TO BE CIRCULATED WITH THE ECONOMIC TIMES (SELECT RUN), DELHI, MUMBAI, BENGALURU, HYDERABAD ADVERTORIAL AND PROMOTIONAL FEATURE

OCTOBER 2018 IAF: GOING STRONG@86 INDIAN AIR FORCE DAY SPECIAL FrontInsideCover_AdETADR.qxd 10/5/2018 6:32 PM Page 1 1-content.qxd 10/3/2018 8:00 PM Page 3

CONTENTS

AIF: GOING STRONG @ 86 02 As India celebrates 86 years of Indian Air Force (October 8), here’s a peek into how A TIMES OF INDIA PRESENTATION the force has transformed itself into the nation’s powerful and strategic force l MANAGING EDITOR VISHESH PRAKASH

l EDITORIAL COORDINATOR POOJA MADHOK

l EDITORIAL TEAM DIPIKA RATHI BIJIN JOSE

l CHIEF GRAPHIC EDITOR MUKESH ARORA

l DESIGN TEAM MAHESH BISHT, DINESH VIST, SUSHIL DUBEY POWERFUL, TOGETHER IAF: WHAT LIES AHEAD? 27 MARKETING Maritime security in the l NATIONAL VERTICAL HEAD 06 SHWETA ARORA IAF has had a rapid IOR can only be [email protected] transformation from being achieved if all three l PROJECT COORDINATOR PRACHI BAJAJ largely a tactical air force to a defence forces work in [email protected] strategic force, with significant an integrated manner

l PRODUCTION COORDINATION expeditionary capability MUKESH MALIK UTTAM ACHARYA

Published by: Rajeev Yadav for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd., at Times House, 7 B.S.Z. Marg, New Delhi and printed by him at Amar Ujala Publications Ltd., C - 21 & 22, Sector - 59, Noida - 201301, (UP) - India

All rights reserved with M/s Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. Reproduction, in whole or part, without written permission of the publisher is prohibited. Infringement of any of the above conditions can lead to civil and criminal prosecutions.

DISCLAIMER: FOSTERING DEFENCE Great care has been taken in the compilation and validation of information, 11 TECHNOLOGIES THROUGH and every effort has been made to ensure INNOVATION that all information is up-to-date at the TECHNOLOGY AND time of going to press. The publishers are The emerging threats that the not responsible for errors, if any, and their 23 DEFINITION OF IPR consequences. global defence innovation 2018 Copyright © Bennett, landscape is expanding with IPR is the main ingredient Coleman & Co. Ltd enables technologies having to establish the vibrant Pictures used in the magazine are for eco-system of MSMEs in representational purposes only. potential to cause disruptive effects on military capabilities the aerospace industry

INDIAN DEFENCE 20 EQUIPMENT FOR COMBAT READINESS Indian Air Force looks forward to Make in India project to make India self-reliant in DIAL A DRONE manufacturing defence equipment for combat 16 Drones will become an readiness indispensable element of the New India. For now, the nation needs to open newer skies 2-5-AirForceDayCover_Story_4.qxd 10/3/2018 12:42 PM Page 2

COVER STORY

IAF: GOING STRONG@86

As India celebrates 86 years of Indian Air Force, here’s a peek into how the force has transformed itself into the most powerful and strategic force

[email protected] network-centric operations and its strategic reach is expanding by leaps and bounds. his year, the Indian Air Force (IAF) The Indian Air Force came into being on celebrates its 86 years of existence. October 8, 1938. The beginnings were TThe historic IAF is transforming itself modest with six officers, five pilots, an into a modern high-tech and strategic force. equipment officer and 19 air soldiers. Over With its foresight and penchant for strategic the years, the IAF has grown into an entity innovation, IAF is tipped to become a potent with around 1.40 lakh personnel and and formidable force in the next ten years. counting. IAF has a legacy of its own and occupies The trajectory of IAF is one of valour and an admirable position in the international perseverance. The force has braved its way arena. A modern-era force, it can fight in any through several imminent threats to the

2 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 2-5-AirForceDayCover_Story_4.qxd 10/3/2018 12:42 PM Page 3

INDIAN AIR FORCE: From strength to strength The Indian Air Force came into being on October 8, 1938. The beginnings were modest with six officers, five pilots, an equipment officer and 19 air soldiers. Over the years, the IAF has grown into an entity with around 1.40 lakh personnel IAF which is also known as the Bharatiya Vayu Sena is vigilant and actively work towards the protection of the Indian aerospace. The IAF presently ranks fourth in the world among powerful air forces At present, there are 31 combat squadrons with each having about 18 aircraft. The IAF is inducting modern warfare technology at a brisk pace and plans to procure multi-role combat fighters for its fleet in the national security. Ever since its THE FUTURE BELONGS TO IAF coming years inception, the IAF has undergone The recent exercise, ‘Gagan Shakti 2018’, tremendous expansion and proved that the future belongs to air- advancement both in technology and borne operations. India’s Exclusive expertise. Economic Zone encompasses an area of IAF which is also known as the about 2.02 million sq km, which is very ‘Bharatiya Vayu Sena’ is vigilant and rich and resourceful and the contribution actively works towards the protection of of IAF will be paramount. the Indian Aerospace. The IAF “The Indian Air Force is certainly going presently ranks fourth in the world forward. Technologies are being among powerful air forces. At present, inducted, but the modernisation part is there are 31 combat squadrons with all about the government providing the each having about 18 aircraft. The Indian Air Force is inducting modern warfare technology at a brisk pace, however, at present it is reeling under severe shortage of fighter aircrafts. However, this has not deterred the IAF which is determined to procure more multi-role combat fighter for its fleet in the coming years. In September, IAF Chief Air Marshal BS Dhanoa highlighted the need to scale the number up to 42 squadrons. This, according to Dhanoa, was needed to match the forces of India’s nuclear- powered neighbours, namely Pakistan and China. The 42 squadron is crucial to fight a two-front war.

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 3 2-5-AirForceDayCover_Story_4.qxd 10/3/2018 12:42 PM Page 4

The Indian Air Force is certainly moving ahead with much greater force. New technologies are being inducted at every level. But the modernisation part is all about the government providing the requisite finances to move at a rate at which the Indian Air Force wishes to move

requisite finances to move in a rate at safety and security here, the Indian Air squadrons against the sanctioned 41. which the Indian Air Force wishes to Force will have a major role to play,” The Air Force is innovative and in the move. In my opinion, that is very slow. explained Major General (retired) AK recent Gagan Shakti 2018, it has shown Indian Air Force is grappling with the Chaturvedi. that it is capable of taking care of two- problem of obsolescence and reducing According to Maj Gen Chaturvedi, front war with its existing force. “If you force level, simply because the China is presently showing a lot of want a stronger air force, you will have government has not provided adequate interest in the Indian Ocean. It has to work towards tackling the delay in finances. There, I think is a mismatch deployed submarines, and has also set procurement of fighter jets. IAF needs between India-China and India- up the Yulin Naval Base in Hainan 36 squadrons and 110 more aircrafts to Pakistan. Otherwise in terms of Island, which lies in the South China operate effectively. Moreover, Make in operational capabilities and Sea. China is showing its might, it has India capability has to improve,” international exposure, technology, I created a base in Djibouti, Gwadar stressed Maj Gen Chaturvedi. feel we are doing quite well. We are (Pakistan), and is closer to creating gradually inducting latest technology, another base in Jiwani, Pakistan. TOWARDS THE FUTURE there is exposure as we are constantly “With all these developments, the Although there have been clamour working with the other forces. I feel Indian Air Force needs to have a about the depreciation and inefficacy that the entire structure should be greater range. IAF capabilities will of several squadrons, there is a ray state-of-the-art, in terms of increase by manifolds in the coming hope for IAF. The Air Force is capabilities. There is no shortage of years with the induction of two accelerating its procurement process bravery. The IAF is ready to do the best squadrons of Rafale jets. India recently and upgradation of its existing fleet. with whatever it has,” stresses Air issued a Request for Information (RFI) Experts believe that although the Marshal M Matheswaran AVSM VM for 110 Medium Multi Role Combat sanctioned number was 41 squadrons, (Retd). Aircraft (MMRCA). These are the IAF was in its full capacity even India is on the right track. It is in the indicators that Air Force is going to be with 39 squadrons. At present, the process of energy security and is trying a strong force in the national security situation is not very promising with the to acquire a number of properties matrix,” added Maj Gen Chaturvedi. existing squadrons. Out of 31 abroad like in Maldives, Sudan, etc. The future wars are all going to be on squadrons, the effective strength is “Almost 4,000 tankers are used by the integrated forces of the three much lower. The 11 squadrons of Su- India to transport oil from Middle services—the Indian Army, the Indian 30MKI is the only fleet that is East. The present interest is in Bab-el- Navy, and the Indian Air Force. operating in its full capability. The Mandeb, which is near Djibouti and Regardless of the current might of the other strong platform is the Mirage Gulf of Aden. The entire area is of IAF, if there is a two-front war with 2000 which is presently undergoing interest in terms of piracy, China and Pakistan, then IAF will have upgradation. international terrorism, and the to further fortify its fighting The Air Force is also channelling its diaspora here is almost 3.5 million. For capabilities. It currently has 31 efforts to revive and strengthen its

4 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 2-5-AirForceDayCover_Story_4.qxd 10/3/2018 12:42 PM Page 5

existing fleet of combat aircraft. While aircrafts (about 75% single-seat and rest the MiG 29 with over 60 aircraft is twin-seat),” read the statement issued by actively operating, it has limited role in the Defence Ministry. the Air Force. MiG-21, which is over 50 Talking about the same, Major General years old, is in the last leg of its extended (Retd) Bhupinder Yadav, stated, “If you life span, MiG-27 is on the verge of being have number of fighter squadrons of phased out. different fighter jets like 36 Dassault FUTURE BECONS: Amid the ongoing clamour around the Rafale. For these, you require acquisition of Rafale jets, Air Chief maintenance and tools that will be IAF has multi-level Marshall BS Dhanoa recently said that essentially imported. In case you have plans for the future the 36 Rafale will add teeth to India’s fire over 100 such jets, it’s ideal to create a power. The government is also working manufacturing facility in India so that we Indian Air Force capabilities towards procuring a batch of S-400 air don’t depend on other nations.” will increase by manifolds in defence missile system from Russia. He further added, “It is not a one-time the coming years with the Despite the faltering numbers, the Air buy; the recurring cost is much more than induction of two squadrons Chief Marshall had also assured that the the purchase cost. Rather than having of Rafale jets. India recently IAF is fully capable of defending the hybrid varieties of platforms for issued a Request for nation in any contingency, at present and defence—be it Army, Navy or Air Force— Information (RFI) for 110 Medium Multi Role Combat in future. He said that the IAF is prepared the technology should be standardised so Aircraft (MMRCA). These are 24x7 for any threat and is reading for a that the logistic, repair, maintenance and indicators that IAF is going befitting response to any contingency. He training cost comes down.” to be a strong force in the had also said that augmenting the fighter Despite the Centre’s push for Make in national security matrix squadron strength is the top priority of India, defence spending largely remains the IAF, and that the force is looking inadequate. In the 2018 budget, the IAF is innovative and in the recent Gagan Shakti 2018, it forward to new inductions and upgrades. government allocated INR 2.74 lakh crore has shown that it is capable for defence. This amounts to 1.56 per cent of taking care of two-front RAFALE TO ADD TEETH TO IAF’S of the country's GDP making allocation war with its existing force COMBAT ABILITIES the lowest ever in terms of share in GDP. The Vice Chief of the Air Staff, SB Deo, “The government needs to enhance the IAF is also channelling its efforts to revive and recently said that the ‘beautiful’ Rafale defence budget, which is one of the lowest strengthen its existing fleet aircraft will give India unprecedented in the world at 1.5 per cent of the GDP. It of combat aircraft combat capabilities. At present, the IAF is should be minimum 2.5 per cent then only waiting for the aircraft to join its fleet. the desire acquisition can take place. The procurement process will begin in Defence budget needs to increase. IAF is 2019, and the 36 jets are expected to be capital intensive as each jet and equipment procured by 2022. cost a fortune and an increased budget will According to IAF Deputy Chief R help in streamlining the acquisition Nambiar, Rafale will give IAF full- process,” pointed out Maj Gen Chaturvedi spectrum capabilities, and to a large on a concluding note. extent, it would revolutionise air power in the sub-continent. India has signed an inter-governmental agreement with France worth Euro 7.87 billion to acquire 36 Rafale multi-role jets in fly-away condition. The basic cost of the aircraft is around INR 680 crore.

