Rethinking Everyday Mobility Results and Lessons Learned from the CIVITAS-ELAN Project

RETHINKING EVERYDAY MOBILITY Results and lessons learned from the CIVITAS-ELAN project Edited by Franc Trček & Drago Kos Ljubljana 2012 Edited by: Franc Trček & Drago Kos Proofreading: Franc Smrke Correctors: Ilija Stojanović & Danijela Tamše Reviewer: Pavle Gantar Design and Layout: Jasmina Ploštajner Publisher: Založba FDV/The Publishing House of the Faculty of Social Sciences For publisher: Hermina Krajnc Co-Publisher: CIVITAS ELAN For Co-Publisher: Zdenka Simonovič Print: Tiskarna Littera picta d.o.o. Edition: 500 Financial support: The book was published with financial support from the EC within the CIVITAS Initiative in the 7th Framework Research Programme. All work described in the articles was (co)funded by the CIVITAS Initiative in the 7th Framework Research Programme. Monograph is available in e-book format on: http://www.fdv.uni-lj.si/zalozba/edostop.asp CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 005.966.3 RETHINKING everyday mobility : results and lessons learned from the CIVITAS-ELAN project / edited by Franc Trček & Drago Kos. - Ljubljana : Fakulteta za družbene vede, Založba FDV = The Publishing House of the Faculty of Social Sciences : CIVITAS ELAN, 2012 Dostopno tudi na: http://www.fdv.uni-lj.si/zalozba/edostop.asp ISBN 978-961-235-600-2 (Založba FDV) ISBN 978-961-235-601-9 (ePub, Založba FDV) 1. Trček, Franc 263097088 CONTENT PREFACE 9 CIVITAS OR THE LEGITIMATION OF THE CITY MOBILITY CHANGES 15 Drago Kos CONTEXTUAL MOBILITY AND THE NEW “MOBILITY PARADIGM”: THE NATURE OF TRAVEL MODE CHOICES RECONSIDERED 33 Marjan Hočevar, Anže Zorman PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF CHANGES IN LJUBLJANA’S TRANSPORT AND MOBILITY SYSTEM – IDENTIFYING KEY THEMES, BARRIERS AND RELEVANT STAKEHOLDERS 65 Matjaž Uršič I WANT TO RIDE MY BICYCLE ... BUT HOW BIKEABLE IS MY NEIGHBOURHOOD? 91 V eronique Van Acker, Elias De Vos, Begga Van Cauwenberge, Frank Witlox CYCLING IN THE CAPITAL OF A NEW MEMBER STATE: EXPLOITING THE UNTAPPED POTENTIAL OF BIKING TO WORK IN LJUBLJANA 115 Luka Mladenovič, Aljaž Plevnik, Mojca Balant, Lea Ružič MaxSUMO: A NEW APPROACH TO THE EVALUATION OF MOBILITY MANAGEMENT PROJECTS 131 V eronique Van Acker, Begga Van Cauwenberge, Frank Witlox DEFINING QUANTITATIVE IMPACTS OF THE PT PRIORITY SYSTEM AND COMPARING DIFFERENT DATA COLLECTION METHODS 153 Marko Matulin, Štefica Mrvelj, Hrvoje Gold, Niko Jelušić IDENTIFICATION OF RISKS REGARDING THE INTRODUCTION OF MEASURES AIMED AT IMPROVING CITIZEN MOBILITY IN THE CITY OF ZAGREB 179 Ivan Grgurević, Marko Slavulj, Veselko Protega TRANSPORT PLANING: PUBLIC TRANSPORT USER SATISFACTION AS A TOP PRIORITY IN BRNO 199 Jana Válková, Kvetoslavˇ Havlík, Iva Machalová, Daniel Seidenglanz APPLICATION OF SIMULATION MODELS FOR IMPACT EVALUTION IN URBAN ROAD NETWORKS 219 Cristina Vilarinho, Jose Pedro Tavares SP ATIAL PREDICTION OF AIR QUALITY IN AN URBAN SENSITIVE AREA: A SEASONAL OVERVIEW 239 T ânia Fontes and Nelson Barros COMPOSITE MATERIAL-BASED LIGHT WEIGHT BUS 257 Nuno A. Couto, António Torres Marques, Carlos Aguiar, Fernando Gomes Almeida, Francisco Xavier Carvalho, José Ferreira Duarte, Bernardo Almada-Lobo ON THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF USING PURE PLANT OIL AS FUEL FOR VEHICLE PROPULSION 281 Viktor Jejčič, Tone Godeša, Tomaž Poje, Marko Gerbec, Davor Kontič A DISCUSSION ABOUT THE DIFFERENT MODEL SPLIT METHODOLOGIES USED IN CIVITAS ELAN 309 Dirk Engels, Marko Matulin, Štefica Mrvelj, Ljupko Simunović, Cristina Vilarinho, José Pedro Tavares, Begga Van Cauwenberge, Veronique Van Acker, Davor Kontič, Jana Válková, Eliene Van Aken THE PERPLEXITY OF ACTANTS: SELF-EVALUATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC COORDINATION OF THE CIVITAS ELAN PROJECT 331 Franc Trček SOME SOCIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON URBAN CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY 359 Pavel Gantar PREFACE The massive automobilization of the second half of the 20th century has made traffic in the cities into a chronic problem. The traffic issue has started to endanger the “raison d’être” of cities. Together with the expansion and suburbanisation of the cities, forcing the inhabitants of “dispersed cities” to make longer trips to work, study, or for errands, the traffic problems accumulated over decades have become hardly manageable. Though there are a few exceptions worth imitating, we may generalise that the traffic issue is an identity feature of contemporary cities and urban regions. Moreover, the massive production and use of cars has affected the nature of contemporary societies to an extent that we may rightly refer to them as “automobile societies”, i.e. societies adapted to massive car use. The fact that the adapted system is inevitably never finished, and that it constantly requires new interventions and infrastructure