THt: HUHAL ;Jj~~r'l'Ll~Hl'JWr'S OF 'l'lm CAN'r:;nBUHY Pl,AIN;:)

IN 11HZ AfiliA BZ'=',JZGN TtE IlJ\.KfUA AND

VlAU'J!.G:AIUH.I IUV [~H~

R. G. CANT

Universi ty of New Zealand 'rheds presented for the Degree of I\jaster of Arts in Geography

University of Canterbury 1960 I Introduction 1

n '}"'I16 9

III of ~)(cl'l:tlernent the of COw!!lu.nic

IV loc;,tion Dnd i:;i t(~ 31

E:volution 41

and 53

VII Function

VIII Conclusion 73 of 13.

on th£] J of into

Tlit'bl,::; of Linitn"

~'unc tional 64.

the releyent the trsxt.

( \ (2) (3) (4) (~) ) filled in. (6)

1 .. Loe

IJamlform Division on vlhich (Ire loc~::.tted the

page 11.

4. J'J:1Dual cl11. • • ,

) am: c;ur 1 l1b.,V been j r1b,G.V cnt er~ in ·bt Dei.i '" @ .F]. L~ B 1 uno 0 :1n~ 11 bnu :5 ·Vi i n,~) l)t'<.:S in of their map.

6. Ilmp.

of the lIla.p.

1)Erl;\'18~m vegetation and the of' in the A:relil.. pag\:J. 20.

~rhe 26

10. I;lnin lines Pre;::,ont.

11 ..

12. Compa;r:ison loc"lUon t'l11d the ~~;oilI7J farmoct und~r a 1'Iuter table

The J!;volu'tion of th(7 ;:;ettlelllent(', .. " • • • • • • map.

li'tmctional .. • • • • . • • • • • • , • • follo.,·Jillg .paee

15. General store:" and

16. . • at rear' of volume.

Grouml Plang of F.l!hi County TotiIH3 • • • • at re¢l.:t:' of volume. tbe

the

of Tin1tw.ld str.cff lJntvcr,;j Ghri::.otchurGh FubHc

IJ:11e inforrnation on the functton of t1.le numerous loc[J1 their inter1'j;;t Urban has in He,¥ Zeali:nd over the there have been a number of ,;Ludic:: on Rural ~)ettlement,;, 11'01 on the

[fl . work of such oV('l1'[,08:3 stmimt::; .ere ,-[er 'th. a 2.'Hl t"!IO -L",Ill t'on ' .>" t,,,1 '(.e"'·')·.C·'J"l.'.n"oVl) 13 I " L _ " , tn Great DrHain in

by J\.m'tcl'c;on 'In, th h:w 0,1.'.' in the c01mt:i.eI3

north of PtucklEmd c1 ty? j.l1 conJt:mc tion Vii th

Ande:rson a detccile{,j study of the of the Eao8J!£;I,tu in 6 which examined th(; rut',,1 ::.;ettlelnent", of a seconn ;~electecl area.

of and (:i_:scus~,ecl. the 1':81'l

fiel(i .Ln i.ts v,d~der I'o.1a the liiaterial thn t ifi oV'B.ilable frome of the:; Itnos VJhich fieldilOrk f,j:lOUlcl 8 In tIle theoretical stmhos Q\l(:Jrseas, tbe villich

.Lister nakes fOT the t of [',ettlenH:nt data within £:1.

a one. In the mo;;t recent studY1 has choi5en an area in the Jaikato aYJ.l3. uses to ((0.V2n the methods cstablL:hod by the 0:,-:['1ie1'

~ince detailed stu~ie have been of the character of rural settlement in three (.iistinctive areas of t1,e North an of the rural settl(~)J,ents jJ1 n area of Canterbury Plains viOuld nmv seem ;.:;ettlem.en there ';volve:.; in a E1 clnd hiGtorical frOLl OthOX'3 in It

that similar stUdies \1111 be nB in other 8rea~3 of nd. t an attitude \'lh:i.ch Can "lImo::;'c c hDrdc tad l,; tic of Urban in it thu::::-

"'.I.'he atrn of lJrbon

1::1.nc tien of ty of t01iin r . .. ,,11 of I orm.cc~~

HLl.t/12r thcu1 follow of 1? fu tu;rG of the are a. In mo;,t IJew :cecelve ll:ore attc;ntion tbJl (,oes the In t

the latter :L'ho the chaTC ..ctl:::r of the JurDI

rphe aim of thi:3 E; to describe the cii(:!I'c1,ctor of

as far &.::3 ],S to of th1::; features remain and bOill.e c the search for rear:;ons this combinc~

In 01'(01' to achieve tld.~; founcLatio1l5 of the have been an of the with a Yr:?conctnlction of t.he occup &.1:1ce. Jitl! this :i'y'Lformation ave.il,c)ble, it h<:-1S been

to Lc,t;udy the evolution of the sottlcMmtr, them: elves and to time. In order to of those nuclQd.tetl settlemeld;s today, all cuch settlements emu di::rtrict in the HaVe been

'['he second Him of this is to tl;'8 to i'J'iJ.ich the chaTel,cteI' of tile rural settlel.llentf3 in tl1is Elxeu lEi reflection of the airnE~ an,d ideals of tIle C ,~s~;ocin,tJ.on

In their G.ecire to pattern of lHe. that reflected the best in of the (H;l,rly nineteenth century, but avoided its

FlgricultuTGl ('otted by a Durabor of l'ihere the labouring

for a landed the f30Cinl

the extent Lo wilich tho C:h[U'i;;1ctcr of the and. tile rural bottlel'lent in is l'8flection of the cet of no Ii t1:10 intenmt. of tJi.8 more

if.; that of the Plains . ,. . . I·' ( the i!;·i.lHlbIO.rlTl.l.J.Yor. :it Umi by tl\8 of

;::,j.lllilar of fi'he

Author:L This arb5. 1:i.ne is convenient in that it excludes the

Chr:tEr\;church UJ'bcn1 and a number of and belfast which have been by the of the It is felt tJwt these latter 1lettlemnnt::, ">}Quld more })l'operly incluu.eu in urban of Chrif:ltchurch,

CrOf:\E; ';8ctj.on of the Canterbury Plains r[mgc of climatic anel conditions with cd.l tb.e more soil 'Iii thin the Cal1terbur'J

block O;].1'ec t.1y e,t ChrL:;tchurch

1::imi.1ar area north of the ·:iaimi,!k"'~iri TIiver, fonns the ''I:lenrth" of the this area have

acent area~3 of Horth and. wtth the result that the settlement net within these natnrnl

is a ;;elf-contailled one. it sh:: of the various of nucleated 8ettlemont and district centres 7 diGcus".ed1. and it £H1S been a cOl1venien t area in I'/hieh to carry ou.t field. 1I-IOrh:. 'l'hus, besic1eB apart of the Canterbu.ry hearth anoo which is of the I'lhole of the Canterbury Plains it forms a vlell defined and convenient unit for

For BYW place to be a8 a rural settleLI.l,:)B tit is

ttl,,!; tllere f;\:wuld be :::mfficient for the fi01(;, 'li'OrkE~r to be cOllocious of 13. node in the uettl(~ment At the sar(1e ~ ~ ~ ;:,..

~ ~ ~ "I ~ '"...~

" JJrn z » c-1 »::::0 I ::::0 ~ ---l rn ~ (/)-< 4

time, onG or t~JO isol~ltcd cultuTal or Gervic u.nits lr.iay m;xve as a focus for a. f d:istrictj 8.re 10catc(l at a place ifhere other such units have existed in the this in a four- fold classificEttion of settlementfl in tb.8 area r19.-s b ...=-)(~n rnadf: 011 the basiE1 of nwnber and ty of functional units. as 811 alternative cri was CiiGcardc:)d the census :r'(c;turns co not r1ifferentL:.te the population of i';maller centre:::; from x'ural popUlation. 'l'his, hOltfCVCr, is not that throu€,h the income mechanism the population of a centre is a ftmction of

~l'he four c1,,;,::;8e8 of ccttlement SUCCf3SDive of growth have been nDJIlecl respectively District ami County ~'Oi'ins. Defini Hans used by other t~tuGents of settlement have been mo(iifted £Iud to huit the eettlernen t ne t under discusf,ion. 'rhe definitions 21 are as A unit, or units, of non farm as a church, hall or gi~rl3ge, 11hich do not fox'IIl of

of f3ettlerwnt but ~lhich f;erv~; in one or more vl[.,YS cIS :focus for the

A 2ettlement Hith ;-,1'1 index of &.t lea.l:;t five ane;. not more

units, "so elF to an nppearance of cowpactnef,::' ,,21 thl:l.t of 'J.'he index to be CODlputed on the bad_s of two tiS ouch for con;werc1al or industrial units

each for cultural units i,luch as dmrch8i::l and halls. hH,:lve A must !laVe an index of over fW1Ctioflcll units includLng f.:lOme of more advanced function (ouch as a post office or a establishment. It should provide sufficient service to meet the day to clay requirements of its local diDtrict, but will

in any of thOc3e Fer'lj.ces \'Ihich char9.cterif;e county to'l'li1G. These are ,;ettlcn::ents ltlhichprovidn a vrider ranc;e of services for a of a mJJ[,ber of districts eachl!Jith itc, mrn locality centro, hmnlet or village, an.U cl.omini:::trative function,j not The m~ inc lude euch i3ervices as :Jtock and ntDtion and the [-lcl1ninistrutivt': 5.

offices of councils or

Tho first

of these cort8ists of all the a1 fol1O\'led by a in which historical fa,ctors ["uch as the of' E;ettlement, the ,. - grO'\~th of cOllrrrIUnic[ltion::; and (--)re CtlSCllSi;80.,

]from the '\t{(:)al t1:1 of and historic

factoX'El 'iith the most (:cireet ohara,cter of settlement have been and, where In the ,;ecomi part, the of the settlemel1 ts themsGl ves follovJed the W':lll established of investigation in this field. It is Fjorpholo€,Y and Ii'unction. In the final the of ea,ell the

and of the t net as a vfhole~ is 8ummarif:,ed and an Bllswer tE' to the question the influence of the Canterl)ury

As~,ociation on rural settleme1 t in this

Published :::;OUrc(~Ej referred to in the

and soil fi!apS 1::nra:Llable gcwe an Hxcel1ent coverage of the "'lith no variation in the :mrfa.ce or the climate the most factor's to be the t::;urface water and

cUlO natural The E;oil map contained a wealth of material and1 I'ii tll the aid of the officers of the ;30il a Inap of the Fa'ea vms prepared. and more the exact location of the between

81'lBmp and tussock would be of major the efforts l'lere to define' ther::;e. number of published

mapE, held by. the Lande; and Chri~l tchureh,

Ebmred some of the iYlfo:nna,tion, end further deductiOi:L~ \!Jere Lad.e from soil map. Although there is a considerable amount of matertaJ.. on tho

of exterJsive in detnile6, informa.tion on thf; EiprEJi'd of the frontier is very meat,;re and wuch of tbis frow such 22 bOurces tbe "eye of ]\J('fI'f Zeall3nd ". from the Ii st 2 2~) . initial la,nd sales recorded. the Lands with the relevcmt to finel ,,[hen each

inuiv:idu,c,l block of 1r:md "laB freeholded ,mel thus map tl]e of rural "ettlement. i;J1th aid of 10t;a1 historier3 and r:::ap sourcGf3, the dev(:,:lopH,€nt of the road net could in be Geographical ), accurate information on the

."hrm triG Vari01H: :ectiOYlf; of for traffic •

from both ob~;ervation in the

field anci TGap sourcef:,. Local hl~ytor:i.es ::X10 other :ceferellCel3 tcuch B,iC:

for accorulJlo(iation hou:::, S I'Jere in a nUlllber of cases, aD 'vias tne t.ion on natured VGLetnt:Lon

correl""te reference::) in local

thCGC snaller sett1QJQents. tu:m of the

funct.ion21 nt Off ic l3

and 'l'ra,de D:Lrectorie at five year intervaIs fTorn

!'Of:t Office of all how,eh(]1c~e.n: t;j:wt thm:e t

grov['I;h in f;ize and 'function of th(~ Bcttlml,ent::; inc HlOfJt of thobe

Base rna,prJ on vJhich to E:hol'i morpholo{;y were obtained 2c macic from vertical r.;.ir photoc]~)phs.) T'ho locution and

the function of 2J.1 1:1(1[:3 plOI' [;\'(( in tile fielti. Lc.etho()s.

'l'he re1a tive f;PiJC of the iro sub,si:;untially correct the

locution of builu should Dot be rO,",iJJU.8n a.:J eXact ViEJI'J of the;; surve~r methods used.

Information on function Has obtahtcd by observation. in the interviel'l and reference to uirectories. the extent of the

tributary tntervieVl but ref~ul h; were often unrr;liable and only broad could be made from the evidence obt::d.lleJ the ruet}lods of and a func 'lionEl.l Its il.ims I 1951pp. of Palmen,ox) and 9, No.1, 1953. ,} ,S, Nevl ZODluml 'l'Ovl1ls as :';ervice No. 1. 191)5.

2. G. T. 'Il18 1 (jno :'~lewa1 t of the 'ilm,)T':lCcUl ;:;ettl,')loont Ji'allric, Eo, I,

3.

lderll; '1'he Dit3tribution of :3maller Urban ;:;ettloIiB n tE: :in

G, and (rile Vol. 11, No.1, 1955.

7 with from "met Vo]. 84, Part 4, 1955. pp.

8. of' Central Flac(~i in ~Jouttl tern No. ), 1953, OPe 380-402 • . 1" '1'h8 Functional Baso~; of' :~entral , Vol. 34, Nd. 2. 1958.

11. Urban [ll1Q

12.

14. n: ., 1'he GX'(~(m of County • No. 15, 1949.

:38e pc1ge 4 for cefinitjon 0:[' stric t Certtref;", 8.

ChE:t:pte:c 7. lB. 'J'rewartha

20, 3El5. 1 , p, 6,

21. thts definitton of' nucleation.

22. Vol. 3~ Glu'm tchurch, 1903.

23. l,isi; of ;;c)ctions Furcl:la'o8d. Vo18 1 to I/. hnld Lands and I Gh:cis tchluch.

1 TJni\rerbal EtlLin()s:J

ChTis tchurch. _'lC)'79-c _ (yeaL,Y. ])

25. 20 cl18jns to 1 inch. ITelcl Chrib tchur eh.

26. altO GarrJ.:o:on, The Conterbury Plc·~i.ns anel the unCer study have been formced 1 from thf" eL"OSiOL of the monntElin rnngef:J thEtt bonIer them to the 1.:lest.

In the area of btucly lm1cr and ymU1gcr j,rolvern Iltllr:> helVe the from ttle mountains \iithout the structural

In earlier times the combined effGuts of rainfall and actio:n eroded the mountains, \v-hich may then have been morE) elevEd;ed, at much rate than ~lS the caBe. The rtvers flovying

llIountccin:J {heir eXCE5SS sedirncmt load at the point vIhero they (t2boucJ~k)(1 into shnl10vr sea. i\t3 this continued) ans were formed 11hich out from the and were eventually to tir:: the volcanic island. of Bankf; I'eniwmla to the rnainlnnd. 'Ille bulk of the Draa under by the earlier and much f orerunner~~ of the Hakaia Dnd

lifter a of seem to have risen and proc and glacial activity slac1i:ened. a result the rivers were recJ.uced in volume Dnd sediment loau ami they to cut into their ovm ranti until ili":l:€T{

in cbaracter to those of the lovJer fans of the I'ivers Q In tbe area, these seconda:ry river aIe by the HiveI' and itt Dohmen the [;louth of the HElkaia Hiver and :B"tnks

\~ave action has formeCi. a broad bank. 118hind this bank a much more

ten;::;i vo 1al<::8 vidE, pondecl up and at one time recdvc(; t)oth

Gradually :U; \'la.S fined

ic d;c their present posi hon,:;.

