DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaluating the Chemical Diversity and Biological Activity of Plant Extracts for Commercialization

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Evaluating the chemical diversity and biological activity of plant extracts for commercialization A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Amanda C. Martin IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Adviser: Dr. Adrian D. Hegeman, Co-adviser: Dr. Donald L. Wyse November 2014 © Amanda C. Martin 2014 All Rights Reserved Acknowledgements Many people helped me in the process of earning my PhD. First, thank you to my advisors Dr. Adrian Hegeman and Dr. Donald Wyse and to my committee members Dr. Florence Gleason, Dr. Jerry Cohen, and Dr. Chengguo Xing for their support and encouragement to apply myself in the field and lab – and to apply for fellowship opportunities. Thank you to Kevin Betts, Marnie Plunkett, and all of the Wyse group undergraduates for their endless help in the field. Particular thanks to Marnie for sticking with me for three years as an undergraduate assistant. Thank you to Dr. Alison Pawlus for taking me under her wing and teaching me to ins and outs of discovery in the lab and for being a great friend throughout my ups and downs. Thank you to Dr. Cindy Angerhofer, Tim Kapsner, and the Botanicals Research team at Aveda for believing in an supporting this project. Thank you to Dr. Dana Freund for her constant stream of pep- talks that fueled the last year and a half of graduate school for me. Thank you to Ed Johnston for graciously opening up his home to me in Hawaii and never giving up on the kava study. Thank you to Gail Kalli for her endless administrative and strategic support and for being a friend whose door was always open to me and all PBS graduate students. Thank you to Lisa Wiley and Linda Hermanson for being there for me during the more personally challenging times in graduate school. Thank you to Noro Andriamanalina and the Community of Scholars Program for bringing together a tight knit scholarly community of people who might otherwise feel hopelessly out of place. Thank you to Northland College for giving me the space to become the person I was meant to be and to the professors who gave me the tools and drive to achieve my goals including Drs. Young Kim, Rick Dowd, Brian-Nowak-Thompson, and David Saetre. Thank you to all of my friends for reminding me about life outside of the lab including Kelsey Imbertson, Rachel Anderson, and Karen Anderson. Thank you to my parents Debra and Leo Martin Jr. for creating a strong and stable foundation for me and my brother, Victor, and sister, Sarah. Finally, thank you to my amazingly supportive and loving husband Colin. i Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my grandparents, Carol and Berenice Handy and Mildred and Leo Martin Sr. for their eternal guidance and inspiration. ii Abstract Perennial plants are a manageable natural resource with the potential to provide both highly valuable biologically active chemicals and ecosystem services. Ecosystem services include various benefits that are provided by an ecosystem such as food, fuel, recreation, as well as water, air, and land quality for society. Biologically active chemicals from plants have a long history of use by humans in botanical medicines and pharmaceuticals, food and dietary supplements, agricultural inputs, and home and personal care products. There are different strategies that can be used to incorporate plants into an economic and ecosystem service role. Method development and application studies were used to facilitate use of plant derived bioactive compounds for commercial use. Methodological studies, using the technique of metabolic fingerprinting, resulted in the determination of extraction conditions that maximize chemical diversity and yield. Maximum chemical diversity in a plant extract was most efficiently approached if solvent partitioning was performed on an extract made with 70 percent ethanol. Additionally, strategies to integrate extract chemical analysis with information regarding extract quality, such as cytotoxicity measurements, were developed and used to evaluate commercial kava samples obtained from multiple sources. These approaches were then applied to two different perennial plant species ( Comptonia peregrina , and Glycyrrhiza lepidota ) with the aim of developing their commercial value based on their extractable chemical composition. These studies resulted in the isolation of two small molecules from C. peregrina with strong antimicrobial activity and the identification of two G. lepidota populations with the potential to be developed into a cultivar with optimal characteristics for the cultivation of biologically active compounds. iii Table of Contents List of Tables……………………………………………………………………..….……v List of Figures………………………………………………………………………....