MAKE IN INDIA PUSH FOR IAF The Indian Air Force seems to be capitalising on the Make in India campaign launched by Prime Minister in September 2014. In April this year, the IAF set in motion the process to acquire about 110 fighter jets worth around USD 15 billion. A statement by the defence ministry read that at least 85 per cent of the jets will have to be made in India, in a bid to promote the Make in India programme. “The Ministry of Defence, Government of India, intends to procure fighter aircraft for the Indian Air Force, which are to be made in India. The proposal is to procure approximately 110 fighter

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 5 6-10-MISSION_AIF_by_Matheshawaran.qxd 10/3/2018 12:42 PM Page 2

MISSION IAF

IAF:IAF: WHATWHAT LIESLIES AHEAD?AHEAD? As the 21st century dawned, the IAF began a rapid transformation from being largely a tactical air force to a strategic force, with significant expeditionary capability. Here’s exploring what’s in store for the future

rAir Marshal M Matheswaran (Retd) inadequate financial support to modernisation, the IAF has come out with he Indian Air Force flying colours to continue to demonstrate its would be celebrating its operational capabilities and strategic reach. T86th anniversary on The recent 'Gaganshakti' high intensity October 8, making it one of the exercise is an outstanding example. While the oldest and large air forces of IAF continues to grapple with its huge the world. Despite many problems of obsolescence, the last decade and challenges, most of which relate to a half has also been testimony of some major inefficiencies of political decision making and transformations underway in the IAF. As the

6 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 6-10-MISSION_AIF_by_Matheshawaran.qxd 10/3/2018 12:42 PM Page 3

INDIAN AIR FORCE: The big transformation

Airpower, by its very nature is technology intensive. The IAF embarked on major operational reorientation through induction of major technologies from the early 2000s. This began with induction of precision weapons, UAVs, electro- optical systems, and sensors The most significant operational and technological capability of 21st century dawned, the IAF began a ENHANCING ITS REACH the IAF is its net-work rapid transformation from being largely a Although the IAF inducted the Jaguar centric warfare capability, tactical air force to a strategic force, with from 1979, its air-to-air refuelling which is underway for more significant expeditionary capability. capability was kept inactive. Induction of than a decade. The IAF is Mirage 2000 in 1985 met the same fate. the most significantly ISOLATION TO OUTWARD The importance of aerial refuelling in networked military force ENGAGEMENT extended range operations by the USA in amongst the three defence For more than half a century, outward its Libyan strike, Osirak nuclear reactor services engagement of the three services was strike by Israel, and Falklands operations limited to participation in UN peace- by the UK was not lost on the IAF, and it keeping missions. As India began its decided in favour of this force multiplier transformation with economic in the late 1990s. Although the IAF was liberalisation in 1991, it began to one of the last major air forces to induct dismantle its inward looking licence raj, the aerial refueler, its pace of and with it a global outlook started to operationalisation was the fastest. In less emerge. As Indian economy accelerated than a decade IAF fighters were flying into an overdrive by the late 1990s, and as across Atlantic Ocean to participate in India's strategic image strengthened with international exercises like the 'Red Flag' the overt declaration of its nuclear weapon status, the government encouraged military to military interactions and defence diplomacy. IAF's international engagement expanded significantly from the 2000s. Major bilateral exercises were carried out on regular basis with major air forces— USA, UK, France, Singapore, South Africa, Oman, and Malaysia. Also, the IAF became a regular participant in USAF's multinational exercises such as Cope Thunder and Red Flag. These interactions and engagements have highlighted IAF's high quality operational expertise, its global standing, and in turn, has contributed immensely to IAF's growth in its international understanding. Today, the world sees the IAF as the sharp edge of India's military power as well as its primary instrument of its humanitarian assistance capability worldwide.

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 7 6-10-MISSION_AIF_by_Matheshawaran.qxd 10/3/2018 12:42 PM Page 4

Selecting the proven IL-78 platform, inputs to create a common operational the IAF again masterminded a complex picture for real-time command and three nation development program to control to become effective. This was a evolve a modern, state-of-the art pioneering transformation. The AWACS platform by 2009. The three culminating transformation is its AWACS platforms inducted in phase I 'airborne network', which involved have been utilised extensively to bring evolving NCW concepts based on in major operational transformation of futuristic 'self-organising, master-less, its air defence operations in a very node-less, architecture'. The concepts short time-frame. The AWACS has were validated through a three-year certainly given the IAF a significant long pilot project in 2013. Centred on operational edge vis-à-vis the PLAAF the SDR (Software Defined Radio) the challenge across the Himalayas. IAF is focused on indigenous solution. Simultaneously, the IAF has supported However, interim acquisition of limited the indigenous program of AEW numbers of SDR to kickstart aircraft development based on operationalisation has stalled for Embraer-145 platform. nearly four years due to our infamous Indo-US strategic partnership acquisition procedural delays. NCW manifested itself in significant operationalisation is a huge challenge and 'Cope Thunder'. Within the last transformation in IAF's airlift that involves significantly large decade the IAF has demonstrated its capability. By 2012, the IAF inducted number of legacy aircraft and systems. extended operational reach through all and operationalised C-130J Hercules The transformation of the IAF as an its major exercises. Aerial refuelers aircraft for special operations, which is aerospace force began in the aftermath form critical component of IAF's also the IAF's first 20 tonne airlift of Kargil war. IAF has been at the operational capability in terms of reach aircraft; and C-17 Globemaster heavy forefront of transforming the ISR and penetration. lift aircraft. These are going to be domain through its operational joined by Chinook heavy lift strategies involving various ISR assets - TECHNOLOGICAL AND helicopters and Apache attack UAVs, tactical and strategic OPERATIONAL TRANSFORMATION helicopters. By 2012 large numbers of reconnaissance systems, and satellites. Airpower, by its very nature is Russian Mi-17 1V helicopters entered It has played a stellar role in defining technology intensive. The IAF service. With these inductions, the the roadmap for developing and embarked on major operational IAF's airlift capability has truly deploying space assets. It is matter of reorientation through induction of attained transcontinental proportions. time before the IAF leads the tri- major technologies from the early The air defence missile segment, service aerospace command in true 2000s. This began with induction of afflicted by long delays and overruns in measure to formalise and precision weapons, UAVs, electro- terms of cost and time, has finally operationalise India's Space security optical systems, and sensors. The IAF started showing results. The IAF, strategy. initiated its first upgrade program in inducted its first squadrons of LLQRM the mid 1990s, for 125 MiG-21 Bis (short range air defence missiles) based IAF AS THE INSTRUMENT OF INDIA'S aircraft, by stitching together a on Israeli systems, while GLOBAL POWER complex avionics upgrade involving simultaneously inducting indigenous The rise of India and China is the three nations - Russia, France, and Akash missile systems. This still major transformative process of the Israel. The success of this program has indicated huge gaps, which is sought to 21st century international system. That established an irreversible upgrade be filled by the long-delayed MRSAM, India aspires to be a global power is culture as a cost-effective strategy for jointly developed by India and Israel. well known and well founded. India's sustaining its force structure. This With the projected signing of the march to global power status in the upgrade strategy has also contributed contract for the Russian S-400 long- 21st century will be a challenging and immensely to indigenisation capability range SAMs the air defence will be on arduous task. Rise to great power of Indian industry. The Jaguar fleet stronger operational capability. status is not one of just prestige and went through a series of The most significant operational and power but comes with huge comprehensive upgrades, giving rise to technological capability of the IAF is responsibilities. These responsibilities significant expansion of its capabilities. its net-work centric warfare capability, come with significant costs. A great The Su-30 MKI is an excellent result of which is underway for more than a power should be willing to share and IAF's conceptualisation and decade. The IAF is the most shoulder the costs of providing public implementation of avionics suites and significantly networked military force goods to the global community. This is mission optimisation. Between 2004 amongst the three services. It first precisely what the USA is now and 2016, the IAF's upgrade strategies established its primary communication complaining about, as it finds the costs have given fresh lease of life to various grid, AFNET (Air Force Network), and of sustaining itself as a hegemon is aircraft fleet and weapon systems: AN- simultaneously established its air becoming prohibitively expensive. The 32, MiG-27, MiG-29, Jaguar, Mirage- defence network inclusive of vital USA is clearly signalling that aspiring 2000, and air defence missile systems. command and control network, IACCS great powers should share the costs of The IAF moved to transform its air (Integrated Air Command and Control global public goods albeit without defence operations through the System). The IACCS integrated all its upsetting an international order induction of AWACS platforms. ground based radar sensors and other crafted to its advantage. This is where

8 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 6-10-MISSION_AIF_by_Matheshawaran.qxd 10/3/2018 12:42 PM Page 5

India must rise to the challenge by rising for the IAF. The IAF today is at an all- as a benign power with the right balance time low of 32 fighter squadrons. An of hard and soft power to influence the analysis of the history of IAF's force course of emerging power politics. structure would reveal a story of crisis The IAF, on its 86th anniversary, is at management to sustain minimum force the cross roads of evolving as the levels. Much of the blame must go to the instrument of India's global power. As the political leadership for failure to grasp The IAF must clearly 21st century progresses, the centrality of the importance of sustaining credible lay down a 20-year aerospace power in the national power of conventional force structures, while part strategic roadmap for major countries will be unquestionable. of the blame must certainly fall on the government, Joint or integrated warfare has been services themselves. necessitated by the critical role of JRD Tata committee, set up in the wherein all aircraft and aerospace power in all domains, be it aftermath of 1962 humiliation against major weapon systems precision, reach, rapidity of application, China, recommended an IAF force are made completely and intelligence through ISR. The structure of 65 combat squadrons. This was free of foreign OEM viability of conventional deterrence accepted by the government but was dependence comes from aerospace power's ability to pruned down to 39.5 squadrons as an deter through the fear of precise interim measure on account of resource punishment. It becomes obvious that the constraints. This figure has remained more IAF has to be the cutting edge instrument or less permanent, till the government of India's hard military power. This approved a figure of 42 squadrons in 2005. obviously calls for the right combination Even though the IAF has enhanced its of force structure with cutting edge combat capability with the induction of technologies and weapon systems with force multipliers, and networked air significantly long reach. A serious defence capability, its approved force introspection would reveal that the IAF, as it enters its 87th year, faces daunting challenges of building and sustaining the requisite force structure.

IAF'S FORCE STRUCTURE CHALLENGES IAF has been grappling with problems of obsolescence and dwindling force structure for more than two decades. Long drawn out and unending MMRCA acquisition process is an example of leaving operational capability gaps unactioned as well as loss of opportunities to enhance industrial and technological capabilities. Time and cost overruns in the indigenous Tejas-LCA program is again an operational shortfall

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 9 6-10-MISSION_AIF_by_Matheshawaran.qxd 10/3/2018 12:42 PM Page 6

structure may fall short of meeting will need the following to be done on a changing 21st century world are India's requirements of functioning time bound basis: increasing by the day. China's aerospace effectively as a global player. In the ● IAF needs to create a cadre of research capability has leapfrogged significantly modern, net-centric aerospace personal. It also needs to operate over the last two decades, and it poses a environment, the IAF will be India's aerospace research laboratories. These major challenge to India. The IAF will main instrument of conventional will focus on research and development need to spearhead India's aerospace deterrence. Tata committee of aerospace technologies. Ideally the capability to balance China's dominance. recommendations look more apt for IAF needs to exercise command and IAF's long-term force structure India, given India's emerging stature control over laboratories such as ADE, strategy could revert to its earlier and global responsibilities expected DARE, CABS, etc. 'auxiliary air force' format, albeit in a of it. However, the immediate ● Programs like the Tejas-LCA should new form. Indian government wound up requirement is to get IAF's force have been managed by the user service, the auxiliary air forces post 1962, while it structure back to the approved 42 the IAF after the technology retained the 'Territorial Army' model. combat squadron strength. Given the demonstration phase. Program The benefits of this scheme is well large number of aircraft that need to management by the user service is an established. It provides huge be replaced, this would take at least absolute must as it will be driven by opportunities to a large segment of 15 years if only done on war-footing. operational needs balancing technology, qualified young people to do military cost, and time factors. As a corollary, it service, provides a ready reserve, and MODERNISATION AND becomes obvious that the IAF must forms an important component of INDIGENISATION IMPERATIVES create the necessary expertise to manage second rung security structure. With As it celebrates its 86th anniversary its programmes. slight modification this could be created the IAF would do well to do some ● IAF's involvement in DRDO driven as Air National Guards, much like the US serious introspection. Modernisation programs must clearly define them as system. The objective should be to processes for all militaries in all those that are technology development achieve one squadron of Air National countries face the challenges of timely oriented and those that are user driven Guards for each state in a defined time resource availability, particularly for weapon system development. The latter period based on financial and technical capital-intensive service like the Air programs must clearly be managed by resources. These squadrons should be Force. In India the problem is the IAF while the former must be equipped with Tejas aircraft. Over a compounded by inadequate aerospace enabled by IAF support. period of time this could become a win- industrial and technology base. Indian ● The IAF must clearly lay down a 20 win situation for the IAF, civil society, military power, and IAF in particular, is year strategic roadmap for the and the country as a whole. A heavily import dependent. Despite government wherein all aircraft and comprehensive approach to force more than 70 years of indigenisation major weapon systems are made structure could see the IAF as the efforts, not much has changed in completely free of foreign OEM foremost air force in Asia and a major critical areas. A major cause for this dependence. powerful force in the world by 1932, that state of affairs is the lack of adequate will be IAF's centenary year. involvement of the user service in CONCLUSION project management and technology India's security environment cannot be development. The IAF will have to take viewed simply as just border and —The author is a former Deputy Chief a leaf out of the USAF model to make a territorial disputes with Pakistan and of Integrated Defence Staff (Policy, Plans major impact on indigenisation. This China. Its strategic challenges in a fast & Force Development)

10 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 11-14-DefenceInsight_Fostering_Defence_technology-4.qxd 10/3/2018 1:44 PM Page 1

EXPERT SPEAK

FOSTERING DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES THROUGH INNOVATION The emerging dimensions of threats and the contingencies that the global defence innovation landscape is expanding with enables technologies having potential to cause disruptive effects on military capabilities and geopolitical competitions. A report

r Maj Gen (Dr) Bhupinder Yadav (Retd) cause disruptive effects on military capabilities and geopolitical competitions. rime Minister during Def Some of these technologies such as Artificial Expo-2018 mentioned Intelligence, big data analytics, additive Pthat the new and manufacturing, advanced and smart emerging technologies like materials, virtual and augmented reality, Artificial Intelligence and unmanned systems, remote sensing will have Robotics will perhaps be the enabling effects in the future battlefield. most important determinants Thus, the 21st century warfare would see of defensive and offensive capabilities for any extensive play of cyber weapons, heat-rays defence force in the future. The future war and lasers, drones, anti-drone systems, stealth systems are likely to be dominated by and hypersonic platforms and weapon unmanned systems. The emerging dimensions systems, precision guided munitions, multi- of threats and the contingencies the global domain sensor systems, battlefield defence innovation landscape is expanding management software technologies, space with, enables technologies having potential to combat, hypersonic and electro-magnetic