~~he are 13, unde:e ctuciy made up of sedim:mts CaJ.T],ed out from the \-lester'll mountains the Hal;:aia atHl :,lairfi:lkar:lri riven]. J\l though it form<, of the most extensive in NevT Zeulaxid tht1rC is from the coast to the inner and variahons in y the nature of the m~rface deposits and the character of and surface "later supply. It Can be d,ivided into landform units (see 2) vlhose can he closely re1':vGed to the r, processes just der;cribecl. ", in son and offered very different for [;ettlercent,

by a scries of terrac~~::::. Near UK'; fan r:i.S8S to 1300 fEl(o;t an<1 is 400 feet above the bed of the Hivor three miles away 'Ihe while the .lies on the tlurface of the plain

Formed of co£')Yser gravels during the of maximum deposition these fans are very for ome glac181 and sand (lunes to [30U th of the have a very level mn:-face, a1 though each at fe,0'l; to the mile avJI:lY from its apex. As a Y'ClSUJ t of and 1I:1Ck of 8):1 cover most of the finer l.ur:face flil h;have been :n:o!Uoved by ivind ero::::jon. fJ'heir lmifol'lJl expanSGC; 8ho'l'1 Ii ttle Yari8tio11 in :Joi1 or surface .8xcessive uoil::: and lack of Ivater have obstacles to settlernent on these older fans. 'rhe free

has been by the fact that the area hEW only a moderate rainfa.ll al1.cl :is 110r-\V8st V-lindf3. The si ze of the ini Hal nature of the tmrface have the of a silt or loesG over much of' the [-lIea. there was 11. a liJck of sun ace ond "later level are f 81' be 1 0"1'1 the c;ttrface of tho p These three factors to make the upper fans unsuitable for arable and obstacles to be overcome before the pastoral ti.Gfl could be u:=;ed to their bcc;t

'1'he younger or c31luvial fans vlere depoc";i ted by the Hakaia and rjYeI'S after tl18 of maximu.m 'I'he interfen contains the finG!' sediments the Seh'iyn and tri.butaries. :Both are axeas vlhere ground vIater end 3ilt from the older fans d.vvVlllIAJ..dted. (rhe tv,O areas norge together so imllerceptably that they are best considered as a single unit. ':rhey may be clistinguiBhed froIl] the older alluvial fans in a number of ways. They have a less level topography more adequate ground. water, Bnd a variety of [loil T()\'lklrds the upper there aTe u number of low teXT8.Ce::; which gradually change to of 1evees Dnd there are a number of [>,and (1)J18E: south of the tvaimalcJr:!.ri. In of the more varied the

In contrast to Ue overfree of the upJler :fans thi f, is an area VJher8 nuch of the nm off from the reappears at the As a

result of a number of smaller eroE3ks hmm their sources here and :JOlne have contained svIamp.

~:hus the soils here are more diversifi.ed and generally more fertile as the are usually overlain by a of silt or loeS5fifteen inches or more I,l;i,ner sedimcmts, greater humus content and adequate but not excessive 80i.l mQisture combine to herE) flome of tho finest arable l[J:nd in Canterbury.

lt/i thin this area there were ,:;OIne lesf: favoured some of the lacked surf {'Jee "Jater, 0 thers the 10vler vTaimakariri and the lower Rakai.a were stony or I;md proved difficult

to clrai.n. Generally hOV18ver it \'T8Xl this area of th:~ I"I11ich offered the best posdbili ties for settlement as the soils \-rere of quality and botrt and , l'18re for ::::tock and household needs.

The area clof3e to the sea contains filler material made up of 'both marine OXlC) aUuvii:ll silts, Thcre)in or lakeEl }lonc1ed b(211in6 the E,torm beach materials \'lere Then in moce recent tj;lUef:i much of' tIlts area has of river and. ribbons of sand or lJe very in the sett10merd; of an area the.t v·las elsEJ\'lhHre svwrnpy and difficult to draill.

n E•. ture of th.i s \~ith the fine

TCf:;ulteci in extenf;ive area~) of t)vlBIlJp. 'J.'here before the land cou.ld he) and Clrable had to be morUfied to suit the "letter condi tiom;.

for settl~

It contains ;[;)1(18 l;Jh:i.c h lake or Goa

tber I'lith a area 'l'ihich vias flooded take

EIIGslm'lre, the lake level Drb.n.cLllly COle- trolled and the liable to

from their :ixli'luence on the 'iettlemon t of the

211 featu.:r'us hav(~ Gn influence on line;) of con:rllun:i.c tiona

fou.tures feli o!Jstacler:'l to C0l.l1J!l1.mications. from the terrace of the upper cmd'Ja.imakHrir:i. there -vrere fey} slopes amI the vlere

to have a t influence on 10cal of corruliun:Lc ationf:! a:nd the tribu the srnalle r avoid.c;d vias the swampY' of 1aJ.m r:;}lcsmere. influence on the lines of comlltmication extend the the 11.atural features tIle an obstD.cle to cOIl]£!lmj .. cBtions and

there wore certain tilUt 1'1Ou1(l j

of COlTIl!:tH11catiens. Jioth the ~\akaia and the

:c:iver ilt:;(18 alld. tLe.Lr channolsl'lere difficult to Doth coulci. be more At their to:rges i:J!ld to tl:.te time both have hem '1'ho IVikuia also up the ww to the PaS:3 short time i,t ,,;ocmed that this become the main road and raLl route to the vie;:d; Coast.

oacarne the for both road Lmd rail CODlfDl111icaU,ons to the Lancl routes to llarlks were to 81u,1'1; the of the befoxe up one of the 88veral valleys. ~l'his vWB a tha,t 'dould hold an in any of 1I:Jrl\; cormllttntcationfl that could be to link the settlelfli? nt at Christchurch to the south Dnd

and Vlost of the South If3land.

dithin this relGtively smaLL of the Canterbury Plains there CiTe no variation:c, in climate. Rainfall ~nGn~af)es inl:Jncl from :Lnches annual near the co<,wt to inchet' at Glentunm;l 4.) .

1'11i8 ie f throughout the year but droui::,hh) f common :in :3Ulllliier allCt autumn Nhen exceeQf,: :C;c\inf,-,11 to the detriment of both crop and It is LhLs f ac tor of exc,;ssive v.Jitb. tho very free of the older

fans. 13y the 101lier rm,nfal1 totals of the lONland are more in normal y(:'.;a:18. are moderate \'ii,th li'ros'ts are

Pasture is fwlted during the frOl3t "ind vlinter feed must be for Gtock:$

Chdstchurch (1905~155) I,incoln ( 37 Byrev'

Dci.l'fi9JIB'Z~r;5tla,te li'orest) \l/')r .JI 60

]~ake (1917~55)

Tl10 Boilt; vii thtn the u.rea are form,~d from FIGURE 4. MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL.

.. '" \...... "TV x 30-2 30 - ,.,. "

./ ... )( 211-3 I 27·5 I I / t '. " ...... Gl£NWNNf:L " -. I ...... )1( 40 ... I( ... .- )( 29-6 i ./ , _' __ ./ .33'6 \ " 1'f, '\ WfNDWH.ISTL,E } 24'5' _' ...... I \ - 'j'" • ...... / ,/ " .... JOg-5 lI( 33-2 ,.,. ! \ • .

)(26.3 ',\ SOUTHfiilOGE I .... ALL FIGURES ARE / " I 2 GIVEN IN INCHES ANO REFER. i 5 0 7-5 5 10 30 L-,-, I MILES. TO THE PERIOD 27-5 I I /921-50. 2-H )( dorived from to the a{o?;o of the the their silt and the nature of the in turn controlled the naturnl 'I'hey thus closely rela.tGG. to the structural units described 8a1:'11.8r in th:lt3

the of the Soil Bureau m8;p has boen "Ihieh clasfl.ifies the soils of the area in terms of their turnl

received of the Canterbury varied from I of tU:'3sock I to 114.

SWDliJP;Y plain • • our,ht \'IC could see, over the "hole 5 The point \'Jaf; tbe ::::ume in both ca:::ef'; but the ,Jeatl:ler ,\far:; different and (loth contain an elewent of truth abOlrt the natural vega I;atiotl ,

Apart f:ro:m tbo f:,and dune of li'lat 8m}

rU'eas three main on the plains Nhen arrived. ( . 6) to tbe supply of rnoistu:r8

Th(3 most exi;cn:;iv8 \'uw the tum;ock graGs lcmd Hhich OCc1.Jpi.e0. all of the hiGb.er and drier plains. There, the t\-lO dominant vf8re the On the bette:!.' land these formed a semi~continuoUl' !nat that .t)l'OV(!{{ Ctfficul t to cultivate untu the improved invented :in the availa.ble, In athol'

lllGIHJ1;::a OT taLL C,:['(;lI'J obovo the tW~f:ock cOller. ts Hi th the inc(Li bIt) 1,(1t1)re of the Jil[J.ture tusi:30ck were to enColtraLG the of early 'l'he exl:::;tence of tus:;ock rather than foref:t in an lJ1Clny aCTes of pla:nto.tiom: h(\s been c).ttributed to the 0:( foret:t to estiJb:l5sh itcelf out th"l,~ 81 though trees even on the cannot be f>Ow-n broadcast but HW::t either be or by soiL ho uev c.:: I' , there ie; evidence to 15

that 811 G8.rlier forest that he,d un,'tcr cow'it tiom 1

iE;;:,Qciution I'/as that foumi in

the and i.n the coastal so often

referred to 1\Y' the eDrlier \'lritc~rs land'l] In the

t vrater r8JXpO oloncI'lOl..;J,d be ame uhal1ol'mr

f.u10 became the IllOBt t

SttCll as COlmtlOn

had be fOlmfJ. draineG from such found that the swamp land could be into cUltiva.Lion much more ,than. the tllssock 'rho other of tton fovnd on the

3W:lJLP does not Gf;em to hD1Te been in the area.

it a.r8ClS, mwmp fOlest very icant in establidunent of ml1all :::,ettlen;ent;3 ill later to be into

Urban Chri;~tGhurch, from a limited i1,motmt of Black }JC(,d1

ut Koviai BU'13h, the area. con:siclercd .. Vias vli th- out timber although Gome weI'," available from Banks }'enlllsvla Oxfoni and 16

L Jobbe:rn::::" 'PIleir

2. 'l'11e landform nlVl.SlOn Ha~3 on the babl.fi of information by tho Soj,l GhriGtchurch,

).'7 Currie, L.

InfoI'lnation on by the NevI' Zealand

5. 1853, ]1,

6 , nnd[<'lora of

Plain in ;;::',k;:';:~:£;;:;:C~;:'__ ::~_C~ pp. 11 The C!Dnterbury iat:Lon ,=,rert);~;p.1ected by C of 2, (,.crer: from the A::~bul:'ton to the Here the c thought out theorie~. of G.'dokefield G:H0 the l'flGult:: of tuo ye~lrG by the AccocL.. hon 'clere to be put into tfider the of John Godley. of the earlier e:::tablLhec1 colonies, c.nd the doctrine of a uniform Dnd

sufficient price," began the e~;tD,b1i.:hment of tIde Church of ~:ngL;Jld in 1850 'irhen the main body of colonL'k; CI1il. ci.!'rivecl d Lyttelton.

'1'h8 r:ettlement '.rD.~) form:dcl l:i th th8 int(3ntion of H. croes

eection of' thQ best of I::nglish CODJplAte \J:L ttl eVF~ryone from

the inditu.tiom~ of thA heing' thn~D.tene(l by the J.n(iustrial

R~volut:Lon. ',Cae \I suff ic i en t" of per <,-,cre for land "mule;,

of Lettlernent:::" ~~urj'ounde(i by

loncir;" Blld the money thm; obtDjne(i could be used for the

threefold expenc,ec; (or even to return lirofit) 1 providing fundf:l f or the of Churche:::: 8nd Gchoolc, I:md further oelected immigrants to fi1ainbin an adequDte of L:::cbour. Although not

to be }iI'ohibitec1, no.c:;toral \'Jere to be eubordiw"teo to onA,:; on the thc.t the former vould cance undue and d:i.Gcourage 1 Jono iU th<) end of the firDt yeoI' of ::;ettlomont it have ceemerl. to

the c,:tGuol ob::;erver tho.t the ~:chGme uaG \;:011 on it:,; '~'wy tofruttion.

t01:111[; were er:tabli:::;hed o.t Christchurch and l,yttelton :nracticully an of

the 1000 acre;:: ~rere 6i ther ,~round the dwrer:: of lyttGl ton ffzlrbOllr

or '\cfl."llll1't~" eLY:"'] nu. _8C raol.UC~, o.f"h'tl C rl.f;~ c lUre:1. 12 ]lo11cHling the of the to them in

the h;:~d ;:.;tdxtec1 to clec;r their i~lIlwll c,nd to 'fhe frontier mi.ght hove been expected to extend outo:mrd::-; from the young of Chrifstchurch.

In of i trc: appeO.I'8nCe all "\'ICC; not '!;:ell in the info:nt the co,:;t of

ture (3, haz,ardou~;

for any but the slllall on his Oi'ftl labour. in the late

stocl;: l'lOre arrivine~ at the ea,{:,er to occllpy the natural

Land on the pli;dJW the j,s:::oc.d.,;tiol1 block NEW available

'lLY.lCd:;Y 2a::::toral I,icGnse:::; \ihieh al10\~8d of JJ'!d::.;es involved

rent~) and offe:rcd no "()ClITi of tenure

:roltn Rob(~rt Goctley '\'J(:)i:i 'Po offer outlet for the and

of the clane, it Vlould the l!lhole ideal of ttlement Dnci bring him 1nto conflict the Assoc:LEctioYl. to refuse pas onc, experienced

lace chance to economic ba"is for the young In of world coste of

1;iBS the one that could :provide an immed.i.ate and return.

the tn to tho::;e of the New Governnent· G Crol!Jn L81lCJ~) OrclnaJ:lce of The eff Be t '1dS imme(Uate and f8~r \'Jere ideal for extensive re:;::;eJ'VOlr,; of ",heep 1,vere av'aUDble and cou10. from A.1.u.:tralia or in from l'1a:d bOr'ou~;h. was the most GiL ternative land and the 3 hustralicXl I',ere Ot, haJ:ld to seize the deraonstr

of the SvlOlllP vlOre leased as pm.,turage runs. 'l'he frontier up the ,,;outh bank of the !dain18knriri, DrouxHl the of the J'!ialvern Hills ::md lmrst over the rest of the a'('r=;f.l. Hire not ,yet available, aJed water 811 (~~;sentif.ll, so runs of blocks on to strfli:JJ:ns or ri.v(~:u". bullock dray loade( w1th taoh: t:l.nd

for foul' or five the would :mdeavour to on the c;ite of the c,t.ation 1)0[o1'e :l1is mob of arrived.

:,uc11 8i tes were c10;::e to water and at a point .;.here all of the acLlitieG YI).11 could be soil for a and for making paddockfJ vloulci be

v[hj ell Gou1 be G. sod 5 or cob hut vihich <11::,0 be used aD E.beD.r:i.ng dwd or v1001 The needs t,::o. and flour to cOUlplement thoirwutton diet, vlould be taken bullock dray to [J,nd :l:Tc?sbprovisions carried on the re turn \liQuId be D.cLrli ti.ona} hands of land bronght into cultivation to ImJlc1t the:Lr Olin needs for food fodder.

idith the P8.~

SpEtT'se \>Iho t-l8.S c:om3b:ucted a eli, s tribu tiol! for 1861, '2,aYti that tl1c.l1 20 per cent of VfCl:':\ to be found in the areas., 'i'he '=.'etLleillent uni i'Jere hut and the occasional. houe,s u::;ually located. Some

::::tation bave ,3urvive(~ to but in no case have tlJey

1'1,3(:: to buLlock oDce or a yec.tr from

to in ChriDtchullh or ec~ucated GovernelBS DXld thd.r c'.piritual lii.et by itinerant c who comJucteo. ::;ervic88 the fully ul'1dsr::rcood the accommodation hOU[~e8 for the 10catect avi8;y from the or what have nol'! become the Hlui.l1 roads clid not to

WOl'e fOrTD 0:[ ficttloment. in the The one

Vias House on the GJ.'l?c1.t South Hoad \-illich we,; ovm.eeL byiJil1iam forme':

The fm:'lllecs :,~cem to havo been tHO L!ometiwes tolerant of of use the other Inad6 of in in :inter::",;tb

clJlct lH8torial vi ejOttll31:l8ntEi l'id8 almof:;"\;

related to thf) of the froutier. 1\ho :3lXl8~1 farner with limited c till needed a local store to hie:, a

blacksmi th to maint.a:Ln to()1~3 and and a 8cJ:\001 close at hand for

htE~ children. It to meet the:.io need," of the n.u'Dl f:;etth;mentf;

In. cornman 1:)ith their North Americ

settlers in tbj.;:, f number of Ob:,i,taeJes vlhi hdC) to be ove.rcome h,:;for8 cf:Cective 1 amI 'The cuI tural of the the nature the obbtaclec vari.ed with the 'rhe rate at I:/11ich the \vere oVercorr,e cmd the lal1cL on advances and economic stiwulus.

'I'here VU::)'; convictLon a1rl01Jll,[; the

As~;oc:i.ation :3ettlen: that land \lhi1e the tussock 9 Lack of equipment for cultivation in ju~c;tifie::.3 thi:::; attitu.dG but

~;eems to contElin a strong elelnent of cultural natux'al to a.