….vi List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………..ix Chapter 1………………………………………………………………………………pg. 1 Introduction Chapter 2………………………………………………………………….………...…pg. 6 Evaluating solvent extraction systems using metabolomics approaches Chapter 3…………………………………………………………………………..…pg. 36 Measuring the chemical and cytotoxic variability of commercially available kava ( Piper methysticum G. Forster) Chapter 4…………………………………………………………………………..…pg. 60 Antimicrobial constituents of Comptonia peregrina (L.) J.M. Coulter (Sweet Fern) Chapter 5…………………………………………………………………………..…pg. 75 Developing American licorice ( Glycyrrhiza lepidota (Nutt.) Pursh) germplasm for the cultivation of biologically active compounds Conclusions……………………………………………………………………........pg. 111 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………..pg. 112 Appendix A……………………………………………………………………....…pg. 128 Spectral data for compounds isolated from C. peregrina Appendix B………………………………………………………………………….pg.141 Compounds found in plants of the Glycyrrhiza (licorice) genus Appendix C………………………………………………………...……………….pg. 169 Minnesota Plant Collection Permits iv List of Tables Chapter 3 Table 1. Kava exports from Fiji, Tonga and Vanuatu: 2008 through 2013. (pg. 47) Table 2. Commercial kava sources. (pg. 50) Table 3. Average concentration (ppm) of compounds from dry powder commercial kava sources. (pg. 52) Table 4. Average concentration (ppm) of compounds from liquid commercial kava sources. (pg. 54) Chapter 4 Table 1. Antimicrobial activity of methanolic Comptonia peregrina extract partitions, fractions and isolated compounds. (pg. 73) Chapter 5 Table 1. Minnesota Glycyrrhiza lepidota seed collection locations (pg. 102) Appendix B Table 1. Compounds found in plants of the Glycyrrhiza (licorice) genus (pg. 142) v List of Figures Chapter 2 Figure 1. Schematic of workflows for A) parallel single-solvent extractions and B) extraction partitioning. (pg. 25) Figure 2. Comparison of extraction efficiency for extracts prepared from 8 parallel single-solvent extractions. (pg. 26) Figure 3. Comparison of extraction efficiency for extracts prepared from parallel single-solvent extractions. (pg. 27) Figure 4. Scatterplots showing the distribution of features detected from metabolic fingerprints of extracts. (pg. 28) Figure 5. Representative principal components analysis of L. salicaria parallel single-solvent extractions. (pg. 29) Figure 6. Comparison of extraction efficiency via chemical complexity for combinations of two and three parallel single-solvent extractions. (pg. 30) Figure 7. Comparison of extraction efficiency via chemical complexity of combinations of three parallel single-solvent extractions and extraction partitions of R. typhina leaf, berry, and stem tissue. (pg. 31) Figure 8. Photographs of representative extractions. (pg. 32) Figure 9. Representative principal components analysis of R. typhina berry extraction partitions and hexanes single-solvent extraction. (pg. 33) Figure 10. Representative principal components analysis of R. typhina berry extraction partitions and dichloromethane single-solvent extraction. (pg. 34) Figure 11. Representative principal components analysis of R. typhina berry extraction partitions and 70% ethanol, methanol, and water single- solvent extraction. (pg. 35) Chapter 3 Figure 1. Histograms showing the distribution of concentrations of compounds found in commercial kava preparations. (pg. 48) vi Figure 2. Comparison of relative cell viability to flavokawain (FLK) A and B concentrations. (pg. 49) Figure 3. Principal components analysis (PCA) of commercial kava preparations. (pg. 56) Figure 4. Principal components analysis (PCA) of commercial kava preparations. (pg. 57) Figure 5. Correlation between relative cell viability and Flavokawain A concentration. (pg. 58) Figure 6. Correlation between relative cell viability and Flavokawain B concentration. (pg. 59) Chapter 4 Figure 1. Solvent extraction scheme used for the aerial tissues of Comptonia peregrina . (pg. 72) Figure 2. Structures of the compounds isolated from C. peregrina above ground parts. 1) galangin, 2) pinocembrin, and 3) pinosylvin monomethyl ether. (pg. 74) Chapter 5 Figure 1. Compounds isolated from plants belonging to the genus Glycyrrhiza . (pg. 101) Figure 2. Three-year survival rate for nine Minnesota native populations of Glycyrrhiza lepidota . (pg. 103) Figure 3. Total above and below ground biomass for six Minnesota native populations of Glycyrrhiza lepidota . (pg. 104) Figure 4. Average number of inflorescences and seed pods for six Minnesota native populations of Glycyrrhiza lepidota . (pg. 105) Figure 5. Average seed traits for six Minnesota native populations of Glycyrrhiza lepidota . (pg. 106) Figure 6. Average percent seed viability for six Minnesota native populations of Glycyrrhiza lepidota . (pg. 107) vii Figure 7. Average antimicrobial
Recommended publications
  • Marilandica, Summer/Fall 2002