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 11 11-14-DefenceInsight_Fostering_Defence_technology-4.qxd 10/3/2018 1:44 PM Page 2

weapons, quantum computing and state actors might use it and how to deter directed energy and the likes. In the such threats, constitutes a daunting times to come, the R&D and innovations intelligence challenge. (The diffusion of are likely to be important determinants military and dual use technology is just of defence production capabilities one of the growing pathways of technology especially in the light of the decreasing proliferation, with power to disrupt.) predictability of the future needs. MULTI-DIMENSIONAL INNOVATION FUTURISTIC NEED ANALYSIS Multi-dimensional innovation are The defence innovation obviously already reshaping what constitutes the requires both disruptive and capability- global defence industry with contribution based incremental innovation defence commercial firms, research institutes and capabilities. The need analysis has to be academia. Some of the countries have done keeping in view the futuristic created special verticals, as mentioned requirements and possible consequences below, to acquire advanced defence and the exploitation of these technologies, in order to stimulate commercially available low-end innovation and help mature their defence technologies by non-state actors, such as industry. improvised explosive device for a massive ● The US Department of Defense’s disruptive effect. DIU(X) Programme is leveraging the The diffusion of military and dual use high-tech commercial technology hubs to technology is just one of the growing better service defence programs. US pathways of technology proliferation, Defense Innovation Unit Experimental with power to disrupt. Some of the (DIUx) has identified and is backing a Technologies like applications of these technologies are number of companies in the Silicon potentially destabilising to military and Valley that offer solutions in a range of Artificial Intelligence, geopolitical competitions. The impact of areas from Artificial Intelligence to space, big data analytics, software, encryption technologies, Robotics and Information Technology. A virtual and augmented electromagnetic jammers, and drones new initiative under the Defence reality, unmanned etc., present new threats, vulnerabilities Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI), systems, remote and counteract rival capabilities to such India and the US are finalising a proposal sensing would have forces. Hence, the need to understand that will enable defence teams from enabling effects in the how the adversaries, competitors and non Defence Innovation Organisation (DIO) future battlefield

12 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 11-14-DefenceInsight_Fostering_Defence_technology-4.qxd 10/3/2018 1:44 PM Page 3

to visit and liaison with a cutting-edge defence innovation unit in Silicon Valley. ● The Israeli Defence Force’s (IDF) Unit 8200 is an incubator for spin-off Israeli high-tech start-ups that go on to expand their efforts. ● The Australian Government has signed two new Defence Innovation Hub contracts with UAV Vision and attack, bomb, blast, kill and other Textron Systems Australia for the words in real time. These would be further development of Unmanned translated to suitable applications for Aerial System (UAS) capabilities. the Indian Armed Forces. ● China has made impressive strides in Most of the original manufacturers many militarily-relevant technology are not willing for co-production and areas such as development of co-development efforts to realise joint unmanned systems, quantum projects being apprehensive of transfer computing, additive manufacturing critical military technology developed and ballistic missile technologies, at cost, and want to retain control over among others. Some of the projects technology even if they are allowed to undertaken in developed countries are: sovereignty and military superiority. set up a production line in India for ● BAE Systems’ Terrier, 32-tonne The Indian defence production base such platforms and other equipment. armoured combat vehicle known as the though one of the largest defence The recently-created Buy Indian Swiss Army knife of combat vehicles. industrial complexes (DRDO, OFB and Design, Development and ● A truck-mounted laser under DPSUs) has never focused on design and Manufacturing (IDDM) procurement development by Boeing can zap development and system integration, category has been created and incoming threats such as mortar shells and thus, has been unable to develop response from Indian industry; mostly or drones. capabilities and produce competitive small and medium enterprise has been ● Lockheed Martin Advanced Test indigenously designed weapons due to very encouraging. lack of structural support from market- maker. However the present Indian DEFENCE INNOVATION government's focus is on the imperative ORGANISATION needs of India's military modernisation Defence Innovation Organisation and the creation of a world-class defence (DIO) has been incorporated with HAL industry by enhancing defence and BEL as its founding members. DIO manufacturing in India under Make in- has an initial corpus of INR 100 crores India initiative. and will basically fund and manage the The Defence Research and Innovations for Defence Excellence Development Organisation (DRDO) has (iDEX). It is aimed at creation of an a laboratory specifically dedicated to AI ecosystem to foster innovation and High Energy Asset (ATHENA) laser known as Centre for Artificial technology development in defence weapon system, successfully disables a Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR). CAIR and aerospace by engaging industries truck’s engine from a considerable has been working on a project to develop including MSMEs, start-ups, individual a Multi-Agent Robotics Framework innovators, R&D institutes and (MARF) with an array of robots that can academia and provide them function as a team, in a fashion similar to grants/funding and other support to what our soldiers do. carry out R&D which has good The AI-powered multi-layered potential for future adoption for Indian architecture is capable of providing defence and aerospace needs. multitude of military applications, and The Defence Ministry has tied up with will enable collaboration amongst a team five business incubators to promote of various robots Indian Army has and support the start ups, including: already built—wheeled robot with ● Centre for Innovation Incubation passive suspension, snake robot, legged and Entrepreneurship with Indian distance. robot, wall-climbing robot, and robot Institute of Management, Ahmedabad ● Boeing has filed a patent for a system Sentry, among others. ● Society for Innovation and that would protect vehicles from blast Entrepreneurship with the Indian damage by creating plasma fields. MINIATURE UGV Institute of Technology, Bombay ● Laser Weaponry. CAIR has also developed Network ● T-hub start up incubator in Traffic Analysis (NETRA) which can Hyderabad INDIAN INITIATIVES monitor internet traffic. It can analyse ● ‘Forge’ incubator in Coimbatore A vibrant defence industry is a crucial voice traffic passing through software ● IIT, Madras component of effective defence such as Skype, Google Talk and The Support for Prototype & capability, and to achieve national intercept messages with key words Research Kickstart (SPARK) initiative

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 13 11-14-DefenceInsight_Fostering_Defence_technology-4.qxd 10/3/2018 1:44 PM Page 4

for the start ups, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and individual researchers and academic institutions can take part in different categories a few mentioned below for creating technologies that can be used by the armed forces. ● Individual Protection System with built-in sensors ● See-through Armour ● Carbon Fibre Winding (CFW) ● Active Protection System (APS) ● Secure hardware based offline Encryption Device for Graded Security ● Development of 4G/LTE based Tactical Local Area Network ● Development of Advanced Technology Based Desalination System (Water Purification) and Bilge Oily Water Separation System ● Artificial Intelligence in Logistics and SCM ● Remotely Piloted Airborne Vehicles ● Laser Weaponry ● Unmanned Surface and Underwater Vehicles Select few start-ups will also receive a funding of up to INR 1.5 crore through the to collaborate with industry academia Ministry for developing their ideas, and and allies to harness talent and expertise given access to test their products. Tonbo to focus on innovation. This evolution Imaging has already been given an approval will need transformation and in principle for its proposal on Night Fire restructuring of Indian defence industry Control System for Automatic Grenade and the acquisition procedures. A Launcher-30. (Innovation Initiative is a creative cultural shift in acquisition to challenge that need will fundamental change adopt the best commercial practices with the way defence does business). adequate funding for better market The emerging innovative technologies engagement to boost the competitive will be the heart of futuristic weapon advantage for national security. DEFENCE systems. Innovation Initiative is a INNOVATIONS: The challenge that will need fundamental -The author is MD at a research change the way defence does business. company and has assisted need of the hour The initiative will challenge government Indian Aerospace and Defence Market The defence innovation requires both disruptive and capability-based incremental Bomb slayer of the future innovation defence capabilities INGENIOUS AND INDIGENOUS Daksh, a remotely operated vehicle for defusing bombs, is The need analysis has to be undergoing trials. Developed by Defence Research and done keeping in view the Development Organisation, it is fully automated. It can climb stairs futuristic needs and possible to reach hazardous materials. Using its robotized arm, it can lift a consequences, keeping in suspect object and scan it using its portable X-ray device. If the Robotised arm object is a bomb, Daksh can defuse it with its water jet disrupter. mind the exploitation of these commercially TOTAL CONTAINMENT VESSELS available, low-end ❏ Fully automated technologies by non-state ❏ Can neutralize biological, chemical and actors, such as improvised radiological weapons explosive device for a ❏ Has radio frequency shield to jam remote massive disruptive effect signals for triggering a blast The diffusion of military and TCV FOR AIRPORTS dual-use technology is one For airports, there's special Suspect Luggage of the growing pathways of Containment Vessel. The device can be added technology proliferation, onto the conveyor belt to quickly and safely isolate with power to disrupt suspect luggage. It can even be pulled outside the terminal, enabling the bomb squad to defuse the explosive far away Cogged wheels from the populated areas of the airport X-ray unit to climb stairs

14 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 15-NEW_POWER.qxd 10/3/2018 12:43 PM Page 3

NEW POWER Future Beckons India’s ultimate force multiplier is here to transform IAF into a formidable force capable of carrying out any combat mission

s India expands its strategic and tactical interest in the neighbourhood and beyond, its military posturing has Aundergone a steady transformation in the past few years. With one of the mightiest Air Forces at its command, the country has established itself as one of the major power centres in the world. Among the many modern, highly advanced military assets in its inventory, it is the Brahmos supersonic cruise missile system which has metamorphosed the Indian Air Force (IAF) into a formidable force capable of carrying out any kind of combat mission in present-day intense conflict situations. The emergence of the missile as a deadly, highly sophisticated precision strike weapon with stealth, versatility and multi-role capability has revolutionised modern warfare strategies to a great extent. The 'universal' missile has been designed to knock off high- value ground and sea-based enemy targets with high speed, great accuracy and devastating firepower. BRAHMOS has validated multiple target strike capabilities with record number of successful test firings conducted from ground, sea, sub-sea and air platforms so far. While the land-attack BRAHMOS is with the Indian Army, the Indian Navy warships have also been armed with the "prime strike" missile. Indian Air Force possesses land-attack Brahmos squadron as well. It is the advent of the advanced air-launched Brahmos variant which has come as a true "game changer" for the Indian Air Force in present times. The new, 2.5-ton missile - a improved variant of the original anti-ship Brahmos configuration featuring a lighter propulsion system, improved developing and manufacturing the BRAHMOS Weapon nose cone and enhanced aerodynamic structure - has System, is now aiming for the next major milestone - to test emerged as a powerful tactical especially in the subcontinent fire the deadly missile against a land target. where regional power plays to establish strategic supremacy The Su-30MKI armed with the formidable Brahmos have taken centre stage in recent times. promises to become India's ultimate "trump card" against any With the maiden test firing of the air-launched cruise kind of enemy aggression. As the heaviest and deadliest missile (ALCM) from the IAF's Sukhoi-30MKI combat weapon to arm a long-range, super manoeuvrable, air aircraft against a sea target having been successfully superiority fighter platform, it would annihilate any kind of completed on 22nd November, 2017, thereby creating a world- sea and ground-based targets from within and beyond record feat for India, the India-Russia JV entity designing, visibility range. The Sukhoi-30MKI would launch the weapon from stand-off ranges without getting closer to enemy positions. The deadly Brahmos-Su-30 weapon-platform combination has brought in a paradigm shift in the IAF's air combat capability vis-à-vis adversaries. Today, India is the only country in the world in possession of a powerful supersonic cruise missile system which can be launched from land, sea/sub-sea and air. With the Indian Air Force induction of Brahmos onboard a large number of its Sukhoi-30 fighters, the Indian armed forces would acquire an unprecedented power to engage critical enemy assets from across the spectrum of warfare, and could even launch coordinated attacks against a wide range of naval and land targets, thereby completely influencing and altering the course of a possible war in future.

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 15 16-19-Drones.qxd 10/3/2018 12:44 PM Page 2

Game of Drones

rCommodore Sujeet Samaddar (Retd)

emotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA), autonomous aircraft and model aircraft Rare various sub-sets of unmanned aircraft. DIAL A The Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) or 'drones' is a collective term for the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), Ground Control Stations, Datalink systems, Payloads etc. Since the operations of UAS impinge upon flight safety, national security and citizen privacy, some DRONE countries notified the regulatory framework for UAS operations and ownership. Drones will become an indispensable India joins this league of a select few countries after the Director General of Civil element of the New India. For now, the Aviation issued the Civil Aviation Requirements nation needs to open newer skies for Operation of Civil Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) effective from December 1, 2018. As it is stated, 'The Digital Sky Platform is the first-of-its-kind national unmanned traffic

16 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 16-19-Drones.qxd 10/3/2018 12:44 PM Page 3

management (UTM) platform that implements "no permission, no takeoff" (NPNT).' The Digital Sky would be a mobile app with an automated process that permits or denies the request to fly instantly through seamless coordination with the national defence and civilian air traffic controllers (ATCs). Although multi-role airframe platforms are becoming more prevalent drones typically fall into one of four functional applications. These include military applications such as targets and decoys, reconnaissance and surveillance, loitering missiles, combat, communications and logistics. In India, the first application of UAS was as military targets and decoys in the early 1990s and the armed forces operated its first surveillance drone in 1996. In the past few years the demand for various types of UAS has grown exponentially. Against a present holding of 180 major

UAS, ordered over the last 15 years, Request for information have been issued for 150 more MALE UAS, 400 Small UAS systems, 1000s of Mini/Micro/Nano UAS, and rotary wing UASs. Civil Applications are those involving non-defence government agencies DRONES: Taking pertaining to nearly every aspect of smart governance, law enforcement, anti- India to newer terrorism, geo-mapping, fisheries and heights forest management, disaster management, event monitoring, Although multi-role airframe environmental control and monitoring platforms are becoming (including air and sea pollution), more prevalent, drones fall telecommunications, crop monitoring into one of four functional mineral exploration, ground mapping and applications. These include photography, meteorological observation, military applications such as 3-D modeling and Digital Elevation targets and decoys, Mapping, track surveys of railways and reconnaissance and critical infrastructure protection. surveillance, loitering Combined with Artificial Intelligence missiles, combat, communications and UAS aided crop surveys, pesticides and logistics fertilizer spraying, health of water reservoirs, irrigation can transform the The UAS opportunity has lives and livelihoods of farmers. As on steadily attracted the date there are about 4 live RFPs seeking attention of operators, drones for the CAPF. In addition, other manufacturers and investors alike. The industry is likely to central and state departments are go the way of the preparing plans for the use of drones for automobile industry with delivering better services to citizens. spillover applications and Commercial UAVs include air logistics effects across various grid and gas pipelines surveys, volumetric sectors assessment of mining locations, logistics, agriculture, mapping soil conditions and crop growth, oil and gas exploration, recreation and media coverage etc. Drone racing has become a recent fad in entertainment. They can even help in healthcare, transporting human organs at short notice and offer several