,'1110 c Dmo diree t from trle 13ri th:h Isle t: and llad contact,,; \:iith other ,JJ:ewc; of the I'forid vlhere the of natural 1 Cl.cl(

of timber for Has aXl obfJt,Ctcle tll<.ft could he OVercome by it from the nel::1xef'.t ditch and bank rnethQcu:J of fenc <311d

cob or f30ci for for cultivation consiuted either of

mattock or the and cumben,omo en(:;li8h ma(lc of iron~ 01'

wood and a c onsiderHbj ~ yoke of oxen to pull it. S'uch a

CQuid be u~ced I'd th <3UC(;(;2", on the drier m'lamp margins vlhera the ~:;urface

WEtS firm to c it btd: WfH:lX'8 there I'mr!;} bunchy tus;:oclcs to G log

more tive t~hare,,;. On the ClyteI' the lacL of water ,~a

to the runholder ~ cultbration unlot3s i t coul(~ ::oIn(')hoVJ be obtai.ned

for the tCcldl1S of bullocks 01' hOI'::Cf: vlhieh unt:Ll the late 1870t; the only () o 5: »"1l ;u U1 o z m fTl -i ~ fT1 fTI

8 fTI ~ o 7- }> Z o -i I fT1 U1 · 0 ;U fTI o "Tj U1 fTI .-i . ~

. ! r r n o r

c Difficlutios of vJero at no to the of ::; but when cost of and for 8xerci:Jo( no :small in1'luenc(). for rose relative to contn or to the a:vailb.ble and fell tb.e frontier tend.ed to halt. tural

their cnm lalJour OI' IJ()rl';:.ed

\'f:i:Lh their such. 1;JOrked for 11art of the year and their farm the

In the light of t1i1O factors the ty of arable

and the rate of cultural Hnd development the

of the f:contier as in figure 7 nOH be studied ill dutail.

of lan.d \

time the ])rice of ImH:l 'itlas reduced from to f2 :per dcre, thai; Janel purchasmJ

recommenced. tLtl..:":l time connolidation rather extension lla~i the

keynote of agTiculture. Labour COGts l'lere aYld the lIlnrket limited. but the

Gleall farwer with limited c vW.f:j able gr01:! oats and Elb

he dI'ajneci 1e aneel or from ;:,orne

,earlier colonist. ;:')llCh cultivation llint; mainly confined to the environs of

GhrifJtchurch or tl:1e small r.iver~port of Kaiapoi and 8xtencis the study area.

By the late fifti(')s, hm'lever, a small export trade in 'l'lheat to had and the frontior to extend out in the more favoured land. Pa.ced difficulties of £l,t tl1i.D

s).ected the lX;Gt 13nd close at hand. clN;(~ to the tilJlber

of Peninfiula. Using p:cimi t i vc: and me tho Ci. r, famtlia:r to 10 them in their homel but at the C:'131J18 time took up the land of the (bee 9) it vIas that the frontier fjrst site lineoln.

'J:'hen tho sixties there carne net'l economic [,timulus. Gold vms dir;cove:r.ea - :fir[~t in (1861) and then in.iestland Q,86~ ~ l'litb the a marked increase in demuncl for foodstuffEi flour and. and becarne much more attractive and f atlure to rec.uce tile costs of and the frontlm' flrsl tIlE:) for swamp land rather than grasc} land continued flnd the frontier continued, to 6 and 7) Distance from Christchurch seems to have been the cosh' of the S1"1arnp so that the occupation of' the swamp ttle 801"IY)) and the penetration of the mmmps in tIle Lincoln area 'e/ent on I'lnich on a Brilclll :2cale by individuals into Road .Boards from 186) o'O.vlarcLs.

It seems a1::,0 that the fiX'tit attacks on the tu:c;sock 'Illere made at th:is time. i!~i ther the I'fH.,ul ts of out from the swatn!) the rllnholuon:; for their ovil'l demoHstrE"ted the fertil:i of the soLl ;:lila there 1.1H8 an of interest in this the fe:ct:LJe south ()ank of the anel IIavlkins rivers Here often lDD.de by the bU.t they are eleen' evidence of the. in sucb. latl(i,

tl:le latter ttl(; founda'Ltons 1;Jere laid for the

over the better watered Dna lilo:re fert:i.le en1f):;land. Thetr fertility had brJen delllon:3tratecl tl:18 power::1 of the to main,- tain control over lancis he had not freeholc.ed tiere lirni ted the;;Jaste L8UCLs Act of 1867. Af3 runt> beoame value of stock feU avnry and from 1867 OlH'lards tb.ere 1'13.B Gl~~o a 8((;.'111 but d.ecline in the price of imol; a11 of Lo reduce the ])01'181' of the nm- holder Clnd the .'1ttHK~tlvenc[~f; of hiD 'l'tw otLter even.ts

\1EH'e 8end the balance even more in favour of \'fheat

The first \'/[;1(;) the of the as far DB recttmtion in costs r];he t:econd i'la;:; the invention. of a threo in t)Cotland. ~\hi s type of llltro- In it:;, H could.

Hel,!;) in th.e

f 01:'0 the Hakciia land boom. tunal frontiorbroke up a:;;

alike froehoided all of th<~ thu:t ~m.s fertile and On the and mixed In the in tarfan the fans) the better

from the stl,{:AllIS

th.€~ llndisturl)eo. dOl1:run of the

:-

out ~:o or 0.1:' mi~ec aCI'OI;f:; - Hi.thout of dctivity. c:ontlnued to fall ond uncler the tctuaulus of Gontinued for F'rom

Chari ~lOol and wherever proc'Cicnble. thel'(~ \rJa~) inoreaf'e in. beca.rno available. 15 I:abour

n~ceived of

80ti.th

able land

Ii'QI' time the on lack of \latex' on the hig:h ViC1fl the 1 as t

it too \Wf; to overcome. of \'lDter clril of \~elJc; both al10\'18cl :come exten:::ion of 2ettlement in from the older f&l1ili:'. Hoth rnc~thoii, hOViGVer h80 their limi the in

2nd C!, numbc;:).' of

~;etbacks in con:::, the net\'rork of td:ock 'vJater n~ces \~HE! es in the l8bUB,

each of the ~;chmne3 neal'O(J. completion, land in to

tak.en up spreading from ..,est to ~)b;'3t 16 • 11 'I'lOuld be grmm for a fei'J <:;oasons (lnd

fertile arf}ar: of the ~;oils ,1ore soon

turdl frontier hc:,.d over t.1l,::>, ';/11018 of fabric rw.<1 1)86n more associate,: Ei.ml 1911 ",.!e. of lo",,:er'

to COBle but e ~'he pasto:ral frontier hEld the tvral frontier' followe~ in its slow mucl1 100re Dccount of "':011 cOlllli tioi:l:;:; [:end 1:TD teL' t.1Ic3 end of UlO 1880:::; the tial olrLLLnec:

L , 1" 1 J " 01" ',llet'" l)rc~Serl\;~ pavr.ern JH';tO 1Jor:l1l +) I' OC<:'C(, JJl. 17

The cl'3V(;)loplwmt of cormijl.micatiow~ c tura.l frontier. (;'ut of thE:, inteI:L{;]ri"!;lon come tlw birth of the rural ::.;(,;ttlerl? ld:s. Tile conmrunic atiom; pattern.

\'lith t!h? fo:ces-ced of of lndccll n " of tb.c chief faGtoX's in choice ()f A:38octetion ,LtleilV~llt I>

~'hhl ease of travc:r::er,dthin anc: 1;]1(3 nabxcal ob[)tacle to

COllllInmication whlch slrrrouncied it V(3ry diffecen.t of to tha.t fOUl1(i in tho north of Auckland oj 10 Ivhich is Atlcie:rr,on. It ir :-11most the eXCicl; COllver,:;12 to thic3 itu tal of Here in tile main lineD of communica of movement iXi rond tho :i":contiers t(m.ci to raraa t(0 ou twardf3 from heartYl land a.I'Olxnd Ghri.stchurch to\'Jards e.xtrcrni tien of tb.e

had. no rlecld f01' roads,

"d.th hi.s rmJlock could fo1101'1 aGrm;~~ the Ln. ferrier; ~:;(Jon tion\'i:L th aGe ommo(! [•. Lion bave not

the rO{,l/i,s but Id.el'.: it inef:f8ctuDI.

slection of 10c81 five cellt the F'rorn thL" 10e8J t.he frontier 'tllO fJiJcties in

cl muil COCJ.ch ,viJS able to nm tb the of to Hoki vi;;, \1aimakariri in ft2riotJ8 effort to C of the tra.Cie fran: the COlc:.IJletec nnd of tile 1'01101/ yebX. Coal on

\1al1ey

Ino::c;l; direct of the local into -(La main

Wily. \Ii th nUJlleTOUS of SJfic1l1 tJettl(';I/,ents the Sou rood r311cJ. .Urcet Great

I\:;~in ~~outh Hoad H.hi.ch travel acrOE;S the more

'1'ho event of tw:: sixtie~J rail (Fig.9) the line cormection Christchurch to l,yttelton

extendeG ccc; f dT nou th e.G tb.e 'Them in the ::::cvcnties came the

auc;. a Tene"ree. bur::.;t of DC '.rho VlllS exteudd.t ;c,outh to the co.:.,1 Glentunnel ,,!nC:

acro[,;;" thf; ol)en 'plQ:Ln to link th(jE:e ChrbtchvJ:'ch 0 At tb.e time the Li ..ne to i:i8rve the settled built in such 8 way to tie in the llln;jol'i ty of Lhe co:motIu~ tion startcci on . tile line to the

In the l'lC:1Ye of (,;ntrrusi<.lslll for interior and coastal lin.!",,:: ,vere hon to

Oxf o:cd D.C built. liare X10vJ8Ver vJere the to build a line to the Coast. Houte h!J,:, d.eci ddt on cllld \1Ork started to be to t11e Coast "file;!'! tlle 'rho , not rli..cJ c of grain r:,Jl(l other produce from the Janel but the chief mcnns of p£lSgenger travel during tbe the other a1 tel'll" b.ve • l.i'rom the openinb of tl1e Hnes until wen dfter the }l'irst \'[orlct lilar the railway reigllecl supreme in the fioln of of some of

Indeed tts in.fluGl1ce this 00 FIGURC 9. THE DEVELOPIMENT OF HAlLWAYS

\ ".,10 t

"

KEY

oPE/lED BtfOR£ fBb5

b6 '0 6 70

18 71 TO 18 75

$'7(, ro 18.0

5 0 5 10 MUS I I I I I I

'FORMA T/ON FROM N ZR that tlle of main rOfj(t communications that had ci.evelopec( in the last four fol101llS the mo:ce cl0 them it (:08<:: the original

~\'!here traffic <:lctato otiHJl'wise)road haulag:e has

1101'1 C rn1),ch of the; raihlaYs 2:.,00(' ::: tl'Dffic on bT<.lnch Jinec,.

serviC8f. on the three branch linc,f', have all been Ei~bD,nclone(l since the

HO\'J8Ver both the ;deGt Coa:rt Li.ne the Hiiin South Line continue to carry a L,rge volume OfjlOth pasE;cnger and Goons trD~ffic and the

at t;fld key stationE) in thi::; no fJmall effect on the rural Gett.leiJl8),t::: of the nrea.

the ae,riculturDl frontier reDched i tr:: fullest exter: t by the have been sign~ificant 1n land, Ul3e since that time. /I.S a result of continuGd cropping of' viheat in the same the:eG had been 21 a and a I'F;(:'UG tion. of In the 18908 therefore on the C

1 UaI I the of mixed crop evolvee • On the oml a hixrt of cnc;:;'.llleries cream to the dairy toriElS as common the small local flour mills of the tHO decadf'lS, On the fertile laml

8J'las from the s crop rotations involving rape, or other fodder crops, 1:iheat or in returns from '\'lool, f ot lambs Dnd On the lighter anc\ IT'ore eroded

i',loilEl'l'fheat VIiI.S abandoned but fodder erops [mel improved returns from \'1001 r)nd store Ji;ach fluctuation in the prolluce, wool, felt la!Iibs or now a on t arms bu t this genl~ral pattelh been steadily ltUring the present

'rhe tractor, introduced bet1'leen the wars, cind the header i ~ ~ U. a. 0 0, U) ~ w 'i! z -l

~ U Z 0 0 :::J W 2 0:: 2 :::J 19 8 i u. introduced in the are the tvm mos t of wiele raIIce of machines and to be rJ.chieveel from Cl 1 force. all fDrms nOvi hElve their OVi1:1 tractor end cu.ltivotion have a range of othe:c

and hea(iers. All of these have a increBsed dnm8nd for inawotries.

of the ;;pI'B,y type, hat" become

on the 1:11'8[:103 of "rater table VlheTE.~ a sU.Fnly of \'Tn tel' from creeks Ok' w,:dJ.s 18 on areas produc tiVii;'; J it iB used toprod.u.ct:Lon and to minor On the ht scale schemes are at preE3cnt under Gonsidel'ntion. that vJnen these eventuatE, \vi11 have profound effectf3 on lanl.) use cmel even th.e of settlement in these 'which f3till remain very 11) eVl'm a. c en tury of 1 ~ .

C),- . to Can of t~no

5. P(:Jul,

6. Journal of 19.

of ,~,ubhumid

o /.

10.

11. Pa1)l,

12.

14.

fuller Clark I Gh.12. or P.

Paul, F.J. Univ of

j pp,76 ff

20,

dat8~, at wh:Lch the vc:rtotL! :,octiOllf~ of TIu.U

21. [(dilect in The eVolution of tnoir eve11 their influenced their locc;,tioY\, the locution of settlement

tor;~ \\'1Jjeh anneal' to vr:;ry o. ~ 1n

He"! inflUence:':;. of Hucleat ,i

and character of H)JJle influence it 'vdll be the f ac tOl'b

lOG ation of in.o.ividual

control rJl e1' the location of set:l;lGlD.8rd;s in the areca terl(led to the or hl.l1Tlan COfl(:i tiOlJ obtain. At the C~iJ.C() thlfl there cWlOUl0r g:coup of

relote(~ to the fire')\;, 1ilhich hae led to the f,election of The factorf', of Joc;ation \Ilhich follO\cl are thus 6iv:i.d.cd

There is a very lJetVleen the location of settlemenb::,; and locati.ons of a. lsTOUp of :::;ettlewents south of the line 8hm'>/8 a veTY rnaI'kcd coincidence vlith the ILlargin;::: of soils 'with a water table.

~rhis

for t}Yl location of any

as chv.yches or schools. .]lhore HOl).lc! not be an ; the erect:Lon of ~ ~ ~ g t::: l ~ .I.!.. § ~ vi ~ ~ ~ );.. ~ ~ ~ t ! !

~ ~ ~ ~ (,'''") ~. ~< /

/' ~

,~ . " Q)

,-

VJ

,. t~

\'f0111d not be cUfficult" \;ould be loc uith to the £Ire, cL.,;velope6 ..

reinforce thLE; in thn.t they both ::erve 1,lOuld offc:' auo Dl1d the loc::tion of

1 ranntu 6I • 'J'11c) lim:L tc:. of r;vrD,mp :tion nne th(~

coincilh~ th11t

;;!'olmd , but 18c:u fertile, the, 101'1 or rirlf;8~; that ran throue;h the berth travel and th,t; founller:. of

The location of fore"t Hitl'! lllillable tree;:; a direct influence j,n the

centre" 'T'be

;oh ferri(;!'

of thn In th(;

domestic and ,;tock l;,:tor ;.up tIl'·) nue lew;; Dround formed. the ;,ett18Hk:nt of

Only iA,;v·'n of the nineteen ;;etLlelll':mt::: on the

YlriJ(~ from \fA,ter Dud nono of theu:'l tc,bli, ho(i before of

the The r::8 ttlernent f ormc-)d

one ~:uch attempt ] a.bmlcloneci " .-

fJ'vTO other l'hy;;ieal of the JVJalvern ITLLh::; the 8:ci:::tm1cC nu:nber co,,;l coal aDcl SIiDl.L Bven the no more tl!cWl two at the

,,1. i:ufilllar humber. ~)lnce then both ind.ufd~ries

three E:r"all mines a.nd. ODe

[Hna.!l ~::ettlementG bave I'emcl.1.ned. effect of the::e reeources on location 8ha.Ll 'be cO.fJ[;irieH?cJ unciHI' Gpecif1.c Detors.