    Marilandica, Summer/Fall 2002

    MARILANDICA Journal of the Maryland Native Plant Society Vol. 10, No. 2 Summer/Fall 2002 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Marilandica Journal of the Maryland Native Plant Society The Maryland Native Volume 10, Number 2 Summer/Fall 2002 Plant Society ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (MNPS) is a nonprofit organization that uses education, research, and Table of Contents community service to increase the awareness and appreciation of Native Woody Flora of Montgomery County native plants and their habitats, By John Mills Parrish leading to their conservation and Page 3 restoration. Membership is open to ~ all who are interested in Maryland’s MNPS Field Botany Updates native plants and their habitats, preserving Maryland’s natural By Rod Simmons, Cris Fleming, John Parrish, and Jake Hughes heritage, increasing their knowledge Page 8 of native plants, and helping to ~ further the Society’s mission. In Search of Another Orchid Species By Joseph F. Metzger, Jr. MNPS sponsors monthly meetings, Page 11 workshops, field trips, and an ~ annual fall conference. Just Boil the Seeds By James MacDonald Page 13 Maryland Native Plant Society ~ P.O. Box 4877 MNPS Contacts Silver Spring, MD 20914 www.mdflora.org Page 15 ~ Some Varieties of Andropogon virginicus and MNPS Executive Officers: Andropogon scoparius By M.L. Fernald, Rhodora, Vol. 37, 1935 Karyn Molines-President Page 16 Louis Aronica-Vice President Marc Imlay-Vice President Roderick Simmons-Vice President Jane Osburn-Secretary Jean Cantwell-Treasurer MNPS Board Of Directors: Carole Bergmann Blaine Eckberg Cris Fleming Jake Hughes Carol Jelich Dwight Johnson James MacDonald Joe Metzger, Jr. Lespedeza repens John Parrish Mary Pat Rowan Submissions for Marilandica are welcomed. Word documents are preferred but Louisa Thompson not necessary.
  • Well-Known Plants in Each Angiosperm Order

    Well-Known Plants in Each Angiosperm Order

    Well-known plants in each angiosperm order This list is generally from least evolved (most ancient) to most evolved (most modern). (I’m not sure if this applies for Eudicots; I’m listing them in the same order as APG II.) The first few plants are mostly primitive pond and aquarium plants. Next is Illicium (anise tree) from Austrobaileyales, then the magnoliids (Canellales thru Piperales), then monocots (Acorales through Zingiberales), and finally eudicots (Buxales through Dipsacales). The plants before the eudicots in this list are considered basal angiosperms. This list focuses only on angiosperms and does not look at earlier plants such as mosses, ferns, and conifers. Basal angiosperms – mostly aquatic plants Unplaced in order, placed in Amborellaceae family • Amborella trichopoda – one of the most ancient flowering plants Unplaced in order, placed in Nymphaeaceae family • Water lily • Cabomba (fanwort) • Brasenia (watershield) Ceratophyllales • Hornwort Austrobaileyales • Illicium (anise tree, star anise) Basal angiosperms - magnoliids Canellales • Drimys (winter's bark) • Tasmanian pepper Laurales • Bay laurel • Cinnamon • Avocado • Sassafras • Camphor tree • Calycanthus (sweetshrub, spicebush) • Lindera (spicebush, Benjamin bush) Magnoliales • Custard-apple • Pawpaw • guanábana (soursop) • Sugar-apple or sweetsop • Cherimoya • Magnolia • Tuliptree • Michelia • Nutmeg • Clove Piperales • Black pepper • Kava • Lizard’s tail • Aristolochia (birthwort, pipevine, Dutchman's pipe) • Asarum (wild ginger) Basal angiosperms - monocots Acorales
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9.421,180 B2 Zielinski Et Al

    (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9.421,180 B2 Zielinski Et Al