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 17 16-19-Drones.qxd 10/3/2018 12:44 PM Page 4

opportunities for innovation in the controls' viz., flight control, navigation the potential demand for drones for 'way of doing business'. Finally, there and collision avoidance systems, data multifarious applications and roles to are specifically designed research and links and remote controls for operation its maximum benefit and seek to development UAS for meteorology, of payloads. A single ground station establish a globally competitive broad avalanche studies, socio-economic data may control up to 4 UAVs. The DGCA spectrum drones industry across both collection, etc. CAR has also specified minimum manufacturing and services. The UAS opportunity has steadily equipment that UAS (except for Nano For Indian industry to really grow to attracted the attention of operators, UAS) need to be equipped with. These its full potential it is vitally important manufacturers and investors alike and include GNSS for horizontal and that the entire supply chain for the the industry is likely to go the way of vertical position fixing, Autonomous indigenous manufacture of drones be the automobile industry with spillover Flight Termination System or Return holistically addressed and facilitated to applications across various sectors. Home (RH) option, flashing anti- be located in India. These require With the promulgation of the CAR, the collision strobe lights, RFID and GSM design and engineering capabilities to role and responsibilities of the SIM Card/ NPNT compliant for APP be energised in both the private and operator and owner has been based real time tracking, Fire resistant public sector through better work load distinguished, areas for operations identification plate inscribed with UIN, and test facility sharing. DRDO and identified and excluded areas clearly flight controller with flight data logging National Aeronautical Laboratory defined, procedures for obtaining capability, SSR transponder (Mode 'C' (NAL) have designed targets and permits and licences are also in place. or 'S') or ADS-B OUT equipment, drones including the Rustom-II, which As business innovation and barometric equipment with capability conducted its first test flight in entrepreneurship accelerates in this for remote sub-scale setting, Geo- February 2018, and is slated for newly-opened sector, it is possible to fencing capability and detect and avoid entering service by 2020. In the private visualise the unlimited possibilities capability. These equipment sector several companies have that drones can be used to dramatically requirements also generate the scale designed nano to small UAS improve efficiency, effectiveness and and size for 'Come, Make in India'. successfully. COTS software for provide better economics, in terms of By some estimates, the total UAS automatic take-off and landing and time and money. The UAS can be an market in India is potentially of the automatic flight control system are efficient tool in the hands of the order of about USD 50-75 billion over available. Competency in system government and a tremendous the next 15 years. India must leverage integration exists in the private sector opportunity for investors. for small systems whereas NAL and From a core manufacturing DRDO does possess experience in perspective UAS are either fixed-wing larger UAS. or of a multi-rotor helicopter design. Aerostructure manufacturing The platform includes the aero expertise is limited by availability of structure, aero engines, avionics for materials and gaps exist in automatic take-off and landing, manufacture of major undercarriage, automatic flight control systems and With their ability primary structures, rotors, etc. There is communications. Each UAS can be to provide better no national capability for manufacture specifically configured to carry of engines, systems and advanced information appropriate payload to meet its payloads. For the immediate term the awareness—be it for mission requirements. These payloads key challenges would be the indigenous may include day and night cameras, governance, commerce development of gasoline powered aero various types of radars and scanners, or security—drones will engines for large UAS and a variety of communications and intelligence become an brushless DC Motors for smaller sensors, etc. The Ground Control indispensable element drones with matching high Station comprises the 'cockpit of the New India performance batteries/solar panel,

18 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 16-19-Drones.qxd 10/3/2018 12:44 PM Page 5

aerostructure materials and some Skill India framework. state. Institutes of Technology need to specific payloads such as LiDAR and Additional opportunities that could introduce specialised programmes for Multi/Hyper spectral scanners. A key be generated in the next few years UAS technology, perhaps in requirement is to lay down common include, Drones Air Traffic partnership with foreign universities. standards for drones and payloads to Management System and Counter Industry could support by sponsoring prevent each user from making unique Drone Systems. Counter drone 'Drone Chairs' or 'Centers of specifications for itself. technology is rapidly evolving in Excellence' in these Institutes. At NITI A second line of opportunity is in the response to fears over malicious use of Aayog, the Atal Innovation Mission and services sector. These include offering drones by terrorists, enemy forces or DRDO's Technology Development the UAS for the entire spectrum of even deliberate incursions into privacy. Fund could be further leveraged to remote sensing, surveillance, Therefore, Indian innovators, achieve excellence in this discipline. monitoring, estimation/alignment of academia and industry leaders need to Since UAS have tremendous road/rail construction projects, open work together on developing Counter- applications for better governance cast mining, landfills and dumping Drone technologies and Drone Air effecting a transformational change to ground waste volume calculation and Traffic Control Systems. law and order, management of leftwing disposal study, for landslides and India must realise the full potential extremism, crime prevention and avalanche studies and many more. It is of the UAS opportunity and leverage it detection a centralised Police Aviation possible to conceive of drone to best advantage as a powerful tool not Corps should also be considered. aggregators who provide services to only for security and safety, good Widespread adoption of the UAS customers from a central location with governance, increased productivity but through a facilitative framework would distributed flight operations. Advances also to promote new use cases for be a transformational step for India in IoT and digital communications consumer and commercial applications that would not only impact the ease of technology can beam real time data to to develop a sophisticated UAS doing business and way of doing the user irrespective of his location industry sector. business but also reduce the cost of with respect to the operating drone. Against this backdrop, India must doing business. It would also open up Dial a Drone may soon be a reality. UAS aspire to be the global hub for design, vistas for new jobs, investments, services by start-ups must be development and manufacture of all exports and bring in vibrancy in encouraged through incentives, types of UAS and associated payloads manufacturing and the services sector. benefits, advantageous taxation and and avionics. A liberal FDI regime that Finally, drones provide better duty regimes, etc., as the potential for removes unnecessarily restrictive information awareness—whether for jobs and gross value added to the clauses such as local content, equity governance, commerce or security. national economy are tremendous. capping, offsets etc. should be removed Drones will become an indispensable Other opportunities include to attract Global OEMs to 'Come, Make element of the new and smart India. business, MRO, spares, upgrades and in India'. A cluster approach to create Therefore, the promotion of drones life extension/recertification services, the world's largest drone design, should become a professionally logistics and communication services, development, testing and production managed national mission. flight and mission training, including park should be given urgent attention, development of simulators, and which could be supported by the —The author has retired from the design and engineering for new Central Government and offered as Indian Navy as the Principal Director products. These skills for the New challenge to state governments to bid Navy Plans in 2009. Presently, he is a India should be encouraged under the for locating this mega project in their Senior Consultant at NITI Aayog

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 19 20-22Make_in_India-2.qxd 10/3/2018 7:29 PM Page 2

Make in India INDIAN DEFENCE EQUIPMENT FOR COMBAT READINESS

IAF looks forward to Make in India to make India self-reliant in manufacturing defence equipment for combat readiness. A report

[email protected] nation which has been largely ver since Prime Minister dependent on other nations for its launched the Make in India defence equipment profile has Ecampaign in September 2014, adopted PM’s mantra of harnessing several industries including the resources in the home land. defence have come forward to Several small and medium-sized embrace it and work towards enterprises (SMEs) have been indigenisation. actively working towards India presently has the world’s manufacturing and supplying second largest military force with auxiliary equipment, mainly sub- over 1.4 million active personnel. A assemblies, components and even providing system integration. The Make in India initiative has given these SMEs the momentum to enhance their efficiency and

20 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 20-22Make_in_India-2.qxd 10/3/2018 7:29 PM Page 3 20-22Make_in_India-2.qxd 10/3/2018 7:29 PM Page 4

manufacturing capabilities. The Rafale jets are expected to be Dassault Aviation that bagged the 36 larger objective of Make in India for manufactured here and later Rafale jets contract, said that it is defence is to make India self-reliant assembled in France. The entire jet game for the Make in India initiative in manufacturing defence equipment. will be assembled here depending on and is open to manufacturing the jets Former defence minister in the further orders. in India if they are shortlisted for NDA government, Manohar Parrikar, “All future needs of the Rafale jets, bigger orders. in a bid to set afloat the Make in India whether it is for the Navy or Air campaign in 2016 had set a target to Force, will be under the Make in India MAJOR PLANS IN THE PIPELINE raise defence exports up to $2 billion initiative at Mihan. We are best Apart from Rafale jets, in April this by 2019. He had also admitted that positioned to serve the double engine year, India kick started the process to India envisions to transform itself as fighter jet market and we have full acquire a fleet of around 110 fighter a major exporter and that it was technology transfer from France,” jets. This has been termed one of the largely dependent on the said chairman of a major industry. It world’s biggest military procurement encouragement to these MSMEs. is said that the production will start in the recent times. in 2018 and that over 500 small and The IAF’s Request for Information INDIA: THE LARGEST ARMS medium scale enterprises will be (RFI) for the billion dollar IMPORTER involved in the offsets and exports of procurement aligns with the According to a report in 2017, India is the 36 Rafale jets’ contract. government’s Make in India initiative. among the largest importers of In September, adding momentum According to experts, the Make in conventional defence equipment. to the government’s initiative, India is slow yet progressing steadily. Capital acquisition in defence amounts to about 31 per cent of the total defence budget. India relies on import for about 60 per cent of its defence requirements. India’s defence import increased by almost 90 per cent between 2006-10 and 2011-15. The arms import by India increased by 24 per cent between 2008-12 and 2013-17. A report by global think tank Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), India is the world’s largest arms importer, accounting for 12 per cent of global imports between 2013 and 2017. Reacting to the report by SIPRI, Defence Minister said that defence PSUs and ordnance factories have a lot of potential and that they need to be ‘revived, revitalised and made a lot more dynamic’. At present, India has allocated nearly 1.56 per cent of the GDP for the defence budget. However, experts believe that the defence budget needs to go up to 2.5 per cent as the defence services are capital intensive. The increased budget also has the They believe there is a need to potential to nurture the grand proliferate the initiative to enhance indigenisation plans of the Indian indigenous manufacturing capabilities. Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air There is a need to create, develop and Force. improve missile system. One of the reasons that hinder the FUTURE PROSPECTS Indian Air Force from functioning at In July this year, India’s first private Defence experts feel its full capacity is the sluggish pace of jet facility for production of Rafale that the defence procurement. With Make in India fighter jets and Falcon civilian budget needs to go up initiative that encourages native aircraft was set up at Mihan in to 2.5 per cent from the manufacturing, there is a possibility Nagpur, Maharshtra. present 1.56 per cent as that this issue can be deftly managed The facility has been established the defence services and enhance the combat-readiness of under the joint venture between are capital intensive. the Indian Air Force. This mission Dassault Aviation and Reliance This would also nurture must be made possible, feel the experts Group. Critical components of the 36 the indigenisation plans from IAF.

22 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 23-26_Technology.qxd 10/4/2018 3:39 PM Page 1

Technology & R&D

TECHNOLOGY AND DEFINITION OF IPR Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) is the main ingredient to establish the vibrant eco-system of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the aerospace industry. A report

rAir Vice Marshal PK Srivastava (Retd) leverage our advantageous position as a buyer to seed technologies within the country. ndia, though one of the These initiatives have generally failed to largest economies, has a achieve the desired objective of self-reliance. Idubious distinction of Self-reliance still eludes us. Case in point is being one of the largest that of HAL-a public sector undertaking had importers of the weapon been manufacturing aircraft for past six systems of the world. India, decades is still deficient of manufacturing also, has been trying to boost technologies/processes required for modern its own arms industry through offset aircraft. This is so when HAL enjoyed obligations imposed on its foreign suppliers. absolute support and funding from Government. It was expected that HAL would HINDRANCE TO INDIA’S SELF-RELIANCE IN become the centre of excellence for DEFENCE WEAPON SYSTEMS manufacturing technologies in aviation There have been several panels, task forces sector. This would create a seed around which and think tank sessions that fine-tuned other tier-ised private sector industries Defence Procurement Procedures (DPP) to would crystallise and grow their strengths.

August 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 23 23-26_Technology.qxd 10/4/2018 3:39 PM Page 2

projects/programmes also get short closed post decades of efforts due to their non-viability like Trishul etc. Moot point here is that private and public sector both are acutely aware of this business uncertainty. However, if public sector participates and project/programme succeeds, they This, in get crowned by not only first order effect, didn’t but also all subsequent orders. This happen. The gives great commercial comfort to lack of in- public sector for participating and house strength growing along with DRDO. DRDO also of product gets unhindered cooperation since technologies their success fits in the and related R&D has been one of the commercial goals of adversely impacting factors that delayed participating public sector. the LCA programme by more than a However, same is not true for private decade. sector. Existing procedures do not permit private sector to get continued SOME SOUL SEARCHING IS order support from nominated NECESSARY DPSU/OF despite their support of HIGH POINT: The As we know and understand that projects/programmes during their R&D government funds for major R&D and manufacturing incubation. This need of the hour is initiatives that are placed at the disposal aspect is energy sapping. Enthusiastic to synergise of DRDO who then invite and engage participation of private sector with their private and public sector companies to intellectual, physical and financial It is time to establish Tier I in assist them in their technology and resources is key to success of aerospace industry for product development activities. And we innovative/newer/bigger vibrant growth of MSME are fully aware that R&D efforts for projects/programmes. It is essential Reward to MSMEs post major systems go on for couple of that they consider themselves as equal success of development decades before any commercial gains partners to the success story. It is time programmes due to their may accrue to either public or private now to examine in detail what may be long-term engagement and sector as happened in cases of Akash the probable best solution this contribution - an issue of Missile System, LCA etc. Some situation. definition of IPR Establishing mentor - mentee relationship with Tier I Companies under some norms to ensure order inflow Leveraging Make II procedure for growth of MSME sector. TDF to play a vital role in development of indigenous technologies MRLS to act as commencement point for self sufficiency. Building brand India as commitment to quality for development of export trajectory

24 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 23-26_Technology.qxd 10/4/2018 3:39 PM Page 3

