DOCSLIB.ORG

De Iberia a Hispan A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
De Iberia a Hispan A FRANCISCO GRACIA ALONSO (COORD.) DE IBERIA A HISPAN A JESÚS R. ÁLVAREZ,SANCHÍS, SEBASTIÁN CELESTINO PÉREZ, ANA DELGADO, ALFREDO GONZÁLEZ RUIBAL. ALBERTO LORRIO, ALFREDO MEDEROS, FERNANDO ROMERO CARNICERO, ARTURO R.U lZ RODRÍGUEZ Y CARLOS SANZ MÍNGUEZ . Ariel Prehistoria Francisco Gracia Alonso (coord.) Jesús R. Álvarez-Sanchís, Sebastián Celestino Pérez, Ana Delgado, Alfredo González Ruibal, Alberto Lorrio, Alfredo Mederos, Fernando Romero Carnicero, Arturo Ruiz Rodríguez y Carlos Sanz Mínguez De Iberia a Hispania Arief Prehistoria l." edición: septiembre de 2008 © 2008: Francisco Gracia Alonso (coord.) Jesús R. Álvarez-Sanchís, Sebastián Celestino Pérez, Ana Delgado, Alfredo González Ruibal, Alberto Lorrio, Alfredo Mederos, Fernando Romero Carnicero, Arturo Ruiz Rodríguez y Carlos Sanz Mínguez Derechos exclusivos de edición en español reservados para todo el mundo: © 1997 y 2008: Editorial Ariel, S. A. Avda. Diagonal, 662-664 - 08034 Barcelona ISBN 978-84-344-5256-5 Depósito legal: M. 36.4 I 2 - 2008 Impreso en España por Artes Gráficas Huertas, s. a. Camino Viejo de Getafe, 60 28946 - Fuenlabrada (Madrid) Queda rigurosamente prohibida, sin la autorización escrita de los cirulares del copyright, bajo las sanciones establecidas en las leyes, la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprogmfía y el tratamiento informático, y la distribución de ejemplares de ella mediante alquiler o préstamo públicos. ÍNDICE Prólogo . 13 CAPÍTULO l. El Bronce Final, por ALFREDO MEDEROS MARTÍN . 19 Edad Oscura o primera luz de'Ja Protohistoria . 19 Varios registros regionales sesgados . 20 Las características generales de las sociedades del Bronce Final . 22 Sociedad patrilineal y matrimonio . 28 Posibles relaciones de servidumbre . 31 Los estudios previos sobre el Bronce Final . 32 Primera Etapa (1923-1934) . 32 Segunda Etapa ( 1934-1962) . 32 Tercera etapa ( 1958-1976) . 34 Cuarta etapa (1976-1984) . 35 Quinta etapa ( 1985-2008) . 36 La cronología del Bronce Final en la península Ibérica . 37 La terminología . 37 Bronce Tardío o Bronce Final 1 . 37 Desarrollo interno o impacto externo . 38 Periodización y cronología . 39 El Bronce Final I . 41 Un proceso de concentración de la poblaciónen grandes poblados . 41 El problema del tesoro de Villena . 45 Cogeces, Cogotas y la cerámica decorada del Bronce Final I . 48 Los enterramientos durante el Bronce Final I en el suroestey sureste 49 El inicio de la generalización del Bronce . 50 Los primeros contactos regulares con el Mediterráneo oriental. 50 Las riquezas de la península Ibérica: montañas de plata y ríos de oro 53 Las Islas Baleares, escala en la ruta mediterránea . 54 El Bronce Final II . 55 La contracción de la cerámica de Cogotas . SS Las incineraciones en el Noreste de la península Ibérica . 56 El comercio chipriota hacia el Mediterráneo occidental . 57 El grupo Baioes en las Beiras . 58 Banquete y hospitalidad . 59 6 DE IBERJA A HISPANIA La música en los banquetes y la búsqueda de la inmortalidad por el acto heroico . 61 El primer hierro: cuchillos de sacrificio. 63 Las primeras incineraciones en Portugal . 64 Las estelas decoradas del suroeste . 65 El cuidado del cuerpo y la higiene . 68 Los depósitos metálicos del Bronce Final atlántico . 69 El Bronce Final III . 70 Poblados estables y campos de urnas en el noreste . 70 Poblados con grandes cabañas en Andalucía . 72 La generalización de la incineración en el sureste . 