HI SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY, KOLHAPUR CENTRE FOR DISTANCE EDUCATION Literature in English : Drama (English Paper-V) For M. A. Part-II KJ Copyright © Registrar, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. (Maharashtra) First Edition 2011 Prescribed for M. A. Part-II All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form by mimeography or any other means without permission in writing from the Shivaji University, Kolhapur (MS) Copies : 3,000 Published by: Dr. D. V. Muley Registrar, Shivaji University, Kolhapur-416 004. Printed by : Shri. Mandar Bhostekar, Superintendent, Shivaji University Press, Kolhapur-416 004 Kolhapur. ISBN- 978-81-8486-422-9 # Further information about the Centre for Distance Education & Shivaji University may be obtained from the University Office at Vidyanagar, Kolhapur-416 004, India. # This material has been produced with the Developmental Grant from DEC-IGNOU, New Delhi. (ii) Centre for Distance Education Shivaji University, Kolhapur I ADVISORY COMMITTEE I Prof. (Dr.) N. J. Pawar Prof. (Dr.) K. S. Rangappa Vice-Chancellor, Hon. Vice-Chancellor, Karnataka State Open Shivaji University, Kolhapur University, Mansagangotri, Mysore Prof. (Dr.) R. Krishna Kumar Prof. V. Venkaih Hon. Vice-Chancellor, Yashwantrao Chavan Director, Academic Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Maharashtra Open University, Dnyangangotri, Open University Rd. No. 46, Jubilee Hill, Near Gangapur Dam, Nasik Hyderabad-33 Andhrapradesh Dr. A. P. Gavali Dr. J. S. Patil Dean, Faculty of Arts, Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Shivaji University, Kolhapur Dr. C. J. Khilare Dr. R. G. Phadatare Dean, Faculty of Science, Dean, Faculty of Commerce, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Shivaji University, Kolhapur Prof. (Dr.) A. B. Rajge Prof. (Dr.) D. V. Muley Director, B.C.U.D., Registrar, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Shivaji University, Kolhapur Dr. B. M. Hirdekar Shri. B. S. Patil, Controller of Examination Finance and Accounts Officer, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Shivaji University, Kolhapur Prof. (Dr.) A. N. Joshi Prof. Dr. (Smt.) Cima Yeole Vaishnavi Appartments, Flat No. 8, Shrirang (Member Secretary) nagar, Near Pumping Station, Director, Centre for Distance Education, Near Gangapur Dam, Nasik Shivaji University, Kolhapur. I B. O. S. MEMBERS OF ENGLISH I Chairman- Dr. M. G. Kadam Sadguru Gadge Maharaj College, Karad, Dist. Satara G Prof. (Dr.) P. A. Attar G Dr. P. M. Patil Head, Dept. of English, Arts, Commerce & Science College, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Palus, Dist. Sangli G Dr. S. B. Bhambar G Dr. N. R. Sawant 'Yashodhan', 2nd Lane, Ayodhya Nagar, Shivraj College of Arts, Commerce & Gadhinglaj, Dist. Kolhapur D. S. Kadam Science College, Gadhinglaj, Dist. Kolhapur. G Dr. S. R. Ghatge Kakasaheb Chavan College, Talmavale, G Dr. S. R. Sawant Tal. Patan, Dist. Satara Kisan Veer Mahavidyalaya, Wai, G Dr. S. I. Noorani Dist. Satara Dattajirao Kadam Arts, Commerce & G Dr. R. P. Lokhande Science College, Shivajinagar, Rajarshi Shahu College, Kolhapur. Ichalkaranji, Dist. Kolhapur (iii) Centre for Distance Education Literature in English : Drama Shivaji University, M. A. Part-II English Core Paper-V Kolhapur. Writing Team Author’s Name Unit No Prof. Y. S. Kalamkar 1, 2, 9 F-1/16, H.D.F.C. Colony, Chinchwad, Pune Dr. Sunil R. Sawant 3, 5 Kisan Veer Mahavidyalaya, Wai Prof. P. V. Satpute 4 Arts & Commerce College, Satara Prof. D. M. Sanadi 6 Balwant College, Vita. Prof. Sumati R. Salunkhe 7 Kamla College, Kolhapur. Prof. J. A. Mhetre 8 Arts & Commerce College, Nagthane I Editors I Prof. Y. S. Kalamkar Dr. Sunil R. Sawant F-1/16, H.D.F.C. Colony, Chinchwad, Kisan Veer Mahavidyalaya, Wai Pune Prof. J. A. Mhetre Arts & Commerce College, Nagthane (iv) Preface Dear Learner, We are pleased to make available to you this Self Instructional Material prepared by a team of teachers for English Core Paper V Literature in English: Drama. You can read the syllabus of this paper by visiting the website of our university. It includes general topics on drama and eight plays from Indian, African and Western literary traditions. Unit 1 of this book deals with such general topics as Rise and Development of Drama, French Drama, Problem Plays, Poetic Drama and Absurd Drama. Units 2 to 9 deal with the eight plays prescribed for your detailed study. Each unit on the prescribed play introduces the life and works of the dramatist, detailed summary of the play, critical commentary on the play followed by the analysis of the major and minor characters, etc. Some other important features of this book are: Objectives, Introduction and Summary, Terms to Remember, Check Your Progress with Answers, Exercises and Further Readings, All units provide only points of departures. Readers are not expected