'1'1.18 of cL:lstribution of <,ottlerncmts ;,ILO irlfluencod by the tural frontier in. the ttitUcJfJ of :3cttlel'[:j 1;0 tho environment. Eaa of the Brea heen for tHO or inventions [;uch the lever i3teel able Eouth of the wain lif£'e.nmt. h"we a claSEn' 'I'he c that of the former swamp lJl 1. sat, muc h the con:nmmic tit i on::; it k the result of the f)mrironrnent. Gn;a.tcr d.ifficulties of travel JII conditions the neec~ to on 'bullock c

of' the ~.jettlement ]let '.rho l{"~nd in the t(J!,en up over a in in te:CDill thDu 1;.Thier. have

()CCUn';ci in the l['

The of rnain ro (:lG E: thtrd and. the la.ter t of the

tv,o Inain tSCOUpf3 can bo those ",cttleuents 1'lbj.ch \vele m3tabli8liecl

or wain. l'OCJrl cornnlurdcatiOll Irtstec.1,d of their location Do inflv(mced of COl'ml1J.t11.cntJ.on attrac t S('! both wain 'J'hb, is mont obviow: :i.n the of settl(~tl:(,:;nt8 tchurch~

tUc Hive:c ani; obvioUt: t.o · .,. 1. " tation tL.at

fron, '<01 ton to.;h:Lt.ccl:ifr:~; end uheff:Lclcl :Ln the

comrnlmic8tton had 1x;en decicle( on form tIle ~;eC()nci L:COlllL IJ]18 TUbjori t;'l of

On t}:.\c.:: old,ic},t COClEll.. l'OEil!. COllrtonay b;,(l devuloped before

tl1e but j-C:3

hiJ!3 fll)ctU(ltHci over the ,Y8i:fr-;c" vi..i. t;l] con~:ider;lble

Grc"at :301,1 tb jto

::.UTvi.ve j.n the form of an h;ola.te:,:!. church or lwl1. 'J'hn

IJI'C of flmc bon:: one

on

In can t;r;;;~t tb.CIC cere ttd.rtecm of the twen

Jet in. one of

Tn UOllJe c 'J a nl l cluw: \,ou.!c; be; :jn tor(; or i:chool, and tilL: in. turn.

in.to "cion;: ~iGco:c6

to In 0. nurnbcT of

ton thec~e tOl'inc;hj.pc; viFle lCJ.ici out :i..n the v

:!hichever \{Cl~; the caGe one or more of tll(o

to :.:.ccount in u(;)C

vie11 cl :influence; r a]

lectiun o:f a ~;onl.e or thcrn table river

tile convergence of ~:;everal {)e1:;u1'a1 of tecliff::, lEt1d out on Coal l·linG 811d

HGeCi road t:Lon that l!Ient, in favour()(i flLUllber of :['&(;to1's. the of bL:tcksmi.th I s ""hop

of HillO road but ty lac al 11Opu1 "hon ,end the of any V01U1DC of not Dvoured further

(iUu,t. J) 1.S a tviO of :d;::; 01.; roa.n 1;lh118 the thirC

the t~ . the 1 nucl(oli

of ~,ettle)j:e:o ts \'iher 3 the line bends (Blust. 2), (jllust. 3), or has hal Ged in com;i;:ruction.

that I r;laud Int8rioJ:' line. 'J'he at !lo11u'iton life C" :L i.i1 t,;xlIlinu:o, continued

passE1ngOl'0 to trcd n ~ and beca.me rail ;junctton.

From the uut the of

VIas UhlJD] 10c",1 ;~ettlcrs\iho \'JOulcJ incd.c;,.ce u. Clc~si:reable location. In the 188()1) the in several of L::;nd DVB.ilable \;0 on

f arrnn or t;ime hOl'lev()r thf~ bettnr lund in Lhi:; are", Jl<',.d 8.11 up

[';tUViVB in the fon.il t of coincided vlith the of tIle

H8a able to 011 aLl 0.1' He;

th;I;J..:).i t:: v,ere on

;;ub0i.viciecl jt into ler z.ec tJom, or {.OH;tco of t fOe hon vJouhlbe t but thC'I'(, u lal1cllloJ thot

'I'he lou" nov; of!incoln of tile fOl tn

d.t B Hi vc:r :.')omc :.ix: Thw3 l,incoln alone of ment::, ita fOUtldation (iirectJy relcJ. of

eVC11 It in tu:u:; c VIas no t of 2till be seen about

e::::ta.blir.::hrncnt of L(~EJston dl0v!fl the extent to 'uhich thifl factor of location c~m 01J a of ','Ihon t]:,o th

the the l,'J.nd vill.enl LecGton no\'! ::;tands offerc;~c

LOli Fas arlO. the Hoad ]Joan; not the bet;t loc[j.t1on for the

Ji[evertheless 1,0 them erected in 1864 Via f) the fixGt Leeston vias out 8}ld auct:LonecL by Sou a

then tIl.e In a of the bites [;elected for Buch \.,'e:ce 1('11<; out, bu.t ei the GGe tlons v;ere not end not built

they e:x:t~rl.

fOllUD.tion

Halkett In both t:i.. on::l a the fo:nnation of a

of the of sl.10vm in .2) reveals con:~:ulOrable vcl)"iat.ion vrithtn No theoX'otical

iJll1aJler i:uld

co t(:lX'rl. 'fbe to

be from other

hamlet::;,. f['he e(;Xc~n sllccessive

vlO111([ from the mnal1e;; t in theore tic a1 the (:if:;tributed.

oX' to the

'J'he

of with

'1'h8 rno[:t dee Nb.Ler.

If f)et·tlerC811t~·,) on on oldor aLluvL:d an;:)

equivalent numb::r of settlefljentr~ cotl.cel,tratioli on t1K' former

ii/hen tri.is of .11) it iL reflect f the pI'O;,8nt cj::::tribution of count of of the

l.Ln(~ serve 811 vibU those

loc either on the maiD Li.ue or of Lt of

,.~ettlerncnts \wuld thus c:e81n to the c::istributton of

mo[:?,t of

function, loe on t1J8 main

the timer: i;:. that l;QJ!G of

f~ettlcment. 1'he

or lor;t

in

t;C) :.u; til'; overall

not tllut

closeness of this tJi,lt t t:;1'l.tCC to ay to

t.o

avoure

'J~he influence of an t Ln c;orne have thetr H'ark on t ,'(I;' Hororata and both onto a, limtted to the other three c'l.:cecti01)"'.

OJ'l the trmde{i to linear to both '.'il1:Ltecl:i.ff Glentunnel tn creek v:hich han t:ufficLnt to influenc(; their Invel1 ten (le(! to one

[.ide of the Halsvlel1 lZi.w,r. t occurs ~'Jhe:l'e a ;';ettlE:mcnt up e]i.;t:c:uJe a ltne, '/.'h8 of controJ.lm: the curve of the "Iitile at I!t:tnsaxlclel a influence on the tlLrectiol1 of

of s'VU:IX(L)J in :~ite apreurs to hcrve cUi influence that i[: not ei:.I.f.;y to trace in the case of t!1e

It j, also tl10.1; f.ome of the ton) O,ifficu1t to dra.1n them the otberE and thu~) [j'IToided, conf:iT!11f:'C ho:.revGY'

the reluc taJlcE) of a lall(:owner to m,~; Jand aV[i}l",},],::; could account for the same 1. :;, p

2

11 "Service C;eTltrefJ CJ, collective term for cU1fl settler::::mt.ico \'lbicb.Lhmv ImlcttoLcll tirne"

III.

5 • 'I.'hc::::;e Clentullncl; Greenc.tlcllf." Hororata At the time of (J'an. it is an.tic tl:w,t ;'ichool vlil1 not reopen in I>inich ca!3e this settlc[fIc;nt vroulll be clacs;c,ifted au a (i,i

6.

7. l1uns (2nd:'~(l,i tion)

8.

9.

10. Cllrif3 1903 P 732 Bud. p. 74:).

11. li'or cj ,cl)m':ion of this '{'he FUllc t .J>V"c\·l(I.L'~'1.")," of' Central 1958. Since their (J of rural in Ulrer' becorne wore tlJeiT flmction::i. no continuous one Ij}c; the of the s different VJithout

Ei of the evolution of ::;ettloi'l.ents it diff:Lc:ult 8J, thee

chnracter or to make estimate of future trGnu,:;,

In eacb. of the:::i(? three lion, iJnci. function it haf::: not bHen easy to find a f;uitable ba"ib :for a of individual settlement;:.: their formative . 1 ~ t iYl t8~crns JJlIX1C EtYl \JU for tnCiivi.dual LettleF:ents have nevnr been DVDilable ureal or of the sett] However there is one more detaHed of functional

Information contain(,d in "Post Office Directorief3 11 h8x) of considerc1ble value tn te of certain lint:l tcltioYls VJhich

ffhe same and have occ1J"rred in most [~ettlm:Jen-bl a1 some bave trIe initial noted £:1. Dltmber of othcl:rci have

1'he rural ~;ettlement in this urea of' ab one or tVIO iiOoden or cob

COYlgtructed Grouth may with one 0:1: erected but acent to the

,. , .:' -, one or tvlO street::: be forrued .. On (IIV1U.Cu tnto sGctions and there offered for sale by 'Ihis then fol1owed the erection of a nlllilber of W:)\'/ fiC over the areE..

In ~)Qme c.it'3ttlcment::'i the viaS never f.LLle{i in "lith

the individual c;cctiOX).<3 may have b()(~n in. Some

10c 01' otherVlisG more

Bueh new on \-rhi .. ch of the local landmmer:: to

aIHl sevcl'GJ ;:;ettlnments d.i btinc tivo rCBult" of tllL3 in the of l;ic[!,t Llncoln and l.ee[:;ton 16 and 17) such. (;-)[) lovel of funetional have ~:uc(:eeded 1.!d.tll0llt

0:0. a ri.bbon folJ.OI,!oci the of a nucleuc.' at

Holle;:; ton or Eororata :i, t fonowed establL~;hment

C03J.f)oli.de.. tion, of a

(\t fir;~t the commercial to locnted near trw C:r.'(n,:r roe"dE3 or the stcition but in thm.:e vlh:i.eh continued to functions a eould f:oon

tlleir of cOHHnerei(;il In the earb.er conl1Jlercial iluclmu:-; the to nucleus on the main road a dir::rtinc ti VG

~iith every cuch

high.wa.)' or the I.inc to a neili terminus thore

Ivore r:;ome settlelll()nt~3 uhich to rerna:ti1 but 8. number lost fir23t UK:]:i.!' functional uni bud thcn their res:Lden"i;ial l.JXLt tf3

of trees at a Ute later of a number of l:c; older cOl.urnerc:lal core remai:ns a.s a fSroup of a local fann. but :lrl fflost CafJeS 43·

\\f{~re b11i1 t on f armlcl11d and hcJ:\I8 been abf30rll&)c! .tn to the

lEH1dGcape

One of the rune tio:m; moc;i; of the) settleIllent~1 'wLthin their establidllnent of service •

this HarrclXl t cstabltshluent the 100E)1 store

Houlcl be to servl.ce triac attrc:ctc;c, so many In the absencfl of a ;:-,toro the lac 131 or ;3cliooltflflcher would tiwe record the form of "PO!3t Office Ivhtch the names and th.e

of the householde:n3 of Eiach of the small ;'Gttlewents from the until the of the rLlral !Nnl deliveri(m after the l"irst Worle: daT.

~\tch irlformation can be lH:ed c wi t11 local hh;t;ories and record,,, to of ,[;(le funr;ti.onal of the::.:e set tlemento up unttl the In in.

to make ,~everal asmhLTtiono the of tho It ]jsteci fa:nners

from the [iottlen:ents "l1Ould reside ill them. Contractors {)n(i latJQUrOI'S Wf)l'e more difficult to and it 1vas (IocicIe(, to include contracton)

c~xclu,de ot11er cont:c'actor~; vill0 \·~·Ol11(J be \-'lor]zeTS 7 roadb 01' water:' rEl.Ce condrtruction.) LaboureTf) luded. Ln the in three referred to i.n footnote[:; :I.n that In [Jome

knCH'111 to m:iGtvJe:re not listed tn the torit~:::: or werE" mnL ttecL 'l'his bee1:j notecl on the D!apu eoncerned 'l'he cross of J.:i.stco in the c:i.rQcto:cief; \'lith other neceSf~ar:v .111. case 1;):[

\'Ihich lost their functionc\l units bJ[Cl c:orltj,nued to e;;.L;t

tEl. 'rho of l'es:i.(l.ence and not the of 'J'hUfJ :fo1' to decline

rna.k.0S it that tn tha.t other funci;jonal t:tr1.i tber 44~

to or c of rail

'1'he purpose 1:Thich fell j.nto one of a.no

ar08(-'~ ann t'ihcn a labour' ,If):::; csi;ablj to take of the

the of the tU.I'&l community in(Teu~;ecl in

ty Lut tilE; effuct of tiLL}'; on the; rUTal h;s of:Cset increast)(l contc~ct be'bveen the farmer an.d city. 'rho evolutio:l of tho uetthr ments ::LOI'[O by 15 CElt) best mHlen.tood the of the • \. • 4j t It the ne8ds of the fir,;t ].[1 ·~tl.el.r area. ,; 1.0. the of the scttlelJent:: :Lnto existence. 1'ho storelvJ. ttl its t off:.ice :[':.c[11 for the fir~.;t ,/core therr! "l'rJ. th food lund their of' furr!}

and the sadCLler. l1'he1'o \Jaf3 soon a for bettur and the ccJ.J:;9cntoY' the forenmner of a \·J:ider tradesmen. become IJ.Bes of corm:nLmications

. ace Oi';J1l10 C ntion tiw accofmnocla.t:Lon the at vlerc locat(,"d mH:.ry from

a n8\~ tnrcc1 the

Ko~roi R1vel' ttlewent: to

t 'j: ir:,!; these·; vmulti too nceden

the sErt:tlements had f3imilar am. to t bl;,ilt of store. tU.I'al or

and. Ei.TOC;G f or a '\'JlJole 118W of retail

'ella and senricf'.;f3 in very :In an before the Gnd foot1clare AdminL::t:cative servic reprebentecl ,qt first by the office \'lel'O soon, lemented tho board tho local

church bpt ])375 there ,iere doc tOTS in a nUlfliJc:c t118 settlercerltfj ti

~vi ttl the t and

of In.i.::{(~ cl ond commercial a ho::;t of nOlti

of a nevi group of activltjf;f; that

scale conmlE'!rcial of the wl.iCI'Jt boom yea:r::1 there CLmE1Xl.O .for nciliti,c;:; in the f:settlements f:rom about 1875 o:m'lanl~;

industrie;:; 011 loc al f aYiTl held an ill t.he rural economy of the Prom the 1870s unt:i.l h'ltro6m::tion of the roller of flour m:i 11 in 11 clfter in towns. By the turn of the cen all the 1'1)1:'<11 settlernents of the I'letter area a.m1 the:::iE; central factories at and Gb.ristchurch. The :i.ncrc,ase of in t11<:) rural set end the ;:mrvl.ces there, made inc'lubtries

then th(~ nonnal in whi.ch ()8veral "md one at other settl'';:);l(''nts soap or cordial Lnc,HUC ;"ct:u,res while the Ellesmere over men the IG90G 46. ments in the All of tn(lu;"i;ries Glen (:lid not uLn:vtve ar in to the

WitS to meet vari.eo. se ttlemeutf;

In c,omo demands \18re in others i. t \>lar; the of abou.t its Sheffield ts one need.

E~ettJ"eri!.e:n.t been

inJ~ orxnntton the has of f3e:rvice

2) the information t.hen shmiu C for 8cjcb E;ettl(~ilieYlt a,t ten year intervals from 1875 to 190:>. for the find; niDI), only lour ;:;ettleHlCmt8 an(1 vlOuld have been 3hoMl. The other arenu tJcttlcd close to Christchu:cch and either looked then) for tHeir services or viers their ov!n.

(1) Inoluclf:s police and IIledical.

(2) and Po~;t Offices aTO i.ncluci.eci here.

( 3) Incluc.ee timber ltlercbC:l1ltb in :'ll~,uttioll to thE) various trades.

ell txo arE:~ included but not

(6) Pen;ollal to,sether with retDi.l e ,tiatchmc.ker but not

rtetaU: food Ii in (4) 8~d (6).

It is clear from that no tHO bElttlmlionts fol1oVle(l an 47. lGcntH.::al of onFJ could a d.etailecl c;it,cuGsion on i t,3 Ol~n. iit the established :for tYlJ8S of 1:'lu'8.1 settlement the

centre fmC; the settlement. 8ettle~ or ment:::; con:binai;j,on Lv!o/evcn three of tllE:se

life a. .~;et tlemen t ami then 1Jocame a

te:r'llli.nus iJnd lion cDrnp a number 1080,:: the mJd' of th0) line maven on but :_;heffielcl then a :,::oda Viater L;ctory \vhile the t of until these of its :Lncomt~

vihUe the of tho different Gettlements G;)l1

in term;., of their location i~ith. to f cOlnmun:Lc ationt,

or coal and :i.n tenns in the :Ln:Cluence of purely fa(.:tors has often beon

\1rito:r suei:p:::d;o(! that the 0.'. chne relative to tllat 18<:,:::,ton the IB80s 7 1"8.c1;01'[3 such as tht:::; have influencl?(i the of of

in em '~mdoavour' to

This of H"ttler::ent :LS the lllast of tho tllI'ee lI!aDY of these J:WV(~ 81so cOITlbincej centro D.::} \:)811.

