problem appeared to be similar to that previously and all surgical patients under the care of a pediatric reported from general and adult hospitals. The difficulties general surgeon or a surgical subspecialist. with solutions such as educational programs and compul- All antibiotic orders for inpatients received in the sory consultation are discussed. pharmacy during December 1978 were reviewed after the completion of therapy. All orders were written On a etudi6 pendant un mois l'utilisation des antibiotiques by house staff under the direction of the attending dans un h6pital pediatrique universitaire. On a fait l'evalua- physician. These orders involved 188 courses of ther- tion de 188 traitements en ce qui concerne le choix des apy for 183 patients, 7 of whom had been in hospital antibiotiques, la posologie et la necessite du traitement. On a observe des erreurs de traitement dans 30% des prior to that month but had begun a new course of ordonnances medicales et dans 63% des ordonnances chi- antibiotic therapy. The charts were reviewed by a rurgicales. L'erreur la plus frequente, le traitement inutile, senior pediatric resident (E.S.) for relevant informa- a 6te retrouvee dans 13% des ordonnances m6dicales et tion available to the prescriber at the time the order dans 45% des ordonnances chirurgicales. Les taux d'erreur was written. This included recorded historical and ont ete les plus eleves pour les antibiotiques les plus clinical data, the weight at the time of admission, frequemments prescrits, en particulier les penicillines. L'im- laboratory and radiologic reports, reports of cultures, portance du probleme est semblable A ce qui a d6ja ete records of appropriate cultures done before the institu- signale dans des h6pitaux generaux et des hopitaux pour tion of antibiotic therapy, relevant ancillary studies adultes seulement. Les difficultes de solutions telles que (e.g., of renal function) and eventual culture and programmes de formation et consultation obligatoire sont sensitivity results. The antibiotic orders, including dose, discutees. interval, route of administration and duration of ther- Antibiotics are unusual among treatment modalities in apy, were recorded and the total daily dose per kilo- that their use may have effects beyond the individual gram was calculated. patient and the infection being treated. The emergence Each case was then reviewed by a pediatric in- of resistance and changes in flora are well known to fectious disease consultant (W.L.A.), with attention to follow the use and abuse of particular agents.3 The the justification for the antibiotic order, the choice of resulting risks of dangerous nosocomial infection are antibiotic (based on clinical and known bacteriologic also well documented.4'5 Hence, monitoring antibiotic information) and the appropriateness of the dosage prescribing should be a continuing priority. or the method of administration. Also reviewed were the adequacy of preantibiotic cultures, whether other Reviews of antibiotic use have been reported from renal function a variety of hospitals,6'-4 both teaching and private. studies, such as viral serology or tests, were done when appropriate, and whether orders were These reviews either have involved exclusively adult sensi- hospitals or have included pediatric patients as a changed in response to significant culture and fraction of the population in a general hospital. Dif- tivity information. ferences between adult hospitals were not impressive, Each course of therapy was then assigned to one but the degree of misuse was. Given the differences in of the following categories according to a modification of the system of Kunin, Tupasi and Craig:` training and approach between pediatricians and other with. physicians, the questions we asked were whether anti- l: The antibiotic use as ordered is agreed biotic misuse was as significant in pediatric patients 2: The antibiotic use as ordered is agreed with, differences in the but the benefits of this therapy or prophylaxis are and whether there were qualitative controversial. types of error encountered. While a precise comparison is of the results of various series is not meaningful be- 3: The need for antibiotic therapy agreed with, but a different agent or combination of agents is rec- the available clinical From the departments of pediatrics and medical microbiology, ommended on the basis of data, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg or culture of a resistant organism did not result in an appropriate change in therapy. Reprint requests to: Dr. W.L. Albritton, Assistant professor, 4: need for antibiotic is Departments of pediatrics and medical microbiology, The therapy agreed with, University of Manitoba, Basic Sciences Building, Rm. 530, but a different dose, dosing interval, route of ad- 700 William Ave., Winnipeg, Man. R3E OZ3 ministration or duration of therapy is recommended. CMA JOURNAL/JANUARY 12, 1980/VOL. 122 49 5: The need for antibiotic therapy is disagreed plasty and myringotomy. Our review failed to show with; that is, there is no evidence of bacterial infection, any benefit of antibiotic prophylaxis in these situations, the condition is self-limiting or prophylaxis is not and its use was considered inappropriate. If these pa- indicated. tients are excluded from the total the overall error Courses of therapy assigned to categories 1 and 2 rate for the surgical patients was 38%. were considered appropriate, whereas those assigned Errors in the choice of antibiotics (category 3) were to categories 3, 4 and 5 were considered inappropriate. noted with almost equal frequency in the medical and the surgical patients. In 9 of the 16 patients with whom Results such an error was made a second antibiotic was un- necessarily given in addition to the preferred drug, The results of this review are summarized in Table I. which was usually ampicillin. Most commonly genta- Antibiotics were prescribed for 39% and 20% of micin or cloxacillin was given in addition to ampicillin the medical and surgical patients respectively. Errors for an uncomplicated pneumonia in a patient without in therapy were noted for 30% of the medical patients apparent added risk. Patients with added risk would treated. The most frequent error (seen in 13%) was include neonates, immunocompromised individuals and apparently unnecessary therapy (category 5). Usually patients with chronic chest disease. In three patients this involved the use of antibiotics in cases of presumed the antibiotic was not changed after significant culture viral infection (e.g., bronchiolitis and gastroenteritis), of a resistant organism. in which there was no clinical or laboratory evidence Errors in dose, dosing interval, route of administra- of bacterial infection. Of course in certain patients, tion or duration of therapy (category 4) were noted for such as neonates and patients with neutropenia, any 16 patients. Errors in dose, mainly an inadequate suspicion warrants therapy, and this was considered in amount, were noted for 6 of the 16, and errors in the the assessment. Nevertheless, there was evident pres- dosing interval or the route of administration were sure to give an antibiotic to any patient with a fever. noted for 3. The latter included an inappropriate The reason for the treatment of 22 children was acute dosing interval with cloxacillin and gentamicin, and otitis media although 14 had been admitted with the intravenous use of erythromycin and tetracycline asthma, bronchiolitis or gastroenteritis. While clearly with insufficient indication. Although the duration of these conditions may occur with an upper respiratory therapy must be individualized in each case, in seven tract infection and otitis media, in these patients the patients therapy was considered unnecessarily pro- evidence for a bacterial infection was poorly docu- longed on the basis of the available information. mented, and they would not have received antibiotics Among the antibiotics most frequently ordered were save for the diagnosis of acute otitis media. One might ampicillin/amoxicillin, gentamicin, cloxacillin, trime- suspect that this condition was overdiagnosed in these thoprim-sulfamethoxazole and penicillin, in that order. patients because the prescribers sought a reason for The largest number of errors in therapy involved these antibiotic therapy. In addition, a small number of antibiotics (Table II). Although erythromycin and tetra- patients in this group had an infection that was self- cycline were prescribed much less frequently, their limiting and did not require antibiotic therapy - for use was often inappropriate. In contrast, the use of example, Salmonella gastroenteritis.