IMPACT OF IPR REGIME ON ESTABLISHMENT OF AEROSPACE INDUSTRIAL BASE A look at one of the successful programmes may throw some light on attendant issues of passive participation of private sector. Development of AKASH weapon system into an operationally deployable weapon system took nearly a decade and half. Several public and private sector companies participated in the development programme. Technology designs emanated from DRDO labs for all BTP items. However, production/manufacturing designs and processes were developed and designed by manufacturing work centres. AKASH weapon system programme succeeded. All public sector companies were accredited with assurance of current and future orders due to their prolonged association during development phase. However, private sector companies are not programme may be a great motivator part of manufacturing and supply eco- considered at the same potential since this will create financial incentive system. In India too MSMEs account creating dysfunctional uncertainties. for such efforts and money. As per for nearly 90 per centof all business current state of financial regulations, it establishments, nearly half of exports. CLOSER LOOK AT THE IPR ISSUE: is not feasible for DPSUs/OFB to place They generate employment IPR REDEFINED continued orders on private sector opportunities for nearly 70 per cent of We, probably, need to have a closer look companies unless they are granted work force. But the story of aerospace at IPR regime. A definition that some special status. These companies industry is entirely otherwise. distinguishes between Technology IPR have toiled make weapon systems a Of course, each one of us realises and Product IPR may bring in clarity. reality alongside DRDO. They merit to that growth and sustenance of MSMEs DRDO will continue to hold technology be treated well and awarded a special are feasible, only if, ‘order inflow’ can IPR in recognition to their efforts in status by granting them Product IPR. be sustained. And where are the orders R&D while public and private sector This will permit DPSUs/OFB to place on Indian aerospace industry? This would get their recognition in form of not only first but all future orders. This key stimulant is amiss. There is no product IPR with assured change in system has a great potential doubt that for self-reliance aerospace unconditional availability and to motivate not only the present but all industry needs MSMEs more than any unfettered rights to GoI/MoD. This future generation of entrepreneurs to other segment of economy. All mechanism would have the potency to spend their time and money in defence aircrafts, once inducted, need encourage investments in product IPR domain more diligently. supporting manufacturing and supply by the private sector giving large chain infrastructure for their number of partners to DRDO at the ab- MSMES HOLD THE KEY TO VIBRANT sustenance and operations for at least initio stage. This may reduce the AEROSPACE INDUSTRIAL BASE four decades. And this is a very cost- development cycle, promote upfront Globally, MSMEs are indispensable intensive issue. Just to give an idea, it investments to produce prototypes takes nearly four to five times of the matching mature product and enhance cost of induction during a period of the chances of success of various three decades of aircraft deployment. programmes. Argument for private A functional ecosystem of MSMEs can sector to be conferred with product IPR address this issue. If this ecosystem is is in line with Ronald Coase’s Nobel somehow established then it can draw Prize winning ideas on property rights upon order inflow even beyond the that explains that “when rights are not period of induction of aircrafts for its Synergy of public and well-defined we do not get an effective own sustenance. Basic and ongoing use of resources”. Synergy of public and private sectors would point is – as to how to make this private sectors would definitely mean mean effective use of happen. To my mind two points are effective use of resources. This resources. This would absolutely essential that is attainment distinction of IPR offers public sector offer public sector like of aerospace technologies so as to like status to private sector in their status to private sector make saleable LRUs, sub-modules, investments in terms of efforts and in their investments in sub-sub modules etc. and hierarchy of money. Essential issue of assured terms of efforts and eco-system that has SI, tier I, tier II orders in wake of success of a money and tier III.

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 25 23-26_Technology.qxd 10/4/2018 3:39 PM Page 4

Another point worth reminding is that succeed. This is why I think that a most of the Governments have leveraged hierarchic model is the need of the their military requirements to create hour. An aerospace industrial eco- such an eco-system. China is a shining system essentially means a vibrant tier example of the same. We, today, are at I, tier II and tier III that need to co- same point, wherein, we can leverage our exist along with prime. GOING FORWARD: position to commence the process of Establishing aerospace industrial self-sufficiency. Therefore, unlike in system would mean collaborative and The need of the other cases, wherein, industry could cooperative transfer of technology from hour for the future grow on the strength of liberal policies, the foreign OEM and their tier-ed herein, role of Government as purchaser companies to SP and all tier-ed In India MSMEs account for and facilitator becomes most critical. Companies of our aerospace industrial nearly 90 per centof all Make procedure is a great beginning in eco-system. A tier-to-tier dialogue business establishments, the right direction but Make procedure, would be a necessity. Caution here is nearly half of exports by itself, may not be able to achieve that Government support should not There is no doubt that for desired objectives of self-reliance. We only facilitate chosen SP for ToT and self-reliance aerospace need to do more. IPR issues but should also create industry needs MSMEs more As we know in aerospace industry, necessary environment for tier-to-tier than any other segment of MSMEs will reside at tier II & III level. dialogue. Limiting only to SP may not economy SI position will either be taken up by meet the core objective of revitalising All aircrafts, once inducted, HAL or by a nominated strategic aerospace industrial system. This is need supporting partner (SP). In aerospace industry tier very critical to success of this policy manufacturing and supply I is essentially a system manufacturer and merits a separate and very clear chain infrastructure for their and SI/OEM is a system of system methodology for selection of tier-ed sustenance and operations manufacturer. Therefore, tier I position partners for each segment. for at least four decades. will necessarily be taken up by large Technology is main seed for And this is a very cost- companies having stature of likes of establishment of aerospace industrial eco- intensive issue GE, Thales, Safran, UTC etc. Case in system developed either through Therefore, unlike in other point is that we already have SI in the Technology Development Fund (TDF) or cases, wherein, industry form of HAL or we can have another ToT. ToT by itself is not a product. What could grow on the strength one for the purpose through SP, but the we need is aerospace industrial base that of liberal policies, herein, missing link is tier I. In such a case, can take us to the path of self-reliance. We role of Government as even if the order is placed on SI, large may leverage offset obligation of OEMs to purchaser and facilitator parts of these orders will still flow out stimulate this. We need to manufacture becomes most critical to foreign OEMs for engines, avionics, products that are either LRUs or Make procedure is a great instrumentation and complex aero modules/sub-modules/sub-sub-modules. beginning in the right structures etc. The idea is that tier I is First level of self-reliance may mean that direction, but the Make expected to place order on tier II & III we are able to sustain our inducted fleet of procedure, by itself, may not in a waterfall mechanism. This tier I aircraft and helicopters through be able to achieve the being non-existential, all major indigenous industry. Manufacturers do desired objectives of component assembly therefore will give us ‘manufacturers recommended list self-reliance continue flowing from OEM or their of spares (MRLS)’ as part of RFP tier I keeping us hugely dependent on responses. Invariably, MRLS will also OEM. And this makes me think that we contain all items that are built around need tier I for tier II and tier III to critical technologies. This list contains aggregates that are required to be procured and held in inventory of the users for upkeep, servicing and maintenance of acquired aircraft or helicopters. Our desired list of ToT will definitely be a subset of manufacturing these MRLS items. We may impress upon foreign OEM to support respective tier company in manufacturing selected items from MRLS that have identified technologies within them. This, if fructifies due to commercial pull of the market size of the defence pie, may become a game changer in creating aerospace industrial eco-system since these items are directly saleable to users. We desperately need MSMEs participation to build aerospace industrial eco-system.

26 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 27-30_DEFENCE-PARTNERSHIP.qxd 10/3/2018 1:00 PM Page 1

DEEP MISSION

Maritime security in the Indian Ocean Region is of utmost importance for the national security. Optimum results can only be achieved if all three defence forces—Army, Navy and Air Force—work in an integrated manner POWERFUL, TOGETHER r Maj Gen AK Chaturvedi biogenous and antigenic mineral deposits. It is a warm water ocean ndian Ocean is where the temperature differential the third largest between the surface temperature Iocean having an and the bottom lends itself for area of 73,55,6000 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion square kilometre. (OTEC). It also has potential for Indian Ocean Region tidal and wave energy conversion. It (IOR) is house to 56 countries. It is has 30 straits and channels. repository of mineral wealth and has Important choke points from a number of oil bearing sedimentary West to East are: Bab el Mandeb, a basins. In fact, Persian Gulf region is 50-km long and 19-km wide strait perceived to be the largest oil bearing located between Yemen in Arabian region, both on-shore and off-shore. Peninsula and Djibouti and Eritrea It has vast potential for fisheries and in the Horn of Africa. It connects coral wealth. Besan and Placer Red Sea with the Gulf of Aden. Strait deposits are arguably the largest in of Hormuz, located between Oman the world and their harvesting may and Iran is 54 km wide, connects the change the fortune of littoral Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. countries. Indian Ocean floor is Strait of Malacca is an 850-km long covered with a variety of terrigenous, stretch water between Malay

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 27 27-30_DEFENCE-PARTNERSHIP.qxd 10/3/2018 1:00 PM Page 2

INDIAN OCEAN REGION: An ocean of opportunities Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean having an area of 73,55,6000 square kilometre. Indian Ocean Region (IOR) is house to 56 countries It is repository of mineral wealth and has a number of Peninsula and the Indonesian Island of 80 per cent of it will be import based. As oil bearing sedimentary Sumatra; at narrowest it is 2.8 km wide. basins. In fact, Persian Gulf region is perceived to be the Indian Ocean provides major sea routes to such, 60 per cent of Oil bound to China largest oil bearing region connect West Asia, Africa and East Asia and 50 per cent of Oil bound to Japan both on shore and off shore. with Europe and America. Area is also passes through Strait of Malacca. In It has vast potential for prone to disasters as tectonic plate with monetary terms, it is to the tune of US $70 fisheries and coral wealth Australia is just beginning to sub billion. Half of the container traffic passes duct/collide with the plate which forms through the Strait of Malacca. India It is a warm water ocean where the temperature South East Asia, while the Indian Plate is imports 70 per cent of its oil based on differential between the also in collision with Asian Plate. 4000 tankers and almost 95 per cent of surface temperature and the Major threats in IOR, include trade of India moves by the sea. One of bottom lends itself for international terrorism, drug trafficking Major concern of India is safety and Ocean Thermal Energy and piracy in and around Horn of Africa. security of its energy bearing resources Conversion. It also has Middle East has its own threats based on and their smooth passage. As such, India potential for tidal and wave its highly volatile situation and ISIS threat. always wants Suez Canal and Strait of energy conversion, and has Poaching of fishery resources is also a Malacca open at all times. One more major 30 straits and channels source of tension in the IOR. In fact more area of concern for India is the safety of than half of the world's conflicts are the 3.5 million Indian diaspora, which is presently located in IOR. located in Gulf Region. To safeguard its The Indian Ocean has always been and economic and strategic interests, China will remain on the strategic radar of great powers because of its location and the resources it offers. It has turned out to be an arena of geopolitical rivalry among world powers and the regional states. In today's environment of increasing global economic integration, security in the IOR has become challenging given the persistent threats the smooth flow of trade and commerce which calls for freedom of navigation and security of the sea lanes. Every year 120,000 ships pass through Indian Ocean. 80 per cent of the sea-borne trade and 70 per cent of oil travels through various choke points. 40 per cent of this trade passes through Strait of Hormuz, 35 per cent through Strait of Malacca and 8 per cent through Bab El Mandeb. This makes the sea lanes of communication strategically very important. By 2020 China is likely to become biggest consumer of the petroleum products and

28 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 27-30_DEFENCE-PARTNERSHIP.qxd 10/3/2018 1:00 PM Page 3

still exists), international terrorism and drug trafficking (Afghan smuggling of Heroin and ISIS threat), poaching and intrusion by outside powers. With the growing economy of the country, Indian interests in IOR are increasing. Not only for its energy security but for its trade, security of fisheries against poaching and anti- piracy needs, the area between Bas el Mandeb and Strait of Malacca is of interest to India and there is a need for India to have capability to influence operations in this area. India has to deal with not only sea pirates and terrorist organisations but also the coordinated strength of PLA Navy and Pak Navy. Air power is employment of air assets of the nation to assert the nation's will through the medium of air to achieve national security objectives. It entails decimation, defeat or contain enemy's has its stakes in Gwadar and Jiwani in air power through air land operations, Pakistan, Djibouti, Bagamayo in provide strategic/tactical air lift through Tanzania Oman, now in Maldives, air transport operations and finally Hambantota in Sri Lanka, Chittagong in landing on hostile territory through Air Bangladesh and Sitwe and CoCo Island Borne Operations. Targets over sea are in Myanmar. It is also believed that attacked in conjunction with dedicated China is trying hard to get a foothold in Gone are the days ships in range and maritime Maldives and some kind of facilities may when single service reconnaissance aircrafts. be coming could take care of the In IOR, the Indian Air Force (IAF) in up at Marao Atoll. China is also trying to tasks related to conjunction with the Indian Navy (IN) get the Kra of Isthmus dug in Thailand national security. An and Indian Coast Guards is responsible to join Gulf of Thailand and Andaman integrated approach to ensure safety and security of 'in Sea, which will help her to avoid using between the three bound' and 'out bound' mercantile trade, Strait of Malacca. At Hainan in South services are needed to disaster relief, safety and security of its China Sea an Underground Nuclear fetch the best results off shore assets, which will further Submarine facility at Yulin Naval Base increase in numbers in years ahead and has come up. In recent times their finally evacuation of Indian diaspora in submarines have been sighted close to moving to the USA. times of distress in the areas where they Great Nicobar Island (GNI). Indian Peninsula juts out 1980-km are trapped. While it is true that IN is It is not only China but many other into the Indian Ocean with 50 per cent of essentially responsible for the India's countries have also deployed their the Indian Ocean basin lying within maritime security, however gone are forces in the Indian Ocean. US 5th Fleet 1500-km radius of India. India has a those days when single service could based at Bahrain is also active in the IO. coast line of 7516 km. 572 islands in take care of the tasks related to national In addition USA has Diego Garcia as an Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands security. It has to be an integrated air Naval Base and Logistics Base. USA stretching over 850 km from North to approach which can fetch the best also has deployed Task Forces, 152 and South, on an average of 1200 km from results. While Navy has its own air arm 150 for safe passage of oil from Persian the main land and just about 150 km as well as submarine arm, but for the Gulf and for Counter Piracy operations from Banda Aceh in Indonesia in the Bay best results for the maritime security of from Gulf of Oman to Kenya of Bengal and 36 islands of Lakshadweep the IOR, a coordinated effort of the three respectively. France also has bases at and Minicoy Islands in Arabian Sea, add services is essential. For the air Djibouti, Reunion and Abu Dhabi Post to the security as well as to the Exclusive domination of the area of interest in the 9/11, the International Maritime Economic Zone (EEZ) of India. India has IOR, a coordinated effort of the IN and Organisation (IMO) in 2002 highlighted a large EEZ measuring about 2.2-2.8 the IAF is obligatory. To tackle the that the Malacca Strait and Indian million square km. It is highly rich in designs of People's Liberation Army- Ocean vulnerable to piracy. In last few fisheries, petrochemicals (only 30 per Navy (PLAN); to assert its preeminence years the centre of gravity has shifted to cent has been explored), sea bed in the IOR, India also needs to Western Indian Ocean, particularly minerals (highly rich in gas hydrates, coordinate its efforts with friendly around the Horn of Africa. The IMO copper and manganese nodules) and has foreign armed forces active in the IOR. adopted International Ship and Port good scope for thermal energy India has been working to improve its Security (ISPS) Code. USA has adopted conversion due to warm waters. It is infrastructure in ANI, establishing a Container Security Initiative as a vulnerable to piracy (although it has facilities in friendly IOR countries as counter terrorism measures for trade shown a decline this year but potential well as having tie up with foreign