73 Marinos chipriotas y filisteos . 74 La fundación de Gadir ca. l l 06 a.C. 75 Textiles de lana y cueros . 75 El pecio de Huelva . 77 Armas y lucha h_eroica . 79 Cerámicas con decoración bruñida interna . 82 La ciudad de Huelva . 83 Los primeros fenicios durante el Bronce Final IIIA en Huelva . 83 Fenicios en Huelva durante el Bronce Final IIIB . 84 Epílogo .................................................... 85 Bibliografía . 87 CAPÍTULO 2. Tartessos, por SEBASTJÁN CELESTINO PÉREZ . 93 l. Tartesos: un concepo histórico . 93 II. El mito. 98 III. La leyenda y las fuentes históricas . 103 El retorno de los héroes . 103 Las referencias grecolatinas . 104 TarsisenlaBiblia ........................................ 113 Las referencias epigráficas de Tarsis . 1 16 IV. Tartessos a través de la historiografía . 118 Un recurso para la identidad nacional . 118 Los inicios de la Arqueología colonial: Bonsor . 120 A la búsqueda de la ciudad: Schulten . l 24 Una alternativa científica: la paleografía . l 26 Un término de compromiso: el Orientalizante . 128 El nacimiento de la Arqueología tartésica: Maluquer de Motes . 132 Entre el fósil-director y la estratigrafía. El positivismo . 139 Un nuevo concepto de Tartessos. La aculturación................ 141 A la búsqueda de una identidad material. Las tipologías . 144 Una sociedad de elites. La interacción . 148 V. El origen del territorio tartésico . 160 La «precolonización» . 161 La formación de Tartessos . 176 Las estelas del suroeste o tartésicas . l 79 VI. Un paisaje para Tartessos . l 93 El ambiente geográfico de Tartessos . 194 Un paisaje modificado . l 96 ÍNDICE 7 La metalurgia como justificación del cambio económico .. .... 204 La económica tradic io nal: la ganadería .. ................... 215 La expansió n de la agricultura ......... ..... ........... .. .. 218 VII. La fase orie ntal de Tartessos ..... ..... ... ............... 224 El desarrollo urbano de Tartessos 228 La arquitectura reli giosa en Tartessos ... .. .... ............. 240 El mundo funerario ...................................... 256 La artesanía tartésica . ................................ .... 274 La cerámica ........ ................................. 274 Los bronces . ........ .................... .. .. ... 285 Los marfiles 292 La ort"cbrería . 294 La re li gión a través de la imagen ............................ 304 VllJ. Crisis de Tartessos y auge de su periferia .............. .. 311 Bibliografía 338 Obras generales 344 CAPÍTULO 3. Fenicios en Iberia, por ANA DELGADO HERVÁS ....... 347 Huelva y la plata de Occidente . ....... 347 Las naves de Torshish . ........ 349 La Ría de Huelva a fina les del II milenio a.C. ......... ...... 352 Vientos de cambio ....................... ... 355 Fenicios en Hue lva ... 360 ¿Existió una precolonización fenicia '.) ........................ 363 Iberia y la diáspora fenicia en Occidente ... .......... 370 El archipiélago fenicio .............. ........ .. ........... 370 Los ti empos de la expansión .......... ................. 373 ¿Diás pora, coloni zación o coloniali smo? .. ............ .. ... 377 Las comunidades fenicias de Iberia ........... ............... 380 Godir y comunidades fenicias del Extremo Oriente ..... .... .. .. 384 Godir, una isla e n el término del mundo ......... .. .......... 384 Rituales e id entidades ..... .. ....... ......... .. .... 388 Gadir y la s comunidades fenicias occidentales ... ............. 392 Tartessos, El Dorado fenicio . ...................... 394 Puertos, barrios y colo nias: las comunidades fenicias de la Baja Anda- lu cía .. 