ACTA ZOOLOGICA BULGARICA Acta zool. bulg., 64 (4), 2012: 433-437

Using floral baited colour traps for detection and seasonal monitoring of funesta (Poda) (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) in

Mitko Subchev1, Teodora Toshova1, Radoslav Andreev2, Vilina Petrova3, Vasilina Maneva4, Teodora Spasova5, Nikolina Marinova5, Petko Minkov, Dimitar Velchev6

1 Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, 2 Gagarin str., 1113 , Bulgaria 2 Agricultural University, 12 Mendeleev str., 4000 , Bulgaria 3 Institute of Agriculture, Sofijsko shose, 2500 , Bulgaria 4 Institute of Agriculture, 1 Industrialna str., 8400 , Bulgaria 5 Institute of Mountainous Breeding and Agriculture, 281 Vasil Levski str., 5600 , Bulgaria 6 Maize Research Institute, 5835 , Bulgaria

Abstract: A new tool for detection and seasonal monitoring of Oxythyrea funesta (Po d a ), floral baited colour traps, a commercial product of Plant Protection Institute, Center for Agricultural Research, HAS, Budapest, Hun- gary, was used for studying the distribution and patterns of seasonal appearance of the pest in eight sites in Bulgaria in 2009 and 2010. The most numerous catches of O. funesta were recorded in Plovdiv in both years and in Troyan in 2010. Catches ranging from 21 to 52 were recorded also in , Kar- nobat, Kyustendil, and Troyan in 2009; Knezha and Troyan in 2010. In 2009 the earliest catches of O. funesta were recorded in Petrich for the period April 12 – April 20. In 2010 the first catches were re- corded in Knezha for the period April 16 – April 22. The latest catches for the two years were recorded on September 6, 2010 in Troyan. The traps showed low selectivity especially in sites where another cetoniid pest, Tropinota (Epicometes) hirta (Po d a ), attracted to the same traps, occurred.

Key words: Oxythyrea funesta, detection, seasonal monitoring, Bulgaria, floral baited traps

Introduction

Oxythyrea funesta (Po d a ) is a common species dis- al. (2009) O. funesta together with some other ce- tributed through whole Europe from UK to Caucasus toniid species can cause locally and economically and from Sweden to Mediterranean region; it occurs important damage in peach orchards in Croatia. also in North Africa and Asia Minor (Ba r a u d , 1992). Pa d i y (1972) mentioned this species also as a for- The species has been known in Bulgaria since the very est pest. According to Po p o v a (1961) O. funesta is beginning of XX century and it is widely distributed a widely distributed pest in Bulgaria. She listed 24 in this country (Ne d y a l k o v 1906; Bu r e s h , La z a r o v cultivated plant species and 12 wild plant species as 1956; Po p o v a 1961; Za h a r i e v a 1965; Za h a r i e v a - hosts of the pest in this country (Po p o v a 1961). Later St o i l o v a 1969, 1974, Za h a r i e v a , Di m o v a 1975). Ni k o l o v a (1968) reported O. funesta also as a per- O. funesta is known as a polyphagous pest manent pest on Rosa x damascena Mill. in Bulgaria. (Hu r p i n 1962). The species was included in the list Gr i g o r o v (1972) stated that O. funesta damages of harmful fauna of the apple orchards (Tu c a et al. mainly vegetables and field crops but also orchards. 2009) and vineyards (St a n et al. 2009 ) in S. D. Banu When comparing traps of different colour Mărăcine, South Roumania. According to Ra z o v et To t h et al. (2005) found that O. funesta beetles are