OT :L the Drriv(Jl of nUl.nber of sInaIl faxmerc;, the nUf;leu::3 0:[ :3C:hool etrl:abl:Lshed and tl18 hotel, the

buj tra.deEnlcJl or the re:~ident min:i.stel~ also

the em: of the find. of their 8.K1.:::taJ1Ce IfIOf;t tllcCle

settlements "Jere to fall into one of t-VIO groups \'lere

COll of their

or in ado:Ltion a nCH nJng,~ Gel'"1.ricefi for

In the dc:cc}(ie r;ettJ.8:mentD L'Lncoln to offer the servj.cml tnilo:r2,

buiJ hotel::; \vGC'e j.ll.inchy, Brookstde or GreerH'Lale \':81'0 repre:entitive of the hamlets vrh.ich developed during the Wh(~id; pcriOl1 of trw 187Cs and IB80~) vJhi.le cOl

:c.:cho01, church DYHI CrE:;ulftery c1uveloJled on the

-,(' cuch '-_'U tmJ

tVIO d8cncjr?s under Lh" :influ.ence of rural popUlation. tion without WHen 8xpaw:;ion (fig. l)a iJJlclb). .LiJ.te1' £1 nevI uh,tinction to

t of mL:wd for

;:)CI·V1CC~.-;

of thf,

~~inC8 tb,o for

Darfieh b, fullol'lU(: 8. :~irid.lr-)r

utlir;Y' V

VltunlJ8I' tainecl. the ix' fiJTrrl 01" thJJ cor(,ia.l f ti O{\ of their

IIEl,I'(J 1y Dl1.y of tlie

bu.t "{he:LX' vill.ac.:: econowy ltD:, often bw:n taken 'hy tho of r:;otor or La:rl1 ffl8nt or by th~ contI" C CQuq)(ill] ,

tlLL:_, century the oJ' to extend its hmnletf' havc; lost their lost ,i tiler tiw:ir nne lr:,a,t:Lon or

in. Don~e of aCGOll1Bloc!ation hOUG(Cl hotel 8stCibliGhment in addition to :orfle of the more url,iversal institutiom, ::;u(;h at, school, hall or church. ;eli th the of the rouch Get t.leHlcmts ei tiler declirwd qui.ckly or \'lent ahead lJith a. rWI1 burst of !lctivity

or Ll:i:liJy from it. Nany of the

~ler\{ice vnits of c!uch ;c;ettlentent::) J.oe atefi off the it. ::ettlemen \JJdch at termi.ni or of ,her

DlU1fictn6el OJ' Doylcston fTlquently not

irHport,:il t vJhen the tl18 volume traffic, hLir" fCillen

po iTt::Lons

main 1i:ne howev:~r have I'iith the

for a. c,8ction of theil' tlti,O:t1 ,

The of the mining f'ettlements hare been V/t'l11 tr iieeei. kfHson who tw:Hed the hh~tory of thos8 in the ~)elwyn had in th(:; 1850,,; (J,ncl 1860::; but\/QS not until the

a number of mnal1 minin{,: :::,ettlr'Tnelit~ Initially H ...... ~ ~ CD c+ ~ Ol c+ I-'- 0 =:1 H " • toJ ~ I-'- ::J CD c+ 0 =:1

c+ :::r' (I) ...... ,. ~ ...... Ol

(I)

~ 1-'- c+ :::r c+ :::r' ~ (I) (I) =:1 ~ (") ...... (J) •

.-<

'0 :::r' o c+ o H

H H

.() H 1--1 • H I-' I-' C en c+ I'"j ID c+ ....,- o ~ H <: • t-I CD en c+ o ..~ c+ ::r' CD o o c ~ c+ ~ t-:3 o ~ o I-t

<: • ·() to I'"j o ~ CD • Illustration V. Doyleston - Grid Pattern only partly filled in. • C. Bro'.vne .

, li

s t · 1 l'

t ic . in th.-3 18808 and decline in a:ftel' the Otiro. 'rturnel illD.cb (;Ivaili,ble tn farm function,: ,'fere able to

Glentunnel ~::l)rvived viith )OGSBSSeS the ODe

tJhi tee 1 :Lff E3 the on0 of :uch LettIer:'eDt:. not located on

U.1Uf. unccble Gervjc o:c exhi tXl ts mo c: t of the fe~:tur Iilont offic(: ran ('lervice unit \<1h11e hbve been ctnd fenced o:ff loco.ted on roau to t']'G ancl

to jn 13 til the bctvleen the evolu.tion of of tion. to Elll the: functiol'l one of the bee the main clecltXlecL hamlets to t centre. 'rhe all located in more f't,;rt:Ue at Gome cii8tf.mce from any maJn routes. The :tatter tHO have deelined to some extent hut FIorora.ta in acldi tioD to itf; imlllelij.8te areEI, a tJle hororata. and rV::J<'eia, EiverB. other E',ottlementt'. of earlier l)ecome (Jj.[)trict centre;:; 'tJeT0 the commuDicationt3 cenb~(~:::: locatee away from the

C:J.nd number of 10cb1 traffic or were once rail terrr!3"llJ.. hut not of jnto 'Il1.80rette Ell vIae} nOI}-eXls:an. i" ,; evert l.:n, tb.e Ie both 1'ihiJe 11'we11 remi)j,ned C:L hcunlet

'The

I elton DY!(l traffice.

houf;ehold

Both or the at nodal tl()X1E;

mo:ce local COBdf:;; on to the lD:ti.n 1'0 Ciel • viell located to se:cve Y1UGltJer Slllallor centres and has ea:-,:y c:ommunicl;,t:ion with the 'I'be fact that Lincoln has not all the functions CmHmoJ:l to the tl'lO the re::;nlt anLi also a refleetion of the closer

However' its 1.0:0 ox)' a l1l.1mb8X' of i)1 :r'cnJ.

locution of' other ;:.:ettlc:mer{(:E; thi,: \"lOulcl al1 it to the tvro 1.

2. y. Road lUl()Sl' the c1;1;::;:.ific tion ldeT'e perlP8n(:'11tl:~r ba,[l(jd on the

!1 '~j @

5. jxJ Vol. , 1950, p. 509.

6.

7. :C~lle [:',rnere ill pp.

8. The best to di~)tinguiBh the varioLl.s their of:' their morphology aXl(i a variety of' cli:12i'ified features such the conci tioYI of t.hetl' citreet:3 and the evidenceG of th ,)r 8.1 featums vl.hich tend to Bet hierarchy other features lUa,V be cornwon to a particula:c gl'oupvlhich settlell:enb". of 811 One group of physical feb.tnres sh are U. by HlObt

[~ettlements in thi.", a bac:::ic cont:cu.st ,,6th rl),ral settlements e1::;e\-,;:lere and. 8. second groul) of features. :::el'VE} to e;i.ve each f;ettlernent a of within it::; net. It is the aim of thh: to out the lUof3t feDtUl'CS that uTe cowmon to some or aL; of the time to which [;i.ve :d.::::c; to inciivhuaHty. lcuch :Ln

· c' 1 " not a characteriGi:;iG. for c;Il ;"ett1emen tG and :olottinG from verticEl.l i::J.ericd hehi by the Lands ,and l)epartnxmt. A mea.c;ure of I:Jt{,lomerat:ion not GLtnlJli~'.heQ in view of the clistrtliuhon and v"uyine. clcl:lrdtieG of farm settlem(·mt, InstGElcl the of agglomeration vJEtS aSE;essed subjectively by of any non~farm unitf3\'lith tbat of farm dwel1h1gs in the Instead of repro(;i.lcing the for 011 Lettl~~ ments a clumdfication becn made on the bac,i.F of tlBir for of didrict centre hamletn axe shown in fol10\'1S the

17 contain£: the for ane! county t01'.'l1fJ f;1;wde(i..

a €:,roup, i",t1'1ct centrer.: J:lave defined c':" ei ther :Ln 01' hc.llinf Ie them a minimum number of function8.1 from residences. 'rho of them Jack both. \Jith vory

c:on.tain too fln! oi.ther retnoenh;:l or f to

cintinctive lnorphology. At the t;EtJae time d:Lfferel!oe;:::; jjl

'llhe 1 group of Gi~~tr1c t centn:w :::hO\'T no tendancy totmnJ nucleeJ.ti.on In a number of local there rfelY be tvlO or even three :nmcttonal unite;

the needn in one way or other but lhe~';c !Jlay be liiUCh a do not a clu:c;tering effect more than t)wt of tlW or three farm hOU8(,S near the same road, District centreD in thh: {';roup A) are loc n ted on main roaltG number of c

earlier flue

In three other group::; of' oi;,trict centres there i[:3 notic(01)le are flettlementE ,,/hieh. lave otther 10Lt their e;Jrlier functional or never fl)Jlctional unitr=, to be claf3;':Lfl.cd as a hamlet. It) each earf.l, on(~ or tvlO un:\.t::; have fairly nucleation arId to (Lay such f:::ettlements consi:cd; of a cluster of no~f8.rrn and one, two, or tlJ.l'ce functional units.

The group of nOli,," farm that marks th\:; site of a fo:nnel' flour mLLl or creamery ;",tands in contrast to tIle unnucleated difltrjct centre which often a very ci:"Lmilar role in Ilhen the mill or creamery ceased activi a bui16er I~: establidllnent 01' c COll tr.l.c tor I s depot, one or more of the hall or trio remRin. \'Iher(:;'; the orif:inal mill on povler provided by a local streaxa the ogy even more

a8 is the case in l'iill town 2.hovl!l in

'rho fOImer station the nucleus for a mOT8

group of (tv/el] these are locateo be~j:i.dc the l:i.ne or in the fonned by l:l cOnVtclrg"lllce of local :CODOS the staLlou. kost of the in (mcb. ;;:ettlemcnts arc~ by at st<':).tiow: on Ute sallie line or on maintenance viOrk. Racecourse Hill

160) is onG of the :c:mallest :i.n this clas~3 but other,:; may rota.in scnne other functional units from the stntion. linnat for

'rwo other classified· as di.f:::t:rJct c:.mtres becE;ufJ(;; lrcked functional haVt3 D Fiuch ElOTe anc. \'Ie:ce both e;JrIier in their 1)u t hEWE; noV! loet

.I.' fIlm:t o:C their eo.rlier con:3ist OL 160) Each a ct.reet tnrn to that of the Page 55. f3cttlementf; •

Confi.ned b(~hre',?ll a river te:cc;,~ce on one side and 101'/ bills on the other Hh:itec:l:lff::.; vrw:, Ldd out on one side of tite raD.wcw line 1"hich bi.;:;ected the f 1 nt land. .Lt::.; line~,r pattern Lc; in cOlltra::;t to \;facluington where a ~~rid ;),"(:a ni' la::ll.l or:i.ginally o1'med by WiJl:LcHO

\faddincton. In \'Jhitec1:Lf:Cn Dt the prem~nt t:Lwe the fencing off of some side t3tn';(c:t2, to{~,ether \'J:lth a tend¥':ll1.cy for other::.; to become overc;ro\'m, and the rocent tCl:rsealing of it~3 wain roa.CL are all tending to rein:t'orco the LLnear pattern,

by a sItlall number of t3epclri.:te non-·f',rrn (1Jllel1incc.. , 'I'h(~y cJXG too :'.:wal1 to develop a :::treet plan um!. tLey helve'. Jevelopec: on the C)X:lfltine, rOc;(l IJattE"rn. 'l'he agric1)J.tural hhll:let (fig. 16f) :L[3 made up of the surviving mli ts of the !\lore flourL:ihing ~,ettlcHn~;nt of the last century. Apart from c11urches, halls 1-):011 l:;chooh: few other unitfl are tound althou1Sh the umerFlI ::Jtore at

Greenciale ifo um importDJ:1t survival. that in adjacent arem) and the mcJjority of the hOULse::.: were farmhoui::lef3 located on normal sized ho1clingi::l.

The DlD ..ln road hru.Dlet tD u"iuallyamuch mOTe cOHlIJa.ct cluster of commercir;ll buildint;s located at a bend or 1:1. crossroads on. the ]Ilain hie,lTI'/flY (fie_ 16g) • The commerctal unH;s uSL\.ally hilve their residence::: incoY]JoFltecl vlith the result there are very fevr hom;es in the vici.nity. I";otukarara vii th its railvliJY nucleu:',:., and I,adbrook::: vdth the renwim; of an Gflrl:ler agricultural l:lDmlet,.'w(~ both exceptions. Here, however, the older dVlelHngs are eff the main road. 'the villages and county towns all have a vle11 developed morphology and thus stand in marked contrast to the hamlets and district centX'es. Contain-- ing a greater llumbGr of l)oth functional I:lnd resid,enhal units tlJey exhil)it a mtlch greater tendancy to a{~e,lorneX'atio.n and in the majority of cases have devclopeu a street pEI,ttern additional to th,,; original road pl:rttern. 'ITtle fifteen settlements involved cannot be classified into C,TOU})S vlhich have a s1rnil,clX' morphology. Hatber does eaclif8ttlement consi,~t of a di.f;tinctive combination of four bGEt.C components. '.(l11.e vmy in which the Dtrllctural components combine to give each f.;ett16"'"' fI\8nt a distincttive morpholoty ts c}or::,ely rr"l,c::tecl to j,ts hif;toricCil evolution.

'I'he basic comp0i:l.ent in ClEich settle:w~nt J,s eitrler a road junction IJ1J.cleu.s, a grid or a lineD.!' the [orlE of l'ibLon or n: c, been fc;ciJi tatec by the estabLL0.tlJJ1\;ut of ax) a(!{'ithmal

'1'he linear related to a coru:ltr.icteCi. site, as at GlontuxJnel • 170) or to the e of onE: road.

Sheffi.(~ld and both on point~3 on a major road

"There it r DU clm:lG to a l'he linodl' pattern Itlny be shed from ribbon short eros ;c:trcots and onE: or two to the lJlain 1.'0 ad

17c 1md 17e) • In the C £If:;e of a very hur; ovolved vrLth later relD.ted to hro succem3ive of tIle line and the fo:mwtion of crosC! :':itreets 17 i ) . In moc;t of the settlDiHc.llts the roacL june 'lion cOf!iponen t

GOInG g,revT Ht 1ille. At Kinvee cllld

cnt to the 17(;·, 17f aJlU. 17k). In Lllo out in one of to a. rU.dirilent; is in tllat all of it:,:; development i" relater! to three :coad ,jUtlctiOXlt, (:lne t1y; point (fig. 17 g amJ Llw3t. 1).

laid Qut 8B a DXld tbe fiect:i.ons E301G. public the P:covincial Covenllllent

is basic (iLLust. 5). In the cai38 of Lctmton the of la1:J

:,:"ubdivide(i W8.ic: not • 170 and iUuf,t. tile exi::rtance of a at have resulted in modificatl.ol1r., of the rec

17m and 17n 8.!:1U i11ust. 5). the coml)jned. effects of a ri.ver bank loc land vfJ'ry 17j) •

~!here fUrther fonn of a new ::itreDt the of ItlDci;iorwl uni t8 :Lndica,te

Vlh:Lch 1Ims tho on l'oatt tion nucl('li 17LJ) lIm11 in t~ettlernentl:, l1110re an earlier the forwation of an extem:d.on of the one establi;shed

\'llJile tho[;e at Loeston each LIDve different orientation and are not

"Ii th trle original one. 1 and In mo~)t cases the location of the vJ1cmted to sell.

Hibbon ie. most C01lliJlOn in tho:::o settlement,,,; viith a bHSic r08.c[ or lineor it (;[lke:3 plEICG along the rOG.d.s mOErt V.fiOd" Ki.nm8 r)Ud Holleston thero is a for neVl commercicll 1mits to alorv: the roain highVJEY "lhi1e new reshlences are built on the more road.s.