395 Huelva, un puert o de comercio tartésico .......... ....... ..... 397 Mucho más que metales ........ ................. ........ 402 Castillo de Doña Bl anca: un puerto fenicio en la Bahía de Cádiz .. 403 Clientes y mercancías .................................... 409 La aventura oce.ínica: fenicios en la costa atlántica portuguesa ....... 417 Viejas rutas y nuevos mercaderes en la costa atlántica portuguesa .. 417 Las primeras instalaciones fenicias en el área portuguesa ........ 422 Los nuevos tráficos e n áreas atlánticas ................. ..... 425 Redes y enclaves feni cios en la costa oriental ................ .. 429 Los inicios de l comercio fenicio en el Bajo Segura ......... .... 429 El enclave fenicio el e La Fonteta ................ .. .. 432 Nuevas redes en la costa ori ental de Iberia 435 Transiciones y transformaciones .. 438 8 DE IBERIA A HISPANIA Puertos, colonias y ciudades en la Andalucía mediterránea . 441 Poblaciones locales y dinámicas fenicias en la Andalucía mediterránea 441 Los primeros enclaves fenicios de la costa mediterránea andaluza . 444 Una red de de puertos, mercados y colonias . 446 Heterogeneidad social y poder colonial . 451 De colonias a ciudades . 459 Bibliografía . 465 CAPÍTULO 4. Comercio, colonización e interacción griega en la penín- sula Ibérica entre los siglos VIU y II a.c., por FRANCISCO GRACIA ALONSO 475 Introducción historiográfica . 475 Precolonización y colonización mítica . 478 Barcos y navegantes . ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 Settlement Patterns in Roman Galicia
    Settlement Patterns in Roman Galicia: Late Iron Age – Second Century AD Jonathan Wynne Rees Thesis submitted in requirement of fulfilments for the degree of Ph.D. in Archaeology, at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London University of London 2012 1 I, Jonathan Wynne Rees confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Abstract This thesis examines the changes which occurred in the cultural landscapes of northwest Iberia, between the end of the Iron Age and the consolidation of the region by both the native elite and imperial authorities during the early Roman empire. As a means to analyse the impact of Roman power on the native peoples of northwest Iberia five study areas in northern Portugal were chosen, which stretch from the mountainous region of Trás-os-Montes near the modern-day Spanish border, moving west to the Tâmega Valley and the Atlantic coastal area. The divergent physical environments, different social practices and political affinities which these diverse regions offer, coupled with differing levels of contact with the Roman world, form the basis for a comparative examination of the area. In seeking to analyse the transformations which took place between the Late pre-Roman Iron Age and the early Roman period historical, archaeological and anthropological approaches from within Iberian academia and beyond were analysed. From these debates, three key questions were formulated, focusing on
    [Show full text]
  • Celtic from the West’