433 Subchev M., T. Toshova, R. Andreev, V. Petrova, V. Maneva, T. Spasova, N. Marinova, P. Minkov, D. Velchev attracted mostly to yellow and fluorescent yellow of absence of catches in Dryanovo and realatively coloured traps. Later, as a result of intensive elec- low number of beetles caught in Dryanovo (2009, trophysiological and field investigations,V u t s et al. 2010), Karnobat (2010), Kyustendil (2009, 2010) (2008) described a binary bait for O. funesta com- and Petrich (2010), no figures are presented for these prising 2 phenylethanol and (±)-lavandulol. These sites and/or years. Not regular checking the catches in findings leaded to the development of a floral baited in 2009 also does not allow a correct pres- colour traps for the pest which are offered as a com- entation of the flight of the pest at that site. In 2009 mercial product for practical use by Plant Protection the earliest catches of O. funesta were recorded in Institute, Budapest, Hungary. Petrich on April 20 which means that the beetles were In 2009-2010 an extensive field work was or- caught between April 12 (the previous check of the ganized in several regions in Bulgaria for proving traps) and April 20 (not presented). In 2010 the first the potential and species-specificity of floral baited catches were recorded in Knezha for the period April colour traps as a new tool for detection and seasonal 16 – April 22. The latest catches for the two years monitoring of some cetoniid pests. After publishing were recorded on September 6, 2010 in Troyan. Even the results on Tropinota (Epicometis) hirta (Poda) in the sites with the most numerous beetles caught, (Su b c h e v et al. 2011) here we report on the results the data do not allow to speculate about presence of obtained for O. funesta. any peaks – the presence of some fluctuations in the catches were due most probably to meteorological Materials and methods variables like air temperature and rain falls and not to Commercially available VARb3k traps with a fluo- real changes in the population level. rescent yellow upper funnel and baits for O. funesta The percentage of the catches of different spe- containing (±)-lavandulol and 2-phenylethanol were cies caught in the sites and years with most numer- purchased from Plant Protection Institute, Center ous catches are presented in Fig. 2. Only in Troyan for Agricultural Research, HAS, Budapest, Hungary in 2009 and 2010, and in Plovdiv in 2009 the catches and used in our field work. Two traps (together with of O. funesta exceeded 80% of all cetoniid beetles two traps for each T. hirta and Cetonia aurata L./ caught in the same traps. Relatively high percentage of the target species caught in the traps varying 28- Protaetia (Netocia) cuprea (Fa b r i c i u s )) were set in 8 sites in Bulgaria (Dryanovo, Gabrovo, Karnobat, 40% was found also in Dryanovo in 2009 (not pre- Knezha, Kyustendil, Petrich, Plovdiv and Troyan) in sented), Karnobat in 2009 and Plovdiv in 2010. The 2009 and/or 2010 covering all flight period of the non target species attracted and caught into O. fu- nesta traps in the highest percentage was T. hirta. In pest (for details see Su b c h e v et al. 2011). The traps, installed on the ground or at a height of 50-100 cm five from the twelve cases this percentage exceeded above the ground level, were visited weekly and the 90%. The other not target scarabaeid species caught beetles caught were collected and identified in labo- in O. funesta traps were: C. aurata, P. cuprea, Valgus hemipterus (L.), Blitopertha lineolata (Fi s c h e r v o n ratory using Ba r a u d (1992) and Me d v e d e v (1965). Only in Gabrovo the traps were visited irregularly at Wa l d h e i n ) and T. fasciatus (L.). 10-15 day intervals. Discussion Results As a faunistic object O. funesta was found in different The most numerous catches of O. funesta were re- regions of Bulgaria: Thrace (Za h a r i e v a 1965), west corded in Troyan in 2010 and Plovdiv in both 2009 Balkans (Za h a r i e v a -St o i l o v a 1969), middle and east and 2010. Catches ranging from 21 to 52 were re- Balkans (Za h a r i e v a -St o i l o v a 1974, the Rhodopes corded also in Dryanovo, Karnobat, Kyustendil, (Za h a r i e v a , Di m o v a 1975. According to Po p o v a Petrich and Troyan in 2009; Knezha and Troyan in (1961) the pest has a general distribution in Bulgaria. 2010. A drastical increase of the population level of Our catches of O. funesta at all eight sites included in the pest estimated by the catches was observed in the present investigations support the latter statement. Troyan in 2010 as compared to 2009 (Table 1). In addition our data showed also that in the sites where The seasonal flight of O. funesta as established observations were organized the population level of by catches in the traps is presented in Fig 1. Because the pest was relatively low or very low.

434 Using floral baited colour traps for detection and seasonal monitoring ofOxythyrea funesta...

Table 1. Catches of O. funesta in two target traps in each of eight sites in Bulgaria during 2009 and 2010 - – test not performed

Total number of beetles caught Site 2009 2010 Dryanovo 25 0 Gabrovo 13 - Karnobat 46 1 Knezha - 52 Kyustendil 22 4 Petrich 21 - Plovdiv 99 108 Troyan 35 439

