A Guide to Geoscience in Ontario Geoscience & Geotechnical Common Skills

GEOENVIRONMENTAL/ GEOTECHNICAL/ GEOLOGY/ GEOMORPHOLOGY Sample Job Titles: Geomaterials Lab Technician/Technologist, Geomatics CAD Technologist, Geotechnical Engineer, Geotechnical Intern, Geotechnical Lab Technician, Geotechnical Technician, Intermediate Geotechnical Field Technician, JR. Geotechnical Field Technician, Jr. Geotechnical Engineer, Material Testing/Geotechnical Technician TECHNICAL SKILLS ▪▪ Demonstrated knowledge of CSA, ASTM, AASHTO and MTO LS testing methods ▪▪ Operating computerized and digital testing equipment ▪▪ Conduct laboratory tests on concrete and soils ▪▪ Operation and maintenance of laboratory equipment and ensuring quality records and documentations are completed ▪▪ Data processing ▪▪ Creating boundary surveys, topographic surveys, strata reference plans, subdivision plans, condominium plans ▪▪ Subdivision design and plotting ▪▪ Work plan and budget preparation and monitoring, invoicing and follow-up ▪▪ Ensuring quality control/quality assurance of field work, field data analysis and interpretation, engineering calculations, and report writing ▪▪ Conducting materials testing and inspection services during ▪▪ Prepare technical proposals and reports ▪▪ Conduct field inspections ▪▪ Prepare geotechnical proposals, analysis, and reports including calculations, drawings and specifications for projects ▪▪ Review tender documents during Estimating to interpret proposed foundation, shoring, and dewatering methods SOFT SKILLS ▪▪ Strong verbal and written communication skills ▪▪ Capable of working independently and/or in a team environment ▪▪ Demonstrated leadership, organization, and time management skills to manage multiple priorities and meet deadlines ▪▪ Able to work well under pressure OTHER REQUIREMENTS ▪▪ Implement corporate CAD standards ▪▪ Valid Ontario Driver's License, with access to vehicle ▪▪ Business-related travel EDUCATION ▪▪ Geomaterials Lab Technician/Technologist: Diploma in Civil Engineering Technology or equivalent is preferred ▪▪ Geomatics CAD Technologist: Survey Technology, Civil Engineering Technology or Engineering Design and Drafting Technology diploma ’’ ’’ ▪▪ Geotechnical Engineer: Bachelor s or Master s degree in Geotechnical (Civil or Geological) Engineering ’’ ▪▪ Intern: Bachelor s degree in Civil/Geotechnical Engineering ▪▪ Geotechnical Lab Technician: Degree / Diploma in Civil, Geotechnical or Geological Engineering ▪▪ Geotechnical Technician: College Diploma or Degree or; previous work experience in related field of study including Geotechnical, Geology, Civil ▪▪ Intermediate Geotechnical Field Technician: Civil/Geotechnical Engineering Technician/Technologist Diploma ▪▪ JR. Geotechnical Field Technician: Civil/Geotechnical Engineering Technician/Technologist Diploma ▪▪ Jr. Geotechnical Engineer: Bachelor’s degree in Civil/Geotechnical Engineering ▪▪ Material Testing/Geotechnical Technician: College Diploma or Degree in related field of study including Geotechnical, Geology, Civil EXPERIENCE/ MEMBERSHIP CERTIFICATION ▪▪ Geomaterials Lab Technician/Technologist: 5 years of experience in a materials lab, CCIL Type B and Type C certification preferred ▪▪ Geotechnical Engineer: 8 to 12 years of relevant engineering experience (preferably geotechnical/foundation engineering consulting)/ Eligibility to register with PEO ▪▪ Geotechnical Engineering Intern: 3 years of experience in geotechnical related work, Registration with PEO as an EIT is preferred ▪▪ Geotechnical Lab Technician: 1 year experience working for an engineering consultant in a Laboratory Technician role, Type B Asphalt/CSA/Superpave certification is an asset ▪▪ Geotechnical Technician: Certification with CSA and/or CCIL is an asset ▪▪ Intermediate Geotechnical Field Technician: 4 to 6 years of construction monitoring, materials testing and geotechnical engineering experience. CET/CSA Preferred ▪▪ JR. Geotechnical Field Technician: Previous experience working in an geotechnical technologist is an asset ▪▪ Jr. Geotechnical Engineer: 1 1 – – 2 years of experience in the geotechnical field and related construction is preferred, new graduates would be considered, Eligible for PEO ▪▪ Material Testing/Geotechnical Technician: Minimum 2 to 5 years of experience with Geotechnical investigation and material testing in , Certified under CSA and CCIL is an asset Geoscience & Geotechnical Employers