    An Alternative to ‘Celtic from the East’ and ‘Celtic from the West’ Patrick Sims-Williams This article discusses a problem in integrating archaeology and philology. For most of the twentieth century, archaeologists associated the spread of the Celtic languages with the supposed westward spread of the ‘eastern Hallstatt culture’ in the first millennium BC. More recently, some have discarded ‘Celtic from the East’ in favour of ‘Celtic from the West’, according to which Celtic was a much older lingua franca which evolved from a hypothetical Neolithic Proto-Indo-European language in the Atlantic zone and then spread eastwards in the third millennium BC. This article (1) criticizes the assumptions and misinterpretations of classical texts and onomastics that led to ‘Celtic from the East’ in the first place; (2) notes the unreliability of the linguistic evidence for ‘Celtic from the West’, namely (i) ‘glottochronology’ (which assumes that languages change at a steady rate), (ii) misunderstood place-name distribution maps and (iii) the undeciphered inscriptions in southwest Iberia; and (3) proposes that Celtic radiating from France during the first millennium BC would be a more economical explanation of the known facts. Introduction too often, philologists have leant on outdated arch- aeological models, which in turn depended on out- Philology and archaeology have had a difficult rela- dated philological speculations—and vice versa. tionship, as this article illustrates. Texts, including Such circularity is particularly evident in the study inscriptions, and names are the philologists’ primary of Celtic ethnogenesis, a topic which can hardly be evidence, and when these can be localized and dated approached without understanding the chequered they can profitably be studied alongside archaeo- development of ‘Celtic philology’, ‘Celtic archae- logical evidence for the same localities at the same ology’ and their respective terminologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Lopez-Ruiz CV April 2021
    CAROLINA LÓPEZ-RUIZ CURRICULUM VITAE HOME ADDRESS: OFFICE ADDRESS: 449 E. Dominion Blv. Dept. of Classics Columbus, OH 43214 The Ohio State University 614-4327576 414 University Hall [email protected] 230 North Oval Mall [email protected] Columbus, OH 43202 PROFESSOR, Department of Classics, The Ohio State University (2005-PRESENT). Affiliated Faculty, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures. Member, Melton Center for Jewish Studies; affiliated faculty, Center for the Study of Religion. RESEARCH AREAS: Comparative Mythology, Ancient Mediterranean Religions, Greek Language and Literature, North-West Semitic Languages and Literatures, cultural exchange. TEACHING COMPETENCIES: Greek, Hebrew, and Phoenician languages; Classical and Near Eastern Mythology, Greek Civilization and Archaeology, Phoenician world, Carthage. EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO: Ph.D. Committee on the Ancient Mediterranean World, 2005: “The Sons of Earth and Starry Heaven: Greek Theogonic Traditions and their Northwest Semitic Background.” HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM, ISRAEL: Rothberg International School, 1995-1996. UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID, SPAIN: B.A.— M.A. (Licenciatura), Classical Philology, 1995. PUBLICATIONS BOOKS • (Editor, with Brian Doak) Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2019. • (with S. Celestino Pérez) Tartessos and the Phoenicians in Iberia. Oxford University Press, 2016 (exp. rev. ed. in Spanish: Tarteso y los fenicios de occidente, Almuzara, 2020). • (Editor) Gods, Heroes, and Monsters: A Sourcebook of Greek, Roman, and the Near Eastern Myths in Translation. Oxford University Press, 2014 (second rev. edition 2018). • When the Gods Were Born: Greek Cosmogonies and the Near East. Harvard University Press, 2010. (Translated into Turkish as Tanrılar Doğduklarında, Istanbul, 2012.) • Editor (with M.
