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A ROQUES INRA Zoologie Forestière Orléans, France

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A ROQUES INRA Zoologie Forestière Orléans, France GLOBAL WARNING PERMIT A ROQUES INRA Zoologie Forestière Orléans, France ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 Outlines of the talk Invasion rate: plateau or not plateau ? Relationships with trade Pathways and donor areas are changing with time; a focus on alien insects in Europe Recently established alien species are spreading faster than before in Europe. Why ? Genetic tracking the origin (donor area) is essential Complex patterns of invasion and new genetic admixtures How to forecast the next arrivals ? Effect of climate change probable but not easy to ascertain Climate change proved to promote invasion: The example of pine processionary moth in Europe ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 I- Invasion rate: plateau or not plateau ? ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 Recent progresses in invasion studies A novel, worldwide database of established alien species, including data on first records per country/ continent 45,813 first records for 16,926 species From Plants to mammals (Seebens et al., Nat.Comm. 2017) ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 No saturation at world level in the establishment rate of alien species Global temporal trends in first record rates for all animal and vegetal species at world level (Seebens et al., Nat.Comm. 2017) ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 The same trend for most groups but inter-taxonomic variations… (Seebens et al., Nat.Comm. 2017) ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 … as well as inter-continental variations can be largely attributed to the diaspora of European settlers in the 19th century and to the acceleration in trade in the 20th century (Seebens et al., Nat.Comm. 2017) ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 II- Relationships with trade ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 Clear relationships with trade increase Values of annually imported commodities vs. first record rates for all taxonomic groups (Seebens et al., Nat.Comm. 2017) ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 Focus on terrestrial invertebrates in Europe Globalization is exponentially accelerating alien establishment Basic data: EU DAISIE 2005- 2008 Update: EU JCR- EASIN 2014 www.easin.org Rate increase due to phytophages whilst the other groups decreased during the last period ca. 11.5 new phytophagous species per year since the Roques, 2010 Biorisks 2000s (4.5 during 1950-75) ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 Establishment rate is increasing significantly more in species related to woody plants than in species linked to herbaceous and crops Europe (Roques et al., Biol. Inv. 2016) ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 2-fold more establishments from 2000 on of alien arthropods associated to woody plants than during 1950- 1975 465 exotic arthropods related to woody plants established in Europe by 2016 • 405 insects • 60 mites ca. 8 new species per year since the 2000s 2,1x more Likely related to the recent ‘blooming’ in ornamental trade (Roques, 2010 NZJF updated) ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 III- Pathways and donor areas are changing with time ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 Accidental introductions largely dominant vs. intentionnal ones in invertebrates Deliberate Escape Contaminant Stowaway Plants 17% 51% 20% 13% Mammals 64% 36% 0% 0% Birds 88% 12% 0% 0% Amphibia 70% 21% 5% 4% Marine 7% 30% 30% 33% Freshwater 59% 31% 7% 3% Invertebrates 7% 3% 72% 18% ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 Identify a pathway: not so easy ! • Intercepted vs established 1995- 2012: only 7 species over 117 established ! o Anoplophora chinensis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) P4P, bonsais o Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), WPM, bonsais o Cydalima perspectalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), P4P o Horidiplosis ficifolii (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), P4P o Paysandisia archon (Lepidoptera: Castniidae), P4P o Singhella citrifolii (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), P4P o Leptoglossus occidentalis (Hemiptera: Coreidae), Hitchhiker (Eschen, Roques & Santini, Div & Dist., 2014) ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 An example: Most likely pathway for alien insects related to woody plants Ornamental trade more important than forest products % exotic invertebrate species related to woody plants in Europe 0 20 40 60 80 100 437 Plants for planting 80 But based on species’ biology… 48 Seeds/ fruits 0 Europe- Total Actual pathway could be 45 UK largely different Fresh wood 3 e.g. hitchhiking for a 17 number of species ! Wood packaging 0 Europe- Daisie UK- Smith et al., 2007 ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 The trend tended to increase during the recent period 100 90 80 70 Plants for planting Bark Seeds/ Fruits Wood Packaging Source: Daisie, 2008 20 Rounwood/ Sawnwood 16 12 8 4 0 Percentage of arrivals per pathway pathway per arrivals of Percentage 1850-1899 1900-1949 1950-1974 1975-1999 2000-2007 ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 Another way to identify the invasive pathways ? Looking at the colonization by exotic insects of tree species growing in Europe Exotic trees planted in Europe more colonized than native trees The top 10 spp. includes Citrus, Palms, Eucalypts A number of insects arrived along with the exotic host Most did not switch (yet) onto natives (51%) (Eschen, Roques & Santini, 2014, Div & Dist.) ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 Temporal changes in colonization tends to reflect the invasive processes Looking at large taxonomic groups during the last period Faster increase in deciduous, shrubs, palms vs. decrease in conifers and slowering in fruit trees (Eschen, Roques & Santini, 2014, Div & Dist.) ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 New trends in colonization of native angiosperms by alien arthropods Increase in: • Fraxinus • Salix • Castanea Stable in: • Quercus ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 Large differences between families Fast increase in Myrtaceae (Eucalypts), Fabaceae (exotic legume trees), Rutaceae (Citrus), Arecaceae (palms) but decrease in Pinaceae and Fagaceae per family (Eschen, Roques & Santini, 2014, Div & Dist.) A link with climate change ? Most used as plants for planting and not for wood ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 New trends in colonization of native gymnosperms by alien arthropods Increase in: • Pinus Decrease in: • All others ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 Temporal changes in origin of the established species New couples: Origin x Donor (imported) tree species Asia turned dominant as area of primary origin ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 Coherent with the temporal changes in the trade of plants for planting NA Origin of the import of live plants in the EU Eschen et al., 2014 FEM Asia AUS- NZ ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 Plants for planting but not precluding the trade of wood and derivates as a pathway! Wrong to consider only this pathway with regard to recent invasions: o Wood packaging still as issue: Aromia bungii New outbreaks of A. glabripennis o Wood trade, too: exotic ambrosia beetles trapped in Italian ports (Ambrosiodmus rubricollis, Cyrtogenius luteus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus; Rassati et al., 2013) o Hitchhikers in commodities: Leptoglossus bugs ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 IV- Recently established alien species are spreading faster than before in Europe Why ? Arrivals mostly through continental Italy and France ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 It took a long time for many alien species to colonize the whole Europe Area colonized in 2015 with regard to the date of first record of each alien insect (Roques et al., 2016) ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 Accidentally-introduced species spread faster than intentionnaly- introduced ones ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 No differences in spread speed with regime ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 Since 1989, a much faster spread across Europe of alien insects after the establishment (Roques et al., 2016 Biol. Inv) ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 Spread before and after the collapse of the Iron Wall and the EU enlargment ArrivalArrival duringduring 19501950--19881988 Arrival during 1989- 2004 Arrival during 1989- 2004 ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 For a number of important species > 15 years to invade all of Europe vs. dozens of years before Explosion of ornamental trade combined with collapse of Berlin Wall and release of EU internal border controls (Roques et al., 2016) ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 Examples of very fast spread West to East I- the American Honeysuckle leaf gall-midge (first record 2003) Honeysuckle leaf gall-midge Obolodiplosis robiniae 2003 (North America) 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 Examples of very fast spread West to East II- The Asian elm zigzag sawfly (first record 2003) The elm zigzag sawfly 2003 (China) Aproceros leucopoda 2006 2009 2010 2011 2013 ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4 April 2017 Faster spread especially obvious for recent aliens associated with eucalypts and palms Eucalypts: foliage feeders and gall-makers (Ophelimus maskelli, Leptocybe invasa, Glycaspis brimblecombei, Blastopsylla occidentalis, Thaumastocoris peregrinus) colonized most of the Mediterranean countries in less than 10 years vs. a much slower colonization rate by Phoracanta spp. (arrival 1969 and 1992) and Gonipterus spp. (arrival 1975 and 1991) ESENIAS Training Course, Sofia, 3-4
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