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Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies, Vol. 1 PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Se�ie� C - No. 31 SOUTH-EAST ASIAN LINGUISTIC STUDIES by Nguyen Dang Liem, Ed. Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Nguyễn Đ.L. editor. Southeast Asian Linguistic studies, Vol. 1. C-31, viii + 220 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1974. DOI:10.15144/PL-C31.cover ©1974 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACI FIC LINGUISTICS is published through the Lingui��ie Ci�el e 06 C�nbe��� and consists of four series: SERIES A - OCCAS IONA L PA PERS SERIES B - MONOGRAPHS SERIES C - BOOKS SERIES V - SPECIAL PUBLICATI ONS EDITOR: S.A. Wurm. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton . EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B. Bender, University of Hawaii A. Healey, Summer Institute of Linguistics A. Capell, University of Sydney N.D. Liem, University of Hawaii S. Elbert, University of Hawaii H. McKaughan, University of Hawaii K. Franklin, Summer Institute of Linguistics G.N. O'Grady, University of Victoria, B.C. W.W. Glover, Summer Institute of K. Pike, University of Michigan; Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics G. Grace, University of Hawaii E. Uhlenbeck, University of Leiden ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PAC I FIC LI NG UI STI CS, including orders and subscriptions, shouldThe beSe caddressedretary, to: DepartPACIFICment LIN ofGUISTI LinguiCS, stics, School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T. Australia. 2600 . Copyright (§) The Authors. First published 1974. Reprinted 1978. The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for help in the production of this series. This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. Natiosetna: l Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN for the complete National0 85883Library 144 of 9 Australia Card Number and ISBN for this volume: o 85883 099 X TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF VATANG IN INDONESIAN, by Soenj ono Dardjowidjojo 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. CENTRALITY OF THE VERB 4 2.1. The problems 6 2.2. The analysis 6 3. CONCLUSION 19 No:te6 21 22 ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTIC RELATIONS IN A SOUTHEAST ASIAN LANGUAGE, by Cesar A. Hidalgo 25 O. INTRODUCTION 25 1. THE PREDICATIVE STEM 26 1.1 The simple stem 27 1.2 The derived stem 27 2. THE PREDICATIVE AFFIXES 29 2.1 The stem and focus affixes 30 2.2 The stem and voice affixes 32 3. PROPOSAL 35 No:te6 36 R e6 e.ILeYlc.e6 38 iii iv Page LAO FINAL PARTICLES, by Arthur G. Crisfield 41 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGISTERS IN STANDARD KHMER, by Philip N. Jenner 47 No�e� 58 OBSERVATIONS ON THE SURIN DIALECT OF KHMER, by Philip N. Jenner 61 O. INTRODUCTION 61 1. SEGMENTAL PHONEMES 63 1. 1. Vowels 63 1. 2. Consonants 63 2. SUPRASEGMENTALS 66 2.1. Stress 66 2.2. Intonation 66 3. STRUCTURE OF THE WORD 67 4. SAMPLE TEXT 68 No�e¢ 73 PASSIVE AND ERGATIVE IN VIETNAMESE, by Marybeth Clark 75 0.0. INTRODUCTION 75 0.1. The problem 75 1.0. THE GRAMMAR 76 1.1. Rules for the structure of sentences 76 1. 2. Justification of the rules 76 1. 3. A sampling of lexicon 78 1. 4. Conventions and redundancy rules 79 2.0. SUBMISSIVE VERBS 80 3.0. ERGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 84 No�e� 86 Re6 eJt enc.e� 87 SUBMISSIVE VERBS AS ADVERSATIVES IN SOME ASIAN LANGUAGES, by Marybeth Clark 89 v Page O. INTRODUCTION 89 1. PASSIVE AND ADVERSATIVE 89 2. THE SITUATION IN VARIOUS LANGUAGES 90 2. 1. Japanese 90 2.2. Vietnamese 94 2.3. Thai and Lao 98 2.4. Mandarin Chinese 99 2.5. Cambodian 102 2.6. English 104 3. A SUMMARY OF SUBMISSIVES 105 4. A COUPLE OF SUBMISSIVE QUESTIONS 106 Note 108 Re6 eJt eftc.ec 108 MODERN LINGUISTIC THEORIES AND CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE, by Nguyen Dang Liem III O. INTRODUCTION III 1. TAGNE.."1ICSAND PRE-ASPECTS TRANSFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE 114 1.1 . Clause types in contrast 115 .2. 1 Clause classes in contrast 119 2. CASE GRAMMAR 122 3. GENERATIVE TRANSFORMATIONAL INSIGHTS 124 4. STATISTICAL STUDIES 124 5. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 125 126 CLAUSES AND CASES IN ENGLISH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN LANGUAGES (BURMESE, CAMBODIAN, CANTONESE, LAO, THAI, AND VIETNAMESE) IN CONTRAST, by Nguyen Dang Liem 129 O. INTRODUCTION 129 1. CLAUSE.UNITS IN THE LANGUAGES 130 1 1 . English 131 1.2. Burmese 133 1.3. Cambodian 138 vi Page 1.4. Cantonese 141 1.5. Lao and Thai 143 1 .6. Vietname.se 146 2. CLAUSE UNITS IN CONTRAST 149 2.1 . Clause types in contrast 149 2.2. Clause classes in contrast 150 3. DEEP VERSUS SURFACE STRUCTURE 150 4. PHILOSOPHY OF APPROACH 153 Re6 eltenc.e� 154 THE VALUE OF AU AND AI IN MIDDLE KHMER, by Philip N. Jenner 157 No.te� 172 THE WORD AC IN KHMER: A SEMANTIC OVERVIEW, by Saveros Pou 175 No.te� 189 Abbreviations 191 A CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS IN VIETNAMESE AND ITS PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATIONS, by Nguyen Dang Liem 193 INTRODUCTION 193 CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS 195 1 . la 'be ' 195 2. ch�m 'slow ' 196 3. I�nh 'aold ' 198 4. chat 'to be dead ' 199 5. b j 'be adversely affeated ' 199 6. mua 'buy ' 201 7. ban ' se l l ' 202 8. ch9n ' ahoose ' 202 9. an 'eat ' 203 10. noi 'speak ' 203 11. b i at 'know ' 204 12. ghat 'hate ' 204 t 13. CI 'stay at, be at ' 205 14. ra 'go out' 206 vii Page 15 . di 'go ' 207 16. tc11 'arrive' 207 , 17. co 'have ' 208 Re.6 elt e.nc.e.6 209 EDITORIAL NOTE Some of the articles included in this volume were written around and theoretical views expressed in them may be at variance with the1972, authors' present views on the subject. This note has been inserted at the specific request of the Editor of this volumeon behalf of the authors. Nguyễn Đ.L. editor. Southeast Asian Linguistic studies, Vol. 1. C-31, viii + 220 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1974. DOI:10.15144/PL-C31.cover ©1974 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. 1 SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF VATANG IN INDONESIAN SOENJONO DARDJOWIDJOJO 1. INTRODUCTION When Chomsky 's Syntactic St�uctu�e� was published, a grammar was considered to have a tripartite arrangement : the phrase structure , the transformational structure, and the morphophonemics (p. 46). Semantics at that time was placed outside the grammar and was considered harmful to linguistics . Two years earlier he said that "if it can be shown that meaning and related notions do play a central role in lingui stic analysis, then its results and conclusions become subj ect to all of the doubts and ob scurities that plague the study of meaning , and a serious blow is struck at the foundations of linguistic theory" (Chomsky , 1955, p. 141). As the time passed , however , generative grammarians began to feel that the elimination of meaning from linguistic analysis became more and more impossible . Kat z and Fodor (1963) presented a detai led study of semantic theory which has a significant role in the development of the present generative grammar . This theory was later integrated into a more comprehensive work (Kat z and Postal, 1964) where a grammar was then viewed as consisting of three components: syntactic, phonological, and semantic . It was later "standardised" with the appearance of Chomsky 's A� p ect� 06 the Theo�y 06 Syntax . One characteristic that the above works share is that they hold syntax to be central and the other two components peripheral . At the time when A�p ect� was published, George Lakoff finished his dissertat ion which later became known as I�� egula�ity in Syntax. Al­ though it was originally intended as a minor revision to A� p ect� , it soon became apparent that it dealt with fundamental issues that at the end led to the rejection of syntax and semantics as two separate enti­ ties . One logical conclusion from this indifferentiation is the merging 1 Dardjowidjojo, S. "Semantic Analysis of Datang in Indonesian". In Nguyễn Đ.L. editor, Southeast Asian Linguistic studies, Vol. 1. C-31:1-24. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1974. DOI:10.15144/PL-C31.1 ©1974 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. 2 of deep structures with semantic representations . Lakoff's appraoch simplifies the base, as many of the problems are now handled transforma­ tionally . Another revision to the standard theory , which again was originally minor at the beginning, was developed by Fillmore (1968). In his pursuit of a deeper deep structure , he introduced a concept known as case within the base component . In this model a sentence is viewed as consisting of a Modality (M) and a Proposition (P), the former dealing with sentence modalities such as negation, mood , and aspects, and the latter "a tense­ less set of relationships involving verbs and nouns " (p. 23). Central to this "case grammar" are the roles of the cases which determine the selection of the verb within a sentence . As this model gained a great number of followers , it also showed an inadequacy to handle certain problems (Huddleston, 1970). This prompted Fillmore to revise his theory which resulted in a model substantially different from his previous one (Fi llmore , 1971).
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