    [Show full text]
  • THE PHIIISTINE SCRIPT and INSCRIPTIONS (Excerpts from the Celtic Connection Revisited, Unpublished Material, 2014) by Michel-Gérald Boutet
    THE PHIIISTINE SCRIPT AND INSCRIPTIONS (Excerpts from The Celtic Connection Revisited, unpublished material, 2014) By Michel-Gérald Boutet The Sea Peoples invasion of Egypt during the XXth dynasty. Detail from the temple of Ramses III at Medinet Habou, Museum of Cairo. Pulasti (Philistine) and Tsakkaras: on Pylon of Medinet Habu. Illustration from The palace of Minos: a comparative account of the successive stages of the early Cretan civilization as illustrated by the discoveries at Knossos by Sir Arthur Evans, 1921. THE PHILISTINE SEA-PEOPLE Who were the Philistines? “Now the rulers of the Philistines assembled to offer a great sacrifice to Dagon their god and to celebrate, saying, “Our god has delivered Samson, our enemy, into our hands.” (The Death of Samson, Judges 16, 23.) Although an early Indo-European presence was felt in the Canaan region after the second millennium B.C.E, the Philistines along with the other Sea Peoples make an abrupt entry into the Egyptian records just at around 1200. The Philistines, purportedly from Bulgaria and Crimea, were of mixed Indo-European nations mainly of Proto-Celtic Danubian, Aegean and Anatolian descent. These Danubians, the Dananoi, or Danauoi in Greek, constituted of a number of undifferentiated Indo-European tribes originally from the Pontic Crimean area of the Black Sea that had settled on the western Anatolian coast and eventually on the island of Cyprus. During the Bronze Age, their metallurgical skills gave them the cutting edge and they were the ones responsible for prompting the Iron Age in the Mediterranean basin. Eventually, the Philistines were to form a powerful military and commercial nation reaching their peak at the end of the first millennium and then lose preeminence by the end of the 7th century BCE only to completely disappear from historical records in the 6th century at the start of the Assyrian wars.
    [Show full text]
  • Literary Evidence for Tartessos-Tarshish-Atlantis in The
    Tartessos-Tarshish was the model for Plato’s Atlantis Rainer W. Kühne Tuckermannstr. 35, 38118 Braunschweig, Germany ABSTRACT The capital of Tartessos lay between the two mouths of the river Baetis (Strabon 3,1,9; Literary evidence supports the following view. 3,2,11; Pausanias 6,19,3). The Baetis was tidal Tartessos and Tarshish were identical. Tartessos and Iberia's largest river (Pausanias 6,19,3). was the model for Plato's Atlantis. The Baetica was the ancient Roman name of Tartessians traded with precious metals, Andalusia (cf. Pliny 3,6). So it is reasonable to especially with silver. Among their trade identify the Baetis with the Guadalquivir and to partners were the Phoenicians, the Hebrews, and locate the capital of Tartessos within the the Greeks. The capital of Tartessos lay in the Donana National Park. Donana National Park. Tartessos existed from the tenth to the sixth century BC. 1.4 Dating 1. TARTESSOS The Tartessians had knowledge of writing (Strabon 3,1,6). This knowledge was brought to 1.1 Sources Iberia by Phoenician colonists. The culture of Tartessos ended about 550 BC (Herodotus We know about Tartessos by several Greek and 1,163). Roman writers. These include Herodotus (1,163; 4,152; 4,191), Diodorus (5,35,4), 2. TARSHISH Strabon (3,1-2), Pliny (3,7; 4,120), Pausanias (6,19,3), and Rufius Festus Avienus (Ora 2.1 Sources Maritima 225; 284). We know about Tarshish by inscriptions of the 1.2 Trade Assyrian king Asarhaddon and by several books of the bible. These include Genesis (10,1-4), 1 The Tartessians traded with several precious Kings (10,22; 22,49), 1 Chronicles (1,5-7), 2 metals, especially with silver (Herodotus 4,152; Chronicles (9,21; 20,36), Psalms (48,8; 72,10), Diodorus 5,35,4; Avienus 225; 284).