    USOO9421 180B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9.421,180 B2 Zielinski et al. (45) Date of Patent: Aug. 23, 2016 (54) ANTIOXIDANT COMPOSITIONS FOR 6,203,817 B1 3/2001 Cormier et al. .............. 424/464 TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION OR 6,323,232 B1 1 1/2001 Keet al. ............ ... 514,408 6,521,668 B2 2/2003 Anderson et al. ..... 514f679 OXIDATIVE DAMAGE 6,572,882 B1 6/2003 Vercauteren et al. ........ 424/451 6,805,873 B2 10/2004 Gaudout et al. ....... ... 424/401 (71) Applicant: Perio Sciences, LLC, Dallas, TX (US) 7,041,322 B2 5/2006 Gaudout et al. .............. 424/765 7,179,841 B2 2/2007 Zielinski et al. .. ... 514,474 (72) Inventors: Jan Zielinski, Vista, CA (US); Thomas 2003/0069302 A1 4/2003 Zielinski ........ ... 514,452 Russell Moon, Dallas, TX (US); 2004/0037860 A1 2/2004 Maillon ...... ... 424/401 Edward P. Allen, Dallas, TX (US) 2004/0091589 A1 5, 2004 Roy et al. ... 426,265 s s 2004/0224004 A1 1 1/2004 Zielinski ..... ... 424/442 2005/0032882 A1 2/2005 Chen ............................. 514,456 (73) Assignee: Perio Sciences, LLC, Dallas, TX (US) 2005, 0137205 A1 6, 2005 Van Breen ..... 514,252.12 2005. O154054 A1 7/2005 Zielinski et al. ............. 514,474 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 2005/0271692 Al 12/2005 Gervasio-Nugent patent is extended or adjusted under 35 et al. ............................. 424/401 2006/0173065 A1 8/2006 BeZwada ...................... 514,419 U.S.C. 154(b) by 19 days. 2006/O193790 A1 8/2006 Doyle et al.
  • Coastal Landscaping in Massachusetts Plant List

    Coastal Landscaping in Massachusetts Plant List

    Coastal Landscaping in Massachusetts Plant List This PDF document provides additional information to supplement the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Coastal Landscaping website. The plants listed below are good choices for the rugged coastal conditions of Massachusetts. The Coastal Beach Plant List, Coastal Dune Plant List, and Coastal Bank Plant List give recommended species for each specified location (some species overlap because they thrive in various conditions). Photos and descriptions of selected species can be found on the following pages: • Grasses and Perennials • Shrubs and Groundcovers • Trees CZM recommends using native plants wherever possible. The vast majority of the plants listed below are native (which, for purposes of this fact sheet, means they occur naturally in eastern Massachusetts). Certain non-native species with specific coastal landscaping advantages that are not known to be invasive have also been listed. These plants are labeled “not native,” and their state or country of origin is provided. (See definitions for native plant species and non-native plant species at the end of this fact sheet.) Coastal Beach Plant List Plant List for Sheltered Intertidal Areas Sheltered intertidal areas (between the low-tide and high-tide line) of beach, marsh, and even rocky environments are home to particular plant species that can tolerate extreme fluctuations in water, salinity, and temperature. The following plants are appropriate for these conditions along the Massachusetts coast. Black Grass (Juncus gerardii) native Marsh Elder (Iva frutescens) native Saltmarsh Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) native Saltmeadow Cordgrass (Spartina patens) native Sea Lavender (Limonium carolinianum or nashii) native Spike Grass (Distichlis spicata) native Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) native Plant List for a Dry Beach Dry beach areas are home to plants that can tolerate wind, wind-blown sand, salt spray, and regular interaction with waves and flood waters.
  • Section 2. Jack Pine (Pinus Banksiana)

    Section 2. Jack Pine (Pinus Banksiana)

    SECTION 2. JACK PINE - 57 Section 2. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) 1. Taxonomy and use 1.1. Taxonomy The largest genus in the family Pinaceae, Pinus L., which consists of about 110 pine species, occurs naturally through much of the Northern Hemisphere, from the far north to the cooler montane tropics (Peterson, 1980; Richardson, 1998). Two subgenera are usually recognised: hard pines (generally with much resin, wood close-grained, sheath of a leaf fascicle persistent, two fibrovascular bundles per needle — the diploxylon pines); and soft, or white pines (generally little resin, wood coarse-grained, sheath sheds early, one fibrovascular bundle in a needle — the haploxylon pines). These subgenera are called respectively subg. Pinus and subg. Strobus (Little and Critchfield, 1969; Price et al., 1998). Occasionally, one to about half the species (20 spp.) in subg. Strobus are classified instead in a variable subg. Ducampopinus. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and its close relative lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. Ex Loud.) are in subg. Pinus, subsection Contortae, which is classified either in section Trifoliis or a larger section Pinus (Little and Critchfield, 1969; Price et al., 1998). Additionally, subsect. Contortae usually includes Virginia pine (P. virginiana) and sand pine (P. clausa), which are in southeastern USA. Jack pine has two quite short (2-5 cm) stiff needles per fascicle (cluster) and lopsided (asymmetric) cones that curve toward the branch tip, and the cone scales often have a tiny prickle at each tip (Kral, 1993). Non-taxonomic ecological or biological variants of jack pine have been described, including dwarf, pendulous, and prostrate forms, having variegated needle colouration, and with unusual branching habits (Rudolph and Yeatman, 1982).
  • Herbal Insomnia Medications That Target Gabaergic Systems: a Review of the Psychopharmacological Evidence