At the pref~ent time most nC\,1 r;;ul)(hvisJ.on for houslng purpose,o is

on exi:;:;ting roadf: and few new streetf) have been formed. in reGent '11.1.U;" I'ibbon d(welopnklx .. t is also j.n Gettlell1ents \-ihere the

j.L alrno:=;t filh~d. in mid there <:it cOlJtinued deme.cud for nm·[ At Lincoln tbere is a demand for

the rlevelopement of tlH3 the 1. H. in its 'P.hE; settJ.en:ent is 8urrolmoed on or College land is :not avatlable :for subdivisio~n the lirni ted number of unoccupied 1;16ctions the are not available for sale development i

T'ne corrrpactne,38 cli:ffert", [lmoYln: the different

towns. 1:ii thin the or their t1:18 rOd.ds thEd; go to TwIce up thr·) [;ettlement erG not related to the nmnber of unit;:, contained. In gener,;]., J:lOwever, the netth

;30uthbridge

ha:VE~ a moderately high denci ty •

exist8 the extent to \'lhi"ch it is filled determined by the functional development of the settlement as area of Jand laid out. Doy-leston has a small number houses scattered over erEa (illust. ;1'he of if; found 5.11 former flcttlement 0'-' GlentuDl1Gl \'lho1'0) a limited avnil",ble whc:re one \"hile another 18r[f)r one on th,c; oiller side of the IlJ) In

axlCi cOl1iwe1'cial bui.ld~,

the In Li.ncoln til3-,", L:, still nottceable 18 at jJDrf:Leld raceD north of the 1 :Lne hm3 1'e (;UC e cl tb.e diff erertc e .. not extend over .nn 1e or fr10re

eX8:rCJ.GOCl u:ttru.ction. 'l'hh; lock of co.he;:;i.o:n jC) ;:,1!Hl.1ar

;\xl(ier:on attribute it to tJJetr Hel'O in h,ck of ence betvioen fn!lctioDal ull:Lb 5mu11er these In al,ciition tbe fact th;,t the:;(;

in aret.;.s of ~;par:~el' farm settlermnt way aluo

mont of CUb have to trDvel the conIDlorcial unj.ts lijinimi;;edo

hI th, t j t consist,; of

throe; very cONpac [mOlEd "rhich are '1.'1113:(' e

IS no t01/lLirds went. in betw;cn.

in (,l,ich nUl!lei and the more c fGttled ti'.l8rJ tl:Jt those set tl8ment~; above. '1'he to ik (iistinctivener"s lieG in its historical evolution. the full be adva:nced. It

of the to

fjt~X'vices while

(jovm or turn new activi.

t :it cut the road the briO 8axl1er nuclei a)ld

in OrU3I' to both. In co \;,Jt:Lon

here and all t.he in a the e ~n ral Jto their com]H~rcL\l unite, vlell

(30 :Ln settleu.cntu nU!11ber of 10c;;11 roadE; meet

OI' ito

to be on the llif.:d.n stores o,}:' cater for 10e al traffic. In Lincoln. of tts cOT!ili.erc:l.dl unitE: loe "ce(} off the main. and mlt\Y from other commer'cial unitt;, each other except in Looston even here there

of rec~:idel1c c::s the cOlmucrcial core. oleior thc,ir <:"TO well cared for no eviCl211ce 01:' urban 'l'h.o commercial core of in il1ustrcttioll 6, is Tnv.""""Orltattve of that found in a number of the settlornen

'l'b.o inCrea~\B of lUO tor tri'rffiC 1 i'rith the Cef;SEjti.on of local three has ba.d a clear effect on the and the visual apIl8aI'i:.lrlce of most ~')E:rvicc:; centre::;. from neVI such tea rooms or confectionen; Hhich hci've ~,prung up on the main a number of other like .t.loteh: or retail :3hops also sld.fted hGrc~ uheD. due for \vlthin the rural Gettlerncnts then: are a number of indivicitw.l functional uni t8 which to tlJe ,;ettlcr:1ents in \'rhich [;;r8 :f OUXlCI • T'u8 of which have fa11en into on the one or have been recently or H;built on Ute bElIVe W3 an inclicaUon of which or tn In the smaller L;ettlnment::: dl t.he hall or

the school are small art d church vlith

its trees and its gtve~) chcJracter to number of th8<'';0.

The St01:'8 , (1 0_f' services that ita local colour I'lhich i8 la.cking iII its the settlements. Except for a number on the ma.in road l:lO,Ve been remodelled. the of such has little over the decado':1. on the main roads the now cornmercial eree ted "Ii th the c\,tf;tomeT giva of con.struction. name their function axe :lOU r expo ccred to the f,1)Jl. in most t;ettlerllent,,: are built of concrete blocks or walled iron in order to minill1if;e tile fire Ganger. In all exc ep t SOllJe of thof,e located on the ma:Ln road which in md:tor servic they combine the of arm and with motor and the sale of fuels lubricants. As a result are the wide of vehicles and farm m!)chines vlhich their hou1"o. l\. l:llmber .have been or rebuilt Clnd [lome also have adcition a ,~ll1aLL sJ:lO~JrOOrn for the of items of farm 'rhe converse,) of thef10 U3 of ton seen in a nmnber of small abandoned that \'lere once a shop. \;fnere thene : till opernto in several of tho Gottlements are incorlepicuous iclentifieCL a number of oxy- Qutdcie. In all the ( e • g. j\lill town) the shed.s and of the contrFl.ctor ox'e

declrf3 up on poles or elllpty traffic of heavy vehic arc featuI'('Js of the local scene store are d:i:::;tincti.ve mainly in LeEl<';ton the other Vil1i3g0E: on the roac! between

Christchurch and DB this is the 81:'(31:1 1;;hcI'e l)lRYs an inrportcU1t econOll\y .

Government freqllently vfJ.ry little from Elettlement to 8ettl(~ mont. ;::x.~hool s in the settlEJll.en.ts hcve been rebuilt or in the last two decades. 'rheir l!1ulti~ distinctive rind their nmved playing fi.elds contrast \'Ii'Gh local recreation ground where only the uctlull area may be mowG(L l~nother more recent in over iv,lf of the is d very attrC1cttV('l nevll\fOoden office. contrast are cir[lb flud in nee(} of repainting. In f;maJ.ler no lonf},"r \'Jind.O\'ls are often broken while I'm'IS of condemned v18ggons at several on the J,i tHe iver ltnc8 of (Lerehe In and to a 1e8[,,8r extent number of retail fei :cure of the commercial Gore.

1ik<~ contnirl tl of older old squal's i;\·rQ--:;!;orleo. hotel chaI'Clcteri::c;tic )f the tum of the has L

o bec;l1 E,ore at1:Tactlve liJoden\ i:n numlYlT of i,t Lincoln a nEHi concrete block EulU teel built to ace a much old~)r Vlooci.en An attructive extu'ior ha[~ ant consideration in the of 3uell

in the tuo tOl'1118 and all the Glentumwl. atla Lee.ston bo th hmre a.X'eas of state

110US8S i~hich include a nUJill)()X' of unitf). Of the Dun~;andel has the ton at the 0 t i:18 l' of the [ca10

ono or tvlO of the nE:ll'l hOUS8E\ in Darfielcl and Duw:;[mdel aro built for retired frJJ'IIlBrs. Ii bricks anci COJ.ourec! concrete blocbl from '1fOod 1'lhich mOBt ucied in old.or resiclencen.

:Public ameni tiEH3 such and street D.X'e bnst of' which and in Darfield. Kl.s8",here the [·rtandard of tilE; amenitiefl

ti1e of the 2ettlellB tilt) rated value of tl:lei,r and the effie of the 10c gl c counciL POE:S8S8 street and have some street:3 tarsealeci but not all posses:::: or

\'1hich also serve extensive rural <::lXeilS.

On the bashi of the fe(OI.tuxes cliscu~:med in this Ule diBtinction between the vc;rious claSis8s of settlc:wlcnt thDt b.:we been c:,cfined aXE) no t clear cut. In terms of the (:i. strict centres f,n;

in or defin:L to form ':Jhi tee IiI f,~ and once had

but in the (;HS(; of herolet::: on trlc main road inherit a defin:Lte form. from the HueH.

and. county townU~Ne much, rno re and e [I.ell. te11d a unique farm. No essential difference In 'ci1,e of as lIj. s tinc t from al (10 tend to have a of Differ'OliC8;j 1.n the

settlement to lTlOre do not le:nd thcrw,;elves to live the l;unB eo

r I o Linco

,- 11 "1-0 01 .

'. r' iCctnt can ~:een. of road hamlet:3 the coun.ty towns the is on

,'lhile in the come establisbrnents a1'O vihUe others are d.ec atlCs of the vif:;u31 eVi(ience that if3 available can be be8G ullde:e::;tood by their lii:::;torical evolution w:1.th

function. litll 11mT be ([:lrected. to of' this latter

1.

2@ l~s a tl.if:trict cpntre l<::l10v,fn :-30utll 1.[-; locL\teeJ_ IurUler three IJ11.1es {[,Jay and the fUYlction[,l unit in ::;tore (hlO these aTC found in one in

rnex}ts Q

In 1959 the tec;5ton b.nd iTith the Ellcc:;mere Council. The rural settlE)Ulerd:s of Canterbury exh,t primarily to serve the needs of i tfJ proclt:tc e 1':':3 ~ 'J'he ir mo Co t. f\mc ttons are tIle f needs) bocieI, and GCiucati.onal centr88 for

GOOdf3 aro vli.thin the8(~ settlemente and Bny ~'\uch

tion i e• c.ubordtnate to tb.e coLLecUon, cd.stribution 1 errance of and

In the oxeD. untler :jltucly such 1'une tiorw dre tho not the eXClu,8ive, activities carriec.; out in settleuents. Certe,j,n other ac ti vi tie s mdY becOiae lac ally ~eh1s is tne cae,Q in E,ettlements 8uch as Dunsanoel or on the main lines of

(eGO Table 3) Chri:::d;church liaoS gro'l'f.(l, sorne villages ~;uch 'ra:i ta.]m or heve functions 'Idltle minenc in the

Ii\[; in the ~;ettleroent;' of the

Glenturmel Lind ',Jbi tec

reach their

bet\'le€11 the rural settlementf.; arl([ the Inet:ro~o()litan centro of Christchurch are mDlly and complex. Indeed the three [uay be in function and combine into a settlement net. In order to lb.,,) variety of functions ana funct:ional. units that are found in the rural settleme.nts it is desireable to estabLish fJettlement thus ic;olating distinct of e,(::ttlement a

mas;:; of information can be :reduced to 01:'(1(:;1:' and vE:lid can be made. {It the sarne time the fiearcll for a uettlement flerJ,813 rmwt not cause the of the settlement net to be the 't\'IO are

,entary. out lithe !l'B,nneI' in \'lhich the urban,

and rUT2J. elGrGents (into the i:3etUement net) i:3 very

•. , •• it not a of unrelate(i c;ettlement fo:rrw~ but a. eoher8,nt and t Ghrl,3taller the hierarcl:d.cal lam; I.aea. 1 [1 in his of central T most I'lri tcrs nU'cll 64.

f3ettlement have assmnecl ["uch a sys·wlI1, "Xl''--' ~"J~+(.~.5 I:;ostly on the basis of functional units, but tuk:ing form, and (vlhore information I'las available)

IlaplJlatj_on into account, each 1-.1.8.8 proCiuced. definitions and nomenclature to mlit hi::; OVJn particular purpose. 'l'he validity of ~luch asmullp-Gions baf: been 6 chal1enged by Vining on the grou:nds that I'fhat i.c" ascumed to be a clas,,; system if3 merely "diH'ercntiahon alan£, a continuum" I'Jith purely ar1Jitary divi,,;ions. lkn~ever ill their inve:::~tigat:i.an in the ;)110. Gaunty, vlashington, 7 13erry and Garrison viere able to prove on 8. st~:~hcal ba.sis tlwt the fun.ct:ional typer] they derive6_ differed more between tY'pe~:: than they did vd.thin t.y:pe'5,

'l'he information obtiJino(l in the ;Jresent c;tw'ly ha::: bel-~n wied to sho\'1 statistically and c!iagrama:ti.cally the number and nature of the functional units present in eaell. settlellient. In the abElence of t':mploYl;:ent r3tut:i.stics 8 the -unit chosen has of necesdty been the esta.blishrJ.lent vii th the result that the functional importance of different UJ1its may vary cons:Lderably. The aims in prefC:enting' this i.nfornlation in tb.e fo:rm chO[len and in the i.nvestiga- t:Lon of tributary regions have been thrc~efold; firstly to tabulate the a\roi1~­ able inforlllatton, secondly to establish a settlelLCnt {Jjerc:~rchy (if [mch exif;l;~:) as the bar:is for generalifJ8.tion, and thirdly to be abl.e to [:tucly more clo:::ely the rela:tion:::hi})s between the vc)I'ions settlement unit:3. 9 U[JiEg methods G.ci.apteci from the study made by }Jerry aDd Gc.Ll'r:i.:::on' the functional unt ts in each [,ettls;lrent have been plotte(1 in rrable 3. Services axe arr[inged from left to :dght accoX'u].ng to the Yluml)er of :c,ettlemm:li:s in vThich they a.re provided; tho;.,e provid.cd. by the lax-eest munber of ,30tHe- ments are DtOVJn on the left. ~3o!l1e ~,ervices, such aspo:3t office fdc:L1i.tier3, not provicl!:.)cl by a :3epLd.'ate estaulL.1uoent have been inGicated by lettE)l':3. At the [,arne time s0lttleillents liave been :caDged from top to bottom; at the top are dist'pict cent:cesvkdch no lon[::er have any functional units vJhile at the bottom arc those wi.th tho &;reatest number of functional unib.:. fin index of centrality hac; been computeo all. tho booie; of one point for churchoo, h

POjXlt:-: for all other c;,-tabli::;.ruucn'k: other than reSlc·enC81::1. (se.~ rrable 3) On the bclsis of thilO table ::;ettlDLucnts {l.iJ.ve been clasf:"j.ftcci as county tovms, vtllages and bamIet:: Cln(~ the defini hOD;:; :::tatec:, :i.n Chapto:e T

3) • 1'lw oth,or (.ist:Lnction·~ that betl'/uen llEJl1l1ets ind . . . . • (fJ ~ ~ ~. ~~ ~ f).; r. ID ~ ~ .~ • ~ orl 0 • ,_.-,' 004-' ~ as .-:' rn 0 III I'Ll uJ .J:' en Q.) 0 •• 0 ..c:: !l.) •• r-! Q) • •• ..p J...1..f (t) ¢l G-i p., ~ ()) .r-! • () bO ;:L~ ~ OrlC - X ~ .r-! -r-! nO ,0 S 0 f..; ~ j'.,~' 11.) 0 Q) til >:: +-' >:! ~ 0 Q) • ~ ~~~ • ~ l:! rn c; 'w • (I) .,.-1 t~ .;:..> 'r' •.;:' 0--1 (j.., C 0 r-l Q) 0 ~ r-l P ... s... (j..l ~ H ~ ~ 0 0 0 • ro .r-! or-! g) ••r-! (.I) ~ G-i}:.! 0 oj .r-! ·r-!·ri 0 (!.) D. [')::i • 0 (l). • rf1 s:: ~ ~ f'l s:: ~ ~ s... '--' s... s... p, 0 (I) Q. ~~ ..: 0 : p~ P: 0 Z.) +-' ~ ,D § 'rl as r-l orl ro 0 • a! s... ~ r-l +-' oj r-l s:: ~ tIl~, oj • s:: !'l r-l ~ 0 ::- r-l ?> or-! ~ ~ ro 'rl ~ (!) °H rl. rn 0 +>. ~ a:I I7r:; 0 r-l s:: Q) cd e/) f..; .r-! .r-! r" l:! 0 11.) ~ ~ ~ rn 0 oj.:.l 0 °rl (I') 0 j'., ro ~, ~ ~ 0 a:I Q G-i s:: (fJ ..c:: a:I (fJ ::l J.., :>, c ~ Q) +> ~~ <:II 0 !'l r:':;I:: (.I) ObI) ro s::rnQ).W .S080 o..c::Q) o +> <:II (.I) ~ 0 ~ • a:I G-i til ::s ,,0 rn rc;i 0 ~ ~ 11.) Q)..!<: 11.) 00 s:: °rl 0 $:j •• r-l ~ ro d :0-, j'., ~ 0 0 ~ s... ~, 0 • • ro .\.~ 0 n °rl °H ~ • ~ (f} CQ 11.) ~ 0 -l-" 0 r-l a:I ~ ~ :r: ~)'rl 8 ~1; (lj iY s:: >, Co +> r-l ~ :.:: o,-l ~ rn ,D rn ~ .c r-l .'! 11.) (lj +' 'rl 'rl (lj b() cd O..c:: r-l (1'j G-i (l-l • (..I E-: 11.).c !li Q) It) Q) s... 0 .' 0" >-., • :>., I.. G-i rn § >.. a:I • p.; § .p r-,' [~-l.r-!OOH~ r-lp 'dp., ~..c::{)(.I)P-!O ~~~O M ~ +> H ~ (1' s:: s... F.·rl (1) r-l ~ oH .=. ~ >-., CQ ~ ~ ~ p., f..; ~ ..c 11' ~ 11.) tl') r-l ~ 0 (!) 0 .!'l Q) r-l 'd r-l (i) r-l or-! 0 or-! s... °rl r-l ,... ([1 (Ij +-'~: o..c:: 0 o (1) 11.),D Q) °rl Q) ;:! S ~~ (.I) 0 f..; ~ EO! ::s III • 11.) rn..!<: ~ ,\\ !!l 0) III ~ ~ t) r-l p:.] Po. C, H 0 Q ,,=1

'T1T:7'!)"' ',. -1' 'T 'I }J. .... ~ _" .. \. "I ..... \1" o ~~es 3el"\\~:'11 T..:\'"?L_M~ ~ -' - ->-...... 2'Ycs 3a:nksir.:'e 3 "l. 1 o r:::1:t'lincd by '-" ~'ic: JJ) ':1"P5 ''lith _:c 3rooksi·':e 2 2 2 YC'3 4 t~e "Lirliv,?r~~al ~).lSirleC~3 r) ~tf3S o ") :~o !'~S ~11 f.~ 0;>1 '3::CC ::) :JI~·:?.I:!~ ']'::I'-T '33. r; :2" :es !'.iill t 'JY,~'~ ') 'e) Te :;: L·2. 1,,3. 1 "" 1: Ye~3 .'j:11i +- ,~~; ''! ,_ i ~""I 1(" :1. , I!; '~~,:::s ~-tr.Jl "J. t ) 9. 7.') ""T ) l';O FIa.l!rp.l-.L.-''-'' '-,., (I ... :5 Yc;;-:; ~~i B~h 4 1 1 :,T ~lssells Flat 011 C 7; y">,,, tOIl S'01~t~1 2 1 1 ...... ';!a,3 din 2:ton 21 3. 'T~:~ ';'1eeGO':.1s 1 3' ~:o '';i'lc1',v\1is tIe 1 J,! ~: 0 (ir:jeu?ark 8 1 1 1e'3 Ir'!."c:;',·1 ~~ 1 1 ~C' 111 :0 51 2 1 7 Yes 01:21 17l\ ., , 5' "y::~ r~ ..... ~ ...... _...J ,'.,.1. L?d1-->rl)Jks 6 ::--:: '3 Y0S otllk·?r.:J:ra J;. 1 1 1 9 ~Yes ~-JLl :;'''1'1 ~:a:., ~ 111 1 11 . :~es