    [Show full text]
  • On the Debate Over the Classification of the Language of the South-Western (SW) Inscriptions, Also Known As Tartessian
    On the Debate over the Classification of the Language of the South-Western (SW) Inscriptions, also known as Tartessian John T. Koch University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies I. Three and a half theories §1. Many linguists will be interested in Eric Hamp’s 2012 revision of his 1989 Indo-European family tree (both in Hamp 2013). For the present subject, the node called Northwest Indo-European1 is most relevant. The older and newer versions of this branch are redrawn below.2 1 Hamp’s names and descriptive terms for languages are indicated here with bold type rather than quotation marks, as quotation marks are used meaningfully on his trees. 2 Outside of the Italo-Celtic node I have simplified some of the details and omitted some of the bracketed annotations. [ 1 ] §2. The biggest change in this section of the tree is that what had been Northwest Indo-European in 1989 has become two sibling branches in 2012: (I) Northwest Indo-European and (II) Northern Indo-European (“mixture with non-Indo-European”). The latter branch (not included above) comprises: (1) “GERMANO-PREHELLENIC” (whence the siblings Germanic and Prehellenic (substrate geography)3); (2) Thracian, Dacian (as a single node); (3) Cimmerian; (4) Tocharian; and (5) “ADRIATIC- BALTO-SLAVIC” (whence the siblings (a) Balto-Slavic and (b) “ADRIATIC INDO-EUROPEAN” (the latter being the parent of (i) Albanian and (ii) “MESSAPO-ILLYRIAN”).4 Thus, one way in which the 2012 tree is different is that Phrygian alone is now seen as forming a subgroup with Italo-Celtic, whereas the 1989 tree had Italo-Celtic, Tocharian, Phrygian, Messapic, “Illyrian”, and Germanic, all as first-generation descendants of Northwest Indo-European, together with an “EASTERN NODE” (as a sibling in the same generation as Italo-Celtic and so on).
    [Show full text]
  • Kirja-Arvosteluja—Book Reviews
    Kirja-arvosteluja—Book reviews Kaufman, Terrence, Notes on the Decipherment of Tartessian as Celtic. Wa- shington D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man. 2015. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series No. 62. 526 pages. Hardcover price: $102. ISBN 978-0-9845383-6-2; Paperback price: $68. ISBN 978-0-9845383-3-1. Terrence Kaufman’s Notes on the Decipherment of Tartessian as Celtic (NDTC) repre-sent an essentially positive appraisal of John Koch, Tartessian: Celtic in the south-west at the dawn of history (Aberystwyth, 2009; revised, expanded edition, Aberystwyth, 2013) (T1) and Tartessian 2: The inscription of Mesas do Castilinho; ro and the verbal complex; Preliminaries to historical phonology (Aberystwyth, 2011) (T2), in which Koch reads the 90-odd “Tartessian” inscriptions, probably mainly necrological in na-ture, ca. 750–450 BC, from south-west Iberia (Tartessos, Greek ,taršīš, cf. “The ships of Tarshish”, Kings I 10:22 תַּרְ שִׁיש Ταρτησσός, Hebrew Ezekiel 27:12, etc.), in an alpha-syllabary (semi-syllabary: part alphabet, part syllabary, i.e. consonant + vowel) probably derived mainly from Phoenician, as the earliest extant form of Celtic. Koch builds on work by Juan A. Correa, Jürgen Untermann, and Jesús Rodríguez Ramos, bringing to bear a wide-ranging knowledge of various forms of Celtic as well as fami-liarity with current archaeological thinking on the relevant regions and horizons. José Antonio Correa in 1989 and 1992 originally proposed that Tartessian was a Celtic language, but now regards it as unclassified. Jürgen Untermann in 1997 (Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum IV: Die tartessischen, keltiberischen und lusitanischen Inschriften) (MLH IV), on which Koch’s work is heavily based, recognized that there might be Indo-European or specifically Celtic elements in the inscriptions.