    Herbal Insomnia Medications That Target Gabaergic Systems: a Review of the Psychopharmacological Evidence

    Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] Current Neuropharmacology, 2014, 12, 000-000 1 Herbal Insomnia Medications that Target GABAergic Systems: A Review of the Psychopharmacological Evidence Yuan Shia, Jing-Wen Donga, Jiang-He Zhaob, Li-Na Tanga and Jian-Jun Zhanga,* aState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China; bDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Marine, Shandong University, Weihai, P.R. China Abstract: Insomnia is a common sleep disorder which is prevalent in women and the elderly. Current insomnia drugs mainly target the -aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, melatonin receptor, histamine receptor, orexin, and serotonin receptor. GABAA receptor modulators are ordinarily used to manage insomnia, but they are known to affect sleep maintenance, including residual effects, tolerance, and dependence. In an effort to discover new drugs that relieve insomnia symptoms while avoiding side effects, numerous studies focusing on the neurotransmitter GABA and herbal medicines have been conducted. Traditional herbal medicines, such as Piper methysticum and the seed of Zizyphus jujuba Mill var. spinosa, have been widely reported to improve sleep and other mental disorders. These herbal medicines have been applied for many years in folk medicine, and extracts of these medicines have been used to study their pharmacological actions and mechanisms. Although effective and relatively safe, natural plant products have some side effects, such as hepatotoxicity and skin reactions effects of Piper methysticum. In addition, there are insufficient evidences to certify the safety of most traditional herbal medicine. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding a variety of natural plant products that are commonly used to treat insomnia to facilitate future studies.
  • Appendix 2: Plant Lists

    Appendix 2: Plant Lists

    Appendix 2: Plant Lists Master List and Section Lists Mahlon Dickerson Reservation Botanical Survey and Stewardship Assessment Wild Ridge Plants, LLC 2015 2015 MASTER PLANT LIST MAHLON DICKERSON RESERVATION SCIENTIFIC NAME NATIVENESS S-RANK CC PLANT HABIT # OF SECTIONS Acalypha rhomboidea Native 1 Forb 9 Acer palmatum Invasive 0 Tree 1 Acer pensylvanicum Native 7 Tree 2 Acer platanoides Invasive 0 Tree 4 Acer rubrum Native 3 Tree 27 Acer saccharum Native 5 Tree 24 Achillea millefolium Native 0 Forb 18 Acorus calamus Alien 0 Forb 1 Actaea pachypoda Native 5 Forb 10 Adiantum pedatum Native 7 Fern 7 Ageratina altissima v. altissima Native 3 Forb 23 Agrimonia gryposepala Native 4 Forb 4 Agrostis canina Alien 0 Graminoid 2 Agrostis gigantea Alien 0 Graminoid 8 Agrostis hyemalis Native 2 Graminoid 3 Agrostis perennans Native 5 Graminoid 18 Agrostis stolonifera Invasive 0 Graminoid 3 Ailanthus altissima Invasive 0 Tree 8 Ajuga reptans Invasive 0 Forb 3 Alisma subcordatum Native 3 Forb 3 Alliaria petiolata Invasive 0 Forb 17 Allium tricoccum Native 8 Forb 3 Allium vineale Alien 0 Forb 2 Alnus incana ssp rugosa Native 6 Shrub 5 Alnus serrulata Native 4 Shrub 3 Ambrosia artemisiifolia Native 0 Forb 14 Amelanchier arborea Native 7 Tree 26 Amphicarpaea bracteata Native 4 Vine, herbaceous 18 2015 MASTER PLANT LIST MAHLON DICKERSON RESERVATION SCIENTIFIC NAME NATIVENESS S-RANK CC PLANT HABIT # OF SECTIONS Anagallis arvensis Alien 0 Forb 4 Anaphalis margaritacea Native 2 Forb 3 Andropogon gerardii Native 4 Graminoid 1 Andropogon virginicus Native 2 Graminoid 1 Anemone americana Native 9 Forb 6 Anemone quinquefolia Native 7 Forb 13 Anemone virginiana Native 4 Forb 5 Antennaria neglecta Native 2 Forb 2 Antennaria neodioica ssp.
  • Phytochem Referenzsubstanzen