Employer List Alston Associates Inc. AMEC Ausenco Engineering Canada Inc. Construction Control Inc. Contestoga- Rovers & Associates DBA Engineering Ltd. Dessau DST Consulting Engineers Inc. EBA Engineering Consultants Ltd. exp Services Inc. Genviar Golder KGS Group Consulting Klohn Crippen Berger LVM Inc. M.R. Wright & Associates Co. Nasiruddin Engineering Ltd. O’ Connor Associates Paterson Group Consulting Patriot Engineering and Environment Peto MacCallum Ltd. Sarafinchin Associates SLR Consultant Stantec Terrapex Env Ltd. Terraprobe Tetra Tech Thurber Engineering Ltd. Virtual Engineers GEOSCIENTIST What is Geoscience? Geoscience is a term that has traditionally been applied to the scientific disciplines of geology, geophysics, geochemistry and hydrogeology. In recent decades, the term has been expanded to cover many new areas of earth sciences. Source: http://www.leaderpost.com/business/What+geoscientist/8039169/story.html What is a Geoscientist? A geoscientist is involved in the discovery, exploration and development of natural resources such as gas, oil and water. They interpret geophysical, geochemical and geological data to develop models of thehe earth's subsurface with the aim of discovering commercially viable and exploitable reserves of natural resources, such as oil and gas. Geoscientists provide the foundation for the exploration and production of natural resources. They are also involved in the production of reserves and may provide specialist advice for engineering projects. Geoscientists work in a variety of roles within the natural resources sector. Terms such as geophysicist, geologist, geochemist and sedimentologist are also used for specialist roles within geoscience.

Source: http://www.prospects.ac.uk/geoscientist_job_description.htm

Geoscientist Responsibilities In the natural resources sector, geoscientists are involved in the exploration and appraisal of new areas, feasibility studies and field development planning of the discovered fields, as well as in optimizing recovery from the producing field. collecting information in the field, from seismic and well data and other sources; monitoring the acquisition of data to ensure consistent quality; interpreting data to determine subsurface geology and the economic importance of natural resources, using sophisticated technical software; developing geological models of the earth's subsurface to understand the geological structure, rock characteristics and the likely distribution of oil/gas/mineral-bearing strata; interpreting the results in consultation with other earth science professionals; assessing the potential quality of mineral and hydrocarbon resources; collaborating with drilling engineers to determine drilling locations on the basis of the interpretation of the data and models developed; producing and presenting geological maps and reports; performing detailed geological risk analysis of proposed exploration targets; planning and undertaking an exploration drilling program, after collecting and modeling all available data; planning the location and trajectory of development wells and putting well proposals together in conjunction with the multidisciplinary team; creating new opportunities to access remaining reserves; implementing new technologies in geological modeling and seismic processing; advising engineers and senior management on geological factors affecting exploration. Source: http://www.prospects.ac.uk/geoscientist_job_description.htm GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERINGG What is Geotechnical Engineering? Geotechnical engineering is the study of the behaviour of soils under the influence of loading forces and soil-water interactions. This knowledge is applied to the design of foundations, retaining walls, earth dams, clay liners, and geo-synthetics for waste containment. Source: http://www.mcgill.ca/civil/undergrad/areas/geotechnical

Geotechnical engineering is a civil engineering discipline that is concerned with on, in, or with soil and rock. Source: http://www.ntnu.edu/bat/geotechnics Applications/ Responsibilities The goals of geotechnical engineers could range from the design of foundations and temporary excavation support, through route selection for railways and highways, to the increasingly important areas of landfill disposal of wastes and groundwater contamination. As such, the geotechnical engineer is involved in field and laboratory investigations to determine the engineering properties of site soils and other geo-materials and their subsequent use in the analytical study of the problem at hand. Source: http://www.mcgill.ca/civil/undergrad/areas/geotechnical