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 29 27-30_DEFENCE-PARTNERSHIP.qxd 10/3/2018 1:00 PM Page 4

military powers operating in IOR. Aim is IAF even with its current holding of SU-30 to use these islands as a spring board for MKI and Jaguar Deep Penetration Strike the power projection in Eastern Indian Aircraft armed with weapon systems like Ocean and check PLAN's design to make cruise missiles BrahMos and other long inroads into the Indian Ocean. range weapons like Harpoon missiles, with The establishment of an Andaman and midair refueling using IL-78 refueler, Nicobar Command (ANC) and a Tri Service which is capable of executing successful Command at Port Blair was a step in this missions in conjunction with the the P-81 direction. Recently-developed Naval air Maritime Reconnaissance air crafts of IN Station INS BAAZ at Campbell Bay in over a distance of 2500 km. Thus, the air Great Nicobar Island (GNI), Air Base at Car crafts of the IAF can take off from a base on Nicobar and Port Blair have all given India eastern coast, engage multiple targets an 'Aerial reach' up Malacca, Sunda, towards the western sea board of India and Lombok and Ombai Wetter Straight in Six land at the southern base. This validates Degree Channel (sea separating GNI with India's long range strike capability. Indonesia), dominate Ten Degree Channel However, the Indian preparation to (separating Little Andaman and Nicobar safeguard its security interests in IOR is a Group of Islands) and Duncan's passage work in progress. It is time to consider the (separating Rutland Island part of Great following recommendations: Andaman Island and the Little Andaman  At Car Nicobar Fighter, a detachment Island). should be added, initially for a limited The Government of India has allocated period and later as a permanent facility Rs 10,000 Crores ($1.95 billion) for the  Early operationalisation of an Air Base development of ports and inter-island at South Bay in GNI connectivity. The Runway Length at  Air Defence assets to enhance the Campbell Bay in GNI and Shibpur in North Medium power RADARs being deployed in Andaman is being increased to ANI accommodate larger aircrafts like C-130.  Unmanned Aerial Vehicles assets should Rotry wing facilities are also coming up at be added to the inventory of the ANC Kamorta Island. India is also coordinating  Operational capability of the ANC PREPAREDNESS AT efforts with other littoral countries, France should be enhanced EVERY LEVEL: The and USA. The recent agreements with USA  Exercise MILAN, a biennial exercise need of the hour of Logistics exchange Memorandum of conducted by the ANC, be further Agreement and Communication strengthened to enhance regional At Car Nicobar, fighter Compatibility and Security Agreement are cooperation and also coordinated patrols detachment should be steps in that direction. Similarly India and with Indonesia, Thailand, should be added, initially for a limited France have gone for a Security accord to further made more effective period and later as a use each other's naval facilities. India is  For better cooperation amongst the permanent facility also focused on cooperative engagement three services Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles with littoral countries of Indian Ocean. be appointed or Permanent Chairman of assets should be added to India has berthing facilities at Oman, Gan Chiefs of Staff Committee be introduced the inventory of the ANCIAF Island in Maldives has been given to India  Integrated Defence (IDS) HQ be is also channelling its efforts for stationing Reconnaissance and integrated with the Ministry of Defence to revive and strengthen its Surveillance Air Crafts, Madagascar has In conclusion, maritime security of the existing fleet of combat allowed India to build a Radar Station, a Indian interests in the IOR are of utmost aircrafts Joint Military facility is coming up at importance for the national security. The Exercise MILAN, a biennial Assumption Island in Seychelles and India most optimum results can be obtained by exercise conducted by the is improving facilities at Chabahar port of the three services working in an integrated ANC, be further Iran. India has initiated a Security and manner. Due to its reach based on its strengthened to enhance Growth for all in the region (SAGAR) to equipment holding and operational regional cooperation. make the security of the region, a collective philosophy, air power has a pivotal role. Besides, coordinated patrols effort. There is a need to accept that and make all with Indonesia, Thailand The recently-held exercise Gagan out efforts to improve IAF's response should be further made Shakti-2018 of the IAF validated that the capability in IOR. more effective

30 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 31-36_SelfReliance.qxd 10/4/2018 4:14 PM Page 1

SELF RELIANCE

UNMANNED AIR POWER

Although UAVs constitute a relatively small portion of the aerospace market, they comprise a dynamic and most promising sub-market. India is on the verge of a revolution in unmanned space vehicles like never before

rCol KV Kuber pilot which uses aerodynamic forces to fly and fulfil 'dull, dirty and/or dangerous' DEFINING UAS AND UAV tasks. The applications of a UAV pan across An Unmanned Aerial Systems sector and geography serving commercial, (UAS) references the broader scientific and security requirements, among ecosystem that involves the others. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle UAV innovations reportedly started in (UAV), along with a few other early 1900s focussing on providing practice components including an autonomous or a targets for training military personnel. human operated control system from the Gradually, with the concern of losing pilots land, sea and/or air, and a command and over hostile territory, the concept of an control system in order to link them unmanned aircraft (as it stands today) together coupled with a maintenance system started taking shape. From being used as and the operating personnel. A UAV is a decoys to spur opposing forces into wasting powered, aerial vehicle without a human expensive anti-aircraft missiles, to being

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 31 31-36_SelfReliance.qxd 10/4/2018 4:14 PM Page 2

used as a surveillance platform, to being a medium to save lives during war—the interest in UAVs grew in the higher echelons of the military forces. In the current times, carrying a lesser payload and for a smaller operational range, a UAV is arguably capable of all possible activities and/or missions that a manned aerial platform is expected to do. In the initial times, UAVs were largely used with a military objective. The earliest recorded use of a UAV dates back to 1849, when the Austrians attacked the Italian city of Venice, using unmanned balloons loaded with explosives. In 1915 the British military used aerial photography in the Battle of Neuve Chappelle and the US started developing the technology during the Programme Manufacturer Quantity Cost First World War in 2016. With the Israel Indian Air Force (IAF) Air Force's victory over the Syrian Air Rustom DRDO Total $60 million for 3 Force in 1982, the perception towards Quantity: 15 aircraft and 1 UAVs changed as the Israel Air Force ground station destroyed a dozen Syrian aircraft with minimal losses using both UAVs and AURA Stealth UCAV ADA, DARE --- $75 million for 2 manned aircraft. Miniature drones were aircraft and 1 introduced in the 1990s and in 2000 the ground station US deployed the Predator drone in Nirbhay UAV DRDO 30 --- Afghanistan. Lakshya-II DRDO --- $531,687.5 each Fast forward to the current decade Indian Navy (IN) and we see UAVs/drones being applied in every sphere, the latest being Rustom DRDO Total $60 million for 3 proposals to deliver packages to Quantity:15 aircraft and 1 ground station customers by e-commerce companies. MALE (Medium Altitude DRDO 10 $ 225 Million THE REVOLUTION Long Endurance) UAV- Although UAVs constitute a relatively Rustom small portion of the aerospace market, PAWAN-Mini UAV DRDO 4 $ 33.2 Million they comprise a 'dynamic' and 'most promising' sub-market. India is on the NIRBHAY UAV DRDO 50-80 --- verge of a revolution in unmanned Naval Rotary UAV DRDO 3 $232.6 Million space vehicles, like never before. Netra, Micro UAV DRDO, IDEAFORGE --- $50000 each In the military segment, we as a Tech nation, have the unique privilege of GAGAN Tactical UAV DRDO, HAL & Israel --- $55.5 Million being Number 1 importers and UAV segment cannot be an exception to the Indian Army (IA) trend. India is the number 1 importer of Rustom DRDO Total $60 million for 3 UAVs in the world, while UK gives us Quantity:15 aircraft and 1 close competition. On the other hand, ground station Israel is the number 1 exporter of UAVs Rustom -2 DRDO, ADE and 10 $ 342.25 million in the world with the USA far behind at one selected a poor second position. production agency cum development INDIAN ARMED FORCES’ UAV partner SCENARIO AND INDIGENOUS DEVELOPMENT Nishant ADE Total 12; $4.47million The spend on UAVs since 1990s till now 4 inducted each is more than USD 1.5 bn. It was Slybird Mini-UAV DRDO-ADE, --- $350,000 for 3 envisaged that UAVs would proliferate CSIR-NAL, aircraft and 1 till the battalion level in the Indian IITs, IISc & NDRF ground station Army by the end of 12th plan, but this Netra DRDO, IDEAFORGE 24 inducted by $50000 each has not happened. The spend on UAS in Tech BSF and CRPF the next five years is expected to be

32 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 31-36_SelfReliance.qxd 10/4/2018 4:14 PM Page 3

INDIAN ENTERPRISES IN THE UAV SEGMENT While the public sector dominated the segment till about a decade ago, USD 3 billion. the private sector has invested heavily UAS are widely used in the Network and has made an impactful mark. Centric Scenario, in Naxal infested There are small companies like Alpha TRACING THE ROLE areas, Low Intensity environment, Design technologies, Dynamatics, OF UAVs: From then and there are examples of their use in Idea Forge and others, there are at aid to civil authorities, like in Kerala least 15 companies that have secured to now floods and other such calamities. a valid industrial licence for While the mini and micro UAVS can manufacture of UAVs/UAS. We must UAVs were largely used with be used for seuveillance and acknowledge the entry of new kids on a military objective. The earliest recorded use of a detection, the Tactical UAVs (TUAV) the block who have invested in UAV dates back to 1849, the demand is higher due to their use knowledge, skill, talent and infra to when the Austrians attacked in conventional operations and build a state-of-the-art the Italian city of Venice intense environments. Then we have manufacturing facility within one using unmanned balloons the HALE (High Altitude Long year of their entry. The best part is loaded with explosives Endurance), MALE (Medium Altitude With the Israel Air Force's Long Endurance), VTOL (Vertical victory over the Syrian Air Take-off and Landing) etc., for Force in 1982, the specific uses. perception towards UAVs Presently, UAVs occupy a 1 per cent changed as the Israel Air share of defence expenditure, which Force destroyed a dozen is likely to increase, given their Although UAVs Syrian aircraft with minimal versatility in employment. losses using both, UAVs and constitute a relatively Defence Research and manned aircraft Development Organisation (DRDO) small portion of the aerospace market, they Miniature drones were has led pioneering efforts in introduced in the 1990s and comprise a dynamic development of UAVs, and these in 2000 the US deployed the needed to be launded and taken and most promising Predator drone in inspirations from. Some of the sub-market. India is on Afghanistan programmes undertaken by DRDO the verge of a are given as under: revolution in this field

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 33 31-36_SelfReliance.qxd 10/4/2018 4:14 PM Page 4

this is a manufacturing unit that would look beyond the frontiers of the nation to create an export market to begin with, while they would actively address the domestic demand. Business potential is optimally used when the global market is addressed. Similar is the case with some companies who have provided unique solutions that address the complete spectrum of employment from a small tactical operation to the satellite drones for strategic surveillance and UCAVs for intense combat. We also have VEM technologies based out of Hyderabad, who have already established their credentials in exports of Relay Boxes, Actuators and Launchers; while having created an in- house capability for manufacture of airframes, electro-optics and communication devices, power distribution, structures, fuel-feed management and others. So many more others are there who have deployed their UAVs in support of Kerala floods. The industry has the requisite energy, the market has the demand, and the Forces need low-cost solutions in operational scenarios. Some of the programmes in the ppipeline are as under: Other security agencies like CRPF, NSG, Police, etc., also have a demand with varying numbers for mini UAVS, VTOLs and medium UAVs of more than 400 in the next one year itself. The requirements for the security forces are exceeding 10,000 UAVs of all types in the next 3 to 5 years. These are likely to follow a procurement process oriented towards tenders placed in favour of Indian companies, Make in India route. Indian Navy and Indian Air Force are already making plans towards the procurement of the weaponised Predators and Avengers from General Atomics on an FMS (Foreign Military Sales) route and this is bound to happen sooner than later. This is an operational requirement and cannot be stalled for RFIs/RFPs Issued Quantity Cost too long. Mini & Macro UAV for Army 500 $ 85 million GLOBAL TID-BITS High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) --- $175 million Boeing has recently carried out a UAV for Army synchronised flight test in an UAV Mission Simulator for Army 1 $30 million autonomous mode for the C2 Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle for IAF ------technologies from Phantom Micro Unmanned Aerial Systems for IAF 95 $10 million works/Queensland. General Atomics and IN has launched their first beyond the visual line of sight flight from the R&D Small VTOL MINI UAS for IAF ------centre at Grand Sky. Astronautics High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) --- $150-$200 million partners with German Kasaero for e- UAV for Navy VTOL. X-wing from Aviation

34 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 31-36_SelfReliance.qxd 10/4/2018 4:14 PM Page 5

Technology Group is ready for all- three forces—Indian Army, Indian passenger no-pilot flight. Physical Navy and Indian Air Force—all of them optics eyes deployable distribution require UAVs and UAS. military avionics sub-system to A fragmented division in each of the decentralise mission data processing. service is in a sense distributed energy The developments globally are with no centre of excellence. astounding and we need to keep pace. This unmanned space will assume magnanimous proportions with over- THE PROPOSAL reaching applications and far-reaching The Indian Armed Forces should have effect. India could be the first country a separate force named as The to have TUF. Unmanned Force (TUF). This is an This will enable a focussed essential pre-requisite since all the development of technologies around

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 35 31-36_SelfReliance.qxd 10/4/2018 4:15 PM Page 6