    [Show full text]
  • Aisthesis Volume VII • Spring 2018 Undergraduate Journal of Classical Studies Stanford University
    Aisthesis Volume VII • Spring 2018 Undergraduate Journal of Classical Studies Stanford University Sappho 16 Oishi Banerjee Stanford University Take Care Not to Catch the Madness: Celsus’ Definition and Diagnosis of Madness Leah F. Borquez Bryn Mawr College Classifying Tartessian and Lusitanian: A Review and Comment on Recent Scholarship Peter Carzis University of Pennsylvania ἄνθρωπος μέτρον: Imperial Architecture as a Reflection of Political Authority Margaret Corn Columbia University On Believing Simonides: Plato and Polemarchus in Republic 1 Zach Heater Duke University 1 (Cover).indd 3 6/4/18 10:20 PM 2 (Misc.).indd 13 6/4/18 7:58 AM Aisthesis Volume VII • Spring 2018 Department of Classics Stanford University 2 (Misc.).indd 14 6/4/18 7:58 AM 4 STANFORD UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS Aisthesis Aisthesis is a student run publication, operating within the Stanford University Department of Classics. It takes its name cognition, or moral discernment. This journal is dedicated tofrom showcasing the Greek exactly αἴσθησις, such whichjudgment, denotes as well sense as perception,intellectual capacity and originality, and thus publishes only the most information, please visit us online at: https://classics.stanford. impressiveedu/projects/aisthesis-undergraduate-journal. undergraduate research in the field. For additional Editorial Board Editors-in-Chief Raleigh Browne ’19 Sophia Furfine ’20 Financial Officer Editors Emma Grover ’20 Seth Chambers ’19 Savitri Asokan ’20 Sylvia Choo ’20 Katherine Finley ’21 Emma Grover ’20 Justin Muchnick ’20 AndrewJosh Wagner Yang ’18’20 Lina Wang ’20 Journal Layout Savitri Asokan ’20 Josh Wagner ’20 2 (Misc.).indd 4 6/4/18 7:58 AM AISTHEsis, SPRING 2018 5 Letter from the Editors Classics is a discipline of communication across time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case for the Pre-Colonization of Iberia
    The Extent of Eastern Influence: The Case for the Pre-colonization of Iberia Master’s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Department of Ancient Greek and Roman Studies Dr Alexandra Ratzalff, Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Ancient Greek and Roman Studies by Justin Soares May 2019 Copyright by Justin Soares © 2019 First and foremost, I want to thank my thesis advisor, Dr Alexandra Ratzlaff. She consistently put her own work aside to welcome every question I had over the last year, be it about the Iberian Neolithic or sources of tin in the Mediterranean. Her direction and motivation throughout this process was incredibly invaluable and reassuring. My sincere thanks are also deserved by Dr Cheryl Walker who willingly resigned her Friday mornings for an entire semester to humor my interests in a topic as nuanced as Iberia’s resistance to Rome. Her encouragement in the pursuit of my own interests led to some of the most enjoyable research and writing I have ever done. Additional thanks to Dr Joel Christensen for his guidance and being a part of my panel. Lastly, a special thank you to my mother and brother, who endured my ramblings of Bronze Age Iberia while in pursuit of their own degrees. iii Abstract The Extent of Eastern Influence: The Case for the Pre-colonization of Iberia A thesis presented to the Graduate Program in Ancient Greek and Roman Studies Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Justin Soares Discussions of Bronze Age trade are typically centered around developments in the Eastern Mediterranean, and as a result the west remains in relative obscurity until Phoenician colonization in the eighth century BCE.
