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Torma), Les Brocards Et Broderies, Les Peintures Sur Les Murs, Les Plafonds Et Les Poutres

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Torma), Les Brocards Et Broderies, Les Peintures Sur Les Murs, Les Plafonds Et Les Poutres MONASTERES DU TIBET Les monastères tibétains ont rempli depuis l'origine une fonction d'éducation, de transmission de savoir. Ils étaient le seul moyen de promotion sociale dans un monde fortement stratifié et immobile. En 1950, les moines représentaient 10% de la population (500.000 moines et nonnes) et on dénombrait plusieurs milliers de monastères. La Révolution culturelle des années 1960-1970 les a tous détruits ou endommagés. Des quelques 6000 monastères tibétains bâtis à l'origine, à peine une cinquantaine ont survécu à l'invasion chinoise mais bon nombre des monastères originaux ont été reconstruites soit sur les terres d'exil de l'Inde et du Népal. Au Tibet, un grand nombre ont été reconstruits dans les années 1980 et aujourd’hui près d’un millier fonctionnent mais les Chinois leurs ont attribué un numerus clausus. http://www.edelo.net/tibet 1 Au sommaire ... Architecture, sculpture et peinture des monastères...........................................................4 Principaux monastères du Tibet........................................................................................7 Les monastères du Tibet central.......................................................................................................7 NAMGYAL (POTALA), monastère privé du Dalaï-lama..............................................................7 DREPUNG, le plus grand monastère du Tibet ...............................................................................8 NECHUNG, siège de l’oracle d’Etat.............................................................................................10 JOKHANG, le temple le plus sacré du Tibet.................................................................................11 RAMOCHE, le temple de la princesse Wencheng........................................................................16 SERA, un grand monastère Gelugpa.............................................................................................17 GANDEN, le siège des Gelugpa (bonnets jaunes)........................................................................19 SAMYE, le premier grand ensemble monastique tibétain............................................................21 SAMDING, un monastère ayant une femme réincarnée pour abbesse.........................................24 TSURPHU, siège des Karmapa (bonnets noirs)............................................................................25 SHALU, une galerie de peintures du XIVe s.................................................................................26 TASHILHUNPO, siège du Panchen-Lama...................................................................................28 PALKHOR CHODE, le grand temple de Gyantse........................................................................30 RONGBUK, le plus haut monastère du monde.............................................................................31 CHANGZHUG..............................................................................................................................31 SAKYA, siège des Sakyapa...........................................................................................................32 RETING, ancien siège de l’école Kadampa..................................................................................34 PABONKA, le monastère d'investiture des Dalaï-lama................................................................34 NETANG, le temple de Tara.........................................................................................................35 TAKLUNG, ancien siège des Taklung Kagyü..............................................................................35 DRIGUNGTIL, ancien siège de l'ordre Drigungpa.......................................................................36 TRANDRUK, le plus ancien temple de la vallée du Yarlung.......................................................36 YUMBULHAKHANG, une forteresse devenue temple...............................................................37 TANGBOCHE, une forteresse devenue temple............................................................................37 KACHU, le seul temple Yarlung survivant du Tibet.....................................................................38 DENSATIL, ancien siège des Phagmo Drukpa.............................................................................38 MINDROLING, un ancien grand temple Nyingmapa au Tibet central........................................39 DRATHANG, synthèse picturale entre les styles indien Pala et d'Asie centrale..........................39 DINGBOCHE, des cellules de méditation creusées dans le sol....................................................40 GONGKAR CHODE, superbes fresques de l'école Kyenri..........................................................40 http://www.edelo.net/tibet 2 JONANG PHUNTSOLING..........................................................................................................40 CHUNG RIWOCHE KUMBUM..................................................................................................41 TEMPLE DE PELGYELING........................................................................................................41 Les monastères du Tibet occidental................................................................................................42 RALUNG, siège des Drukpa Kagyu..............................................................................................42 TSAPARANG, centre artistique du Tibet occidental....................................................................42 THOLING, temple royal aux peintures de style Guge..................................................................43 Les monastères du Kham.................................................................................................................44 DERGE GONCHEN (ou LHUNDRUPTENG)............................................................................44 Les monastères de DARTSEDO....................................................................................................44 Les monastères de KANTZE (ou Garze).......................................................................................45 DZOGCHEN, le plus grand monastère Nyingmapa du Kham......................................................45 DZAMTHANG CHODE CHENPO, une lamaserie de trois monastères......................................45 Les monastères de NGAWA.........................................................................................................46 KATOK DORJE-DEN, un important lieu de pèlerinage du Kham...............................................46 KALDEN JAMPALING...............................................................................................................46 SONGZANLIN..............................................................................................................................47 Les monastères de l’Amdo...............................................................................................................48 RAGYA, un monastère Gelugpa en Amdo...................................................................................48 LABRANG, le grand monastère Gelugpa de l'Amdo...................................................................48 GYANTSE KUMBUM, grand monastère Gelugpa......................................................................51 TSOGON GEDEN CHOLING, lamaserie de Ganlho Dzong.......................................................53 RONGWO GONCHEN.................................................................................................................53 http://www.edelo.net/tibet 3 Architecture, sculpture et peinture des monastères Le plan d'un monastère rappelle celui d'une maison aristocratique tibétaine. Les bâtiments monastiques sont plus vastes et plus élaborés mais le tracé de base, hérité de l'Inde bouddhiste, est pratiquement le même. Les monastères furent construits dans le style traditionnel tibétain (murs de pierre à l'extérieur, entrelacs de piliers et de poutres à l'intérieur) par des maîtres bâtisseurs qui se transmirent leur savoir de père en fils. Ce sont des lieux d'étude et tout est conçu pour stimuler l'inspiration et faciliter l'enseignement. L'architecture est à la fois fonctionnelle et hautement symbolique. Beaucoup de monastères ont la forme d'un mandala, avec un hall central carré, quatre collèges disposés aux quatre points cardinaux et un mur ceinturant le tout. Dans un monastère tibétain typique, le nombre et la taille des fenêtres augmentent à chaque étage. Massifs à leur base, les murs blanchis à la chaux régressent et s'amincissent d'étage en étage. Quelques marches mènent de la cour des débats aux imposantes portes du hall principal, dont la hauteur peut couvrir plusieurs étages. Nous sommes ici au coeur du monastère, là où les moines se rassemblent pour les prières quotidiennes et les cérémonies spéciales. Le grande salle de prière d'un monastère est le centre de la vie spirituelle des moines. Ce lieu, souvent sombre, n'est éclairé que par des fenêtres placées très haut. Les banquettes sur lesquelles prennent place les moines sont disposées parallèlement à l'axe de la salle. Les murs sont entièrement peints de scènes de la vie de Bouddha, d'autres motifs religieux ou de la représentation de lieux sacrés. La charpente est finement sculptée et peinte. Sur les murs et au plafond sont suspendus des tangkas et des mandalas, ces images sacrées encadrées de brocarts de soie. Au fond de la salle, se trouvent les statues des Bouddhas,
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