FUTURE PROPOSAL: Creation of The Unmanned Force

The Indian Armed Forces should have a separate force named as "The Unmanned Force (TUF). This is an essential pre-requisite since all the three Forces, Indian Army, IN and IAF all of unmanned systems, develop centre of THE FUTURE ROADMAP them require UAVs and UAS excellence for each system and then TUF UAS is a force multiplier and must be This will enable a focussed can come in support of all three services used as such. The effects can be out of development of for effect with an unmatched expertise. proportion to the effort, with huge technologies around The number of unmanned systems is only savings on all fronts. An integrated, unmanned systems, develop going to increase and each service with its systematic and a collaborated approach centre of excellence for core competency being in manned needs a closer look to begin with, before each system and then TUF systems may not be in a position to we are drawn into turf-protection can come in support of all exploit the nature of force-multiplier battles. Recognition of UAVs/UAS as a three services for effect with effect the UAS can. This is a requirement potent weapon system, both in peace an unmatched expertise of the day. Modalities of manning the and war is the first step. The second Modalities of manning the unmanned force can be worked out in step is the investment in technologies unmanned force can be consultation with each of the service and and indigenous development with worked out in consultation experts can be pooled from the users in a collaborative arrangements. If these with each of the service coordinated manner. All the three services two are in place, the rest will follow. need to work in tandem for better results and also for the larger good of the nation. —The author is an Indian Army veteran

36 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 37-38_UK.qxd 10/3/2018 12:48 PM Page 1

COUNTRY FOCUS INDIA-UK DEFENCE PARTNERSHIP: A SHARED VISION The modern partnership rooted in the strong historical ties is infusing new momentum to the defence ties between UK and India

rHuta Raval

STRONG FOUNDATION The bilateral relationship between India and the United Kingdom (UK) was upgraded to a strategic partnership in 2004, and further strengthened during the tenure of British Prime Minister David Cameron who visited India thrice during his first term (July 2010, February 2013 and November 2013). The successful visit of India Prime Minister to the UK in November 2015, gave further impetus to the bilateral relationship. UK Prime Minister Theresa May's visit to India in November 2016, which was her first overseas bilateral visit post assuming office in July 2016, reflected the continuity of interactions at the highest political level. The Commonwealth Summit held in April 2018, presented another opportunity for both the countries to impart renewed impetus to the bilateral engagement through a meeting between the heads of government.

ELEVATING DEFENCE TIES Cooperation in defence sector is an extremely important pillar of this bilateral cooperation. Joint exercises and wide ranging exchanges between Exercise 'Konkan 2017' was held in defence relationship by establishing the three services are conducted May 2017 at Plymouth in the UK that capability partnerships in strategic regularly. witnessed participation by INS areas. The institutionalised dialogue to The last Army Joint Exercise 'Ajeya Tarkash. A 66-member Naval Band discuss defence cooperation viz. Warrior' was held in Bikaner from 1-14 participated in the Royal Edinburgh Defence Consultative Group (DCG) December, 2017. The Indian Air Force Military Tattoo in August 2017. Meeting, is held annually at Defence participated in the Exercise During the Prime Minister's visit to Secretary level. The 18th DCG meeting 'Indradhanush-IV' in the UK from 21 UK in November 2015, the two was held on 9-10 October 2017 in July - 1 August, 2015. The Joint Navy countries agreed to elevate their London. Cooperation in defence

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 37 37-38_UK.qxd 10/3/2018 12:48 PM Page 2

STRENGTHENING TIES: Towards better future

The bilateral relationship between India and the UK was upgraded to a strategic partnership in 2004 and further strengthened during the tenure of British PM David Cameron who visited intelligence commenced with the visit of developing an Advanced Hawk jet trainer India thrice during his term Director General, Defence Intelligence jointly by the BAE Systems and Agency and interactions with his Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) Cooperation in defence counterpart in London on December 3- have opened up fresh collaboration sector is an important pillar 5, 2017. avenues for indigenous defence of this bilateral cooperation. During the Commonwealth Summit in manufacturing under the Make in India Joint exercises and wide ranging exchanges between April 2018, both the countries pledged to Campaign. the three services are continue to strengthen their defence and conducted regularly security relationship, working more DRAWING PARALLELS closely together than ever before to tackle Condemnation of the chemical weapons The India-UK Defence terrorism and threats to cyber security. attacks in Salisbury and Syria on Partnership—in the The India-UK Defence Partnership—in international platforms by both the framework of the Defence and International Security the framework of the Defence and countries underlines their commonality Partnership (DISP) agreed in International Security Partnership with regards to aversion to chemical war. November 2015— (DISP) agreed in November 2015— encompasses cooperation in encompasses cooperation in the defence THE WAY FORWARD the defence industry and industry, stronger military to military In the pipeline are - setting up a secure stronger military to military engagement, including training and joint communications method to share engagements exercises. With capability and technology classified material; plans for the Royal With elimination of development at its core the partnership Navy to work more closely with India's international terrorism being deploys the private and public sectors to counterparts to protect the safety and a priority agenda for both develop defence solutions for use in home prosperity of the Indian Ocean; jointly the nations, the thrust is on and shared export markets. drawing out maritime security the best practices in counter Enhanced Maritime Domain measures to tackle piracy, drug terrorism, counter Awareness (MDA) to exchange trafficking and protecting freedom of improvised explosive information to track terrorists and pirate navigation rights; and sturdier R&D devices, and maritime vessels strengthens the naval bond cooperation, including access to safety, etc between both the countries. The UK Defence R&D training thereby allowing already plays an active role in maritime armed forces to share technologies and security in this region through counter learn skills from each other. terrorism, counter piracy and maritime India and the United Kingdom have security operations because a free and been and will continue working open Indo-Pacific area is being mooted by together closely to combat terrorism, UK, India and the international radicalisation and online extremism. community. With elimination of international terrorism being a priority agenda for both the countries the thrust is on best practices in Counter Terrorism, Counter Improvised Explosive Devices, air force training, aircraft carriers, maritime safety, shipbuilding and UN peacekeeping. Recent announcements regarding the MOU between Bharat Dynamics and Thales UK on technology transfer opportunities for missile systems;

38 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 39-42_Rafel.qxd 10/3/2018 1:10 PM Page 3

AVIATION INSIGHT

LOCK AND LOAD WITH NEW JETS INDIAN AIR FORCE IS SOON TO EMBRACE A NEW LEAGUE OF FIGHTER JETS THAT WOULD ENABLE THE COUNTRY TO SCALE NEWER HEIGHTS

r Maj Gen AK Chaturvedi pace of inducting new technology, the Indian Air Force is leaving no stones unturned to n the present times, when modern welcome the much-awaited Rafale fighter warfare is getting extremely demanding, jets. Iair dominance is something paramount, In early September, official sources so that air-to-ground and air-to-sea confirmed that the defence wing is actively operations are out of harm's way and working towards preparing the required efficiently dominant, the nation is proud of infrastructure and training of pilots to the shapes of clouds formed behind Rafale as manage the high-tech aircraft jets. the fighter jet tears the skies. IAF is also mulling to send a batch of pilots Amid talks of obsolescence and sluggish by the end of the year to France to train on

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 39 39-42_Rafel.qxd 10/3/2018 1:10 PM Page 4

40 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 39-42_Rafel.qxd 10/3/2018 1:11 PM Page 5

The new jet has an omnirole design which gives it edge over air- defence/air-superiority, close air support, dynamic targeting, air- to-ground precision strike/interdiction and nuclear deterrence

the Rafale jets. Several teams from the IAF have been visiting France to assist Dassault Aviation to incorporate India specific enhancements for the fighter aircraft. While the first squadron is likely to be deployed at Ambala Air Force Station some 220 km from India- Pakistan border, the second may be stationed at Hasimara Air Force Station in West Bengal. Vice Chief of Air Staff feels that the Rafale jets will give India an 'unprecedented' combat advantage. "We are waiting for the aircraft to come. It is a beautiful aircraft. It is a very capable aircraft. It is a capability that we need quickly," said Air Marshall SB Deo. According to the Request for Information (RFI) issued by the Ministry of Defence, these fighter jets are intended as day and night capable, all weather multi-role combat aircraft. The RFI states that the fighter jets will be used for air superiority, air defence, air to surface operations, reconnaissance, maritime, electronic warfare missions and buddy refuelling.

SYMPHONY OF DESTRUCTION The jets, known to carry potent weapons and missiles, will be delivered beginning September 2019. Adding to the ongoing preparation work in India, earlier this month it was reported that Dassault Aviation has already started test flight of jets meant to be supplied to India. The French defence manufacturer has been asked to comply to

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 41 39-42_Rafel.qxd 10/3/2018 1:11 PM Page 6

the agreed timeline for delivery of the plethora of superior tasks the jet can aircraft. perform, its design enables it to commit IAF Deputy Chief Air Marshal anti-access/area denial commands for Raghunath Nambiar took these jets for a restricting the opponent from accessing an spin in the skies on September 20, and the area of land, sea or air and at the same time jet is exactly like the ones the company endanger the adversary; not to mention will begin sending to India. the mid-air refuelling which endearingly is INDIAN OCEAN The proposed India specific called buddy-buddy refuelling for keeping REGION: An ocean modifications for the twin-engine the aircraft shattering the clouds for an Medium Multi Role Combat Aircraft extended time frame. of opportunities include radar warning receivers, 10-hour The jets, known to carry flight data recording, Israeli helmet- MODERN WARFARE potent weapons and mounted displays, infra-red search and Talking about the present line-up of missiles, will be delivered tracking systems, and low band jammers. Dassault Mirage 2000s and Sukhoi Su- beginning September 2019. 30MKIs in the hangars and the new jets Adding to the ongoing OMNIROLE DESIGN soon to scratch Indian runways, it seems preparation in India, earlier The latest in the wing is loaded with the new jets score over Su-30MKIs sans this month it was reported abilities to lock on to a wide range of Su-30 MKI's edge over Rafale in that the manufacturer has missions. The said jet has an omnirole dogfighting and costs. But, Rafale already started test flight of design which gives it edge over air- alongside Su-30 MKIs and India's Tejas these jets meant to be defence/air-superiority, reconnaissance, can help IAF extend its supremacy for supplied to India close air support, dynamic targeting, air- another three decades till the new IAF is mulling to send a to-ground precision strike/interdiction, generation fighter jets are ready to soon batch of pilots by the end of and nuclear deterrence. Apart from the raid the skies. the year to France to train on these jets. While the first squadron is likely to be deployed at Ambala Air Force Station, the second may be stationed at Hasimara Air Force Station in West Bengal

42 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 43-46_Beyond-service.qxd 10/3/2018 12:50 PM Page 3

BEYOND SERVICES

ARMED FORCES IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT The rescue and relief operations carried by the men in services in Kerala recently go to show how all our armed forces go beyond their duties to serve the nation during the time of crisis

rMaj Gen AK Chaturvedi (Retd) in fact, in eight districts Red Alert had to be ecently, Kerala faced a major natural notified. As if excessive rains were not calamity in the form of worst floods in sufficient to cause the damage, due to Rninety-four years. The floods were on sustained heavy rains all the dams got filled account of very heavy rains; Kerala received to the brim and in an unprecedented move a cumulative rainfall of 771 mm from August out of 54 dams in the state, all the gates of 35 1- 20, 2018. This is the highest for the month dams were opened which resulted into of August since 1931, when it was 1132 mm. spread of flood water spilling into far wider In relative terms, it was 2.5 times the normal area and thus affecting larger section of the for the period. The deluge caught Kerala population. Years of apathy to environment unprepared, particularly because it has been along with heavy rains resulted into 87 progressively getting lesser and lesser landslides in the hilly regions of the state monsoon rainfall over the years. This year which further caused extensive damage. excessive rainfall was quite wide spread and In all, a total of 11000 houses and 46000 out of 14 districts, 11 were badly affected, and hectares of crops were destroyed due to

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 43 43-46_Beyond-service.qxd 10/3/2018 12:50 PM Page 4

Prime Minister's Relief Fund. For the rescue and relief operations, a total of 220 disaster management teams were built by 16 August. These included, 58 National Disaster Response Teams (NDRF) with 163 boats, ten Army Columns and twelve Engineer Task Forces having about 100 boats, Indian Navy deployed 51 boats with diving teams, 16 sorties of naval helicopters, Indian Air Force provided 23 Helicopters and 13 transport aircrafts including C-17 and C-130. Indian Coast Guard provided 30 boats and ITBP and CRPF also contributed rescue teams. In addition, railways provided a water train carrying 2.9 lakh litres of water. A large number of NGOs extended help and support during the surging flood waters, around 7.5 lacs of rescue and relief operations. people were rendered homeless, 483 The Health Ministry in close persons were reported dead and coordination with the State Health around three lacs of people had to be Department, other private agencies housed in 3272 camps. The severity willing to extend a helping hand and was so much in some areas that almost other states' health departments, not entire village had to be evacuated. For only provided support for immediate example 90 per cent of residents from Armed Forces were help but has been working to deal with Kuttanad had to be evacuated. Kochi designated as the first the situation once the water level goes International Airport had to be shut responders for the down. In all, 3757 medical camps were down and a large number of trains had disaster relief. This established to provide immediate to be cancelled. 40000 transformers mandate entailed medical help as well as tackle the were switched off by the state reconnaissance well in challenge of break out of epidemics Electricity Board to avoid cases of advance, liaison with post floods. In addition, a number of electrocution but it affected the the concerned civil Quick Response Medical Teams have communication as mobile phones agency, etc also been formed to provide in situ batteries after some time were emergency medical care. An discharged. Drinking water became interesting action was done by the quite scarce due to contamination of started regularly monitoring the flood Finance Minister in directing the water sources and more and more situation in Kerala. Besides measures insurance companies to settle the people started getting affected by the taken by the State, the Centre allocated claims quickly. If that happens, it will water borne diseases. 600 crores of funds for immediate indeed be of great assistance to those, Due to intensity and magnitude of rescue and relief operations and also an who lost all that they had. Hopefully the floods and landslides the calamity ex gratia Rs 2 lakh each to the families more than other areas this aspect will was categorised as a 'Calamity of of those who got killed in the floods be implemented with due seriousness Severe Nature' (L-3 Level of disaster) and Rs 50,000 to the injured from the and alacrity in case of Prime Minister's under the National Disaster Management Guide Lines. Implication of this categorisation is that the state becomes eligible for support at the National Level. A Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) is setup with the corpus shared 3:1 between the Centre and the State. When resources are found inadequate in the CRF, additional assistance is considered from the National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF), funded 100 per cent by the Centre relief in loan repayment or for grant of fresh loans to the person affected on concessional terms. T he National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC), the country's Apex body to handle emergencies