    [Show full text]
  • The Celts in Iberia: an Overview
    The Celts in Iberia: An Overview Alberto J. Lorrio, Universidad de Alicante Gonzalo Ruiz Zapatero, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Abstract A general overview of the study of the Celts in the Iberian Peninsula is offered from a critical perspective. First, we present a brief history of research and the state of research on ancient written sources, linguistics, epigraphy and archaeological data. Second, we present a different hypothesis for the "Celtic" genesis in Iberia by applying a multidisciplinary approach to the topic. Finally, on the one hand an analysis of the main archaeological groups (Celtiberian, Vetton, Vaccean, the Castro Culture of the northwest, Asturian-Cantabrian and Celtic of the southwest) is presented, while on the other hand we propose a new vision of the Celts in Iberia, rethinking the meaning of "Celtic" from a European perspective. Keywords Celts, Iberian Peninsula, Iron Age, Celtiberians, Indo-European. 1. Introduction Textbooks on European prehistory published during the last seventy-five years confirm that ever since the first theories were formulated at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Celts have played a crucial role in studies of European protohistory. The Celts have even been accused of taking over Europe during the Iron Age, through the cultures of Hallstatt and La Tène. Any conclusions drawn by European historiography about the Celts have been based on the image conjured up by Classical sources and the archaeological and cultural evidence collected at La Tène. It was only during the mid 1980s that scholars began to debate this issue and started to break away from the conventional established image of the Celts (Collis 2003; Ruiz Zapatero 1993, 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • An Alternative to 'Celtic from the East'
    An Alternative to ‘Celtic from the East’ and ‘Celtic from the West’ Patrick Sims-Williams This article discusses a problem in integrating archaeology and philology. For most of the twentieth century, archaeologists associated the spread of the Celtic languages with the supposed westward spread of the ‘eastern Hallstatt culture’ in the first millennium BC. More recently, some have discarded ‘Celtic from the East’ in favour of ‘Celtic from the West’, according to which Celtic was a much older lingua franca which evolved from a hypothetical Neolithic Proto-Indo-European language in the Atlantic zone and then spread eastwards in the third millennium BC. This article (1) criticizes the assumptions and misinterpretations of classical texts and onomastics that led to ‘Celtic from the East’ in the first place; (2) notes the unreliability of the linguistic evidence for ‘Celtic from the West’, namely (i) ‘glottochronology’ (which assumes that languages change at a steady rate), (ii) misunderstood place-name distribution maps and (iii) the undeciphered inscriptions in southwest Iberia; and (3) proposes that Celtic radiating from France during the first millennium BC would be a more economical explanation of the known facts. Introduction too often, philologists have leant on outdated arch- aeological models, which in turn depended on out- Philology and archaeology have had a difficult rela- dated philological speculations—and vice versa. tionship, as this article illustrates. Texts, including Such circularity is particularly evident in the study inscriptions, and names are the philologists’ primary of Celtic ethnogenesis, a topic which can hardly be evidence, and when these can be localized and dated approached without understanding the chequered they can profitably be studied alongside archaeo- development of ‘Celtic philology’, ‘Celtic archae- logical evidence for the same localities at the same ology’ and their respective terminologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Iberian-Tartessian Scripts/Graffiti in Iruna-Veleia (Basque Country, North Spain): Findings in Both Iberia and Canary Islands-Africa
    24 International Journal of Modern Anthropology Int. J. Mod. Anthrop.(2012) 5: 24-38 Available online at: www.ata.org.tn ; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v1i5.2 Original Synthetic Report Iberian-Tartessian scripts/graffiti in Iruna-Veleia (Basque Country, North Spain): findings in both Iberia and Canary Islands-Africa Antonio Arnaiz-Villena1, Diego Rey 1 Antonio Arnaiz-Villena is presently Head of Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Complutense University, Madrid, Spain .He has been as Research Fellow in the Middlesex Hospital and The London Hospital, London, UK for 9 years. He has published more than 300 papers in international magazines and 8 books in Immunology, Immunogenetics and Human and Bird Population Genetics. He has directed 48 PhD thesis. E-mail: [email protected]. Web page: http://chopo.pntic.mec.es/biolmol/ 1Population genetics and linguistics, Dpt. Immunology, The Madrid Regional Blood Center, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain. Abstract - 760 officially recognized scripts on ceramics from Iruña-Veleia excavated by the archaeology firm Lurmen S.L. (approximately between years 2002-2008) have been analyzed. A number of these ceramics contains scripts which may be assimilated to Iberian/Tartessian writings. This number may be underestimated since more studies need to be done in already available and new found ceramics. This is the second time that Iberian writing is found by us in an unexpected location together with the Iberian- Guanche inscriptions of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Canary Islands). On the other hand, naviform scripting, usually associated to Iberian rock or stone engraving may have also been found in Veleia.
    [Show full text]