Geotechnical engineers design dams, embankments, cuts, foundations, retaining walls, anchors, tunnels, and all other structures directly interacting with the subsoil, both onshore and offshore. Risk assessment associated to geo-hazards such as landslides or earthquakes is another responsibility of geotechnical engineers. Source: http://www.ntnu.edu/bat/geotechnics Job Opportunities Employment opportunities include geotechnical and engineering consultants, public utilities, governmental agencies, environmental agencies, specialized contractors and resource industry companies. Source: http://www.mcgill.ca/civil/undergrad/areas/geotechnical Geoscience Events

GEOSCIENCE & GEOTECHNICAL EVENTS Canadian Events Canadian Young Geotechnical Engineers and Geoscientists Conference http://www.cygegc2013.ca/ CIM Conference http://vancouver2014.cim.org/ GAC-MAC (Geological Association of Canada/ Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting) http://www.unb.ca/conferences/gacmac2014/ GeoConvention https://www.cspg.org/ Geo Energy Forum https://www.cspg.org/ Geology Matters Conference http://www.novascotia.ca/natr/meb/oh/index.asp Nova Scotia Energy R&D Conference 2014 Energy for Change http://ags.earthsciences.dal.ca/ags.php International Events American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Annual Easter Section Meeting http://www.geosociety.org/calendar/ Annual International Conference on Geological Earth Sciences (GEOS) http://www.geoearth.org/ Geological Society of America (GSA) Annual Meeting http://www.geosociety.org/meetings/2014/ GeoShanghai 2014 www.geoshanghai2014.org Geosynthetics http://geosyntheticsconference.com/ Global Geothermal Energy Summit http://www.wplgroup.com/aci/conferences/eu-egt2.asp International Conference on Geosynthetics http://www.10icg-berlin.com International Conference on Information Technology in Geo-engineering www.icitg.dur.ac.uk International Conference on Scour and Erosion http://www.2014icse.com/index.html International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering http://www.issmge2013.org/EN/events.php?IDManif=561&IDModule=71&IDRub=79 International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics www.7iceg2014.com International Geotechnical Symposium http://igschennai.in/6igschennai2015 International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO SGEM2014 http://www.allconferences.com/Science/Geology_and_Geophysics International Petroleum Technology Conference http://www.geosociety.org/calendar/ International Symposium on Geomechanics from Micro to Macro http://is-cambridge.eng.cam.ac.uk National Meeting of Geotechnical Engineering http://www.smig.org.mx/en/rnig-en Quadrennial IAGOD Symposium www.iagod.org/ SPIE Remote Sensing http://spie.org/remote-sensing-europe.xml Geoscience Terminology

Geotechnical Terminology Alluvium: deposits of clay, silt, sand, gravel, or other particulate material that has been deposited by a stream or other body of running water in a streambed, on a flood plain, on a delta, or at the base of a mountain ((http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/dictionary.html))

Aquiclude: A hydro-geologic unit which, although porous and capable of storing water, does not transmit it at rates sufficient to furnish an appreciable supply for a well or spring. ((http://or.water.usgs.gov/projs_dir/willgw/glossary.html))

Aquifer: An aquifer is a permeable, saturated formation that will yield useful amounts of wate r when pumped. The most productive aquifers, such as sands and gravels, are typically thick and large in area and are replenished or recharged by infiltrating rainwater ((http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/environment/facts/06-111.htm#3))

Aquitard: are confining layers, made up of materials with low permeability, such as layers of clay and shale, which prevent any significant movement of water. ((http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/environment/facts/06-111.htm#3))

