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Energy Constraint and Adaptability: Focus on Renewable Energy on Small Islands

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Energy Constraint and Adaptability: Focus on Renewable Energy on Small Islands Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Canterbury Energy Constraint and Adaptability: Focus on Renewable Energy on Small Islands A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Canterbury by Muaviyath Mohamed University of Canterbury 2012 Abstract Renewable energy integration into diesel generation systems for remote island communities is a rapidly growing energy engineering field. Fuel supply issues are becoming more common and the disruption, instability and panic caused by fuel shortages results in inefficient and unreliable power supplies for remote island communities. This thesis develops an energy engineering approach for meeting renewable energy development, supply security, cost and sustainability objectives. The approach involves adapting proven energy engineering techniques including energy auditing, energy system modelling with basic cost analysis and demand side management. The novel aspect of this research is the development of critical load engineering in the system design, and informing this with an assessment of essentiality of energy services during the audit phase. This approach was prompted by experiences with previous fuel shortages and long term sustainability policy drivers. The methodology uses the most essential electric loads as the requirement for sizing the renewable energy capacity in the hybrid system. This approach is revolutionary because communication with the customers about availability and the need to shed non-essential loads helps to both meet cost and security requirements and to reduce levels of panic and uncertainty when fuel supply issues arise. i A sustainable power generation system is a system that provides continuity of supply for electrical appliances that are considered by the residents to be essential and for which adaptability and resilience of behaviour were key design priorities over growth. The sustainable electrical energy supply should match the critical (essential) load and should have the ability to continue without major disruptions to the daily lives of the people in these communities. Essential energy end uses were identified through energy audits and surveys. The electric power system is designed so that renewable energy sources alone can meet that “essential” demand with a plant that is both economically and technically feasible. Diesel generators were supplemented to meet the short fall in meeting the unconstrained electric demand. This is to design a system that is generally competitive with the present conventional power generation. This method should be particularly suitable for handling the complexities of a modern-day energy system in terms of planning a sizable sustainable energy and electricity system, either based on wholly sustainable sources or integrating sustainable sources of energy into a conventional generation system. The final hybrid system chosen after numerous simulations for the case study (Fenfushi island in the Maldives) community has the minimum renewable energy sources to meet the essential load but uses diesel to supplement the present load. A variety of design parameters such as PV size, wind turbine sizes and numbers and battery capacity have been considered. The minimum renewable energy sources to supply the essential loads of the community were simulated with diesel generators to find the optimal supply mix for the present load (typical unconstrained demand). The final outcome has the following characteristics: NPC and COE were $1,532,340 and $0.37/kWh respectively, lower than any diesel-only systems that could supply the demand. The total annual electricity production is 386,444 units (kWh), of which 9.61% is excess electricity and the annual operating cost is $68,688. Compared to the diesel-only systems there is a fuel savings of 77,021 litres of diesel per year, which is a 66.5 % reduction. An annual carbon dioxide emission reduction of 202,824 kg was achieved, which is a reduction of 66.5%. An annual renewable energy contribution of 70% would be achieved, 34% of which would be from PV arrays and 36% from wind turbines. The selected system shows that even with 30 percent power supply ii from diesel generators, still the highest NPC is on diesel generation for a life of over 25 years. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank God, for His guidance and strength. I would like to thank my senior supervisor, Associate Professor Susan P. Krumdieck for the unique ideas, support, guidance and encouragement she provided during the course of this research. The foundation for this work comes from her insightful ideas and her ability to think beyond the boundaries of what is currently accepted. I would also like to thank her for all her technical support of me attending conferences, which provided me with ideal opportunities to present my work and meet experts in the field and the chance to acquaint myself with new research dimensions from around the world. I also genuinely thank my second supervisor, Dr Larry Brackney, for his vast knowledge and experience. This contributed immensely in our discussions and was always productive. Despite their busy schedules, it was amazing how quickly they responded to my forwarded documents. I would not have completed this work without their help. I really appreciate the time and effort you gave towards my research. Your comments on my drafts were invaluable. Thanks to Dr. Ee-hua Wong for advice on structure and last-minute editorial advice. This thesis was made possible through a scholarship from the New Zealand government, under the New Zealand Development Aid (NZAID) programme—a Commonwealth scholarship. It is my duty and great pleasure to express gratitude to these parties. I v thank the administration of the University, especially the International Student Support Unit (ISSU), for their timeless support throughout my time in New Zealand. I have come a long way from home to study here at the University of Canterbury. Nevertheless, during my study towards a PhD degree, I have experienced the warm hospitality and invaluable suggestions of many people and have enjoyed many new activities; I would like to express my appreciation to the many people who have welcomed me in this acknowledgement. Advanced Energy and Material Systems Laboratory members and, most notably, my office mates have been a great source of practical information and the small Maldivian community here in Christchurch was helpful in every possible way. Because so many people have assisted me along the way, I cannot mention every name; however, I really do appreciate each and every one of you. I would like to dedicate this thesis to my beloved parents, for their hard determined work in bringing me up and for encouraging higher education. They have always been there for me and have made me what I am today. Furthermore, I express my deepest and most sincere gratitude to my wife Fanna, for her understanding and patience throughout my time here; without her support I would not have reached this stage. My appreciation stretches to my loving children Inan, Shayan and Yuh, for their patience. I simply could not have done this without them by my side. I also thank all my family members and friends for their encouragement and support. vi Publications/Presentations from this Thesis 1. Mohamed, M. and Krumdieck, S., Energy Constraint and Adaptability: Focus on Renewable Energy on Small Islands. NERI, National Energy Research Institute in partnership with the Institute of Earth Science and Engineering at The University of Auckland on November 22 and 23 2007 with the theme: ‘Research informing the energy debates’. New Zealand, Auckland Conference 2007. 2. Mohamed, M.,Krumdieck, S., and Brackney, L., Solar and Wind Energy for Small Island Electrification: A Maldivian Case study, UKERC, UK Energy Research Centre, Parkstead House, Roehampton, London, 23-27 June 2008. 3. Mohamed, M., Krumdieck, S., and Brackney, L., Integration of Renewable Energy for Remote Island Communities and Resiliency under Energy Constraint, NERI, National Energy Research Institute, New Zealand, Knowing More, Doing Better conference, Rutherford House, Wellington, April 2009. vii 4. Mohamed, M., Krumdieck, S., and Brackney, L., Essentiality of Electrical Energy Demand and Integration of Renewable Energy for Sustainable Generation System: Remote Island Case Study, College of Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 2009. 5. Mohamed, M., Krumdieck, S., and Brackney, L., Sustainable Renewable Electricity for Small Islands: A Methodology for Essential Load Matching, NZSSES, The New Zealand Society for Sustainability Engineering and Science, Transitions to Sustainability Conference, Auckland, December 2010. 6. Mohamed, M., Krumdieck, S., and Fulhu, M., A Methodology to Develop Sustainable Electricity for Small Rural Communities: Supply System Design for Critical Load Matching. EEA (Electricity Engineers’ Association) Conference & Exhibition 2011, Sky city Convention Centre, 23-24 June, Auckland. 7. Mohamed, M., Krumdieck, S., Brackney, L., (2011). An Energy Auditing Methodology for Small Island Communities. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, David publishing company, accepted for publication, May 2011. 8. Mohamed, M., Krumdieck, S., (2011). Renewable Energy Resource Assessment of the Maldives for Electric Power Generation. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, David publishing company, accepted for publication, May 2011. 9. Mohamed, M., Krumdieck, S.,
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