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Jose Saramago jose saramago 1.bölüm Zeki Z. Kırmızı 2015 Saramago, Jose; Çatıdaki Pencere, (Claraboia, 1940-50; 2011), Çev. Pınar Savaş, Kırmızı Kedi Yayınları, Birinci Basım, Eylül 2012, İstanbul, 306 s. Zaman İçinde Kaybolan ve Bulunan Kitap, Pilar del Rio, s 9-14 * Saramago, Jose; Ressamın El Kitabı, (Manual de Pintura e Caligrafia, 1977), İng. Çev. Şemsa Yeğin, Can Yayınları, Birinci Basım, 2001, İstanbul, 275 s. * Saramago, Jose; Kısırdöngü, (Objecto Quase, 1978), Çev. Soner Bilgiç, Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, Birinci Basım, Ağustos 2001, İstanbul, 146 s. * Saramago, Jose; Umut Tarlaları, (Levantado do Chão, 1980), Çev. Ayça Sabuncuoğlu, Can Yayınları, Birinci Basım, 1999, İstanbul, 315 s. * Saramago, Jose; Baltasar ile Blimunda, (Memorial de Convento, 1982), Çev. Işık Ergüden, Kırmızı Kedi Yayınları, Birinci Basım, Eylül 2013, İstanbul, 364 s. * Saramago, Jose; Ricardo Reis’in Öldüğü Yıl, (O ano da morte de Ricardo Reis, 1984), Çev. Saadet Özen, Can Yayınları, Birinci Basım, Eylül 2003, İstanbul, 407 s. Sunuş Bu fotoğrafı oraya koydum. Adam Jose Saramago, Portekizli. 1922‟de doğdu. Artık yaşamıyor. Kadının adı Pilar del Rio. 1950 doğumlu, İspanyol. Gazeteci. Dünyayı kenara koyabilen bir sevgi gibi görünüyor. Sevgi gibi görünüyor. Gibisi fazla. Çünkü öyle demek geliyor içimden. Belli bir tarihten sonra (tanışma: 1986, evlilik: 1988) Saramago yazdığı her şeyi (sanırım) 2010 yılındaki ölümüne dek ona sunuyor: Pilar del Rio‟ya… Ben de bu yazımı (nasıl bir yazı olacak, bir şeye benzer mi bilemesem de) Saramago‟nun kadınına, Pilar del Rio‟ya sunuyorum. * Saramago toplu okuması. 20 dolayında kitabı hem de başarıyla Türkçemize katılmış. Evet, araya sıkışmış bir Nobel Yazın Ödülü var (1998). Poetik dünyasını sınıflandırabilmiş, tanımlayabilmiş değilim. Elimde bir başka Saramago okurunun çizelgesi var gerçi. Yine de yazısının gelişimi hakkında çok az bir düşünce oluşturabildim. Hakkında hemen hiçbir şey okumadım, tek tük haberleri saymazsak. Daha başındayım işin. Biliyorum, Portekiz‟i arkama almam gerek. Portekiz ne demek? Biliyorum, Pessoa‟yı da. Pesooa ne demek? Okyanusu da sanırım. Salazar ülkesinde komünist olmayı. Ama bütün bunları bilemem ki. İlk döneminden 6 yapıtını okudum, yukarıda adları var ve okumam sürüyor. Ama beklemeyecek, birkaç bölümlü bir yazı yazmaya çalışacağım. Bu birinci bölüm, Giriş bölümü olsun. 2 * Aynı zamanda Saramago Vakfını yöneten, eşinin yayımcısı (!) del Rio, yıllar sonra ortaya çıkan, yayınevinde unutulmuş Çatıdaki Pencere‟nin önsözünde kitabın bulunma ve yayımlanma öyküsünü anlatıyor. Kitap Lizbon‟da 2011‟de yayımlanıyor ilk kez ama önsöze göre 1940-50 yılları arasında yazılmış ve yayınevine 1953‟te teslim edilmiş. Kitabın ortaya çıkış tarihi ise 1989. Saramago sağlığında kitabın yayımlanmasına izin vermiyor. Neden? 1.Bölüm: Giriş “İster sanat yapıtı olsun, ister bilim ya da düşünce yapıtı olsun, her yapıtta gerçekten felsefi olan öğe, Ludwig Feuerbach’ın Entwicklungsfähigkeit olarak tanımladığı, yapıtın geliştirilebilirlik kapasitesidir. Tam da böyle bir ilke izlendiğinde, yapıtın yazarına düşenle onu yorumlayan ve geliştiren kişiye atfedilen arasındaki fark, kavranamayacak kadar zor ve bir o kadar da temel bir farka dönüşür. Bu yüzden yazar, kendisine ait olmayan araştırma izlekleri ya da düşüncelerden yararlanmak ve onları