2 1 ~ ~ 10 Yes '"Jr. 1 ~ 1 , :: 1 1 2 1 1 16 Y~E3 Doylf.:;:=:tOYi ,,', ? ..;" 1 -1 1 21, Yes ':,l~n t'.l~:;"';'lel 1 J. 1 17: Yes ~tolleston 30 1 1 1 a1 X x 23;Yes ShefPi"ld 31 1 2 1 1 a~= 1 1 21 Yes >, Kirwee 33 2 1 2 1 a. J: 1 1 Yes Sringston 57 1 3 1 3 1 a 1 1 1 22 v ss Eoro!'s.ta 12 1 a': 1 ~ 2 ~ ·Yes 2r),Yes =·:ringfi31c, 61121.21 a 1 1 . 2 1 -1 1 1 31.Yes 471;;: 1.~ 3.)'.1 1 1 '1 1 1 Tai Tar'U ,;6: Yes r')? A 1 1 ::ulls~inc,el t!29 1 .,/' 1 ::. .__ a .,...:). ~I 1 1 __ 1 ;tl 7 lYes 111 2 2 ax 1 2 2 1 1 x 1 1 :lcoln .1: 50:Yes 1 1 1 1 1 b 1 1 ..; 1 30'_, ..11513122 a. 1 1 1 221 1-~ 1 ~. I") f Yes,- 1 1 2"1)'7-1 o···""t ;:;arfield 119 1 2 :2 2 2 a x 1 1 2 h 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 >. 2 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 1 L3e.ston :1 91 1 h 2 3 5 a. 2 1 2 6 13m 1 1 1 1 x 1 3 1 3 1'111 121 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 .!~~8IY"-s ---.-.. '

H 0 ol-'e",J,. ¥.) k a:: see colunm 1 h. b = on'--.J ....'~"'. "v.L.io "a" 1:-'ner' ,,,,,,,-".tv...., ...... c= visTts" from Chrisbhurch. x = not a est3.l:1isru!!ent. N,B evolution of th.e

L ChurchE~2, cchoo] Ilbrc-;xie:-:. und hot81::::. ('rae DCCOlllOlOcl.o.tion function of hotelc; in the D.roa 18

;~uborn:inah, to their [ocial fill1.ction )

') t & The "d.e of hou2,ehold. ::3ervicf';:

'.rhi::; inclurle~l motor gD,Y'n.{".f),c, the of

ftuw func.:tion of the ma,iori ty of th(h~e.

Dud ~;t::: Hon bulk fuel inclu('lefi here.

4. rolice, Poet Officer', loc ctl

Include::; both rond end. r;j.l

6. Incluo8:::: well conc:truction.

7 here bert ~;choolG undo churchps Dxe exclu(i,ed (eee 1)

8. Includec munufElcturing end 3ervicec not inclucJe(l, in 2 AYLESBURY KIMBERLEY RACECOURSE HILL FIGURE /~. FUNCTIONAL DIAGRA M .

SELWYN ~ BA NKS /D~ I- BROADFIELD I- BROOKSIDE I- KEY. CH ARIN G CROSS I­ COURTENAY J- D ONE FUNCTIONAL UNIT ELLESMERE I- LAKESIDE I- o SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL MILLTOWN I- T£ PIRITA I- DISTRICT CENTRES o RETAIL

WHI TECLIFFS ~ ANNAT I--'- o FARM SERVICING HALKETT KOWAl BUSH tI o ADMINISTRA T/VE RUSSELL S FLAT n­ SPRING STON S TH. I--+-­ o TRANSPORT WA DDINGTON 1-1-- WEE"DONS D BUILDING WINDWH/STLE tI GREENPARK I--- o PROFESSIONAL IRWELL ISEDGEMERE o OTHERS GREENDALE KILLINCHY LADBROOKS HAMLETS MOTUKARARA BURNHAM l WEST MEL TON COALGATE I DOYLESTON GL EN TUNNEL ROLLESTON SHEFFIELD IKIRWEE I VILLAGES IS PRIN GSTON HORORATA I ~PRlNGFIEL D TAITAPU J DUNSANDEL I -I LINCOLN I I ISOUTH8RIDG E I I DARFIELD COUNTY TOWNS lEESTON

• Sre t a bl~ 4 . functional 0:: it depends on tne of and the number rather than tile of the fUDct:ioDc)l uni tLo

classes ~~j,l'e on the that each mOi:t of the servtc common to settleHentf, in the of serv'ices not found there unusually close iDl}Jly a reduction in functions.l im}JOTCance. ~)lld1 is the Caso in Dno which h!we neither church nor schc)ol (see 'fable Furthermore :l t is unCOllK;;on rm: settlements to grovl different rates liuc to in location actorfi

' c' and it would seem tbat l, Q i t8 :range of fum::'tiom,j and Li.ncoln is X'[mge of functions I·d th the re~~ult tliat both lie tn a transition zone between ('lnd c oun ty tQl{J.1S v In hierarchical roystBlD G8enm justifieC. but in practice it develop i'li thin limi t8 the lack of the hiutory of se t tlemen t a;ncl of

af) local or the of lm,ilcling scctiotu,,;.

On the functional (fie. 14) the informution in ta·,;Je :5 b.<::lL been rt>- of the if:f(n'enc(~s behreen the varj.ou~ c of settlen,ent and to inv8f)ti.g~,te the of :':>er'lice moct commonly by each clas;: in From thee: 8hOl-111

service from f that the tiOi1L; of the mOTe nUmGl'OW3 oif,;trict centreb 8)'H( hamlet:::; educations1 and f:ocial. l1etail, cl.nu. fiexvicing and conutruction estalJlh)tJ". wonts are most common in villages or toviXlS ",hile services are in the latter.

The betHeen rlezods of the f ann 8XlCl the distribution of [;E:TvicE~ Ulli ts is not as is often aSSUilll:d. A clofisr examination of i'8ble :; T8veDls that the SE-1rvtces ]clost :t3akerb for are found in only one

and one county tOlrf)lt end butchers and ::;tock al1C ;3tation €lnts are ra;cely found "in aYle rLeVfT in h::,mlets by the builder. Lotion as often anci by attend church there OTe D1X settlement:::, vii th churcllcs a:::

to tid", eli,; t:ci bution of

funct:LonBl unit:'3 bt~b:Ben th~) cti.ffe:cent claf;,:;8s of settleln(~nh.. 'i.'h8 \itth a one of these but it.

mu~d; be r;nked the lllobi.lity of a:r: i~e:rvice and the to which can the cervice more efficient. If in rnilw. distrihutton viill HUI'al mail ciclivc:cies aro

among the best it is "Citcro-.

fore not tnat this :~cale have resultC:lcl. in a In tho bnkinb the of scale llI'ocluctiou bave out· vl(.:;st of the main line

to the c thi~.:: areca. 'l'heoretically these thrcG fo.ctors choul control l;he tlibtribution of functional units but certain otlwr factorc! also in p:ractico.

'.l'he88 are lGOE;tly related to tIle and. have;

early establisheCi llnit~; latnr founc: that lfiobihty reduced. th'3 neeo. for them. Eany cOl!!li,ercia.l uni 1:8 close(t uOvm but o1n:l.1'ohc::-:\

••L aUG halls h8ve tenaoct to remain even their is qUl ~e unrelated to present In other elm:", conw18roial ullits survived by :',peciaUsati.oll, Often to exist by their tributary area to includ.e fJettlen:ents. '['he butcher at for example delivers Dleat to lleedons, Viest 1\01 ton . dna Templeton as Vlell his ovm. imrnediate area • Alternatively

small settleHlent:3 Luwe often continued to thrive devoloping some new or

f;c;rvice "d.th <:1 very extensive region. A be found in the whi.ch extended itc: secon.d until it ha,,; a

lice atwe the of 811 too

a n~lic of the difficult to obtain ofter) herve only to u.ncierline til(':) the of the ;3ettlelllEmt:; and the of the

In many of. the 8~tivi tiGS tiu," best 81'i teria for tributary therE') vms lit relations:nip betl'leen the of the area served anci the size of the establi:3hlllcnt· 01' r;ettle-- men t prov:Lcting Uw ::"orlfice, IlakeriGs :curnl mail deliverien have been wentioned from Chr:L;::tchureh. i'rinwry school;:.., have consoli('I~trc;o

c: [::mile C:L teil are carried par3t one fcchoo1 to cl.ttond unather, ::ervc.;(l by halls fluctuate vlilc11y in thi[; on relative

of tile \larious of the snaller churches aTe noVl

only once or tN"tee 1:1. montL.,

notori01.U3 for their inefLi.ciency

[,everal been tUlGer

11:01'8 logic al a1 the pOllUlaUon differ considerably arE! not lac tile v;idei:t

Lervic:ecj most cO[(lJ!loflly by ;c:ettlerr">nts \!i th comme:cctal ul1its aUsf

~Jere often unreLd;ec' to the mov'~rilent of trCJff ic stores

'\IIit11 a ?c

One of the for provides C1.

Lincoln. \·JlrLc11 t 'tself l:1t}~1 tvJO S are of rnotor vlhere

f::i .. o1cl of ['arrG

for one h81e\ firm vlh.ile the other ic; hel(: in

ane} both serve tile ., I- ~

.;0 I;l 9 II> 0 6 fq !11 j

fT1 . 7 "'1 (ft :;

0 5

~ 1/1

~ iii II> 68~

on

EJ,F:; not inteu]nc: to ture of til8 between the

It should be [,tlmnent;J and tribu of the ro:)ci. much wore in t118 in traduce(,

'1'110 of' Ute more Dbt:dct facLLi of t11e;,:e. the w.tlOIc of the of the of th!} am' Bankside a of some tnne or ten in radiw:, the j)j.i:tr:Lct ;:;c11001 thin Lincoln

I'[hj.ch

"\:118 1 the

and is ble to l1k:ke a mmlber of about tlH3 rt. fune tion of rural c:;etclcruf,:;ntc;:~

Tho !nO :::;,i; In the ;;:ce of t.lle iXiternal combtwtion in DeI' cent of the functional

Ul1i t8. 'I'hose Blake a in Or(l.8l' to Lluvive

tn tbe intere::ts of

Once bui.lt hO'lliC)VC'I' clnlrch0i3 have little rnoney for ma.inten,;l1ce thus tmHl to E}lrw.in until c of the~,e h; often out of to the extent 1:0 I'Jl:ikh The ViII ge Stores .

Cash only.

Credit and Delivery. ;}llitec contrast to others. tile mo;,t of L\UJct:i.onal 10c

a f

:Ln oer;'Eln(). In LO me Ca:>,Cfo it if:; ttl" generol [store offer'~

in

of lIJoto:c U)lCj fa:clil

In fOUT out of c on

a :Ce[;ult of this dl1Y u hotel::; or

full rallge of the ;;ocial :ce] a:o() educE;,tional f.'lCiJ in the leEl!;

I, DUfnber. of cOmmeTCl-:::a" activi

sta:ffe{i, raUway

totion, the butCl10H'[; }lore competition

it :LLl corru",on for one, prominently

treffic, to oper~;te on a lct.i{L ou t hut ri:'Jl1ge of run In the c Hill for different of cal'U or fcu.m

;::,ome of' the fUDe tiODE! for which e

in ttus r ... '

1 group. In vLll e,.drllini:;: tn:l tiv.=;

1) a l1Umb(~r of tation::; . In

I'GGul t thElt; their arirninJ.stro.i.ive somet:ilJ1A~:; located in viLl Coun adnD.nic,tra.tive functi.on:'; and

;, ;Gci;lihDtiot1 of fune vD

to tht:~ of' settle·,

Attncked the :;nme forG\\:~:, a.:.. : ~~(~t Ller.nent~3 of' the vB] heLVe mi:l:ix,t!~ir:;e(i their or L,lL,!';ci func tions.

011 Cl In traiw, on the vJost Goai:.:t Ijne broken. (lOl'TfJ. and

vihilo mOiJt mlt

ment jn Dun8Bndel :\. in mci.i.n 1'0[1.([ traffic

HoLl .. 0~ Ecton one tlle ;Jla:lntenEJ1lCe of of all tion to tIle 2[;1e oJ radio:; elee or threu-fifthi:.' of workil

to

OIIer';(! in HjO[3t of tIle vD

3t(Jros E'JIII on ter1ilS I',:l til those settle-

rnentn at the ::;ame time it l)oth farm a:nd 11"\:t'8.1 t3ettlerrent~3 vJ:L th a

rarl{:e of r3CHVicGfJ not found in its smalJer It i:3 in the county town the Gtock find In Da.rfielcl nmcber compe thei.r store or Lee,,:ton thtlj local branch8G of ;:-,81(81'1:1

Prom here c].i;:.ents to Dll the f In ree yca:cs taLili.shed here J 0 1

..... 1 .p cil"

111 C f" to 71.

for but not exclusi held firms in 2c\!d a distinctive note to the

IJ'ovmti W1UJOllt the seTvices offerGl', tb"e

In D.ClcLition to Hle~3e L888t011 a store. I)ers011{Jl services not nOI'nJElJly foun.c1 in the (3maller f~ettleli:ai!ts may be

barber and the slStlon

contractors c I'lL thin limi ts the

'1'1:'8118port centralic,eCi thetr orgC:;:f~

i~:,a.ti()n in the tmms. In con to this pa~~,,'(mger t:Ccffic is

fOClw::::ed on Chri~:;tchurcl"l

terminalf~. Interflal rail icunt.

A moLierc.:te

the c1:ellList f.l.Yld the me" surgery Dnd ,wa:Llable in Uln'i,:,tdlU.I'ch. 'PermenDnt found ut Leeston v{hile Darfield

sex'Vices of accOlmtlJl1 h:

both Ccn.mty tmin::': havel" their O'l'rn court, of the

The county tmvn then, fOlm of in

of tho~:e cartage contr:.ctors vdth other 10c,,:1 firms centralisec', here have branch80

absent and ;tlDl1uf;'1cturil1[; and a vc~ry 8111011 i.ts 10 economy. selvices are 'l'lllHJ tho a,s cJ in a

of rural [iottl8Jnent and, in CQimwXl l-Jith the Uy upon tbe ') 7L..

1.

d.bout f38ven men.

T.he ttleICli'?nt Net r~8ctor VoL 2 .4, 1934, :p.

Chrj.,,~t"111er ! and Gani".on.: 'l'he

of Central Vo.. I No.2,

~j1e:c,e j.l1clucte a:nci (Gee Eli Dliography) •

of an ;C;con01Jlic 1955, FP.

7

u,o "estatli:;l)Jj;Gnt" is or ("l'OUP of btl

and

C / .

10. 11'he fc:c cithe:r of tOHns ton 11)!ieh contC:cineo liiitll:Ln (;l. of a "chool '.Ph8 Bctlvitiec ci-lrrie(l on in the rUT) Lettlenkl1t: of

",re determinc)(l the of tn(~ and. the of f economy the.t Yet many of the ch6.r:.:ctc,richc of theu, 88ttlemPrrc:':1 hwe been f')yofounclly by L,cton; lillich nov!

to th(~ 'r,·/o of the mo;.::t in time, The fi.X'Gt .. the found on the C Plains. 'fhe r::2conu 1;; the lkiy in to the n81:1 conrlition,- "bout by the

WAnt of motor ov(:~r tlle laGt fOllT 6eCo.rle2", Tbe choicm: wade in the limit of Go:i1c:

Hater t8.ble, the exL.t"lllce of to provide better

of tJdter ::;eem to bavccl been the mCKlt

ey;:tc-:nt the of ::ouch f;:;.ctorr:: ('Ieter~ rattled by the the fltti tude::; of the

thf~ frontier of ::ettlr;Immt

liere mCi3Je by economic the type of location::; moc-;t fevoured alco The influrFmce of main Itnnf of COlTIFllmicat:i.on on the location of c:ettl(~mcmtf; .:tl,c::o iTGry profound. That of the tnD.:iJ1 road::; almort completely rep 1. CtC ed. by the influence of the buil t in the L;te JI:360;.> and 1870fJ. ~-lo 'W.'::; the dec Ijne of c;onto G8ttlemr::nt;c; fucIl or that t t could almo;;t ::.

