DOCUMENT RESUME ED 337 411 SO 021 653 AUTHOR Kelly, Michael J. TITLE Education in a Declining Economy: The Case ofZambia: 1975-1985. EDI Development Policy CaseSeries. Analytical Case Studies Number 8. INSTITUTION World Bank, Washington, DC. Economic Development Inst. REPORT h0 ISBN-0-8213-1776-8; ISSN-1013-333X PUB DATE Mar 91 NOTE 231p. AVAILABLE FROMPublications Sales Unit, World Bank, 1818 HStreet. NW, Washington, DC 20433. PUB TYPE Reports - Research/Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Demography; *Developing Nations; Economic Factors; Educational Administration; Educational Demand; *Educational Development; *Educational Economics; *Educational Finance; Educational Policy; Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; *International Education; *Resource Allocation; Tables (Data) IDENTIFIERS *Zambia ABSTRACT In recent years Zambia has experienced increasingly grave financial problems. The decline in the economy hasaffected all sectors, including education. The deteriorationoccurred at a time when the population was growing at a rapid rate. Hencethe education sector has been subject to two opposing pressures:a fiscal pressure to curtail financial commitments and a demographicpressure to increase the provision of education. The outcome hasbeen a virtual stagnation in resource allocation, a substantialincrease in enrollments, and, in consequence, a reduction inunit expenditure. Nevertheless, public confidence in educationas an instrument of development remained high. Even the most indigentpeople did not question the need to make substantial sacrificesso that the children could have a school educatior.. Althoughnot every problem was solved, the years 1980-1985 showed more determination,confidence, and maturity than the previous 5 years on the part ofteachers, administrators, and the general public, who cooperatedin what was in effect a massive rescue operation to expand andimprove the provision of education. This report presentsa portrait of Zambian education during the years 1975-85. There are 19 chapters: (1)The impact of economic decline of education;(2) The development of educationin Zambia before 1975;(3) The decline of Zambia'seconomy; (4) Demography; (5) The financing of educatioa, 1975to 1985; (6) Financing education: some critical issues;(7) Official development assistance for education; (8) Nongovernmentalresources for financing education; (9) Educational provisionat the primary and secondary levels; (10) The quality of education; (11)Curriculum issues; (12) Evaluating educational performance; (13)The teache:: during the years of economic difficulty; (14) riepupil in school and afterwards; (15) Educational supervision, planning, anddecisionmaking; (16) Continuing education prngrams; (17) TheUniversity of Zambia during the years of economic difficulty; (18)The general level of education; and (19) The robustness of theeducation system. There are numerous tables of data throughout the report andan eight-page list references is Included. (Author/DB) II, - to 0 U II DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) )1(11:rfie document haS been reproduced as ecewed from the person or organization originating it 0 Minor changes have been made to 'mom. N reproduction quality Points of view Of Opinions Staled in this docu ment do not neceSSardy represent official OE RI poSif on Or poliey "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIALINMICROFICHE ONLY HAS BEEN GRANTED BY T. TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)" il EST COPY AVAILABLE 2 EDI DEVELOPMENT POLICY CASE SERIES ANALYTICAL CASE STUDIES No. 8 Education inaDeclining Economy The Case of Zambia 1975-1985 Michael J. Kelly The World Bank Washington, D.C. Copyright 0 1991 The International Bank for Reconstructionand Development / THE WORLDBANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing March 1991 (EDI) was established by the WorldBank in 1955 to train officials The Economic Development Institute project implementation in concerned with development planning,policymaking, investment analysis, and member developing countries. At presentthe substance of the EDI's workemphasizes macroeconomic and and workshops, most of which sectoral economic policy analysis.Through a variety of courses, seminars, cooperation with local institutions,the EDI seeks to sharpen analyticalskills used are given overseas in individual countries with economic in policy analysis and to broadenunderstanding of the experience of development. in addition to furtheringthe EDI's pedagogical objectives,Policy Seminars provide forums Bank staff to exchange views on currentdevelopment issues, proposals, for policymakers, academics, and activities, many are tInd practices. 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Because of the informality of this series and tomake the publication available withthe least possible document, and delay, the manuscript has not been edited asfully as would be the case with a mote formal the World Bank accepts no responsibilityfor errors. The material in this publication iscopyrighted. Requests for permission toreproduce portions of it Department, at the address shown in thecopyright notice above. should be sent to Director, Publications promptly and, The World Bank encourages disseminationof its work and will normally give permission when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes,without asking a fee. Permission tophotocopy portions for classroom use is not required,though notification of such use having beenmade will be appreciated. Publkations, which is The backlist of publications by the WorldBank is shown in the annual /ndex of available from Publications Sales Unit, TheWorld Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington,D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or from Publications, Banque mondiale,66, avenue d'Iéna, 75116 Paris, France. Michael J. Kelly is a professor at the Schoolof Education, University of Zambia. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationData Kelly, Michael J. Education in a dechning economy :the case of Zambia, 1975-1985 / Michael J. Kelly. p.cm. -- (EDI developmentpoliccasa series. Analytical case studies ;no. 8) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8213-1776-8 1. Education--Economic aspectsZambia.2. EducationZambia-- History-20th century.3. EducationZamlnaPinance.4. Zambia-- Economic conditions-1964- I. Title.II. Series LC67.Z33K451991 370 .96894dc20 91-2217 CIP EDI Catalog No. 120/022 ISSN 1013-333X Contents Abbreviations vii Acknowledgments ix Prefacexi Summary xiii 1.The Impact of Economic Decline on Education / 2.The Development of Education in Zambia before 1975 6 The Precolonial Era6 The Period of British South Africa Company Administration 7 The Colonial Era, 1924 to 19528 The Federal Era, 1953 to 1963II Education at Independence 13 The Decade of Comparative Prosperity, 1964 to 1974 14 3.The Decline of Zambia's Economy 16 The Dependence on Minerals 16 Oil Prices 19 Trade Routes 19 Terms of Trade 19 External Debt20 Underutilization of Capacity 2 I Decline in Investment and Growth in Consumption 21 Employment 21 Agriculture "? Rural-Urban and Income Disparities 23 Inflation 24 iv Contents Gross Domestic Product 24 Deficit Financing 24 Conclusion25 4.Demography26 Characteristics of the Population 26 Population and Education 28 The Data Base 29 5.The Financing of Education, 1975 to1985 30 The Financing of the Social :servicesSector 30 The Financing of Education33 Expenditure by Level of Education36 Unit Costs36 Expenditure by Function 40 Capital Expenditure 43 Education's Investment Needs 45 6.Financing Education: Some CriticalIssues47 Teachers' Salaries47 Transfer Payment, 52 The Availability of Textbooks and TeachingMaterials 54 School Maintenance 60 Imbalances in the Financing of Education 6 1 7.Official Development Assistance forEducation 64 Aid to Education64 Aid and the Establishment of Priorities 66 The Management of Aid to Education 66' The Impact of Aid to Education69 Criticisms of Aid to Education 70 Future Priorities for Aid to Education 73 8.Nongovernment Resources for FinancingEducation 78 Parental Payments 78 Self-Help Activities 79 Production Activities80 Private Schools80 Grant-Aided Schools 83 Increased Privatization and Policy Adjustments 84 9.Educational Provision at the Primary andSecondary Levels 86 The Expansion of Primary School Enrollments 86 The Growth Rate of Primary School Enrollments 88 The Expansion of Secondary Schools 89 Con'ents u Secondary School Boarders 91 Basic Education Schools92 Progression within the School System 93 The Education of Girls 98 Geographic Disparities 99 Repetition and Efficiency 101 10. The