During a three year period of observations for these two species in our work: (±)-lavandulol (1957-1959) around Sofia and using field observa- and 2-phenylethanol for O. funesta and (E)-anethol tions (no details were given) and the case method, and (E)-cinnamyl alcohol for T. hirta (Vu t s et al. Po p o v a (1961) established the earliest flying O. fu- (2010). Thus the explanation for the exclusively nesta beetles in autumn on April 17, 1959 and the high catches of T. hirta in O. funesta traps in our latest ones on August 26, 1959. The maximum flight present investigations could be explained by colour period May 16/22 – June 1/6 given in the same pa- attracting and the absence of repellency of any of per was not supported by concrete data. Our present the components in O. funesta bait to T. hirta beetles. results on seasonal flight of O. funesta obtained by Moreover, one of these components, 2-phenyleth- using the new precise tool – floral baited colour traps anol, elicited an electrantennographic response on confirm as a wholeP o p o v a ’s (1961) observations. In both males and female antenna of T. hirta not sig- addition our data showed a longer flying period – up nificantly different from that elicited by (E)-anethol, to the first days of September. a bait component of this species (Vu t s et al. 2010), At four from eight sites in Hungary, Croatia, and also showed some attractivity toward the species Italy and Bulgaria investigated O. funesta was in field (To t h et al. (2003). Thus, most probably this caught in percentage ranging from 87% to 35% in leaded to almost equal catches of T. hirta in the tar- target yellow traps baited with (±)-lavandulol and get traps for this species and in O. funesta traps, e.g. 2-phenylethanol. In the rest of the sites this percent- 274 and 271 beetles respectively in Troyan, in 2010, age was lower or no catches of the target species or even to higher catches of T. hirta in O. funesta were observed (Vu t s et al. 2010). As a whole our traps in comparison to the catches in the target T. results support this finding but the species selectiv- hirta traps, e.g. 2628 and 1408 beetles respectively ity of the same traps used was even lower. The low in Knezha in 2010 (Fig. 2 in the present paper and selectivity of the traps for O. funesta to the target Su b c h e v et al. 2011). species in our present investigations is due exclu- Our results allow to conclude that fluorescent sively on the catches of T. hirta. To t h et al. (2005) yellow floral baited traps for O. funesta, commer- reported that the beetles of the latter species pre- cial product of Plant Protection Institute, Budapest, ferred blue coloured unbaited traps in comparison Hungary, is effective tool for detection and seasonal with transparent, white, yellow and fluorescent monitoring of this pest. However its selectivity is yellow traps. However, other field tests showed no low especially in sites where the population level of significant differences in the catches of T. hirta in another cetoniid pest, T. hirta, is high. white, light blue and yellow unbaited traps although Acknowled+gments: Thanks are due to Ms Petya Trayanova, Mr again the highest catches were recorded in the blue Kircho Trayanov, Mr Vasilii Abaev and Ms Silvia Terziiska for traps (Sc h m e r a et al. 2004). There is no any over- technical assistance in the field work. This project was supported lapping in the commercial Csalomon® baits used by Grant DO02-244/2008 of Bulgarian National Scientific Fund.

435 Subchev M., T. Toshova, R. Andreev, V. Petrova, V. Maneva, T. Spasova, N. Marinova, P. Minkov, D. Velchev

Karnobat, 2009, total catch: 46 beetles Knezha, 2010, total catch: 52beetles 10 10

SE 8 SE 8 ± ± 6 6 *

4 * 4 * * * * 2 * 2 *

Meannumber Meannumber * 0 0 * ...... 03 03 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05 06 06 06 06 06 07 07 07 07 08 08 08 08 08 03 04 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05 06 06 06 06 07 07 07 07 07 08 08 08 08 ...... 25 31 06 13 21 27 04 11 18 25 01 08 15 22 29 06 13 20 27 03 10 17 24 31 26 02 08 16 22 29 05 14 21 28 04 11 18 25 02 09 16 22 29 06 13 20 27 Date Date

Plovdiv, 2009, total catch: 99 beetles Plovdiv, 2010, total catch: 108beetles 14 14 * 12 12 SE * SE ± 10 ± 10 * 8 8 * 6 6 4 * 4 * * 2 * 2 Meannumber Meannumber 0 * 0 ...... 03 03 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05 05 06 06 06 06 07 07 07 07 07 08 08 08 08 03 03 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05 06 06 06 06 06 07 07 07 07 08 08 08 08 ...... 27 31 03 10 17 24 01 08 15 22 29 05 12 19 26 03 10 17 24 31 07 14 21 28 26 30 06 13 20 27 04 11 18 25 01 08 15 22 29 06 13 20 27 03 10 17 25 Date Date

Troyan, 2009, total catch: 35 beetles Troyan, 2010, total catch: 439 beetles 6 70 * SE 5 SE 60 * ± ± 4 50 * * 40 * 3 * 30 2 20 Meannumber * Meannumber * 1 10 * * * * 0 0 ...... 03 03 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05 06 06 06 06 06 07 07 07 07 08 08 08 08 08 09 09 09 03 03 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05 05 06 06 06 06 07 07 07 07 08 08 08 08 08 09 09 09 ...... 24 30 07 13 21 27 04 11 18 25 01 08 15 22 29 06 13 20 27 03 10 17 24 31 06 13 20 24 30 06 12 19 26 03 10 17 25 31 07 14 21 28 05 12 19 26 02 09 16 23 30 06 13 20 Date Date Fig. 1. Seasonal flight of O. funesta in four sites in Bulgaria. Arrows (↓) show the dates of installing and reinstalling the traps in the field. Asterisks (*) mark the date when the baits were renewed.

3% 3% Karnobat, 2009 0.04% 0.3% Knezha, 2010 1.9%

C. aurata C. aurata 37% O. funesta O. funesta T. hirta T. hirta V. hemipterus P. cuprea 57% 97.8%

14% 1% Plovdiv, 2009 2% Plovdiv, 2010 28%

C. aurata O. funesta O. funesta T. hirta T. hirta V. hemipterus

85% 70%

4% 4% Troyan, 2009 0.2% 0.2% 1.8% 0.2% Troyan, 2010 C. aurata C. aurata O. funesta O. funesta T. hirta P. cuprea P. cuprea V. hemipterus

92% 97.6%

Fig. 2. Percentage distribution of scarabaeid beetles caught in traps with baits for O. funesta at four sites in Bulgaria in 2009-2010.

436 Using floral baited colour traps for detection and seasonal monitoring ofOxythyrea funesta...

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Received: 01.03.2012 Accepted: 18.04.2012

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