to rely entirely on this material. They are advised to read original texts and refer to critical books available in different libraries. All the best for your final examination! - Editors (v) Literature in English : Drama M. A. Part-II English Core Paper-V CONTENTS 1. General Topics 1 2. The Trojan Women by Euripides 38 3. The Little Clay Cart by Shudraka 62 4. The Tempest by Shakespeare 88 5. Tartuffe by Moliere 132 6. A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen 164 7. The Family Reunion by T. S. Eliot 203 8. Tiny Alice by Edward Albee 242 9. A Dance of the Forests by Wole Soyinka 270 (vii) Each Unit begins with the section Objectives - Objectives are directive and indicative of : 1. What has been presented in the Unit and 2. What is expected from you 3. What you are expected to know pertaining to the specific Unit once you have completed working on the Unit. The self check exercises with possible answers will help you to understand the Unit in the right perspective. Go through the possible answer only after you write your answers. These exercises are not to be submitted to us for evaluation. They have been provided to you as Study Tools to help keep you in the right track as you study the Unit. (viii) Unit-1 General Topics Contents 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Rise and Development of Drama 1.3 French Drama 1.4 Problem Plays 1.5 Poetic Drama 1.6 Absurd Drama 1.7 Summary 1.8 Answers to Check Your Progress 1.9 Further Exercises 1.10 References for further study 1.0 Objectives : After studying this unit, you will be able to – understand the salient aspects of the development of Drama as a form of literature in general. explain the types or forms of Drama, such as Tragedy, Comedy, Problem play, etc. understand and explain the development of Modern Drama. explain what Absurd Drama is, and its rise in the 20 th century literature. understand the forms of Drama such as Problem Play and Poetic Drama. 1 M.A. II : Literature in English Drama…1 1.1 Introduction : Dear student, Last year, for M. A. Part I, you studied English poetry, through selections of poetical works of different poets from the Medieval to the modern period. In this paper you are going to study, the development of Drama as a form of literature right from the ancient times to the present day. In this paper you are going to study representative plays of the dramatists from the ancient Greek and Indian Sanskrit traditions as well as the Renaissance drama, Modern French and English Drama. There are plays by the representative dramatists such as Euripides, Shakespeare, Moliere and others. There are plays by the modern masters like Ibsen, T. S. Eliot, Edward Albee and Wole Soyinka. These dramatists represent different trends and aspects in the development of Drama as a form of literature. Though some of these writers belong to different countries and different times, and though their plays appear here in their English translations, they are the milestones in the rise and development of Drama as a form of literature. In the course of your reading of the units in this book, you will come across comprehensive introduction to the contribution of these writers of Drama, as well as new trends brought in by them. In this unit, to begin with, we are going to discuss, briefly, the general topics related to the development of Drama as a literary form. You should read this unit carefully, and study the following units which deal with each play prescribed for this paper. The discussions of the general topics will prove helpful to you to understand each of these plays, their background and significance in the development of Drama. 1.2 Rise and Development of Drama : Drama, like poetry, is an ancient form of literature. In fact, in the history of the ancient Literature, Drama was described as Dramatic Poetry, because the dialogues in the drama, or the play, were written in a metrical form. In the western literature. Drama as a form of literature began as early as the 6 th or the 5 th century B. C. Western Dramatic poetry originated in the ancient Greece, through the celebrations of Dionysiac (Dionysus is a Greek god of revelry) festivals. There used to be choric songs sung by a chorus of people. These choric songs evolved into Drama when the character of a speaker was added to it. The character that asks questions, and the other one that answers were the initial ‘dramatis personae’ in the ancient Greek Drama. In performance, these characters presented their distinct personality and 2 traits. The very word ‘drama’ derives from the Greek word ‘dran’ i.e. to do or act. Drama was not therefore supposed to be merely dialogues. It also meant to be imitation of action in the real life situation or happening. When the city states in Greece became stabilized in the 6 th and the 5 th century B. C., there was rise of the Drama, especially Tragedy.