    Phytochem Referenzsubstanzen

    High pure reference substances Phytochem Hochreine Standardsubstanzen for research and quality für Forschung und management Referenzsubstanzen Qualitätssicherung Nummer Name Synonym CAS FW Formel Literatur 01.286. ABIETIC ACID Sylvic acid [514-10-3] 302.46 C20H30O2 01.030. L-ABRINE N-a-Methyl-L-tryptophan [526-31-8] 218.26 C12H14N2O2 Merck Index 11,5 01.031. (+)-ABSCISIC ACID [21293-29-8] 264.33 C15H20O4 Merck Index 11,6 01.032. (+/-)-ABSCISIC ACID ABA; Dormin [14375-45-2] 264.33 C15H20O4 Merck Index 11,6 01.002. ABSINTHIN Absinthiin, Absynthin [1362-42-1] 496,64 C30H40O6 Merck Index 12,8 01.033. ACACETIN 5,7-Dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone; Linarigenin [480-44-4] 284.28 C16H12O5 Merck Index 11,9 01.287. ACACETIN Apigenin-4´methylester [480-44-4] 284.28 C16H12O5 01.034. ACACETIN-7-NEOHESPERIDOSIDE Fortunellin [20633-93-6] 610.60 C28H32O14 01.035. ACACETIN-7-RUTINOSIDE Linarin [480-36-4] 592.57 C28H32O14 Merck Index 11,5376 01.036. 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-1,3,4,6-TETRA-O- a-D-Glucosamine pentaacetate 389.37 C16H23NO10 ACETYL-a-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE 01.037. 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-1,3,4,6-TETRA-O- b-D-Glucosamine pentaacetate [7772-79-4] 389.37 C16H23NO10 ACETYL-b-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE> 01.038. 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL- Acetochloro-a-D-glucosamine [3068-34-6] 365.77 C14H20ClNO8 a-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYLCHLORIDE - 1 - High pure reference substances Phytochem Hochreine Standardsubstanzen for research and quality für Forschung und management Referenzsubstanzen Qualitätssicherung Nummer Name Synonym CAS FW Formel Literatur 01.039.
  • Plant Fact Sheet

    Plant Fact Sheet

    Plant Fact Sheet hair-covered leaves are 2-5 inches long and taper at SWEETFERN each end. There is an occasional compound leaf form variation. The leaf blades are deeply cut into 20 Comptonia peregrina L. or more rounded lobes, dark green above, paler and Plant Symbol = COPE80 hair-covered beneath and on the midrib and margin above. Resinous glands cover both surfaces. Leaves Contributed by: USDA NRCS Plant Materials are very aromatic when crushed. The flowers are Program small, inconspicuous catkins that bloom during April and May. Flowers of one or both sexes can be produced on an individual plant. The male catkins are rather long and cylindrical; the female catkins are short and rounded. In winter, the male catkins are prominent and erect. The female catkins become bur-like at maturity and are 1/2 inch in diameter. The seeds are nutlets that mature in August and become available in September and October. About four seeds are found in each fruit. Each seed is about 1/4 inch long, olive brown in color, and shiny. Adaptation and Distribution USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center Sweetfern does especially well in open, sterile, sandy Beltsville, MD soils of woodlands, clearings, and pastures. It prefers acidic soils over limestone soils. Alternate Names Sweetfern is distributed throughout northeastern Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. var. aspleniifolia United States. For a current distribution map, please (L.) Fern., Myrica aspleniifolia L., Myrica peregrina consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the (L.) Kuntze PLANTS Website. Uses Establishment This nitrogen-fixing plant is used primarily as a Some nurseries offer wild collected clumps, but it is ground cover for erosion control and species diversity best established using nursery-grown, containerized in sterile, sandy soils.
  • The Ecology of Sweet Fern