investments, is highly convenient for the expansive interests of the powerful automobile complex, which in addition to car producers comprises numerous interest groups from the cluster of the car ideology. In the early stages of automobilization, the most eminent representative of the branch, the eloquent Henry Ford, exclaimed: “We shall solve the city problem by leaving the city.” His prediction has largely come true. In the second half of the twentieth century, the cities in the developed parts of the world succumbed to the intense attacks of automobilization. Suburbanization became the leading trend, cities expanded, and numerous metropolitan regions and conurbations emerged. This urban development suited the growing middle classes, which could afford two basic goods: a detached Preface family home and one, two or more cars. In the consumer society of high modernity, formally and legally founded on the individual, the patterns of urban mobility have become increasingly diverse, temporally and 9 spatially dispersed, and consequently perplex and less predictable. The long-term projection of these trends leads to a radical transformation of the urban areas and, logically, of the rural areas as well. As long as automobilism suited the basic features of contemporary consumer culture or until it turned into an obstacle to ensuring accelerated flows of goods and people, alternative proposals were marginalised. Only constant traffic congestions and the consequent deterioration of the environment – which sensitised many users – led to broader views and reflections on the absurd and irrational domination of automobilism. However, introducing environmentally friendlier forms of mobility for people and goods, and asserting alternative traffic models, is far from simple, especially because of the relatively low operational capacity to legitimately introduce changes to the complex systems into which modern cities and urban regions have turned. These changes indeed have to meet economic, organisational, technical, political, social, cultural, and other criteria. This means, in other words, that it is very difficult to legitimately change traffic systems because it interferes with a strongly rooted system of interests, and at the same time directly affects the common routines of everyday life. Nevertheless, the time is right for a shift and turn. This monograph presents the conceptual reflections on possible alternatives within the Civitas Elan project, its successful concrete solutions, as well as obstacles to the introduction of changes. The project has provided evidence of both continuing acute traffic problems and the spreading awareness of the necessity of change. Nevertheless, “systemic resistance” was often so powerful that for most of the time radical shifts seemed unlikely, but with some of the project’s measures they were achieved all the same. It is also clear that the traffic issue is a specific, socio-technical combination, which necessarily requires the cooperation of technicians, technologists, organisers, logisticians, administrators, and various groups of users; in our modernist world this, too, is quite difficult and requires innovative approaches. CIVITAS ELAN, which is part of the Civitas (stands for CIty- VITAlity-Sustainability) Initiative of the European Commission, is a program coordinated by cities and simultaneously a program “of cities for cities”. The initiative derives from the premise that cities are living laboratories for learning and evaluation, where political commitment is a basic requirement in the search for better alternatives, which will Rethinking everyday mobility Rethinking everyday provide cleaner and better transport in the cities, while promoting and implementing sustainable, clean and (energy) efficient urban transport, and building up a critical mass and markets for innovation. 10 The cities joined in the project’s consortiums endeavour to solve similar traffic challenges in the form of demonstration projects; in their common living laboratories much tacit knowledge is exchanged and new, better solutions are searched for within the eight Civitas policy fields (Alternative fuels and clean vehicles, Collective transport and intermodal integration, Demand management, Influencing travel behaviour, Safety, security, and health, Innovative mobility services, Energy efficient freight logistics, Transport telematics). The CIVITAS ELAN project is a consortium of five cities (Brno, Ghent, Ljubljana, Porto, and Zagreb) that includes 39 partners from seven European countries. In spite of the starting differences in the level of development of socio-technical traffic infrastructures, organisational and political cultures, and the specific nature of developmental traffic-infrastructure challenges, a CIVITAS ELAN family emerged already during the preparation of the application

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