44 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 43-46_Beyond-service.qxd 10/3/2018 12:50 PM Page 5

Teams from Army made 15 temporary bridges, restored connectivity to 42 locations and provided medical relief to more than 2000 persons. In all, armed forces rescued around 25000 people. There had been many actions which were beyond the call of duty like the one in which a Naval Helicopter rescued a pregnant woman safely by winching her up. Most of the helicopter pilots of all three services were simply outstanding because going for rescue operations in areas, where power lines and tall trees were there, was nothing short of miracle. Indian Navy also allowed the use of Naval Air Strip at Cochin. Relief and 'Fasal Bima Yojna'. Rescue work by Armed Forces and the Most heartening feature was the NDRF Teams is special in the sense that attitude of the people from Kerala. They besides the chaotic conditions due to decided not to get overawed by the deluge they also had to overcome the calamity and started helping each other. challenges of navigation in the absence The fishermen of Kerala organised of local knowledge and also the DEFENCE SERVICES themselves and rescued a large number of language barrier. DURING CRISIS: The people. Almost 60 boats were used by Although, the Armed Forces had need of the hour them and they rescued 65000 people. In become effective immediately on arrival, addition, a large number of NGOs, however there are issues which need to State Disaster Management cultural organisations from all over the be sorted out. As per NDMA Act of 2005 Plan and District Disaster State and locals who had escaped the fury the primary responsibility for rescue and Management plans need to of the nature also joined the relief and relief is that of NDRF. NDRF is still in a be revised. Calamity needs rescue voluntarily. The Malayali spirit to nascent stage and has limitation in to be taken as an help fellow flood victims was not bound responding quickly unless the disaster opportunity to ensure better by caste creed or religion but was based happens where its units are located. In disaster hardened on the need and in many cases they instant case nearest unit was at Chennai infrastructure directed relief agencies to needier person. and no wonder they took a little while to Ministry of Home Affairs Heroics of fisherman in Mallapuram build up. Although NDRF is trained to needs to address the raising when he offered his back as a ramp and a deal with disasters of level-3 severity but of additional battalions of child offering her savings for the relief India is prone to many types of natural the NDRF and provisions fund were fine examples of 'Do it and man-made disasters and that is why should be made for their air yourself' spirit. NDRF need to become a force of transport either through an As usual, from August 9 itself, Services, specialised response with certain integral Air Wing or a Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) and forecasting capability so that their dedicated air effort. For the NDRF started their work, though their expertise can be exploited in a more interim, centrality of the strength kept building over a period of effective and efficient manner. Right now Armed Forces as the 'first time. NDRF has no presence in Kerala NDRF depends on IAF for their responder' should be accepted so that the rescue and teams had to get inducted from as far movement. There is a case for them to be operations are taken as Gandhi Nagar and Delhi, but overall independent for their air transportation. up seamlessly their contribution was quite substantial. Prior to formation of NDMA Armed

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 45 43-46_Beyond-service.qxd 10/3/2018 12:51 PM Page 6

Forces were designated as the first responders for the disaster relief. This mandate entailed reconnaissance well in advance, liaison with the concerned civilian agency, preparation, rehearsal and equipping based on sector needs. Now when they are requisitioned It is essential that till under the statutory powers of the Civil NDRF is fully able to Authorities under the provisions of the take up its mandated 'Aid to Civil Authorities', though the help is rendered but neither it precedes role, the empowerment with reconnaissance, nor liaison and of Armed Forces is the equipment used is operational, continued being done which is not desirable. Also they need so that they can guides and language interpreters. It is become effective therefore essential that till such time immediately view that the rain water is allowed to NDRF is built up fully to take up its on demand flow uninterrupted. mandated role, the empowerment of  Address medical aspects and Armed forces is continued being done restoration of electricity and repair ensure water borne diseases are not so that they can become effective and restoration of sewage system. allowed to happen. A large number of immediately on requisition. The sector Buildings, which had gone under the people have undergone a very massive stores for relief operations can be kept water, need to be assessed for their psychological trauma that needs to be and maintained under the charge of current state before users are allowed addressed as well. local units. Their procurement, to use them. All landslides need to be  State Disaster Management Plan accounting, repair and maintenance repaired and while doing that and District Disaster Management can be done by the end-users with drainage system to be studied with a Plans need to be revised. Calamity system of book debiting to state needs to be taken as an opportunity authorities. There should be a system to ensure better disaster hardened of regular rehearsal wherein all infrastructure. Necessary Policy agencies participate to imperatives should be know their respective introduced so that roles. environmental An analysis of the entire degradation is avoided. A tragedy brings out that Standard Operating though the state was Procedure should be caught totally off guard evolved to tackle disaster and ill prepared for the situations smoothly. flood, the State Communication is a major administration quickly issue during Disaster; got down to work and therefore use of V-SAT, the district Satellite phones and power administration banks as a part of the relief coordinated quite kit should be planned. efficiently the work  Ministry of Home of all agencies Affairs need to address the involved in the raising of additional rescue and relief battalions of the NDRF and work. Similarly State provisions should be made administration and for their air transport either Centre also coordinated through an integral Air their efforts to optimise Wing or a dedicated air effectiveness of the rescue effort. It has to be done in a and relief operations. time bound manner for Although the water has the Force to become receded yet the problem is far effective at the earliest. from over. State needs to take For the interim centrality certain short term measures of the Armed Forces as and certain long term the 'First Responder' measures. Some of actions should be accepted so that recommended are as follows: the rescue and relief  Cleaning of silt operations, as and when accumulated, restoration of required, are taken up clean potable water supply, with seamlessly.

46 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 47-48NEWS-BYTE_EVENT.qxd 10/3/2018 12:51 PM Page 3

NEWS BYTES

India clears way for $2.2-billion Yudh Abhyas 2018 frigates deal with Russia xercise Yudh Abhyas 2018 a joint military exercise of Indian and US armies, commenced recently at wo weeks after India significantly upgraded its EChaubattia, Uttarakhand with a short yet defence ties with the United States through the impressive opening ceremony that saw the unfurling of TComcasa (Communications Compatibility and the national flags of both countries to the strains of "Jana Security Agreement), the Modi government has cleared Gana Mana" and "The Star Spangled Banner". Indian and the way for one of the biggest purchases from Russia - US soldiers stood side by side, and gave a ceremonial $2.2-billion frigates deal. The agreement, which will salute to the two senior most officers of the US and allow India to procure from Russia four new warships for Indian side reviewing the ceremony. the Navy, will be signed during a summit between The US contingent was represented by 1st Infantry President Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister in the Battalion, 23 Infantry Regiment, US Army while Indian Capital in October. Efforts are on to add the finishing side is represented by an Infantry Battalion. General touches to the contours of the deal. The long-pending Officer Commanding, 6 Mountain Division welcomed the deal, to procure Project 11356 or advanced Talwar-class US soldiers and in his inaugural remarks highlighted the frigates, will involve building two of the ships at the Goa common shared beliefs of democracy, freedom, equality Shipyard, while the rest will be bought directly from and justice that are precious to both nations. Russia's Yantar shipyard. Battalion strength army personnel from USA and an equal number of Indian soldiers took part in the two- Out of the four warships India week long event that saw them hone their tactical and technical skills in countering insurgency and terrorism in plans to buy from Russia, two will a UN peace keeping scenario involving a combined be built locally deployment at a brigade level. State of the art equipment for surveillance and tracking, specialist weapons for close uring a summit between President Vladimir Putin quarter battle with terrorists, explosive and improvised and Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New Delhi explosive device detectors, as well as the latest Din October, India will sign an agreement with communication equipment were fielded by both sides. Russia for the procurement of four frigates for the Indian Both sides jointly trained, planned and executed a series Navy. The deal, which is likely to be worth $2.2 billion, of well-developed tactical drills for neutralisation of will result in India getting four Project 11356 or advanced likely threats that may be encountered in UN peace Talwar-class frigates. Two of these warships will be built keeping operations during division level command post by a shipyard based in Goa. exercise. The experts from both sides also held As the shipyard will require new infrastructure to build discussions to share each others' experience in varied these frigates, the cost of the Indian-made ones is likely topics for mutual benefit. to be 30-50 per cent more than those being acquired from Russian directly. The deal is likely to be signed even as the Donald Trump administration in the United States Successful air-to-air refuelling of has decided to impose sanctions on countries buying LCA Tejas weapons from Moscow. Most likely, India will get a waiver from the US. However, according to Reuters, n a significant achievement and a major step towards Pentagon's top Asia official Randall Schriver has said that Final Operational Clearance (FOC) of LCA Tejas, the the US can't guarantee a waiver from sanctions if India Imid-air refuelling of 'wet contact' trial for LCA Tejas signs the deal. MK-1 was successfully carried out today from an Indian India, on its part, has explained that it can't cut off its Air Force base. The trial was a part of the Air-to-Air defence ties with Russia as a large part of its equipment is refuelling flight tests conducted by IAF. of Russian or Soviet origin. Around 60 per cent of India's Before this 'wet contact' trial, the 'dry contact trials' defence imports come from Russia. However, in the last were successfully conducted on September 04 & 06, 2018 one decade, India has diversified its sources of defence where the Drogue (basket) extended from the IAF tanker equipment to include the US. India has signed multiple aircraft by a fuel hose, was tracked and plugged into using multi-billion deals with US-based firms. In numbers, the the aircraft refuelling probe without taking fuel. IAF India-US defence trade has risen from near zero to over provided all required support to DRDO including the $15 billion. The government will also go ahead with the tanker aircraft for the successful test flight. deal for the procurement of S-400 Triumf air defense The Air-to-Air refuelling capability for LCA is a 'force system from Russia despite the threat of sanctions from multiplier' for the IAF, giving the aircraft the potential to the US. However, it is not clear if the multi-billion deal stay airborne for much longer periods of time. will be signed by the two countries in October or at a later The enhanced range and endurance in air is expected stage. to provide IAF a host of options in exploiting the operational potential of the LCA as well as to participate Indo-US Joint Military Exercise in international exercises without having to stage through several locations enroute.

October 2018 | ET Aviation & Defence | 47 47-48NEWS-BYTE_EVENT.qxd 10/3/2018 12:51 PM Page 4

EVENTS 2018 DEFENCE, AVIATION & AEROSPACE CALENDAR 2018

Look out for upcoming events, exhibitions and trade shows in aviation and defence

humanitarian aid, etc. the leading military speakers will be 2018 AUSA Annual Meeting & Exposition discussing training programmes and tactics covering fast When: 08-10 October, 2018 jet, rotary wing, and fixed wing platforms, as well as the Where: Walter E. Washington Convention Center use of new simulators in the training process. The Association of the United States Army's 2018 Annual Meeting is the largest land power exposition and professional development forum in North America. For Future Forces Forum (NATO) 2018 more than 30 years, the power of this proven show When: 17-19 October, 2018 provides military and industry with access to essential Where: Prague, Czech Republic professional development, connection building, and the FUTURE FORCES Exhibition is a highly recognised opportunity to touch and see a large concentration of international event in defence & security field organised machinery, tools and technologies up close on the show biennially in Prague and officially supported by the Czech floor. Within the exhibit hall, you'll find leading Ministry of Defence, Chief of the General Staff, Ministry manufacturers, solution providers and suppliers to help of the Interior, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, civil and you discover new resources and gather important insights military parts of the NATO HQ, European Defence Agency on the latest equipment, products and materials for your (EDA) and many other relevant national as well as needs. It is designed to deliver the Army's message by international institutions, organisations and agencies. highlighting the capabilities of Army organizations and In 2016, the Exhibition becomes a part of the presenting a wide range of industry products and services. international platform for defence & security information In addition to the expansive show floor filled with 700+ exchange - Future Forces Forum (FFF). FFF is a widely exhibitors attendees have access to: endorsed long-term project to promote interests of the ● informative and relevant presentations on the state of allied countries and their partners within national and the Army global security. The project consists of a compilation of ● panel discussions and seminars on pertinent military events and activities at a high political, military and expert and national security subjects level. All events are primarily focused on the presentation ● a variety of valuable networking events including of current and future needs of the armed and security ticketed dinners and receptions forces, state-of-the-art technologies and R&D ● a hands-on opportunity to specify and see the latest programmes with interactions between all involved technology in action participants due to the interconnected topics. AUSA's Annual Meeting includes the total Army - regular Army, guard, reserve, civilians, and family members. SMi's 4th Annual Airborne ISR Conference When: 24-25 October, 2018 Military Flight Training 2018 Where: London, UK When: 10-11 October, 2018 In today's complex and ever changing operational Where: London, UK environment, the demand for increased situational SMi's 7th annual Military Flight Training conference will awareness continues to grow. As a decisive and return to London on the 10th and 11th of October 2018. indispensable tool, air based ISTAR is increasingly relied This event will focus on fast jet, rotary, and fixed wing upon to deliver this capability, allowing commanders to training, as well as the latest national approaches to pilot understand the situation on the ground and act development and technological advances to synthetic and accordingly. As this need to effectively develop live training programmes. As air operations continuously information superiority grows, it is essential that modern change in the face of new threats, the training and joint operations maintain effective surveillance of enemy preparation pilots go through must mirror these positions from the air. With both manned and unmanned adjustments and constantly prepare for dynamic airspace ISR assets growing in complexity and capability there is a hazards. Recent changes in geopolitical tendencies require critical need for a forum within which optronics, power, militaries to effectively train and project a powerful sensor suites and operational reliability of these platforms airborne presence. can be discussed. With that in mind, the SMi Group hostS SMi in London discusses the latest national approaches to in London the fourth annual Airborne ISR conference - training future military pilots, and the tools used to with Leonardo and Rafael Defence Systems announcing produce world-class aircrew, ready to face threats to their support for the event. national security, search and rescue operations,

48 | ET Aviation & Defence | October 2018 BackInside_AdETADR.qxd 10/3/2018 8:03 PM Page 1 BackCover_AdETADR.qxd 10/5/2018 6:32 PM Page 1