JjJm Kirwee and DunD 2J:lCle 1 , ').'ho and. complexity of tho and cultur:]l fc;ctori:: inlHuencing locDtion heir:; hi1d it::: r8;:;u1t in Dn abcenee of 811y form of theoretical

of settlement 1'7i thin the area. The VLlr~our~ clnceoc of cettlement Gre not BXlcl are often found locc..tecl to other v:UJ ~1he only obr;ervabJo rH.,tte.rrt of loca,t:i..on thC:l:t relo.ted to main line communicctioni:o In the more 1:'0,.;/[ or red.1 of thOLe fett12l1ient~; l)hich on(1 functi.on:

fro}l1 expcillr of level the Db::ence of mean thrl.t fGctor::; h,'ve not effect on the

of ,ettlclIlcnt 7 tIthe llLJ.J-ll in the of moc:t

thF;r TODd ,june tjon~' or out on

b.el d by Ollfl L;:ndOlr,ner. (}0ttlement;:]

the T'!{)lvern llille or thoc'G :uch or:cent to Dnt rrhe Ayten t to \'Jhich t~\ken 1.n l;;l\ch man; c rnlDte(l to the evolution of the tllDl1 to ci te f :';C

r,['h80re ",.om t function of the cettlcment Drc:'t 11ho18 i:, ('1eterl11ine(; by the through cotnl1lunicatiom:: ilre

The oi::;tributioD of functional unit;::; cimo;ng the v'ixiou[s

J.\:, rec:ul t of 0,1:1 ,;.djuDtmml t of

e;:,ch :ettlempnt tenrlc to be unique in numllr"r of ~ there

CtTA cerb:l.in IJ;rou]x' of cettlclflentc Iii th :.:;im:U.DX ch,~r'C,ctE1ri,;ticL" On the b::;cis of their functional of ,;ettlcment identifi8(l and it 1iC,:) found tho:t the ~~:ettlmH:::;nt, ,Ii th:iJ1 8,oh 0 L, hav(') foUm'ied the

~lnme of pvohrtion r:nd ::'imiLlx or dic::trtct centre::; ;;Te the most nUlUerou:::: 0Xlfi rlettl(0men t;: uhtch hO:IT0 ck:clined in ,~nc" becCJu:e of in cornmunicDtiOlU~.

tUTD.l hcmletr: locc.tec1 othorD nt ti ;,y 01 ther br;fore it c or up until the decline of traffic this '1'he ty hc:ve lOL~t thf~:iT commercia.l. unit:::: and only t'lJO, and ,s.re ,till

for the ti'lO ,jUf:t noteri , the dictrict centrHc uf'u(,11y lack. cufficient building:::. t() hevEl a di8tinctivE~ mo:cphology Gnd only '\'.;here

GTe G1o;ce to the ::1 te of a former flour mtll or ::tatj,on ],C nuc 'I'h;) church and the h,,1J r8 thA mOGt cOIl1.monly fOlmCl non,.. fi~rm ,., fA1;: ~'chool::;, l'(HIJD.in in of concolic1c.tion not been favourerl. Non-farm Dre founel 1:ihere the riii:trict centrec; to ;:·ettlemcmti:: ';'!hich In their fUl1ct.ion the clL:;trict centre:::i are n01;1 mE,inly ;:;ociDl ;:illd even her(.> their In

thtc motor lI.l(,l1Y of the church(~8 3nct helle ;,1'8 no'l; beCD,U' iTe there continue to be u;:.;e(" on ocl1:'a81.0n:o,

economic !)re~:':iure::; to clo~;e {'01:Jll a11(1

their h ve u:'u[;].ly bE"en r8movf)cl. In mrny the:e ~~ett1e-

Ulelltc; OTe n01'; rur;l once formed DXl PiTt in the

of urh:m in the form of l1ucle;tiorl Dnd the ex:L>L:,J'lce of , elm be founci.

The h,illllet::: c11m! t\W cetc of the on(CJ cleclinfl, simil:'::Yl in Xlt1.ture but not quite ,'0 nWTked the other cOlllUJunic timer;"

tur::t1 hamlets, locuted in f r;ettle l [ ;,ree::::

from fI1Din have not declj,l1.DCi, ~.;o diL'trict centl.'8L"

'Pheir f,OC iel occa,ional commer-cir;l unit ')'I1Oh ;.ettlornent:::. contc.in more build:i

leek nucle::::.tion [l.ntJ nny definj,te form,

it if (lifficult to d~t8rrainc "hethel' th::;ir hm hel ted or

ThE~ m;;in row) h81nletc ::::1101'[ of recent

only in one I =?Lm::::DDcic:l (aL;o on the IU[)jn

a nUlnber of ,~ervic!~ tJtiom::

or refredJH!ent IDck 0:[ 'rh(~ir number of

i~. too ;)l;~ll for ~ettl8mentr to h~ve

ology but nUclo"tio11 t,,"nrJ:tdlcio:::; tilt

reduction in the volume of motoring.

in the; ere much more nuraerou,' thEm hc;mlet:;. Thic ic

dUA to the f"c t that t.he of

rl(cclinec1 dlile l!1(wt h ,ve Il'Elinta:i,n(~(t much o:f their functionHl ct {,;ro1\J' of the turl hnrnletr: ,'[hich

~'rere loccte(i on dwt fi:nt fOlmaed

PI: COIlU:Rinicgtion centre: \'hile otl:lCH'c· {;rEf\'[ with the of the to X'rkch their orrler of :tze within 76

Ti'or 8 thee nUlnber evr,,;Yl

or corcit~,l menu! The of motor '>Jhich the "("ere able to of the

oiFd;ributed rp,t~\il end rU.d number of ret"il the they r,erveCi to include other or f;,rm [:Envier: I:hich \

in the fo:rm of c contr;,cting ;:nri motor in most of their tributcry Tilth the cervices chO'.!D th.at the to their cll.rvival bepn

111H1 al",o that comp(~ti tion bst~leen

In their morpho1ol'Y the contrt,::;t to trm

r:.mcl1er ,;ettlmnent:;: DrJ. but the~:e ucual1y

up of Lomo combin;)tion of ;junction or (..Le~;,; ment. Ribbon ie no\! feature of ,;everal l'lhioh ,..II'<'" still exp T'-11 y in Inore value. l'lithin the \·lho1e there

(;nd Some such the appearance of lThile other;.:; ,Juah retc.il

()verEill be limited. to a fA':1 HJelm roml but in

therr-;: ic: sufficient rli'j"\: lJLALIUil.W., both rec.i0enti and Gommere to meet norrnol

of the is fDl~ from ided end the) c1ifitributton of functional uni tfi betvreen thet~ thicit thei!.' overall if; much community.

internaJ combuc·ltion ,,{hieh hO;3 been ;;0 for this

to in ing and to extend their tributc:ry much fjrther :£ielc1.

D, I"flGtll t of no are prerJicteci in thn futUJ.'e for the 77.

the in thi~; Until the pre::ent mixe{L.f economy to there 1i ttle to the tuo county tmmici from th8 HmJGver the need for

of HlP motor age hec: TIl {in of L09cton

c,nd Both ,'ore not

D.b 1 (~ in 0 tIl" X' their numlx;r of ret,iil uorv:Lce~~ lec,L lieD];.'nden moved from the to

c the De ccmtre , Gnu '-" numbc:r of heQlth"

tJ1d bee cor)c€l'l\;r"ti~cl The of ne~'J in the county to\iil:::: thn in cny of'thf'< oth8r 30fttl!}'" monts, In morphology tho county tmJxw oTe ve:1r,Y ,;irniL.:r to the

the of hour in,'" tenrli: to be in tlv; f 0 l1T)r) l' •

number of Yl',iT cont:Lnuouc front to the ;.trr~et\ihih.: ttf: ,rtment ;;tore a dtDtino ttve feD.ture.

ITl the Inc,a Dnd C!1nT",cter of th: i,eX-VICr);"

both Ier;fJtOll [md Darfiel(i are [~imjL I'. are in ono ox' c:nothoI' of tho bu,'!; in audition Furm

;:;oI'Vic and ret,il ,seC ti.viti(~ c

~rh8 c aun ty tmm;:, of' all the

Gettlmnent:.:; lmder Yot even thGGe nwy be clar:::ifiRd 0,"; rural l\]tiler

than urban rl1i:lX1Y of thA :ctivi ti(~s l1ormrJ.ly assoc 1')ith Urbi')'l '~,(Jttle-.

ment ,;1:'0 a,b:-,ent or only ;m<1

indu;:)try are 81mobt non-·exi:: tant ;:mel the Dnd health [;fcHV1Cf.)C: neod to be :;uj)plementec by rl'hat then u; the character of the settlement:c, I'ihkh to nwke u,p

the hierarchy Dl1d form of the :.;;ettlc))'cmt net whtch cerVGS thif3 ~'he

re~;ult:; of the Tlre:e:;'C)nt f.;l).D tlle belief th",t hieroTchief, of f';ettlement,;

do tend to but p.vidence dOl:),,; not that identical

;~ven minor diffcnmcC:f: in the bucIcgl'ound

~'ufficient to influence the 10cdtio11 of the pettlement:' in 78.

the fUl1ctio:nal

!,ievelopnent c,:t'f'; vory TlIuch iXlrLuenc(~r. by the c occupence. of the hierarachy of rured. settlement;:; ';d.th the (~hd;i~llce from the The hierarchy of Rettlolucnt JJl the a:rcu r::h:viiod here it> not .tdGntical to that found in the hinterl,~ndf.\ end 1.'ililcru.

of the var-jous Gettlmnent8VJithin EJ,lY

:Jometln18,; thAG8 brin{·; ;.bout in tIm chur::.ctar of claf;c::ei:l, Nhile other tiII1Gf.} jn(,ivic!ual members of clast) m;:\y gro,,! or deolt-ne rela.tJ..v8 to other I!Ietllb8r~) of the ~ame clr:J.r: th.is i(3 may fit in to nc,ither cli1c:t:, In the pre~;ent i,;"\;udy it app8tJrS th8.t lincoln may be into the l1Gxt of the; hier,.:xchy v;hile bl18 declined relative to 188,,:ton C:;Il{1 may nO\1 1)1'; clo.csi.fied

VIi thin a:reo. the ,;ettlcmoDtf co not exi::'t u,,; tkndivillu.:ll l)J1iti':; \lhich nrc of ch other. 'l'he of e~ch Gsttlement to its

district i~ to a e.xt(mt i11f11).onc61': 'rhe rurc1.1 settlement;:; ::ctunied aXleJ Ghrictchurch together make up the one uettlcmcnt net conoi tiorw or the introduction of neu f of tho ~ettleIl!ent If nome Hb.ole others muc.t decline tn reJective

~.. 'he canell tion: in

:L:c:ction the -present been the C[lUSC of con~~ider,,)ble ment" in the f'cttlernent net. ~Phe in the centre "7hich 11a:::; m:t8blished mDXlY 11e1:l direct contnctB 1id.th the

community. Among the rorE,I r,ettl '9lflellti, it h: the to \'1ll R which gT()1:m mo~C}t and hC{lTe token on muny functioJ:1c' thoc:e of the vtllag8i and thm:e of the city. Village;' ha;vs ;:u1"\/iv8(1

on ;;1 thou,gh rn:ny of their c,e:cvic8C; could be be

the L:crger centre The mOGt noticeable cl('cl1ne JJ; found muong former hamle tfiV!hich

settlement,: a11(l tn mo::t or cmmuP:ccial funcb.on. of thB :-'1aiu8. influencfoE', culblTnl nnrJ pconomic, d1i.ch h,ve tel' are rn[nw :~.nd vDTieii tA thl> L,ct thD.t the

sAttlGment of thic c:;rc)fu11:v~n\i initic;tA(' by tho

itc influenc() on the charecter of' the ~ettlen:ent£' lorgely

of of the

front:L('~r into tbL clmoct DlH 1 by tht i' time th8

,(ILcocL tion h;~d cJmoct 1)(:)8n lo:~t. jn the

there c'irect lhill: hcltUf:}(c)n ul1 flr;focio:Lj.on e[-tabliGhment of 8, ;:8ttlement fmd cNen here th(c:; jll:flu(jnce ('id not extr:m(l

the ~,:treet Dattorn. ThA cha:C.,cter Dne. of the ['cttlBrf. out the r; 18;:'Ocio.tion rl.oubtl ::m influf'lnce on the of th<') frontier ;~ven r'u:d.ng the J

ho~:t of n8',-1 influence: ~;nc 110 ';} };ettlol"s ~!e:re b8i::;irming to CIOl'J(J in. of' the nnr1 t12.(') that

-por:pH)] ('l the ~:ettl ml)'Ccnt of the 61'io1' G. more icont role in the ("c'tnbli:::luuent of the I'Ur(:;l By the (lecnde of the th.e of m:Jx.imum pvolution for most ip-ctlement::::, a

Hhole host of no\'; poople 8:nr! ne~'l infhtencec: \';ere of inmortsnce in the

rUT:,l :::ettJer:1cnt:J tlwn t11.o:'o ,!htch cX'J:'iV(O(l l,'Ttth th8 f\.::.;c:ocicition in the em:ly 1850:::;. the ntnd :Jett;] of C.snterbury are ('li::::til1cbw'J tn their

1"c(,1,tion their 1 ,qnd theb' flJl1ction. £,t the

[,DIDe time dlO\,; InDXlY of the fe;:turec:: and the trow1:::: th8.t ('\To fount1 in

rur~;,l cervice cen tre:-~ in other DreaD of the nen! 1:JOTld.

rrredomimmtl.v farm r:er:v:ichlg' Dnd Gre (iepend;;nt on the .mixed L:.rming economy of the in I·rhich th.12Y In both their cho.racter "no their function the 1:'u1'oJ. ;::,ettlelw:mtr::. of make a contribu'Uon to the totGl ty of the)r 1

rrh.e 1 , :pp,,:)

T 1_-' " '.Phe 8ettlClHcnt Net fU1C: T:'i1CtOI, '101. 27

'J'lLo \

lol. I No. I 1958, PD.

J. H. 1!JlWiJt Yields l~eflcct 1946,

JubUeic

Ghl'i::.tchUI'ch

Clark,

]'lora of the CEmtel'bury i.n

VoL), tondon 1947.

Run,.1 ~;ettlenBn t jJ') the =.;:;;;;;:.~~ Vo1.39, No.2, 1949, pp 3.

'.l'he Di::;t.rl.bution anci }iunctioli of' ~)maller Urban ~iet Clements Vol.l?,

D. :

Chri:3tchurch, 1865. s. ,.

1947.

Universj..

1 193tl.

1 ) : Christchurch, 1957.

vi. : '1118 of Cnnterbury in ===.::;~_""....;:;.-::;;=. 1927

1856.

J. F.• ; l,ondon,

Ev.nter~ A.D.: Universi ty of Ne\~ ZeaJfHld 1947. G. :

1')57 ,pp. l~

I~l1I':)l ;jottle"!ent in. the ~.;mrl;h

No .191 J 8J.hJune

IcC J:'unct:Lon::; of .1, l'il8.TCh

P.J. : L

U0'12 :cnmen t:

ZenJ.Hl1

Univer5ity of 1945.

H.D. ;

1953.

PO\,il1ul1, 1.• 1,.: pp. 144-51.

aDO Chrif:\ tchUICh

H" 1 \'lall , l::lrld I~GiI12;, Ghr'istchurch. P. to \[01.81, n. :

z.

G. rr. 'lIm Hwn.let. One EleHieIlt of the l\me:rir)an

~)ettlerc(mt i'abric. "~c.;c;,,",.;;.. ~c_ VoL 3 No. ~tarch

of Hural ;:;ettlen,ent tn AmeriCa., 1946, I)P. r)6~96. enited of

Univer:.:;;:;l Busine;sc

Von J, :

London

11:149.

Lincoln viheat Hesearch In.~3titute Chrj.. stchu:rch:

J.

DlJXledin IB75, \ , }

..,

In6tl, ~,cule ~l () 1

to 1 :iJlCh. hoJ (I lIalkett TePirita

l,ake8ida H\.\f{:~l':'llf) l1'la,1;

(l:t) Abo'l~t the ~

(i) (ii) Grid

l1urnham HotuKaral'a, Ladbro ok 1:: ,ife,d; also old,:;!r nu.clei).

()l'der of fUI1Ct:i.OrlfU

:f'or e{lCh~i:i.th the doru:Lr,i:,nt ',.,JlHI'U,U<::'J,l I

STREE T OR HO;\[)

TREES

CHUf"lCH

E! PU8L1C H/\Ll C,c. COUnTY COUNC It,

lJh o r HEf~ HtIL,L, DLib, UAFIAlft'

FlO,i>,D HlAHSPOr'1l DEPOT TI~ T I(}'~

lu] UNUSED [Ql StQr'" UHU ~;ED TonE.

POST OFFICE,

[Jr. E, TELEPHOt-JE EXCJ..IAI'JGE

C,f\F<{PENTEfi'S 'OFl JOINEI,{Y rJG.'"r·q~I'~ tvinrOH GMi/,-HAY E STABLTSHMENi GP,WFiAL EI'ICJlNEEf{ING.

tvlONUMENT

[\WELUNG o FAHM DWELLING.

" ~ DOUBLE UNiT