Memoire De Maitrise

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Memoire De Maitrise MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Filozofická fakulta Ústav románských jazyků a literatur MAGISTERSKÁ DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE 2020 Bc. Lenka Berková MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Filozofická fakulta Ústav románských jazyků a literatur Francouzský jazyk a literatura Bc. LENKA BERKOVÁ Analyse comparative de contes fantastiques chez Jacques Cazotte, Théophile Gautier et Prosper Mérimée Magisterská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: prof. PhDr. Petr Kyloušek, CSc. 2020 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. V Praze dne 3.7.2020 Bc. Lenka Berková Remerciements Je tiens à exprimer ma plus profonde gratitude à Monsieur le Professeur PhDr. Petr Kyloušek, CSc. pour son soutien constant et ses conseils précieux. J’aimerais également exprimer ma sincère reconnaissance à tous mes proches qui m’ont encouragée à poursuivre mon chemin. Table des matières Introduction .....................................................................................................................8 1. Au cœur du fantastique ..........................................................................................10 1.1. Vers la notion générale du fantastique 10 1.2. Le défi de la définition du fantastique 11 1.2.1. Louis Vax 12 1.2.2. Tzvetan Todorov 14 1.2.3. Joël Malrieu 15 1.2.4. Jiří Šrámek 17 1.2.5. Gilbert Millet et Denis Labbé 18 1.3. Les frontières du fantastique 19 1.3.1. Merveilleux 19 1.3.2. Étrange 20 1.3.3. Fantasy 20 1.3.4. Science-fiction 21 2. Structure du récit fantastique .................................................................................22 2.1. Modèle narratif 24 2.2. Typologie des personnages 28 3. La perspective narrative .........................................................................................30 3.1. Qui parle ? 30 3.1.1. L’aspect narratif selon Šrámek 30 3.1.2. La relation entre le narrateur et la diégèse 32 3.1.3. La vie intérieure des personnages 32 3.2. Le point de vue : qui voit ? 33 3.3. L’armature fantastique selon Lise Morin 35 3.4. La notion du double 36 3.5. L’espace-temps dans les contes fantastiques 37 4. Présentation des auteurs et leurs œuvres choisis ....................................................40 4.1. Jacques Cazotte (1719 – 1792) 40 4.1.1. Le Diable amoureux (1772) 42 4.2. Théophile Gautier (1811 – 1872) 43 4.2.1. La Cafetière (1831) 45 4.2.2. Omphale (1834) 46 4.2.3. La Morte amoureuse (1836) 47 4.2.4. Le Pied de momie (1840) 47 4.2.5. Arria Marcella (1852) 48 4.3. Prosper Mérimée (1803 – 1870) 49 4.3.1. Vision de Charles XI (1829) 51 4.3.2. Les Âmes du purgatoire (1834) 51 4.3.3. La Vénus d’Ille (1837) 52 4.3.4. Lokis (1869) 53 5. Analyse comparative ..............................................................................................55 5.1. La structure des récits fantastiques et leurs fonctions 55 5.1.1. Signes et Tentation 56 5.1.2. Initiation et les initiateurs 57 5.1.3. Manifestation du fantastique 58 5.1.4. Doute et Confirmation du fantastique 58 5.1.5. Lutte / Acceptation 59 5.1.6. Explication 59 5.1.7. Victoire / Défaite 60 5.2. Typologie des personnages 60 5.2.1. Héros 61 5.2.2. Personnages fantastiques 62 5.2.3. Adjuvants et Opposants 65 5.3. La perspective narrative 66 5.3.1. Qui parle ? 66 5.3.2. Qui voit ? 74 5.4. L’espace-temps dans les récits fantastiques 78 5.4.1. L’espace-temps chez Cazotte 78 5.4.2. L’espace-temps chez Gautier 80 5.4.3. L’espace-temps chez Mérimée 84 5.4.4. Motifs liés à l’espace-temps 86 5.5. L’ambiguïté narrative 90 5.5.1. Motifs liés à l’ambiguïté narrative 96 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................98 Liste des abréviations utilisées ......................................................................................106 Bibliographie ................................................................................................................107 Primaire 107 Secondaire 107 Sitographie 109 Pour Tom, l’amour de ma vie « Personne ne peut savoir si le monde est fantastique ou réel, et non plus s’il existe une différence entre rêver et vivre.] » ― Jorge Luis Borges Introduction « Dans le grand ciel littéraire, le fantastique brille de tous ses feux et de tous ses artifices. » ― Lise Morin La présence des effets étranges, mystérieux et surnaturels dans la littérature attire et éveille l’attention des lecteurs depuis toute éternité. Il s’agit non seulement des contes de fée chez nos enfants, mais aussi des légendes antiques, médiévales ou des histoires insolites, soit des siècles passés, soit celles de nos contemporains. De nos jours, nous pouvons observer la popularité des aventures telles que celles de Harry Potter ou des récits d’épouvante et des histoires d’horreurs. Nous