kendine mal etmek gibi bir riske girmekten çok, onlardan yola çıkarak ilerleyen çalışmasında başkalarının metinlerine atıfta bulunmak gibi bir riski göze almayı yeğlemiştir. Dahası, insan bilimlerindeki her araştırma – dolayısıyla yöntem üzerine bu düşünüm de- örtük biçimde de olsa arkeolojik bir sakınım gerektirmektedir, yani kendi izlediği yolda bir şeylerin karanlıkta kaldığı ve konu olarak ele alınmadığı noktaya kadar geri gitmelidir. Ancak kendi söylenmeyenini saklamayan, aksine sürekli olarak onu yeniden ele alıp geliştiren bir düşünce özgünlük iddiası taşıyabilir.” (G.Agamben; Şeylerin İşareti: Yöntem Üstüne, Çev. Betül Parlak, MonoKL, 2012) Saramago okumak, bir yeryüzü korosu dinlemek gibi. Evreni oluşturan tüm varlıkların evrensel koroda bir yeri, işlevi, ağırlığı var. Dil tüm bu varlıkları göstermeye adanmış, yıkıcı ve yapıcı, yıktığınca yapan, kuran, çatan bir dil. Saramago şimdilik gözümde dil tarlası, dil çağası, patlaması, dil-evren doğuşu ve „an die freude‟. (Schiller, Beethoven.) Homerik bir coşku, dünyanın tuşuna basma ve çıkacak binbir sese kulak kabartma. Saramago bir dil çevrintisi, uğultusu, sevinci. İlkyazın çiçek seli gibi dil ağacı sözcüklerini bırakıyor okudukça üzerime. Ya da güz çevrintileri, yaprakları… Ya da yağmur, dolu, kuş sürüleri… Cıvıltılar yazını (edebiyat). Ben kitap sıralı gideceğim ama usuma takılan bir Saramago özelliği yakalarsam iz üzerinde duracak, uğraşacağım onunla. Sonuçta benden Saramago‟ya değil, ondan bana gelecek ne gelirse. * 3 YAPITLARI: ÖZGÜN İLK TÜRKÇE BAŞLIK BASIM BAŞLIK Terra do Pecado 1947 Land of Sin Os Poemas Possíveis 1966 Possible Poems Provavelmente Alegria 1970 Probably Joy Deste Mundo e do Outro 1971 This World and the Other A Bagagem do Viajante 1973 The Traveller's Baggage As Opiniões que o DL teve 1974 Opinions that DL had O Ano de 1993 1975 The Year of 1993 Os Apontamentos 1976 The Notes Manual de Pintura e Caligrafia 1977 Ressamın El Kitabı Objecto Quase 1978 Kısırdöngü Levantado do Chão 1980 Umut Tarlaları Viagem a Portugal 1981 Journey to Portugal Memorial do Convento 1982 Baltasar ile Blimunda O Ano da Morte de Ricardo Reis 1984 Ricardo Reis’in Öldüğü Yıl A Jangada de Pedra 1986 The Stone Raft História do Cerco de Lisboa 1989 The History of the Siege of Lisbon O Evangelho Segundo Jesus Cristo 1991 The Gospel According to Jesus Christ Ensaio sobre a Cegueira 1995 Blindness Todos os Nomes 1997 All the Names O Conto da Ilha Desconhecida 1997 The Tale of the Unknown Island A Caverna 2000 The Cave A Maior Flor do Mundo 2001 Children's Picture Book O Homem Duplicado 2002 The Double Ensaio sobre a Lucidez 2004 Seeing Don Giovanni ou O Dissoluto Absolvido 2005 Don Giovanni, or, Dissolute Acquitted As Intermitências da Morte 2005 Death with Interruptions As Pequenas Memórias 2006 Small Memories A Viagem do Elefante 2008 The Elephant's Journey Caim 2009 Cain Claraboia 1953 Çatıdaki Pencere Kendi ağzından İngilizce kısa yaşamöyküsü: José Saramago - Biographical Written over the author's signature and translated into English by Fernando Rodrigues and Tim Crosfield I was born in a family of landless peasants, in Azinhaga, a small village in the province of Ribatejo, on the right bank of the Almonda River, around a hundred kilometres north- east of Lisbon. My parents were José de Sousa and Maria da Piedade. José de Sousa would have been my own name had not the Registrar, on his own inititiave added the nickname by which my father's family was known in the village: Saramago. I should add that saramago is a wild herbaceous plant, whose leaves in those times served at need as nourishment for the poor. Not until the age of seven, when I had to present an 4 identification document at primary school, was it realised that my full name was José de Sousa Saramago... This was not, however, the only identity problem to which I was fated at birth. Though I had come into the world on 16 November 1922, my official documents show that I was born two days later, on the 18th. It was thanks to this petty fraud that my family escaped from paying the fine for not having registered my birth at the proper legal time. Maybe because he had served in World War I, in France as an artillery soldier, and had known other surroundings from those of the village, my father decided in 1924 to leave farm work and move with his family to Lisbon, where he started as a policeman, for which job were required no more "literary qualifications" (a common expression then...) than reading, writing and arithmetic. A few months after settling in the capital my brother Francisco two years older, died. Though our living conditions had improved a little after moving, we were never going to be well off. I was already 13 or 14 when we moved, at last, to our own - but very tiny - house: till then we had lived in parts of houses, with other families. During all this time, and until I came of age I spent many, and very often quite long, periods in the village with my mother's parents Jerónimo Meirinho and Josefa Caixinha. I was a good pupil at primary school: in the second class I was writing with no spelling mistakes and the third and fourth classes were done in a single year. Then I was moved up to the grammar school where I stayed two years, with excellent marks in the first year, not so good in the second, but was well liked by classmates and teachers, even being elected (I was then 12...) treasurer of the Students' Union... Meanwhile my parents reached the conclusion that, in the absence of resources, they could not go on keeping me in the grammar school. The only alternative was to go to a technical school. And so it was: for five years I learned to be a mechanic. But surprisingly the syllabus at that time, though obviously technically oriented, included, besides French, a literature subject. As I had no books at home (my own books, bought by myself, however with money borrowed from a friend, I would only have when I was 19) the Portuguese language textbooks, with their "anthological" character, were what opened to me the doors of literary fruition: even today I can recite poetry learnt in that distant era. After finishing the course, I worked for two years as a mechanic at a car repair shop. By that time I had already started to frequent, in its evening opening hours, a public library in Lisbon. And it was there, with no help or guidance except curiosity and the will to learn, that my taste for reading developed and was refined. When I got married in 1944, I had already changed jobs. I was now working in the Social Welfare Service as an administrative civil servant. My wife, Ilda Reis, then a typist with the Railway Company, was to become, many years later, one of the most important Portuguese engravers.
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