Atterberg limits: The moisture contents which define a soil's liquid limit, plastic limit, and sticky limit (EPA). Liquid limit: The boundary between the liquid and plastic state of the soil is defined as “the water content expressed as a percentage of the mass of oven-dried soil, at which two halves of a pat of soil, separated by a groove of standard dimensions, will close at the bottom of the groove along a distance of 12mm under the impact of 25 blows given in 12.5 seconds in a standard liquid-limit device.” (http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C07/E2-15-05-07.pdf )) Plastic Limit: The boundary between the semisolid and solid states is defined as “that water content, expresses as a percentage of the mass of oven dried soil, at which the soil begins to crumble when in a thread 3 mm in diameter.” ((http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C07/E2- 15-05-07.pdf )) Shrinkage Limit: the percentage decrease in one dimension of the original dimension of the soil mass, when the moisture content is reduced from the liquid limit to an oven-dry state. ((http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C07/E2-15-05-07.pdf ))

Artesian Well (Confined Well): is a well that taps into a confined aquifer. Under artesian pressure, water in the well rises above the top of the aquifer, but does not necessarily reach the land surface ((http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wsd/plan_protect_sustain/groundwater/flowing_artesian_wells.pdf ))

Borehole Log or Well-log: Logs provide a means of obtaining continuous depth profiles of a geological formation, but data are given in terms of a geophysical measurement (Hodges and Teasdale, 1991, p. 1) is the practice of making a detailed record of the geologic formations penetrated by a borehole. The log may be based either on visual inspection of samples brought to the surface (geological logs) or on physical measurements made by instruments lowered into the hole (geophysical logs). Well logging can be done during any phase of a well's history; drilling, completing, producing and abandoning. Well logging is done in boreholes drilled for the oil and gas, groundwater, minerals, geothermal, and for environmental and geotechnical studies (Wikipedia). Boreholes: Any exploratory hole drilled into the Earth or ice to gather geophysical data (EPA).

Casing: is large-diameter pipe lowered into an open hole and cemented in place. The well designer must design casing to withstand a variety of forces, such as collapse, burst, and tensile failure, as well as chemically aggressive brines. ((http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Display.cfm?Term=casing)) The pipe material placed inside a drilled hole to prevent the hole from collapsing. The two types of casing in most injection wells are surface casing, the outer most casing that extends from the surface to the base of the lowermost USDW, and long-string casing, which extends from the surface to or through the injection zone (EPA)

Cofferdam: A coffer dam is a temporary structure built into a waterway to contain or divert movement of water and to provide a reasonably dry construction area. Coffer dams are commonly made of steel sheet pile, rock, gabions, concrete jersey barriers, vinyl tubes filled with water, or wood and may be lined with geotextile, plastic sheeting, or other materials to prevent water from entering the construction area. ((http://www.itd.idaho.gov/manuals/Online_Manuals/BMP/))

Dewatering: Removing water from a system. For instance removing water from a stream or aquifer for use in a quarry. ((http://www.bgs.ac.uk/planning4minerals/glossary.htm#dewatering))

Ontario EA Process: Environmental Assessment:t: Environmental assessments are prepared for large-scale, complex projects that have the potential for significant environmental effects and require a ministry approval. ((http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/environment/en/industry/assessment_and_approvals/environmental_asses sments/STDPROD_075715))

The Steps of Ontario EA: ((http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/environment/en/industry/assessment_and_approvals/environmental_asses sments/STDPROD_075715)) 1.1. Submission of the Terms of References (ToR): The proponent must submit a document explaining the purpose and need of the undertaking. Consultation with the public must be documented. 2.2. EA preparation: After the ToR is approved, the proponent will need to produce an environmental assessment. The EA must include the development plan and the decision making process. In addition, the EA will identify and evaluate alternatives to the undertaking, the environmental effects, impacts mitigation and management measures. Finally, a record of consultation must be included with the EA. Therefore, consultation with the public, Aboriginal communities and government agencies must occur. 3.3. EA submission: the proponent submits the EA along with the EA summary form to the Ministry of the Environment for a review. 4.4. Public Review: the public, Aboriginal communities and other parties and experts are encouraged to review and comment on the EA. The proponent is allowed to include any changes to the EA. 5.5. Ministry Review: The ministry takes the comments from the public, the revisions by the proponent and produces the Ministry Review document. The document also includes aa discussion of how the proponent is in compliance with the ToR and the EA Act. 6.6. Public Review: the public, Aboriginal communities and other interested parties are than