sommes toujours également fascinée par ce type de lecture, c’est la raison pourquoi nous nous intéressons également à la littérature fantastique qui nous laisse toujours perplexe et qui nous oblige en même temps à réfléchir sur la nature de ce que nous avons lu. Le sujet de notre mémoire de maîtrise porte sur l’analyse comparative de contes fantastiques de trois auteurs français du dix-huitième et surtout du dix-neuvième siècle : Jacques Cazotte, Théophile Gautier et Prosper Mérimée. Il se compose de deux parties principales. La partie liminaire est théorique et elle est divisée en trois chapitres consacrés à la notion et à la définition du fantastique, à la structure du récit fantastique, y compris la perspective narrative. La partie analytique comporte la présentation des auteurs choisis et l’analyse comparative de leurs textes. Pour la construction de notre corpus des contes, nous avons choisi le roman Le Diable amoureux de Jacques Cazotte, cinq contes fantastiques de Théophile Gautier : La Cafetière, Omphale, La Morte amoureuse, Le Pied de momie et Arria Marcella, et finalement quatre contes de Prosper Mérimée : Vision de Charles XI, Les Âmes du purgatoire, La Vénus d’Ille et Lokis. Quels sont les critères de ce choix ? On a exclu les contes qui n’appartiennent pas à l’univers fantastique selon les critères de Šrámek publiés dans sa Morphologie du conte fantastique : tel a été le cas de La Pipe d’opium, La Toison d’or, Mateo Falcone, Carmen, Colomba, etc. Puisque Šrámek compte dans son corpus dix 8 | P a g e contes de Gautier et seulement trois de Mérimée, nous n’avons choisi de Gautier que ceux qui sont cités dans l’œuvre de Gilbert Millet et Denis Labbé : Le fantastique. Au contraire nous avons ajouté un conte de Mérimée présent également chez Millet et Labbé, mais manquant chez Šrámek : Les Âmes du purgatoire, afin d’avoir à peu près le même nombre de contes de chacun de ces deux auteurs pour faciliter notre recherche. Avant tout, nous nous posons les questions suivantes : Comment le fantastique se propage-t-il chez ces trois auteurs ? Quelles sont les stratégies de l’introduction et de la mise en marche du fantastique ? Y a-t-il des similitudes et des différences remarquables dans les manifestations du fantastique ? Pour pouvoir répondre à ces questions, nous devons construire un appareil méthodologique pertinent. Pour cela, nous présenterons d’abord la notion du fantastique en essayant de faire un tour des conceptions et de leur définitions diverses et nous chercherons également ses frontières avec les genres voisins. Ensuite, nous nous concentrerons sur la structure narrative du récit fantastique, ainsi que sur la typologie des personnages. De plus, nous examinerons la perspective narrative des contes fantastiques en se concentrant d’abord sur la question qui parle ? et puis, qui voit ? C’est-à-dire sur la position du narrateur et sur la focalisation et leur rôle dans le récit fantastique. D’ailleurs, il nous semble nécessaire d’étudier le contexte spatio-temporel des contes et la fonction qu’il joue dans la mise en marche du fantastique. Finalement, nous procéderons à l’analyse comparative elle-même, basée sur la comparaison des notions présentées dans la partie théorique. 9 | P a g e 1. Au cœur du fantastique Avant de commencer de nous plonger dans l’analyse elle-même, il nous faut d’abord nous consacrer à la notion générale du fantastique. 1.1. Vers la notion générale du fantastique De nos jours, le mot « fantastique » est une sorte de mot passe-partout. Nous pouvons entendre : « Ma vie est fantastique ! » ou « Ma Renault est fantastique ! » Le mot est à la bouche des parents en liesse devant les premiers pas de leur bébé, des randonneurs admirant la beauté d’un paysage ou d’un étudiant venant de réussir son examen.1 Tout le monde peut emprunter le mot « fantastique » en désignant sa joie ayant vécu une expérience satisfaisante ou enrichissante. D’ailleurs, il est étonnant de voir les locuteurs francophones employer des termes inappropriés à titre de superlatifs ou pour exprimer une émotion forte.2 C’est également le cas du mot « fantastique ». Nous allons exposer pourquoi. Au point de vue étymologique, ce mot a été emprunté au latin phantasticus qui signifie « imaginaire, irréel », en grec φ α ν τ α σ τ ι κ ο ́ ς3. L’adjectif « fantastique » a été utilisé déjà au Moyen Âge, cependant il n’avait pas toujours la même signification qu’aujourd’hui. L’un des plus vieux emplois est noté par Godefroy et porte le sens de « possédé » : « Duquel (couteau) il se tua de ses propres mains pro grant courroux et ire et comme fantastique et demoniacle. »4 La proximité du mot démoniacle est ici remarquable.5 Le mot fantastique se rapporte également au verbe grec phantasein qui signifie « faire voir en apparence, donner illusion, se montrer, apparaître »6
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