    The Ecology of Sweet Fern

    Bulldozers and Bacteria: The Ecology of Sweet Fern Peter Del Tredici Comptonia peregrina, a common roadside plant in eastern North America, provides a case study both of how nature copes with disturbance to the land and of just how convoluted the study of this process can be. Sweet fern, Comptonia peregrina, is a shrubby soils. The first is its use of nitrogen gas from member of the Myricaceae, or bayberry family. the atmosphere to produce mtrates-a feat it Its common name is derived from the pleasing accomplishes by forming root nodules in symbi- fragrance that its tiny, resin-filled, glandular otic association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. hairs give off when crushed or rubbed, and from The second is an ability to propagate itself veg- its coarsely lobed, somewhat fern-like leaves. etatively by means of long, thick roots that run Comptoma, a distinctly unprepossessing plant, an inch or so beneath the soil surface. These has a natural range that covers a large portion of shallow roots form numerous buds in the fall eastern North America. Forming a rough tri- that grow into shoots the following spring. angle, the eastern flank of this range extends Under the right conditions, Comptonia behaves from Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia as a shrubby groundcover, spreading over large south into the mountains of north Georgia; the areas by means of these root suckers. western edge reaches from the southern Appala- chians north through Tennessee and Minnesota Historical Considerations all the way to central Manitoba; and the north- Sweet fern’s distinctive form and pungent odor ern edge runs from the Canadian plains through made a strong impression on the early European central Ontario and Quebec to the Atlantic settlers of North America.
  • Piper Methysticum)

    Piper Methysticum)

    Journal of Student Research (2015) Volume 4, Issue 2: pp. 69-72 Research Article A Closer Look at the Risks vs. Benefits of Kava (Piper methysticum) Anan A. Husseina If you took a trip to Fiji, the locals would probably welcome you with a drink of Kava. For centuries, the indigenous people of the South Pacific Islands have used the roots of a plant known as Kava. Beyond the use of Kava as a psychoactive substance, it has been incorporated as a cultural drink that is used in many ceremonies. In the late 1990’s Kava use spread quickly in Western countries including Europe, North America, and Australia. It was used as a treatment for anxiety. But just as quickly as it spread, the enthusiasm for it faded, because it was banned or restricted in many Western countries following reports of liver toxicity. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) concern for safety prompted a request for more research on the substance. The issues of safety and efficacy remain more specifically whether the benefits of using Kava outweigh the risks. History Kava is a beverage made from the roots of the plant included alcohol, cocaine, tobacco, and heroin. The findings Piper methysticum, and has been used historically in the suggest that kava may reduce the craving associated with the South Pacific Islands as a ceremonial drink. Kava was aforementioned substances, which may make kava a great introduced in Europe around the 1700s by Captain James future candidate to help with addiction. 13 Cook and has since spread widely to Australia, Europe, and Although the mechanism of action is not clear, it is the United States.
  • A Review of Paleobotanical Studies of the Early Eocene Okanagan (Okanogan) Highlands Floras of British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA

    A Review of Paleobotanical Studies of the Early Eocene Okanagan (Okanogan) Highlands Floras of British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA

    Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences A review of paleobotanical studies of the Early Eocene Okanagan (Okanogan) Highlands floras of British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA. Journal: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Manuscript ID cjes-2015-0177.R1 Manuscript Type: Review Date Submitted by the Author: 02-Feb-2016 Complete List of Authors: Greenwood, David R.; Brandon University, Dept. of Biology Pigg, KathleenDraft B.; School of Life Sciences, Basinger, James F.; Dept of Geological Sciences DeVore, Melanie L.; Dept of Biological and Environmental Science, Keyword: Eocene, paleobotany, Okanagan Highlands, history, palynology https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Page 1 of 70 Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1 A review of paleobotanical studies of the Early Eocene Okanagan (Okanogan) 2 Highlands floras of British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA. 3 4 David R. Greenwood, Kathleen B. Pigg, James F. Basinger, and Melanie L. DeVore 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Draft 12 David R. Greenwood , Department of Biology, Brandon University, J.R. Brodie Science 13 Centre, 270-18th Street, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada; 14 Kathleen B. Pigg , School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, 15 Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA [email protected]; 16 James F. Basinger , Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 17 Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; 18 Melanie L. DeVore , Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Georgia 19 College & State University, 135 Herty Hall, Milledgeville, GA 31061 USA 20 21 22 23 Corresponding author: David R. Greenwood (email: [email protected]) 1 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Page 2 of 70 24 A review of paleobotanical studies of the Early Eocene Okanagan (Okanogan) 25 Highlands floras of British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA.