NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009

FROM EXCLUSION TO EQUALITY: REALISING THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN KAZAKHSTAN The Institute for Parliamentary Development of the Nur Otan PDP was commissioned by the United Na- tions Development Programme (UNDP) in Kazakhstan for production of the National Human Develop- ment Report for 2009

Report materials could be reproduced in whole or in part, without prior permission of the United Nations Development Programme, provided proper reference is made to this publication.

This publication is published within the UN Development Programme in Kazakhstan project and with the technical assistance of the British Embassy to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

This report does not necessarily reflect the official views of UNDP, the British Embassy to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The cover features Kassiyet Omarova’s painting All is in Your Hands.

2 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 FOREWORD BY MR. YERBOL ORYNBAYEV, DEPUTY PRIME-MINISTER OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The National Human Development Report of the Republic of Kazakhstan presented to you here is dedicated to one of the most im- portant problems of social development in our country. It concerns the status and prospects regarding the resolution of one of the long lasting and troubling issues our society has, how to create the condi- tions for adequate realisation of the rights of persons with disabilities. It should be noted that since gaining its independence, the cre- ation of the social protection system for citizens who have been un- willingly limited in their abilities has been given a lot of attention in Kazakhstan’s national social policy. This system is founded on the idea that the political decision-making centres (the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Parliament, and the Government) have the view that disabled persons are part of the society like other people, and that it is our duty to help them, as much as the state resources allow, to become an active part of the society. Also, they aspire to overcome disabled persons’ feelings of estrangement or ex- clusion from the accomplishments made by Kazakhstan during the short history of its independence. Formation of the legislative basis for social protection for persons with disabilities has been one of the primary goals outlined in the Addresses of the President to the People of Kazakhstan and also one of the assignments set by the Head of State for the Parliament and the Government. In the meantime, in order to make the social protection policy systematic in the domain of realisation of the rights of persons with disabilities, the programmes for disability rehabilitation have been executed on a regular basis, making the creation of the foundation for social protection for persons with disabilities in Kazakhstan possible. With the economic growth of Kazakhstan, the annual social payments has also been increasing and the infrastructural service barriers for disabled people have been gradually diminished. Having signed the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Kazakhstan has now demonstrated its acute intention to resolve issues which relate to persons with disabilities in accor- dance with international standards. Naturally, we fully realise that a lot has to be done in this domain, but we are determined to adjust our approach to the disability issue. Also, we are determined to do everything possible to offer state assistance, as well as to provide possibilities for persons with disabilities to enjoi their rights as equal members of our society. In this regard, the National Report, which objectively states the successes and shortcomings of our activity, is considered as an immense assistance. Most importantly it provides practical recommendations that we shall certainly use in our work on the creation of conditions for realisation of the rights of persons with disabilities who are citizens of the integrated Kazakhstan.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 3 FOREWORD BY MR. HAOLIANG XU, UN RESIDENT CO-ORDINATOR/ UNDP RESIDENT REPRESENTATIVE

It is a pleasure to present the National Human Development Report for 2009, which is dedicated to the complex analysis of the current status of dis- abled persons in Kazakhstan, and also to the research of prospects on how to improve their well-being, guided by international standards. This report is issued during a year when the world community is searching for measures to improve the economic and social deterioration taking place throughout all countries worldwide, resulting from the global economic decline and the negative economic growth. Under the conditions of the global finan- cial crisis, what appears to be a crucial precursor of re-establishing stable growth are investments in human capital and realisation of the potential of all groups of the population, including those who have disabilities. Wise men say that the state’s attitudes to the elderly, disabled persons and children determine the extent to which the state reaches its develop- ment. The choice of a theme for this National Human Development Report has been influenced by the global changes occurring worldwide which are concerned with the attitudes towards disability issues and disabled people. The paradigm is changing; the beneficial position is being gradually replaced by a new concept solely and firmly founded on human rights. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional Protocol which was recently approved by the UN General Assembly provides evidence of these changes taking place; it is reflected in a unique international document in the domain of human rights of the 21st century, which asserts an unquestionable degree of protection of disabled persons. Unfortunately, being a disabled person still implies a lot of hardship in a great number of countries worldwide, including Kazakhstan. There are multiple infrastructural, physical, legal, communicational, psychological and other barriers standing in the way of the complete realisation of the rights of disabled persons. One rarely encounters a per- son in a wheel chair, a blind person, or someone who has Down’s syndrome in the open or outside of their residence. It is not the case that there are fewer of these persons in Kazakhstan than in other countries, but that the social infra- structure and the public mentality in general are established for able-bodied people only. In December 2008 by signing the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional Protocol Kazakhstan has demonstrated its serious intentions to join the international agreement. This is now the time of intro- ducing important reforms in the system of human rights in the domain of disabilities, which will reflect the principles of dignity and full involvement, equality and accessibility. It is aimed at the realisation of human rights and addressing the social inclusion issues for all disabled persons. The report presented for you here is the first complex analysis of the legislation and the socio-economic infra- structure of Kazakhstan relating to disabled persons. In addition, legislative, institutional and socio-economic measures have been developed and defined, which are necessary to prepare for the ratification and implementation of the Con- vention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional Protocol. The report, which is jointly prepared by a group of experts from the Institute for Parliamentary Development of the Nur Otan PDP and with the international and national consultants who represent non-governmental organisations, academic institutions and public organisations, has defined the advantages that the society will gain from the involve- ment of disabled persons in the political, social, economic and cultural domains. In addition to this, clear plans for action and step-by-step guides on how to prepare for the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its further implementation in Kazakhstan, are also presented. It is important to note the on-line discussion mechanism that has been employed for the first time in the history of the preparation of the National Human Development Report, which helped to collect the recommendations by the parties concerned, primarily from disabled persons themselves across the country. The discussion of the research results and the recommendation developments in the present report also included a great number of practising special- ists, scientists, social activists and politicians both nationally and in the local regions. I sincerely believe that this report will attract attention to the problems that disabled persons and their families have, will bring changes to secure their dignity, their rights and well-being, and that it will lay a foundation for pro- found legal changes in the way that disabled persons are perceived and the problems they encounter. I hope that the present cooperative work will in many respects assist ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Dis- abilities and its Optional Protocol in Kazakhstan, and the general public will acknowledge that every person should have the right to realise their potential and personal development.

4 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 FOREWORD BY MR. PAUL BRUMMELL, BRITISH AMBASSADOR TO KAZAKHSTAN AND KYRGYZ REPUBLIC

The British Government has been pleased to provide funding support for a programme of activity dedicated to realising the rights of persons with disabilities in Kazakhstan, of which Kazakhstan’s Na- tional Human Development Report 2009 “From Exclusion to Equal- ity: Realising the Rights of Persons with Disabilities” is an important product. We are delighted that in December 2008 Kazakhstan signed the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities as well as its Optional Protocol. The signature of the Convention provides an important impulse to efforts in Kazakhstan to ensure that the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities are protected, and we look forward to its ratification by Kazakhstan. This will bring it in the company of an increasingly large list of states, whose number I’m delighted to say includes the United Kingdom following our ratifica- tion of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities on 8 June 2009. The report is the work of its authors, and does not necessarily reflect the views of the British Govern- ment. There is much of interest presented in the report. The survey of existing domestic legislation demon- strates that there are indeed many laws relevant to the rights of disabled people, but also that provisions are sometimes unclear and potentially contradictory and that the legislation is not always well synchronised with international standards. The report also highlights some key financial and public awareness chal- lenges and identifies a wide range of barriers to the realisation of the rights of persons with disabilities. I wish the government of Kazakhstan, the inspiring group of NGOs across the country dedicated to improving the lives of persons with disabilities, and all those working on the issues highlighted in the report the very best in their continuing endeavours to ensure that all persons with disabilities in Kazakhstan enjoy each of the rights set out under the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The team of authors and the Coordination Team of UNDP in Kazakhstan would like to thank every- body who made their contribution and assisted us in the preparation of the current report. We would like to say a big thank you to the international consultants Ms. Svetlana Kotova and Ms. Dana Migaleva, the national experts Mr. A. Dumbayev, Mr. K. Imanaliyev, Ms T. Popova and Mr. Y. Sho- kamanov for providing their professional review and valued recommendations concerning the content of the report. The authors and UNDP Coordination Group would also like to note the contribution of the Social Council of the Nur Otan PDP Fraction under the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan represented by Chairwoman of the Council MP A. Samakova, the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan represented by Minister G. Abdykalikova, Secretary Executive T. Duisenova and also Director of the Department for Social Security and Social Services K. Manabayeva and the Statis- tics Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan represented by Secretary Executive Y. Shokamanov. The authors and UNDP Coordination Group would also like to thank the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan for providing financial support in the preparation of this report The authors are extending sincere thanks for their valuable suggestions and comments to Mr. T. Scott, Policy Specialist, NHDR Unit, UNDP/HDRO, Ms. L. Nylin, Human Rights Specialist, UNDP Bratislava Regional Center, Ms. A. Akiyama, Social Affairs Officer, UNESCAP, Mr. Amanbayev, Chairman of Almaty City Council for Persons with Disabilities, Mr. Abdumomynov, Chairman of Society of Young People with Disabilities, Mr. Chetverikov, Chairman of Pavlodar Oblast Voluntary Society of Disabled People, Mr. I.Omarbekov, Chairman of the National Confederation of Disabled People, Ms. Suleimenova, General Director of SATR Centre, Ms. L. Kaltayeva, Chairwoman of Shyrak Association of Women with Disabilities, Ms. M. Suleyeva, the author of the rehabilitation centre model and founder of Kenes Rehabilitation Centre, Ms. G. Khakimzhanova, President of the Association of Social Workers, Disabled Persons and Volunteers, Mr. A. Ivkin, Chairman of Karaganda Oblast Voluntary Society of the Disabled, Mr. B. Aubakirov, President of the Kazakh Society for the Blind, Mr. D. Yefremov, Vice-President of the Kazakh Society for the Blind. A big contribution to the development and the discussion of the main highlights of the report was made by members of the round table discussion in the cities of Shymkent (16 February 2009), Almaty (18 February 2009), Astana (17 March 2009), who are MPs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, representatives of the central government, local representative and executive governments, non-governmental organisations, scientists, experts and mass media. The authors and the Coordination Team of UNDP are extending sincere thanks to staff of the Repub- lican Library for the Blind under the Committee of Culture of the Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan for preparation of the publication in Braille and an audio version in DAISY standard. The authors and the Coordination Team of UNDP in Kazakhstan would like to thank all direct or indi- rect contributors to the compilation and preparation of this report.

6 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 AUTHORS

Zhanargul Kusmangaliyeva First Deputy Director of the Institute for Parliamentary Development of the Nur Otan PDP, Candidate of Science (Law), the main author of the report Amankul Serikbayev Deputy Director of the Institute for Parliamentary Development of the Nur Otan PDP, Doctor of Science (Economics), the main author of the report Yury Shokamanov Executive Secretary of the Statistics Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Economic Sciences, the main author of the statistics chapter Serik Zhusupov Chief of the Department for Political Analysis of the Institute for Parliamentary Devel- opment of the Nur Otan PDP, the main author of Chapter 1 Zhomart Medeuov Chief of the Department for Social Expertise and Forecast of the Institute for Parlia- mentary Development of the Nur Otan PDP, Candidate of Science (Philosophy), the main author of Chapter 3 Vladimir Telnov Chief of the Department for Economic Research of the Institute for Parliamentary Development of the Nur Otan PDP, the main author of Chapter 2 Baurzhan Uakpayev Chief of the Department for Legal Research of the Institute for Parliamentary Devel- opment of the Nur Otan PDP, the main author of Chapter 1 ADVISORS Aiko Akiyama Social Affairs Officer, UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Bolat Baikadamov Director of the Institute for Parliamentary Development of Nur Otan PDP Aibek Dumbayev Chairman of the ZHAN Asian Society of Disabled People Kairat Imanaliyev Chairman of the NAMYS Public Society of Disabled People Svetlana Kotova UNDP international consultant Dana Migaleva UNDP international consultatn Luise Nylin Human Rights Specialist, UNDP Bratislava Regional Center Steliana Nedera Deputy Resident Representative, UNDP Kazakhstan Tatyana Popova Head of medical and social expertise laboratory, Higher healthcare school of the Republic of Kazakhstan Tim Scott Policy Specialist, NHDR Unit, UNDP/HDRO UNDP CO-ORDINATION TEAM IN KAZAKHSTAN

Bakhyt Abdildina Head of the Governance and Local Development Team, UNDP Kazakhstan Ainur Baimyrza Programme Analyst/Portfolio Manager, Governance and Local Development Team, UNDP Kazakhstan Ruslan Kazkenov Programme Associate, Governance and Local Development Team, UNDP Kazakh- stan Maral Sheshembekova Project Manager, UNDP Kazakhstan TECHNICAL SUPPORT

Tortai Saduakas Proofreader of the Kazakh version of the report, Inspector for the HR and Document Department of the Institute for Parliamentary Development of the Nur Otan PDP Ken Charman Proofreader of the English version of the report Maksut Jumabekov Head of the team preparing Braille and DAISY versions of the report

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

For the purposes of this National Report the term “persons with disabilities” means a category of persons recognized by the legislation of the The overall goal of the 2009 National Human Republic of Kazakhstan, i.e. the disabled, which Development Report is to study Kazakhstan’s in accordance with the Convention on the Rights legislation and socio-economic infrastructure of Persons with Disabilities includes those who concerning persons with disabilities and identify have long-term physical, mental, intellectual political, legislative, institutional and socio-eco- or sensory impairments which in interaction nomic measures enabling implementation of the with various barriers may hinder their full and Convention on the Rights of Persons with Dis- effective participation in society on an equal abilities by Kazakhstan. basis.

Chapter I on the Rights of Persons with Disabili- Legal Component ties (resolution 61/106) and the Optional Protocol adopted on 13 December 2006 This segment of the National Human and opened for signature on 30 March Development Report is devoted to analy- 2007. With this instrument adopted, the sis of three major law spheres regarding world community managed, through joint persons with disabilities, specifically in- efforts, to summarise all previous experi- ternational legal acts, legislation of other ence of solving problems of persons with countries, and national legislation in Ka- disabilities, and with the active promo- tion of the UN, start a global complex The legislation zakhstan. implementation process of international of the Republic As the analysis of development of standards in respect of persons with dis- of Kazakhstan international law shows, the issue of at- abilities into the national legislation of al- lacks the concept titude towards people with disabilities has most all countries. of reasonable undergone a significant transformation It should be noted, that development accommodation as a from the date of acceptance of the World of international law in respect of persons part of the notion of Action Programme concerning Disabled with disabilities has been developing in discrimination on the Persons of 3 December 1982 by the Unit- parallel with the legislation of the lead- ground of disability ed Nations General Assembly for the In- ing countries. International organisational and a general ternational Year of Disabled People. Prior experience of social protection of citizens obligation to provide to adopting this programme, there had testifies that expenses for social adapta- it when different been a lot of international acts adopted tion of people with disabilities are de- rights are exercised. with regard to persons with disabilities, which, however, were limited to medical rived from three sources: contributions of campaigns, rehabilitation and prevention employers, insurance premiums and the of certain causes of disability. state budget (about 10%). It was the World Programme that The CIS countries are in the process classified disabled persons not as vulnera- of developing experience of legal rights ble individuals but as equal citizens, who protection of people with disabilities, hav- have been unfortunate in having limita- ing determined success in this sphere, but tions in their physical abilities. in comparison with developed countries An important role in the system of in- they are at the beginning of their way. ternational law is played by acts directly Legislation of the Republic of Kazakh- devoted to the problems of persons with stan in the area of human rights, freedoms disabilities, and also general acts raising and interests of people with disabilities problems of disabled persons. has many stand-alone regulatory acts as The culmination of the international well as norms and regulations incorpo- legal initiative of solving issues of persons rated into general laws. The legislation of with disabilities became the Convention Kazakhstan is to a greater degree focused on social protection and rehabilitation 8 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 of persons with disabilities and is based vention, the legislation should include a mainly on the old approach to this issue, general prohibition of discrimination, an which is to consider people with disabili- obligation to provide reasonable accom- ties as a vulnerable category of the popu- modation, criteria to identify reasonable- lation who should receive an elementary ness, and permanent or temporary positive level of required public goods. There ap- measures to stimulate de facto the equal- International pears to be lack of consistency in the is- ity of the disabled. The analysis shows standards stand for sue of socialisation of disabled persons as that the legislation of the Republic of Ka- the elimination of full members of the society. zakhstan lacks the concept of reasonable all social, economic, Whereas conceptual documents on accommodation as a part of the notion of institutional and the rights of disabled persons state the ne- discrimination on the ground of disabil- political obstacles cessity to follow international standards, ity and a general obligation to provide it that may complicate the national legislation does not comply when different rights are exercised. the disability problem with them. Many regulations to protect Better implementation of disabled and thus limit disabled persons’ rights are out of date persons’ rights requires identifying a range opportunities of and contradict each other in some ar- of state authorities responsible for social disabled persons to eas. The regulations on disabled persons’ protection elements for disabled persons, take part in social and rights have not been systematised. statutorily clarification and establishment economic activities. of their obligations to create conditions Implementation of regulatory norms for the unimpaired access of disabled per- that guarantee the observance of rights sons to engineering, transport and social and freedoms of disabled persons is chal- infrastructure facilities and adjust access lenging. The requirements of the legisla- to transport, communication, information tion are not always followed for some rea- and other social facilities to their abilities. sons such as lack of by-laws to implement The following needs to be done to the laws, lack of clear and distinct tools implement the Convention provisions on for implementation, lack of a single con- accessibility: trolling authority and insufficient funds. • to develop minimum standards Current regulations are to a greater of accessibility of all facilities available to extent focused on the protection of so- population including transport and infor- cial and economic rights, elimination of mation; certain disability implications such as ac- cidents, diseases, genetic diseases. Inter- • to establish the obligation on ac- national standards stand for the elimina- cessibility of commissioned or repaired tion of all social, economic, institutional objects, to introduce the responsibility for and political obstacles that may compli- the failure to comply with these regula- cate the disability problem and thus limit tions; opportunities of disabled persons to take part in social and economic activities. • to provide for positive or incen- While developing certain legal, eco- tive measures. nomic, social and other actions aimed The most significant shortcoming of at fulfilling the commitments under the the national legislation in Kazakhstan in Convention on the Rights of Persons with the area of disability is the lack of mecha- Disabilities the government should con- nisms to implement important legal rules sider the fact that the Convention allows in the area of disability prevention and re- for implementation of measures to realize habilitation of disabled persons. economic, social and cultural rights pro- Therefore, an important and signifi- gressively, using the greatest amount of cant proposal for reforming the govern- available resources to do so. The commit- mental policy in relation to disabled per- ments related to civil and political rights sons is to switch from financial assistance should be fully complied with after the to disabled persons to disability preven- Convention enters into force in the State. tion, provision of life activity environment When making an analysis in the course and medical, social and employment re- of preparations to the ratification it may habilitation for disabled persons. be useful to divide commitments with re- It should be added that prevention gards to civil and legal rights from those efforts should start immediately upon the with regards to economic, social and cul- birth of a child belonging to a risk category tural rights. due to limitations of his/her early psychic In order to comply with the Con- and physical development for habilitation

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 9 and significant assistance to the child’s Therefore, the ratification of the Con- parents in upbringing and education and vention on the Rights of Persons with prevention of social orphanhood, Disabilities and the Optional Protocol In this connection, it is advisable to thereto and further implementation of provide legal, institutional and financial the principles and norms set out in the conditions for further development of re- international legal treaties shall create le- habilitation programmes. gal conditions for full exercise of consti- Currently dozens of regulations relat- tutional rights and freedoms by disabled An important and ing to different problems of social protec- persons, allowing Kazakhstan to become signifi cant proposal tion of disabled persons are effective in a social state in the true sense of this word for reforming the the Republic of Kazakhstan. Therefore, where every provision is realised for the governmental we consider the unification of the legis- sake of its citizens irrespective of any fac- policy in relation lation in the area of protection of rights, tor or condition. to disabled persons freedoms and interests of disabled per- is to switch from sons as one of measures to improve the Chapter II fi nancial assistance governmental policy. to disabled persons Economic Component It appears that the unification should This chapter of the report is intended to disability not only streamline the legislation. It is prevention, provision to define potential methods of funding necessary to review the possibility of social support activities in Kazakhstan of life activity equalization of rights and preferences of environment and in order to achieve international stan- different categories and groups of dis- dards envisaged in the Convention on the medical, social abled persons. and employment Rights of Persons with Disabilities based It is also necessary to mention that on comparative analysis of the national rehabilitation for the unified terminology is not developed disabled persons. practice in this area with international ex- in the legislation of the Republic of Ka- perience. zakhstan. A number of terms contained in The first part of the chapter analyses the Convention on the Rights of Persons economic measures taken by Kazakhstan with Disabilities are not used at all. The in terms of social support of people with content of the same definitions is differ- disabilities and summarizes the results of ent in some regulations. In order to avoid rehabilitation programmes for persons problems with the law enforcement it is with disabilities for 2002-2005 and for advisable to pay attention to application 2006-2008 and highlights positive chang- of certain terms. es. At the same time, one must admit that, The ratification of the Convention as a whole, social assistance measures on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities taken by the state, despite positive trends and Optional Protocol thereto will be in its quantitative indices are not enough an important step in setting the stage for to satisfy needs of persons with disabili- equal opportunities for disabled persons. ties and do not change their social status If the Convention is ratified, the Govern- in Kazakhstan fundamentally. The fact is ment will undertake to review relations in that they are not intended to increase the all areas of activity of disabled persons, competitiveness of disabled persons in which in its turn will require “revision” the labour market, which leads to a de- of the entire legal framework to achieve crease in the demand for disabled persons conformity with the Convention. The pro- as potential employees. visions of the Convention will become an But besides government authorities, integral part of the national legislation. disabled persons’ problems are being ad- Analysis of the practice of enforcement of dressed by non-governmental organisa- disabled persons’ rights set out in the local tions in Kazakhstan. Analysis of their ac- legislation demonstrated that these rights tivities shows a growth in their quantity, are violated by state institutions at differ- and, to a large degree, this has to do with ent levels generally due to imperfection of the state social order and grants of interna- local regulations. tional and foreign organisations. Besides, Furthermore, if the Convention is there is a lack of conceptual approach to ratified then the Republic of Kazakhstan the interaction between the state and civil being its member-state should set up a society in solving general social problems, special governmental institution and a and this is a negative factor. As the experi- national mechanism to implement the ence of developed countries shows, alter- conditions of the Convention. native innovation methods of rehabilita-

10 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 tion for disabled persons (art therapy, zoo Chapter III therapy etc.) play a major role in support- Social Component ing persons with disabilities. This component of the report is di- International experience of the devel- vided into the following sub-problems: opment of an economic mechanism for information support for persons with dis- disabled persons’ support shows that the abilities in the system of social institu- latter depends on a social policy model tions; people with disabilities and civil adopted by a country, which is based on initiative; mechanisms of incentives and Introducing principles the role and level of involvement of the financing the integration processes of of the Convention on government, civil society and individuals. people with disabilities into society; an the Rights of Persons From the geopolitical perspective, they official disability strategy; role of state with Disabilities will are divided into the Scandinavian, Conti- bodies in integrating people with disabili- call for a number of nental and British-American social policy ties into society. systematic measures models. As the analysis of the information to be taken by the To comply with the international aspect of problems faced by people with state, business standards of the Convention on the Rights disabilities shows, this aspect is suc- community and of Persons with Disabilities, Kazakhstan cessfully handled by developed western civil society. There needs to focus on the following areas of countries, where multiple information is no doubt that at financing of social support of persons sources about the real situation of people the beginning the with disabilities: with disabilities in the society allows for state should take a • laying a favourable framework precise development of models of social leadership role. for social adaptation and employment of support to this category of population. persons with disabilities; Quite a different picture is observed in this country. Neither researchers nor • development of a network of people with disabilities themselves have rehabilitation facilities, improvement of a true picture of disabled persons’ status types and methods of their operation, and in Kazakhstan, especially changes in its enhancement of their material and tech- development. In particular, this can be nical resources; explained by the fact that there is no sys- • better satisfaction of needs of tematic and regular research practice in persons with disabilities for technical this area. This negative factor is to a large (compensatory) aids and prosthetic and extent decreasing the efficiency and ef- orthopaedic devices; fectiveness of state and other programmes being developed and implemented with • providing conditions to ensure respect to social rehabilitation of people unimpeded access for persons with dis- with disabilities, and is becoming a bar- abilities to social, transport and recre- rier to the start-up of mechanisms of self- ational infrastructure. regulation of the community of disabled Kazakhstan’s compliance with its persons, who could become important commitments to UN to support disabled initiators in solution of their own prob- people will depend on the pace of its eco- lems. nomic growth with three compliance sce- The Kazakhstani model of social re- narios developed, optimistic, moderate habilitation of people with disabilities and pessimistic. is mainly based on the state approach, On the whole, taking into consid- resulting in insufficient use of both the eration modern realities of dealing with potential of people with disabilities and challenges faced by people with disabili- opportunities of commercial and non- ties in Kazakhstan and world experience governmental sectors. Standard state in this area, introducing principles of the measures supported by high levels of fi- Convention on the Rights of Persons with nancing are not able to change the prob- Disabilities will call for a number of sys- lem of disabled persons, which has a tematic measures to be taken by the state, lot of nuances that cannot be addressed business community and civil society. within the state programmes. There is no doubt that at the beginning It is necessary to set up systems of the state should take a leadership role. financial stimulation of integration of Possible funding needs are set out in people with disabilities into social life. this component of the National Report. All participants of this process should see not only a remote humanitarian perspec-

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 11 tive, but obtain benefits for themselves in ing the rights of people with disabilities to a short-term economic period. enable it to perceive needs and demands A very important aspect of social of people with disabilities, formulate rehabilitation of people with disabilities problems and promote their solution at is dedicated efforts in changing people’s the national level. This, in its turn, sug- mental attitudes towards disabled per- gests that a system of interaction between sons. There appears to be a need for an state and public organizations should be official disability strategy, which allows built, functional roles should be distribut- consolidating efforts of a family, col- ed among them and joint efforts to imple- leagues, community and the state as a ment measures to secure exercise of the whole in addressing issues of social adap- rights of persons with disabilities should tation of people with disabilities. be coordinated. According to independent experts the medical part of rehabilitation in Ka- Step III provides for financial attrac- zakhstan is proceeding successfully. But it tiveness of campaigns aimed at social in- is not enough to put disabled persons “on tegration of people with disabilities and their feet”, he or she should be introduced creation of the social service market and to the society they live in. And in this con- production of devices for the disabled. All text it can be noted that the social part of participants of the social integration pro- disability rehabilitation in Kazakhstan is cess should see not only a remote human- inadequate and requires an upgrade, both itarian perspective, but obtain benefits for in terms of conceptual approaches and themselves in a short-term economic pe- ways to organize and finance the social riod. rehabilitation infrastructure. All five steps described in Chapter Step IV shapes a positive public III allow laying the background for trans- opinion in the country aimed to support forming the current rehabilitation system private and state initiatives promoting a for persons with disabilities, forming the better socialisation of people with dis- environment for an active life for people abilities. A clear official disability strategy with disabilities in line with the regula- allows consolidating efforts of a family, tions and principles of the UN Conven- colleagues, community and the state as a tion on the Rights of Persons with Dis- whole in addressing issues of social adap- abilities. tation of people with disabilities; promot- Step I creates an information field in ing and supporting citizens’ and organi- a number of ways including bringing sta- zations’ initiatives in search for mutually tistical methods of collection and analysis acceptable solutions taking into account of information on people with disabilities interests of persons with disabilities. in line with international standards. The information field allows the society’s at- Step V leads to a more balanced state tention to be focused on systemic disabil- policy with regards to people with dis- ity problems, exposes internal reserves of abilities by expanding the number of state people with disabilities and mobilizes the bodies taking part in their social rehabili- society’s additional resources to address tation. The role and place of state bodies their problems. in the rehabilitation system depends on the classification of barriers to socializa- Step II involves developing the non- tion of persons with disabilities. governmental sector in the area of protect-

12 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD BY MR. YERBOL ORYNBAYEV, DEPUTY PRIME-MINISTER OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

FOREWORD BY MR. HAOLIANG XU, UN RESIDENT CO-ORDINATOR/ UNDP RESIDENT REPRESENTATIVE

FOREWORD BY MR. PAUL BRUMMELL, BRITISH AMBASSADOR TO KAZAKHSTAN AND KYRGYZ REPUBLIC

AUTHORS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. LEGAL COMPONENT 21 1.1. International Legal Instruments in the Area of Protection of Disabled Persons’ Rights, Freedoms and Interests 21 1.2. Foreign Laws in the Area of Protection of Disabled Persons’ Rights, Freedoms and Interests 25 1.2.1. Foreign Legislation in Non-CIS Countries 25 1.2.2. Legislation of CIS Countries 34 1.3. The Republic of Kazakhstan Laws in the Area of Protection of Disabled Persons’ Rights, Freedoms and Interests 35 1.3.1. Social Security Legislation 37 1.3.2. Social Services Legislation 38 1.3.3. Legislation concerning Housing and Accessibility to Locations of Social Infra- structure and Information 39 1.3.4. Healthcare Legislation 42 1.3.5. Education Legislation 44 1.3.6. Employment Legislation 50 Chapter 1 Conclusion 52

CHAPTER 2. ECONOMIC COMPONENT 56 2.1. Costs of Social Support for Disabled Persons in Kazakhstan 56 2.2. International Experience of Funding of Social Support for Disabled People 62 2.3. Areas of Funding of Social Support for Persons with Disabilities to Comply with the International Standards of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 67 2.3.1. Social Adaptation and Involvement of Disabled Persons in Employment 67 2.3.2. Development of a Network of Rehabilitation Facilities, Improvement of Types and Methods of their Operation, and Enhancement of their Material and Technical Re- sources 69 2.3.3. Better Satisfaction of Needs of Persons with Disabilities for Technical (Com- pensatory) Aids and Prosthetic and Orthopaedic Devices 70 2.3.4. Development of Accessibility to Social, Transport and Recreational Infrastruc- ture 70 2.4. Prospects of State Funding of Social Support for the Disabled 72 Chapter 2 Conclusion 75

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 13 CHAPTER 3. SOCIAL COMPONENT 76 3.1. Information Support of Persons with Disabilities in the System of Social Institutions 77 3.2. Persons with Disabilities and Civil Initiatives 80 3.3. Mechanisms of Stimulation and Funding of Integration of Persons with Disabilities into Society 84 3.4. Shaping an Official Disability Strategy 86 3.5. Role of State Bodies in the Integration Process of People with Disabilities in Society 88 Chapter 3 Conclusions 93

CONCLUSION 94 4.1. Main Risks and Barriers 95 4.1.1. Institutional Risks and Barriers 95 4.1.2. Fiscal Risks and Barriers 95 4.1.3. Political Risks and Barriers 95 4.1.4. Other Risks and Barriers 96 4.2. Step-by-Step Implementation of the International Convention in Kazakhstan 96 4.2.1. Legal Measures 96 4.2.2. Economic Measures 99 4.2.3. Measures for Development of Solutions and Implementation Mechanisms in the Domain of Social Adaptation of Disabled Persons 100

STATISTICAL OVERVIEW OF THE STATE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND DISABILITY IN KAZAKHSTAN 102 State of Human Development in Kazakhstan and its Regions 103 Disability Statistics in Kazakhstan 110 Appendix 1 113 Appendix 2 116 Appendix 3 117 Appendix 4 132 Appendix 5 142

TECHNICAL NOTES 152 1. Integral Human Development Indicators 152 2. Basic and Integral Human Development Indicators 152 3. Human Development Index (HDI) 153 4. Gender Related Development Index (GDI) 154 5. HDI adjusted for Gender Inequality Index (HDIGI) 155 6. Human Poverty Index (HPI) 155 7. Kazakhstan HDI by region 156

GLOSSARY 157 REFERENCES 158

14 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 ACRONYMS

CC - chamber of commerce CIS - Commonwealth of Independent States ESCAP - Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific GDI - gender-related development index GDP - gross domestic product GII - gender inequality index GRP - gross regional product HDI - Human Development Index HDIGI - Human Development Index adjusted for gender inequality HPI - human poverty index ILO - International Labour Organization IRP - individual rehabilitation programme LEB - life expectancy at birth MLSPP - Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of Population NGO - non-governmental organization NHDR - National Human Development Report OECD - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PMPC - psychological, medical and pedagogical consultation PPCO - psychological and pedagogical correction office PPP - purchasing power parity PWD - persons with disabilities RC - rehabilitation centre RFTX - Tax Code of the Russian Federation SPPC - State Pension Payment Center UN - United Nations Organization UNDP - United Nations Development Programme UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization VS - vocational school WWII - World War II

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 15 INTRODUCTION

Now we must take concrete steps to transform the vision of the Convention into real victories on the ground. We must address the glaring inequalities experienced by persons with disabilities. We must counter discrimination and prejudice. We must deliver development that is truly for all. And we must convince more and more nations, organizations and individuals to join this cause.

UUNN SSecretary-General,ecretary-General, MMr.r. BBanan KKi-mooni-moon The UN Development Programme’s UNDP assists developing countries INTRODUCTION reports on human development published in mobilising help and using it effectively. in certain countries since 1990 and in Ka- In the context of its overall activity, the zakhstan since 1995 are acknowledged Programme helps to protect human rights worldwide by experts, analysts, and gov- and to expand possibilities for women. ernments. Unlike a number of others, the In this connection, the co-ordina- human development index (HDI) rating tion of common human development of the countries worldwide is particu- problems and issues, which are related larly significant as it reflects not abstract to the realisation of the rights of citizens industry-specific or generalised macro-in- who have limited abilities due to physi- dicators, but a vital integrated parameter cal, psychological, intellectual or sensory (HDI) at an individual level, for groups, deficits, is one of the most important indi- for the public, and for the whole coun- cators. It defines the degree of the govern- try. Ultimately, competitiveness and many ment’s obligation for the citizens at pres- other rating indicators are subject to and ent, the focus on the fair future, and also are the means of achieving one common of how effective the system of state man- goal – human development.1 agement is in order to achieve objectives Unlike other earlier theories, the con- of the stable development of the country cept of human development is focused on in general. the human with the sole goal of achiev- Addressing the disability issues in ing sound well-being. Every human being Kazakhstan has recently been brought to would like to have a good income, which the foreground by signing the Conven- indeed is an important factor. However tion on the Rights of Persons with Dis- this reason should not be regarded as a abilities; currently the founding interna- major purpose of human life. The idea tional legal act in this domain. of development in itself is about expan- Within the framework of preparation sion of the possibilities and of the choices of the National Report on Human Devel- that humans can make, not about gaining opment in this domain, a complex piece money.2 of scientific and analytical research con- This approach comes from the con- cerning the legal, economic and social cept that the human is valuable in his/her conditions of the livelihood of disabled own right. This is why the most important persons in the country was conducted. goal for measuring human development This was done by a team of authors who potential should come from how well the represent the Institute for Parliamentary government and the public creates equal Development, with the help of the UN conditions for the self-development of Development Programme in Kazakhstan human resources and provides the institu- and the British Embassy to Kazakhstan tional medium for the rights of all citizens and Kyrgyz Republic. to be realised regardless of gender, race, The requirements of the Convention religion, political views or physical differ- on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ences. It is well known that world leaders have taken on the obligation to achieve United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is The Millennium Development Goals in the UN’s global development network, an organization the domain of development, as defined advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people in the Declaration of the Millennium of build a better life. We are on the ground in 166 countries, 2000. This includes a task of superior im- working with them on their own solutions to global and portance to reduce the level of poverty by national development challenges. As they develop local half by 2015. UNDP co-ordinates the ef- capacity, they draw on the people of UNDP and our wide forts aimed at achieving these goals, both range of partners. nationally and globally.

1 Mustafayev, N., The Society: Living a Good Life in Kazakhstan // www. businesswomen.kz. 2 Dictionary of Gender Terminology / Editor: Denisova, A. A., / Regional Public Organisation ‘West-East: Innovative Projects by Women’ – M: Information of the 21st Century, 2002.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 17 that disabled persons must have the op- sis of problems of disabled persons in portunity to be actively involved in de- Kazakhstan produced. cision-making processes about policies On 16 and 18 February 2009, in the and programmes, including those directly cities of Shymkent and Almaty, round concerning them were taken into consid- table discussions took place with partici- eration. pating representatives of the Parliament of With this in mind, the authors have the Republic of Kazakhstan, UNDP, The developed a strategy for testing the re- Ministry of Labour, the Statistics Agency INTRODUCTION search results, with an active role played of the Republic of Kazakhstan, South- by non-governmental organisations unit- Kazakhstan and Almaty Oblast Branches ing disabled persons. of Nur Otan PDP, the Shymkent oblast In particular, the different types of in- and city Maslikhats, the local executive bodies of the cities of Shymkent, Almaty, anda non-governmental organisations for thet protection of the rights of disabled persons. The concluding activity was the final round table discussion, which took place ono 17 March 2009 on the ‘Realisation of thet International Standards of Disabled Persons’ Rights in Kazakhstan’. This was ono the premises of Mazhilis of the Parlia- ment of the Republic of Kazakhstan with participating Mazhilis MPs who were rep- resenting the Social Council under Nur OtanO PDP fraction in this House of the su- preme representative body of the country. The purpose of the round tables was thet discussion of the state and prospects ofo improvement to be made to the social protection system for disabled persons in volvement of disabled persons have been Kazakhstan, with the view to introducing primarily planned for research discus- the principles set by the UN Convention sion. on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Firstly, these include round table dis- in Kazakhstan. cussions. In the course of these measures, the condition and the prospects of the social Secondly, the Institute for Parliamen- protection system development for dis- tary Development launched a blog on its abled persons in Kazakhstan were dis- website containing the research findings cussed. Also discussed were the interme- which is also interactive in order to allow diate results of the analytic research by for comments to be made on the research. the Institute for Parliamentary Develop- ment under Nur Otan PDP, on the prob- Thirdly, intermediate research results lems encountered by persons who have were sent via a virtual network of NGOs limited capabilities. that are dealing with disability issues. The results of the discussions have been used to develop practical recom- The fourth type involves national mendations for governments and all other and international experts in disability is- organisations interested in improvement sues working in co-operation with UNDP. of the social protection system concerning This means that the authors of this report persons with disabilities in Kazakhstan. have considered various options regard- With reference to the organisation ing how disabled persons can be involved and discussion practice at such events, in the discussion of the research, both in the following should be noted. person and via the internet. The following should be noted con- Practical Use cerning the arangement of open discus- Face-to-face contact between the ex- sions on the interim results that the analy- perts and persons with disabilities across

18 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 INTRODUCTION the country allowed for the direct insight NOUC into research problems and the acquisition of a good range of knowledge of speci- ficities of the local problems that disabled persons encounter on a daily basis. It was also important to have an opportunity for the representatives of the government and ON disabled persons to gather around the table to discuss the common problems together and elaborate joint recommen- dations. The results of the round table dis- cussion show that the problems that dis- abled persons have are relatively similar and they also seem to have similar views about the prospects of how these issues can be resolved. Both international and foreign con- materiallh that was regularly ll updated, d d as sultants, as well as the national specialists amendments were made by the experts to expressed their expert opinions regarding eliminate any drawbacks and shortcom- the analytical survey. A significant role in ings as they arose. the creation of the NHDR was collecting The NHDR on disability issues in Ka- opinions of the non-governmental organi- zakhstan is based on the amended version sations through virtual conferencing. The of the analytical research finalized taking internet network contained the research into account the views of all stakeholders.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 19 LEGAL COMPONENT

Progress in securing independent living conditions and equalization of employment, political and other rights for persons with disabilities will call for analysis of the respective global experience and its implementation in Kazakhstan through legislative amendments.

BBaibolataibolat AAubakirov,ubakirov, PPresidentresident ooff tthehe KKazakhazakh SSocietyociety fforor tthehe BBlindlind CHAPTER 1 1.1. International Legal Instruments in the Area of Protection of Disabled Persons’ Rights, 1LEGAL COMPONENT Freedoms and Interests

Development of current RK legal persons shall enjoy all the rights set forth framework in the area of disabled per- in this Declaration. These rights shall be sons’ rights, freedoms and interests pro- granted to all disabled persons without tection was effected by international legal any exception whatsoever and without instruments of the United Nations Or- distinction or discrimination …”. ganisation. The Declaration on the Rights of Since its earliest days the UN has Mentally Retarded Persons9 confirmed the shown special concern with the problems right of any mentally disabled retarded of disabled persons as they are the most person to have, to the maximum degree vulnerable and the least protected group of feasibility, the same rights as other hu- of society. The policy of integration of dis- man beings. abled persons into society was declared The international Covenants on Eco- as the key priority of the governmental nomic, Social and Cultural, Civil and Po- policy in their regard.3 litical Rights turned the earlier existing In this connection, the objective of regulations into binding agreements. this survey is to set out fundamental inter- It is necessary to mention that none national legal instruments, formalising the of the above international legal instru- basic principles of protection of rights of ments specified disability as a criterion on people with disabilities. which discrimination is prohibited. Dis- The Universal Declaration of Human ability is only implied in the wording of The Universal Rights is one of the first international UN “or other circumstance”. Declaration of documents recognising the rights of all The Universal Declaration of Hu- Human Rights, people, without distinction of any kind, man Rights, International Covenant on International to marry, own property, equal access to Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Covenant on public services, social security and real- International Covenant on Civil and Po- Economic, Social ization of economic, social and cultural litical Rights in aggregate comprise what and Cultural Rights rights.4 is referred to as the Universal Declaration and International Subsequently, the principles con- of Human Rights. These three documents Covenant on Civil tained in the Universal Declaration of recognise civil, cultural, economic, po- and Political Rights Human Rights5 were included in further litical and social rights, being the inalien- in aggregate comprise detail into the International Covenants able rights for all people. Thus the rights what is referred to on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights6 of persons with disabilities are recognised as the Universal and on Civil and Political Rights , The and protected by the Universal Declara- Declaration of Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Re- tion of Human Rights even if they are not Human Rights. tarded Persons7 and The Declaration on directly mentioned therein. the Rights of Disabled Persons8. The Declaration on Social Progress The Declaration on the Rights of and Development10 should be mentioned Disabled Persons stated that “Disabled as one of international legal instruments

3 Problems of Legislative Support of Social Security of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation (for a meeting of the Round Table of the Committee of the Federation Council on Social Policy «Implementation of Social Security of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation »). Analytical News/ Analitichesky Vestnic ¹ 4(197). - Moscow, 2003. 4 Adopted at the 3rd session of the UN General Assembly by Resolution 217 À (III). 5 Proclaimed by General Assembly Resolution 2200 À (XXI) of 16 December, effective as of 3 January 1976. 6 Proclaimed by UN General Assembly Resolution 2200 À (XXI) of 16 December 1966, effective as of 23 March 1976. 7 UN General Assembly Resolution 2856 of 20 December 1971. 8 UN General Assembly Resolution 3447 of 09 December 1975. 9 The UN General Assembly Resolution 2856 as of 20 December 1971. 10 Approved on 11 December 1969 at the 1829th plenary meeting of the UN General Assembly. UN General Assembly Resolution 2542 (XXIV).

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 21 stating the necessity to protect the rights procedure guarantees aimed at protect- of physically or mentally disabled persons ing against gross human rights’ violations 1 and the need to secure their well-being like abuse or improper measures such as and to rehabilitate their capacity to work. physical restraint or involuntary seclu- The adopted Convention on the sion, or such methods as sterilisation, Rights of the Child11 and the Concept of psychosurgery and other intrusive and ir- Basic Services for All Children and the reversible treatments for mental illnesses, Strategy12 gained significant importance which may be committed in medical in- in the area of protection of disabled chil- stitutions. Despite the innovative nature dren’s rights. of the Principles for that time, their cur- The Convention on the Rights of the rent importance is challenged. Child became the first agreement on hu- On 20 December 1993, the UN

LEGAL COMPONENT LEGAL man rights clearly prohibiting the discrim- General Assembly adopted The Standard ination of children on the basis of their Rules on the Equalization of Opportuni- disability. Furthermore, it recognises the ties for Persons with Disabilities.14 rights of disabled children to use all their The International Bill of Human abilities to their fullest potential and have Rights, the Convention on the Rights of access to services and special care. the Child, the Convention on the Elimina- The Concept of Basic Services for All tion of All Forms of Discrimination against Children and the Strategy provided the Women and also the Global Programme In 1992, at the conditions to activate the role of the fam- of Action Concerning Disabled Persons conclusion of the ily and the community in the assistance created the legal and moral basis for the United Nations to disabled children inside their natural Standard Rules. Decade of Disabled environment. The Standard Rules contain practical Persons (1983- The Global Programme of Action recommendations as to how to provide 1992), the General Concerning Disabled Persons approved equal opportunities in the four areas: pre- Assembly proclaimed by the UN General Assembly Resolution conditions for equal participation, target 3 December as the 37/52 of 3 December 1982 was especial- areas for equal participation, implemen- International Day of ly important in the area of protection of tation and monitoring measures. Disabled Persons. the rights of disabled persons. “The Standard Rules on the Equal- The objectives of disabled persons’ ization of Opportunities for Persons with equality and their participation in social Disabilities became the main UN docu- life and development, declared in the ment guiding states in the areas of human Programme demonstrated the changes in rights and disability and also an important world community’s understanding of dis- regulatory act establishing obligations of ability and the recognition of the neces- states on the basis of existing instruments sity to apply a comprehensive approach in the human rights area. Many countries to disability problems. developed their national laws in this area The approach based on the principle on the basis of the Rules. Despite the of “vulnerability” of disabled persons was appointment of a Special Rapporteur to According to the substituted with the concept of disabled monitor the compliance with the Standard Convention each State persons’ social self-sufficiency develop- Rules at the national level, the Rules are must take measures ment which includes the measures aimed not binding and don’t protect the rights of to realize economic, at creating the conditions for disabled disabled persons. social and cultural persons’ adaptation into “normal” social It should be mentioned that a num- rights progressively, and economic structures. ber of regulations aimed to break down using the greatest The Principles for the Protection of barriers to inclusion and renew the impe- amount of available Persons with Mental Illness and the Im- tus to eliminate discrimination on the ba- resources to do so. provement of Mental Health Care13, ad- sis of disability and to positively promote opted by the General Assembly on the 17 the inclusion of disabled persons in all as- December 1991 deserve special atten- pects of society is provided by ILO Inter- tion. The Principles set several norms and national Labour Standards and in particu-

11 UN General Assembly Resolution 44/25 of November 20, 1989. 12 Adopted by the UN Children’s Fund in 1980. 13 The UN General Assembly Resolution 46/119. 14 The UN General Assembly Resolution 48/96.

22 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 lar Recommendation No. 88 concerning alia, to selection criteria and recruitment the Vocational Training of Adults Includ- conditions, vocational guidance, voca- ing Disabled Persons (1950), Recom- tional training, employment and working 1LEGAL COMPONENT mendation No. 99 concerning Vocational conditions, including pay. Importantly, Rehabilitation of the Disabled (1955), In- the Directive states that “reasonable ac- validity, Old-Age and Survivors’ Benefits commodation” should be made to cater Convention No. 128 (1967), Resolution for needs of disabled persons. concerning Vocational Rehabilitation On 9 September 1999, a renewed and Social Reintegration of Disabled or campaign, Rehabilitation International: Handicapped Persons (1975), Conven- Charter for the Third Millennium was ini- tion No. 159 on Vocational Rehabilitation tiated to have a specially-designed law, a and Employment (Disabled Persons) and UN Convention on the Rights of Persons Recommendation No. 168 (1983) as well with Disabilities, elaborated. as the ILO Code of Practice on Managing The Convention on the Rights of Per- Disability in the Workplace.15 sons with Disabilities18 and its Optional Different assessments may be given to Protocol were adopted on 13 December the importance of the ILO Convention on 2006 and opened for signature on 30 the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and March 2007. recommendations on the legal regulation The Convention is a complement to of social security at the international and existing international human rights trea- national level. First of all, they contain so- ties. It does not recognise any new hu- cial standards the legislation of any state man rights of persons with disabilities, should ideally comply with. Second, the but rather clarifies the obligations of the ILO conventions and recommendations states to respect and ensure the equal en- facilitate the unification (internationalisa- joyment of all human rights by all persons tion) of laws on social security of disabled with disabilities. The approach based persons.16 The Convention on the Rights of on the principle of It should be mentioned that many Persons with Disabilities confirms that “vulnerability” of ILO Conventions and recommendations all these rights cover persons with dis- disabled persons on different labour and social aspects of abilities, provides for establishment of was substituted disabled persons’ rights, freedoms and in- the Committee on the Rights of Persons with the concept of terests protection became binding upon with Disabilities to monitor compliance disabled persons’ their ratification by the states. with the provisions of the Convention, social self-suffi ciency and obliges the member states to consult development which The European Social Charter17 ad- with persons with disabilities, through includes the measures opted by the Council of Europe on 18 their representative organizations, when aimed at creating October 1961 in Turin also recognises developing and implementing legislation the conditions for the right of everyone to “have the oppor- and policies to effectuate the Convention, disabled persons’ tunity to earn (a) living in an occupation and on all other policy matters that will adaptation into freely entered upon”, and that all workers affect the lives of persons with disabilities. “normal” social and have the right to just conditions of work. To date 137 states have signed the economic structures. Furthermore, the Charter specifically ac- Convention on the Rights of Persons with knowledges that disabled persons have Disabilities, 81 states have signed the Op- the right to independence, social integra- tional Protocol, 44 states have ratified the tion and participation in the life of the Convention and 26 states have ratified the community.A European Union directive Optional Protocol (see Appendix 1). adopted in late 2000 outlaws direct and Eight guiding principles form the ba- indirect discrimination in the field of em- sis for the Convention and its articles: ployment on a number of grounds, includ- • Respect for inherent human dig- ing disability. The Directive applies, inter nity, individual autonomy, including the

15 The Right to Decent Work of Persons with Disabilities. Arthur O’Reilly, , Geneva, International Labour Office, 2007. 16 Shamonayeva I.I. ILO Conventions and Recommendations as Sources of Social Security Laws. //Omsk University News/ Vestnik Omskogo Universiteta. – 1997. -Issue 3. - p. 94-95. 17 Reviewed in Strasbourg on 3May 1996. 18 The UN General Assembly Resolution No. 61/106.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 23 freedom to make one’s own choices, and including legislation, to eliminate dis- 1 independence of persons; crimination; • non-discrimination; • to take into account the protec- tion and promotion of the rights of per- • full and effective participation sons with disabilities in all policies and and inclusion in society; programmes;

• respect for difference and accep- • to refrain from engaging in any tance of persons with disabilities as part act or practice violating the rights of per- human diversity and humanity; sons with disabilities;

LEGAL COMPONENT LEGAL • equality of opportunities; • to ensure that public authorities respect the rights of persons with disabili- • accessibility; ties;

• equality between men and wom- • to ensure that any person, orga- en; nization or private enterprise respect the rights of persons with disabilities; • respect for the evolving capaci- ties of children with disabilities and re- • to undertake and promote re- spect for the right of children with dis- search and development of universally abilities to preserve their identities. designed goods, services and technolo- Along with designation of rights the gies; Convention identifies measures to be tak- en by the member states: • to provide accessible information • to adopt all appropriate legisla- to persons with disabilities about assistive tive, administrative and other measures technologies; for the implementation of the rights of persons with disabilities; • to promote the training of pro- fessionals and staff working with persons • to take all appropriate measures, with disabilities in the rights recognized in the present Convention;

Section 15 of the 1982 Canadian Charter of Fundamental • consult with persons with disabil- Rights and Freedoms states: «Every individual is equal before ities when developing and implementing and under the law and has the right to the equal protection legislation and on all policy matters that and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in wwill affect the lives of persons with dis- particular, without discrimination based on race, national or abilities. ethnic origin, color, religion, sex, age or mental or physical According to the Convention each disability». State must take measures to realize eco- nomic, social and cultural rights pro- Article 3 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China ggressively, using the greatest amount of states that «disabled persons enjoy the same rights as other available resources to do so. This citizens in respect of political, cultural and social aspects, as oobligation, commonly referred to as pro- well as family life» and that it is forbidden to discriminate ggressive realization, acknowledges that it against, insult or harass disabled persons ». ooften takes time to realize many of these rights fully, for example, when social-se- Article 3 of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany curity or health-care systems must be cre- states that all the people shall be equal before the law and that ated or improved. While progressive re- no person shall be discriminated against because of disability». alization gives States parties, particularly The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany grants all ddeveloping countries, some flexibility in individuals a right to rehabilitation and integration into normal achieving the objectives of the Conven- life. It obliges legislative, executive and judicial authorities both ttion, it does not absolve States parties of at the federal level and at the level of lands and communities tthe responsibility to protect those rights. as well as other public institutions and organizations to use For example, a State must not forcibly any opportunity to involve all disabled persons into normal eevict a person with a disability, arbitrarily life as far as possible. wwithdraw social-security protection or fail

24 NATIONALNATIONAL HHUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 to introduce and respect the minimum and development of universally designed wage. goods, services, equipment and facilities, Unlike economic, social and cultural as defined in article 2 of the present Con- 1LEGAL COMPONENT rights, civil and political rights are not vention, which should require the mini- subject to progressive realization. In other mum possible adaptation and the least words, States must protect and promote cost to meet the specific needs of a person these rights immediately. with disabilities, to promote their avail- Articles 4.1 and 4.2 explicitly oblige ability and use, and to promote universal all States Parties to undertake certain design in the development of standards commitments. and guidelines; In particular, States Parties under- take: • to undertake or promote research • to adopt all appropriate legisla- and development of, and to promote the tive, administrative and other measures availability and use of new technologies, for the implementation of the rights rec- including information and communica- ognized in the present Convention; tions technologies, mobility aids, devices and assistive technologies, suitable for • to take all appropriate measures, persons with disabilities, giving priority to including legislation, to modify or abolish technologies at an affordable cost; existing laws, regulations, customs and practices that constitute discrimination • to provide accessible information The Convention is a against persons with disabilities; to persons with disabilities about mobility complement to existing aids, devices and assistive technologies, international human • to take into account the protec- including new technologies, as well as rights treaties. It tion and promotion of the human rights other forms of assistance, support services does not recognise of persons with disabilities in all policies and facilities; any new human and programmes; rights of persons with • to promote the training of pro- disabilities, but rather • to refrain from engaging in any fessionals and staff working with persons clarifi es the obligations act or practice that is inconsistent with with disabilities in the rights recognized of the states to respect the present Convention and to ensure that in the present Convention so as to better and ensure the equal public authorities and institutions act in provide the assistance and services guar- enjoyment of all conformity with the present Convention; anteed by those rights. human rights by all persons with disabilities • to take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination on the basis of disability by any person, organization or private enterprise;

• to undertake or promote research

1.2. Foreign Laws in the Area of Protection of Disabled Persons’ Rights, Freedoms and Interests

1.2.1. Foreign Legislation in Non- abled and non-disabled persons, prohi- CIS Countries bition of discrimination of a person on a The systems of disabled persons’ number of grounds including disability, social protection existing in developed formalised in the constitution or in oth- countries include some interrelated ele- er documents are typical for the laws of ments formalising the rights of disabled many foreign countries. persons, rights and obligations of govern- Thus, the constitutional guarantees mental authorities, non-governmental and of equality for disabled persons are en- charity organisations, forms and methods shrined in some countries. For instance, of their activities in this area. the Constitution of Canada guarantees the The principles of equal rights of dis- principle of equality of disabled persons

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 25 and impossibility to discriminate against tions, remedial and medical institutions, them on the grounds of physical or men- provision of disabled persons with reha- 1 tal disability. bilitation equipment. According to the above, some coun- The Canadian system of education tries have comprehensive general anti- legally provides for opportunities for dis- discrimination laws covering multiple abled persons to study at any level rang- grounds of prohibited discrimination; ing from school to university. others have individual laws dealing with The Civil Law of the Federal Republic different forms of discrimination such as of Germany prohibits inflicting damage those based on sex, age or marital status, to disabled persons in relations between or covering discrimination in specific ar- individuals. However, the Constitution of eas such as employment. Germany does not provide for a require-

LEGAL COMPONENT LEGAL At least 40 countries have adopted ment to favour or assist disabled persons legislation addressing the rights of persons in establishing equal conditions of life or with disabilities. Some of this legislation granting equal chances. These issues are prohibits discrimination as its primary within the competence of “ordinary“ law- goal; other laws address the positive duty makers, who should tackle them “within of the state and the community to ensure their powers and taking into account the the welfare of persons with disabilities principle of social state”. and their access to social support. Many The existence of three forms of so- countries have both types of legislation. cial security for disabled persons in Ger- Thus, 36 laws in China contain many deserves being mentioned. These norms that guarantee not only the rights are social insurance, compensation and and interests of disabled persons but also assistance. The issues of social security fix obligations of the state to this category for disabled persons are regulated by the of persons. Law on Disabled Persons (1974); Law The United Kingdom’s Disability on Uniformity of Measures for Rehabili- Discrimination Act of 1995 includes the tation (1974); Law on Assistance to Dis- principle of equal rights of disabled and abled Persons in Using Public Transport non-disabled persons. (1979); Law on Combating Unemploy- Hungary’s Law on the Rights and ment among Severely Disabled Persons” Equal Opportunities for Disabled Persons (2000) and the Code of Social Legislation. of 1998 establishes the principle of equal The above acts contain legal provi- rights. sions on the issues of securing the rights Comprehensive laws protecting the and rehabilitation of disabled persons, in- rights and the interests of disabled per- cluding guarantees of their voting rights, sons are valid in Canada. Particularly, training, education, use of public trans- they are: Blind Persons Act; the Act on port, special equipment at work places, Disabled Persons; Vocational Rehabilita- improvement of their position in the la- tion of Disabled Persons Act, Canadian bour market, decrease of unemployment Human Rights Act; Employment Act; Em- among this category of population. ployees Pay Act. Thus, in the FRG a person is disabled if his/her physical function, mental abil- It should be noted that the experience of the Federal ity or psychic health deviates from typical Republic of Germany in the issues of legal procedures oneso for more than six months and as a and criteria of disability assessment may be interesting for result the ability of the applicant to par- Kazakhstan both methodologically and practically. ticipatet in social life is significantly im- paired.p The recognition of disability in the Federal Republic of Germany also means thatt “the degree of disability” is estab- Canadian laws prohibit the discrimi- lished. The degree of disability (Grad der nation of disabled persons and encour- Behinderung, GdB) means the degree of age their protection from discrimination impaired participation in social life mea- when disabled persons are provided sured in percentage from 20 to 100 and goods and services, housing, work, etc. rounded off to the nearest ten (i.e., 20, 30, These laws contain issues of creation of 40, ... 100 %). This indicator says noth- information services for disabled persons’ ing about the ability of work at a certain rehabilitation, vocational training institu- working place and does not depend on

26 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 the nature of work done. 50 % or higher tem of civil rights that prohibit discrimi- degree of disability is considered to be a nation against a human being. The basic severe form of disability, and a disabled regulatory act in this area is the Ameri- 1LEGAL COMPONENT person is issued a Severe Disability ID cans with Disabilities Act of 1990 protect- (Schwerbehindertenausweis).19 A dis- ing this social group’s rights at the federal abled person produces such ID whenever level and prohibiting their discrimination he or she wants to exercise legal rights he in employment, public services, place of or she is entitled to. This ID also entitles public accommodations, trade and trans- a person to receive special compensa- port. tions and privileges, for example, special The Act obliges employers to make protection against dismissal, one week’s “reasonable accommodation” for disabled longer annual leave or tax preferences. persons unless such accommodation im- When the disability is less than 50 %, a poses an “undue burden” on employers. Severe Disability ID is not issued and a Along with that, it requires authorities of disabled person receives another docu- all levels to provide disabled persons with ment to prove disability20. “equal access to benefits of activities, pro- Persons with a minor degree of dis- grams and services” including public sys- ability preventing them from finding or tems of education, health services, social keeping a job receive relevant support services, courts, electoral districts and from the state. At the employment office town meetings. they can be “equalised” (Gleichstellung) The Act obliges the authorities to in principal rights with severely disabled “make reasonable modifications in poli- persons. Such disabled persons formally cies, practices and procedures” to avoid found by the employment office to be discrimination against disabled persons. equal to “persons with severe disability” Furthermore, the relevant governmental are entitled to all principal benefits Severe authorities and construction companies Disability ID holders are entitled to, ex- should consider peculiarities of disabled cept for such benefits as an extra week’s persons when constructing and recon- At least 40 countries leave or the right to free travel on public structing buildings and structures to sim- have adopted legislation 21 transport. plify access for people using wheelchairs. addressing the rights of Disabled teenagers and disabled According to the provisions of the Act the persons with disabilities. young men and women can be formally administration of public transport should Some of this legislation found equal to severely disabled persons not allow discrimination against disabled prohibits discrimination if they are rehabilitated and work at spe- persons while rendering their services. as its primary goal; cial workshops. The administration shall provide disabled other laws address the The rights and privileges of a dis- persons with appropriate boarding and positive duty of the state abled person in Germany depend on spe- disembarking assistance devices or pro- and the community to cial marks made in their Severe Disability vide special vehicles for disabled persons ensure the welfare of IDs (See Appendix 2). unable to use regular public transport by persons with disabilities In the Federal Republic of Germa- themselves. and their access to ny “children’s allowances” - Kindergeld On 25 September 2008, the Congress social support. – are paid to disabled children even after of the United States enacted the Ameri- reaching the age of 27 if such children cans with Disabilities Amendments Act are unable to support themselves finan- that clarifies and expands the term “dis- cially and they were found to be disabled ability” and coverage of the Act. The new before they reached the age of 27. At the Act restores the protection of disabled same time, a person is presumed to be un- persons at working places weakened as able to support himself or herself if his/her a result of some rulings of the Supreme annual income is less than EUR 7,680 if Court after the enactment of the Ameri- this person is employed.22 cans with Disabilities Act in 1990.23 In the United States of America the The Americans with Disabilities Act rights of disabled persons are enshrined in Amendments Act effective as of 1 Janu- law and included into the common sys- ary 2009 introduced a broader interpre-

19 Rights and Benefits of Disabled Persons in Germany. //Partner. – 2006. - ¹7 (106). 20 Ibidem. 21 Rights and Benefits of Disabled Persons in Germany. //Partner. – 2006. - ¹7 (106). 22 Ibidem. 23 http://www.imcl.ru.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 27 tation of “disability”. The law preserves disability and other matters.27 the basic interpretation of disability as “a It should be mentioned that the Con- 1 physical or mental impairment that sub- vention views a failure to provide a person stantially limits one or more major life ac- “reasonable accommodation” as amount- tivities” established in the Americans with ing to discrimination on the basis of dis- Disabilities Act, but changes the wording ability. Consequently, any legislative defi- of some terms including “substantially nition of discrimination should include limits” and “major life activities“.24 the denial of “reasonable accommodation There is another law in the USA, the “ as an act of discrimination. Specific ref- US Vocational Rehabilitation Act, that erence should be made to the definition obliges the governments of states to set of “reasonable accommodation” that ap- aside at least 10% of federal grants re- pears in Article 2 of the Convention.

LEGAL COMPONENT LEGAL ceived for vocation programs of students The Americans with Disabilities Act with disabilities.25 prohibits discrimination against qualified In India, the Persons with Disabili- individuals with a disability because of ties (Equal Opportunities, Protection of the disability of such individual in regard Rights and Full Participation) Act of 1995 to job application procedures, the hiring, adopts a more wide-ranging approach: it advancement, or discharge of employees, uses both non-discrimination language in a number of areas and also supports posi- employee compensation, job training, tive discrimination in favour of persons and other terms, conditions, and privileg- with disabilities through a quota system, es of employment. Discrimination means reserving a certain number of places for not making reasonable accommodations persons with disabilities in the training to the known physical or mental limita- and employment programmes of public tions of an otherwise qualified individual and private-sector entities. It also provides with a disability who is an applicant or incentives to establishments that promote employee, unless such covered entity the employment of disabled persons and can demonstrate that the accommodation preferential treatment through tax conces- would impose an undue hardship on the sions, subsidies and grants.26 operation of the business of such covered The Persons with Disabilities (Equal entity or denying employment opportuni- Opportunities, Protection of Rights and ties to a job applicant or employee who is an otherwise qualified individual with It is important to adjust the environment to the people with a disability, if such denial is based on the disabilities but these adjustments have to be cost-effective. need of such covered entity to make rea- ssonable accommodation to the physical Abstract from the speech by A.Y. Dumbayev, oor mental impairments of the employee or Chairman of the ZHAN Asian Society of Disabled People aapplicant. Spain’s 2003 Law on Equality of OOpportunities, Non-discrimination and Full Participation) Act sets out a broad Universal Accessibility of Persons with policy framework for addressing disabil- Disabilities provides for reasonable ad- ity issues, establishes a number of bodies justment (Ajuste razonable). “Ajuste ra- at the national and state level to do this, zonable” is defined as “the measures of addresses prevention and early detection of disability, equality in employment and accommodating the physical, social and education, including affirmative action, attitudinal environment to the specific social security, accessible transport and needs of persons with disabilities which, buildings, the recognition of institutions in effective and practical form and with- for persons with disabilities, research into out supposing a disproportionate burden,

24 Ibidem. 25 http://www.invalid.kz. 26 From Isolation to Equality. Realizing the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. // Handbook for Parliamentarians: International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Optional Protocol. ¹ 14 – 2007. 27 Ibidem.

28 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 facilitate the accessibility or participation disproportionate burden. These include of a person with a disability in equal con- the practicability of the changes required, ditions as the rest of the citizenry”28 the cost involved, the nature, size and re- 1LEGAL COMPONENT The United Kingdom’s Disability sources of the entity involved, the avail- Discrimination Act of 1995 legislates the ability of other financial support, occu- duty of employers “to make adjustments”. pational health and safety implications, This duty applies where “any arrange- and the impact on the operations of the entity.29 ment” or “any physical feature of prem- Thus, the 2003 Spanish Law on ises” of employer “place[s] the disabled Equality of Opportunities, Non-discrimi- person concerned at a substantial disad- nation and Universal Accessibility of Per- vantage in comparison with persons who sons with Disabilities, providing for rea- are not disabled.” In such a case, “it is the sonable adjustment (Ajuste razonable), duty of the employer to take such steps as uses the term “disproportionate burden” it is reasonable, in all the circumstances (“carga desproporcionada”) in its legisla- of the case, for him to have to take in or- tion. The Law provides that “to determine der to prevent the arrangements or feature whether a burden is proportional or not having that effect.”, in particular: one must take into consideration the costs • making adjustments to premises; of the measure, the discriminatory effects failure to adopt the measure would imply • allocating some of the disabled for the persons with disabilities, the struc- person’s duties to another person; ture and characteristics of the person, en- tity or organization that must implement • transferring him/her to fill an ex- it and the possibility of obtaining official isting vacancy; financing or other assistance”. 30 Under the United Kingdom’s 1995 • altering his/her work hours; Disability Discrimination Act prohibit- ing discrimination on the grounds of dis- • assigning him/her to a different ability, an employer discriminates against place of work; a disabled person if two conditions are met: “(a) he fails to comply with a sec- • allowing him/her to be absent tion 6 duty [to make reasonable adjust- during working hours for rehabilitation, ments] imposed on him in relation to the assessment or treatment; disabled person; and (b) he cannot show that his failure to comply with that duty is • giving him/her, or arranging for 31 him/her to be given, training; justified.” Under the Australian Disability • acquiring or modifying equip- Discrimination Act of 1992, employers, ment; educational authorities and others are re- quired to make “reasonable adjustment” • modifying instructions or refer- as long as this would not impose an un- ence manuals; justifiable hardship or be unreasonable. Section 11 provides that “in determining • modifying procedures for testing what constitutes unjustifiable hardship, or assessment; all relevant circumstances of the particu- lar case are to be taken into account,” in- • providing a reader or interpreter; cluding: • the nature of the benefit or det- • providing supervision. riment likely to accrue or be suffered by In a number of countries, legislation any persons concerned; sets out the factors that should be taken into account when assessing whether the • the effect of the disability of a accommodation requested amounts to a person concerned;

28 From Isolation to Equality. Realizing the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. // Handbook for Parliamentarians: International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Optional Protocol. ¹ 14 – 2007. 29 Ibidem 30 Ibidem 31 Ibidem

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 29 • the financial circumstances and • order that the respondent shall em- 1 the estimated amount of expenditure re- ploy or re-employ the claimant; quired to be made by the person claiming unjustifiable hardship; and • order that the respondent shall pro- mote the claimant; • in the case of the provision of ser- vices, or the making available of facilities, • order that the respondent shall pay an action plan given to the Commission to the claimant damages by way of com- under section 64. pensation for any loss or damage suffered With regard to the costs to the em- by reason of the respondent’s conduct or ployer, the Australian Human Rights and act; LEGAL COMPONENT LEGAL Equal Opportunity Commission specifies • order that the respondent shall pay that consideration should be given to “the to the claimant punitive or exemplary net costs (or benefits) which are identifi- damages; or able or reasonably likely to result overall for the employer, not simply the direct or • make an order declaring void in 32 upfront or gross costs.” whole or in part either initially or from It should be mentioned that under such date as may be specified in the or- European law, it has been found appro- der, any contract or agreement made in priate to adopt special provisions relating contravention of this Ordinance.”33 to the burden of proof in discrimination The experience of the Federal Re- cases, including disability discrimination public of Germany is also interesting in cases. this regard. Thus, the Equal Rights Act According to the Convention on the stipulates that associations of disabled According to the Rights of Persons with Disabilities nation- persons recognised by the Federal Minis- Convention on the al law should ensure that a person who try of Healthcare and Social Security may Rights of Persons with has been subjected to unlawful discrimi- initiate legal action to assert equal rights Disabilities national nation is able to obtain an effective rem- of disabled persons. Actions are initiated law should ensure that if persons are not able to initiate a case a person who has been edy. themselves. subjected to unlawful Provisions of the Disability Discrimi- nation Ordinance of 1995 (P.R.C.) may In some countries, laws may also re- discrimination is able quire disability-aware procurement strat- serve as an example of legislative resolu- to obtain an effective egies, under which public agencies may remedy. tion of this issue. Under this Ordinance, be required to give preference to equip- when a claim of disability discrimination ment that is fully accessible or based on comes before the District Court in Hong the principle of inclusive design. Kong Special Administrative Region of The Convention obliges States parties China, the Court has wide-ranging reme- to recognize and promote the use of sign dial powers, which include the power, to: language. This would likely require some • make a declaration that the respon- implementing legislation. Currently some countries recognise dent has engaged in conduct, or com- the sign language at the legislative level. mitted an act, that is unlawful under this Thus, the Constitution of Uganda Ordinance, and order that the respondent specifically recognizes sign language shall not repeat or continue such unlaw- and the duty of the State to foster its de- ful conduct or act; velopment. Article 24 of the Constitution provides: “[T]he State shall promote the • order that the respondent shall per- development of a sign language for the deaf.”34 form any reasonable act or course of con- Section 17 of the Constitution of Fin- duct to redress any loss or damage suf- land (1995), Section 17 - Right to one’s fered by the claimant; language and culture, provides that: “[...]

32 From Isolation to Equality. Realizing the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. // Handbook for Parliamentarians: International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Optional Protocol. ¹ 14 – 2007. 33 Ibidem 34 From Isolation to equality. Realizing the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. // Handbook for Parliamentarians: International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Optional Protocol to it. ¹ 14 – 2007.

30 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 The rights of persons using sign language Federal Republic of Germany, persons and of persons in need of interpretation or with impaired hearing or speech may use translation aid owing to disability shall be the sign-language or other appropriate 35 1LEGAL COMPONENT guaranteed by an Act.” communication means at any administra- Article 101 of the 1999 Constitution tive and federal institutions. Such institu- of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela tions pays for these services themselves. provides: “The State guarantees the issu- The Convention calls the States Par- ance, receiving and circulation of cultural ties not only to recognise and support the information. The television media shall sign language, but also to adopt laws and include subtitles and translation into Ven- take appropriate measures to promote ac- ezuelan sign language for persons with cess for such persons to information af- hearing problems. The terms and modali- fecting their everyday life. ties of these obligations shall be estab- In most countries, there are no laws lished by law.”36 on providing information in accessible Thai Sign Language was acknowl- formats, such as Braille, audio formats or edged as “the national language of deaf sign language, or to make web-sites ac- people in Thailand” in August 1999, in a cessible. Often, even where there is leg- resolution signed by the Minister of Edu- islation, those laws have not been trans- cation on behalf of the Royal Thai Gov- lated into actual services. ernment. 37 In this case, the experience of some In 2006, the New Zealand Sign Lan- countries is the exception rather than the guage Act entered into force. That statute rule. So, the adoption of the Act on Equal provides for official recognition of New Opportunities for Disabled Persons in the Zealand Sign Language (NZSL), which is the first or preferred language of deaf New Zealanders. The Act recognizes deaf Article 10 of Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November people’s language as a unique New Zea- 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment land language and thus gives NZSL equal in employment and occupation provides: status to that of spoken languages. The Act provides for any person involved in “1. Member States shall take such measures as are necessary, legal proceedings to use NZSL in those in accordance with their national judicial systems, to ensure proceedings. The Act also provides that that, when persons who consider themselves wronged the deaf community should be consulted because the principle of equal treatment has not been on matters that affect their language, in- applied to them establish, before a court or other competent cluding, for example, the promotion of authority, facts from which it may be presumed that there the use of NZSL; that NZSL should be has been direct or indirect discrimination, it shall be for the used in promoting government services respondent to prove that there has been no breach of the and providing information to the public; principle of equal treatment. and that government services and infor- mation should be made accessible to 2. Paragraph 1 shall not prevent Member States from the deaf community through appropriate introducing rules of evidence which are more favourable to means, including the use of NZSL.38 plaintiffs”. The Act also provides that govern- ment departments should, as far as rea- sonably practicable, be guided by certain Federal Republic of Germany granted all principles about their interaction with the blind persons and persons with impaired deaf community (clause 9). Nothing in sight an opportunity to assert their rights this clause should be read as conferring in administrative authorities and to re- advantages on the deaf community that ceive documents in the form perceptible are not enjoyed by others (clause 9 (2)).39 for them. The right covers written an- According to the Act on Equal Op- nouncements, contracts and forms. Mod- portunities for Disabled Persons in the ern information technologies allow these

35 Ibidem. 36 Ibidem. 37 Ibidem. 38 Ibidem. 39 Ibidem.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 31 documents to be e-mailed. Blind persons training. Vouchers, personal accounts and and persons with poor sight should have cheques are provided to employees or an access to the Internet and a computer entity on a competitive basis for on-the- 1 42 should have Braille or voice output soft- job training purposes. In Poland, up to ware installed. Information may be saved 75% of costs of educating disabled per- on a floppy disk or CD in Braille or large sons can be paid from the Governmental font if required. Fund for Disabled Persons’ Rehabilita- It should be noted that some coun- tion.43 In France, entities allocate funds tries pay much attention to employment for vocational education purposes set as a of disabled persons and creating favour- certain percentage of wages, while within able conditions for private business. a region it is associations of professional So, in the US according to the laws unions and employers that decide the LEGAL COMPONENT LEGAL companies denying disabled persons em- form and the amount to be paid for staff ployment opportunities have to pay large training in the current year.44 fines. Companies employing disabled per- Furthermore, many countries provide sons are entitled to tax preferences. How- disabled persons with subsidies to start ever, no US law establishes the obligation their own businesses, and preferred taxa- of entrepreneurs to provide a certain per- tion, up to exemption from taxes, is ap- centage of jobs to disabled persons, i.e. plied. Programmes of support for disabled there is no legislation on job quotas for persons’ outwork and self-employment are practiced in Belgium, Greece, Portu- Kazakh laws and programme documents address integration gal and Luxembourg.45 of disabled persons into the society. In theory, the terms Most countries adopted standards of «inclusion» and «integration» are different. Therefore, disabled persons’ access to environmental review and analysis of materials concerning inclusion issues, ffacilities. For instance, the USA adopted especially in the area of disabled persons’ education and tthe Architectural Barriers Act in 1968 and employment, are of practical importance for Kazakhstan. established a special authority to monitor tthe removal of architectural barriers. In Austria, owners of private houses and ho- disabled persons. Each enterprise has an tels are entitled to financial incentives by opportunity to determine its own policies the government if they voluntarily comply in this regard.40 with requirements of architectural stan- In South Korea, an employer is en- dards taking into accounts the needs of titled to governmental subsidies if he, disabled persons. Current practice without being obliged to employ disabled One should also mention a close cor- shows that disabled persons, employs them and they account relation between the level of education persons cannot for 2% and more employees. Lump-sum compete with non- financial aid is paid to employers when- of disabled persons and degree of their disabled employees ever they hire a new disabled person.41 participation in social life. In 1994, the in terms of the cost Western countries use vocational global community declared universality of their products and training in variable forms as a key method as the principle of vocational education. services despite their of risk group integration into employment In developed economies disabled per- high quality. and a condition for their carrier advance- sons go to regular schools. Such a policy ment. The Government uses direct and is recommended by UNESCO. However, indirect (tax preferences) methods to fund despite this recommendation many coun-

40 http://www.invalid.kz. 41 Kostyunina G.Ì. Social Policy in the Domain of Labour (Experience of the Republic of Korea) // Labour abroad/Trud Za Rubezhom- 2000. N 4. p. 31. 42 Shmidt V.R. Organising On-The-Job Training in Developed Western Countries // Labour abroad/Trud Za Rubezhom- 2005. N 3. p. 76 - 90. 43 Labour and Social Law of Foreign Countries: Basic Institutions. Comparative Law Research / edited by E. B. Frenkel. - Ì.: Yurist, 2002. - p. 335. 44 Muravyova Í.Â. Transformation of the Professional Education and Training System // Labour abroad/Trud Za Rubezhom - 2006. - N 3. - p. 72. 45 Tsyganov Ì.Å.Integration of Disabled Persons into Employment: Experience of European Union Countries //Labour abroad/Trud Za Rubezhom - 2003. - N 4. - p. 50, 54 , etc.

32 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 tries including CIS states practice special • not more than 20 children in a vocational training for disabled persons.46 class; In this connection it should be noted • not more than 2 children with 1LEGAL COMPONENT that one of principles of the Convention development peculiarities in a class; on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities • special measures to support chil- is “full and effective participation and in- dren with special needs are “built into” clusion in society”. lessons; In the US, the concept of inclusive • special programme classes are education was realised in the Act on the abolished; Right of all Children with Special Needs • special teachers join teams of for Education, subsequently, the Educa- regular school teachers; tion for All Handicapped Children Act • both categories of teachers inter- adopted in 1975. The Law designed to act with all pupils. guarantee free education for disabled • the official ratio of special teach- children within the general education ers to pupils with special needs is 1:4, but actually it approximated 1:2. system sets out that children shall be en- • pupils shall learn the Braille al- rolled in special educational institutions phabet or sign-language in case a deaf or or special classes only in exceptional The Convention calls a blind child is in the class. cases. After numerous amendments the the States Parties The priority objective of the new law not only to recognise Law put an even stronger emphasis on of 1992 is not only socialisation but also and support the sign the importance of an inclusive approach, high-quality academics teaching. language, but also to promotes principles of inclusion in the The peculiarity of the Italian ap- adopt laws and take system of higher education, and expands proach is close interaction and coopera- appropriate measures powers of federal institutions to monitor tion of schools and specialists of health- to promote access the implementation of the national policy care organisations involved in diagnostics for such persons to of equal educational opportunities. Fur- and therapy, including doctors, psycholo- information affecting thermore, the Individuals with Disabili- gists, social workers, nurses, speech thera- their everyday life. ties Education Act obliges public schools pists; functional and physical therapists.47 to provide free education ensuring maxi- The Italian experience of inclusion of mum access to disabled children and children with special needs in the educa- taking into account special educational tional process is widespread all over the needs. American education laws contain world. the term “least restrictive environment”, Despite challenges of a transition to- which is presumed to be a regular school, wards inclusive education, this process however, a child can receive education- started in CIS countries. Special regula- al services in a special class or school if tions in this area already exist in Arme- needed, but full inclusion into the educa- nia and Belarus. Russian laws are being tional environment should be one of the amended, with certain methodological aims of such services. guidelines on inclusive education organi- sation provided in letters of the Russian The Italian experience of “including” Education and Science Ministry. children with special needs is especially interesting. The first law on the rights of children with special needs to education in general Italian schools was adopted in 1971. This law established only general basic requirements. The law of 1977 established definite standards for education of children with special needs in general schools:

46 Problems of Legislative Support of Social Security of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation (for a meeting of the Round Table of the Committee of the Federation Council on Social Policy «Implementation of Social Security of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation »). Analytical News/ Analitichesky Vestnic ¹ 4(197). - Moscow, 2003. 47 N. Groznaya. Inclusive Education: History and International Experience. //Downside Up Charity Fund, Moscow.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 33 1.2.2. Legislation of CIS Countries sions of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. 1 The CIS states’ laws in the area of In this area the Russian Federa- social protection of disabled persons can- tion has made significant progress as its not boast of significant variety, as princi- national laws as well as the laws of the pal laws in this area are similar to each Republic of Kazakhstan contain many other and in some aspects do not comply principles and comply with the require- with regulations of the Convention on the ments of the Convention on the Rights of Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Persons with Disabilities. A list of titles of basic laws of CIS The Council for the Disabled was countries in the area of social security of established under the aegis of the Presi- disabled persons is provided below: dent of the Russian Federation. The rel-

LEGAL COMPONENT LEGAL • The Law on Social Security System evant Decree No. 1792 was signed by the for Disabled Persons in the Republic of President of the Russian Federation on 17 Uzbekistan (1991); December 2008. The Council is a consultative body • The Republic of Moldova Law on developing proposals on modernisation Social Security of Disabled Persons (1991); of laws in the area of creating equal op- portunities for disabled persons, social • The Law of Ukraine on Funda- security of disabled persons and govern- mentals of the Social Security System ment support measures. The Council will for Disabled Persons in Ukraine (1991); also contribute to development of key di- rections of the government policies re- • The Law on Social Protection garding disabled persons. of Disabled Persons in the Republic of The Council headed by the Chief Belarus (1991) (as amended in 2000); of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation includes members of Kazakhstan signed • The Law of the Republic of Tajiki- the Office of the President of the Russian the Convention on stan on Social Security System for Dis- Federation, Government, the State Duma, the Rights of Persons abled Persons in the Republic of Tajiki- the Public Chamber and public organisa- with Disabilities stan (1991); tions of disabled persons. and the Optional The provisions of the Convention on Protocol thereto on 11 • Turkmenistan Law on Social Secu- the Rights of Persons with Disabilities re- December 2008. rity System for Disabled Persons in Turk- lated to the necessity of efficient and ap- Upon signing menistan (1992); propriate measures are especially impor- international legal tant so as to: treaties, Kazakhstan • The Law of the Republic of Arme- • increase the awareness of the so- undertakes to take nia on Social Protection of Disabled Per- ciety on disabled persons in general and appropriate measures sons in the Republic of Armenia (1993); strengthen the respect for their rights and to secure the rights of dignity; disabled persons in • The Law of the Russian Federation access to employment, on Social Protection of Disabled Persons • overcome stereotypes, narrow- justice, education, in Russian Federation (1995); mindedness and harmful practice towards healthcare and disabled persons, including those on the mobility. • The Law of Kyrgyz Republic on the grounds of gender and age, in any sphere Rights and Guarantees of Persons with of life; Limited Health Abilities (2008). It should be noted that Turkmenistan • improve understanding of the po- is the only CIS state to have ratified the tential and contribution of disabled per- Convention on the Rights of Persons with sons. Disabilities. The issue of employment of disabled Among CIS states only the Republic persons is also important. of Kazakhstan, Russia, Moldova, Ukraine, Tax preferences for employers em- Armenia and Azerbaijan have signed the ploying disabled persons and organising Convention on the Rights of Persons with their training established in the federal Disabilities and the Optional Protocol. laws do not compensate for required ex- Currently some CIS states take efforts penses. to align their national laws with the provi- It is necessary to note that in the Rus-

34 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 sian Federation there is discrimination orders to Russian organisations of dis- against persons with disabilities in the abled persons in the area of contractual closed labour market. So, even if some prices. But the guarantees of such orders 1LEGAL COMPONENT support measures are provided to the are not sufficient and supply of work for Russian associations of disabled persons, disabled people still remains the main their organisations and institutions (for challenge for specialised companies of example, tax preferences provided for by disabled persons. Articles 381.3 and 395.5 of the RF TC), re- The issues of reserving jobs for gional and local associations of disabled disabled persons are not completely re- persons, their organisations and institu- solved by the Russian legislation. The tions are not entitled to such measures. List of Priority Professions of Employees The fact that resolution of issues of and Officers, which would make disabled government support to the same category persons competitive in regional labour of disabled citizens depends on the status markets (engravers, dispatchers, lawyers of the non-government organisation does and so on, a total of 100 professions) was not comply with norms of international approved at the federal level by the Reso- labour laws and, in fact, discriminates lution of the RF Labour Ministry as of 8 against disabled persons.48 September 1993 # 150. Current practice shows that disabled At the same time disabled persons persons cannot compete with non-dis- have the right to choose the profession abled employees in terms of the cost of suiting their health condition, whereas their products and services despite their certain vacancies require certain qualifi- high quality. To preserve jobs for disabled cation of employees, especially so under persons, the RF Federal Law as of 21 July the conditions of market competition. 2005, N 94-FZ on Placing Orders for Sup- However, some regional acts still ply of Goods, Execution of Works, Ren- equate the concept of quotas with job re- dering Services for State and Municipal serves for disabled persons. Needs provides some advantages for the

1.3. The Republic of Kazakhstan Laws in the Area of Protection of Disabled Persons’ Rights, Freedoms and Interests

Current laws of the Republic of Ka- Kazakhstan signed the Convention zakhstan in the area of disabled persons’ on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities rights protection are based on the provi- and the Optional Protocol thereto on 11 sions of the Constitution of the Repub- December 2008. lic of Kazakhstan and the basic Law on Upon signing international legal Social Protection of Disabled Persons in treaties, Kazakhstan undertakes to take the Republic of Kazakhstan as of 13 April appropriate measures to secure the rights 2005. of disabled persons in access to employ- The Constitution of the Republic of ment, justice, education, healthcare and Kazakhstan proclaims an individual, his mobility. life, rights and freedoms to be the highest It should be noted that to date Ka- values. zakhstan has signed almost all interna- Kazakhstan’s active work to imple- tional legal treaties that are basic to secure ment and put into practice international human rights. In 2008 Optional Protocols legal treaties is a logical consequence of to the International Covenant on Civil the state’s intention to achieve the highest and Political Rights and the Convention level of protection of an individual’s and against Torture were ratified. secure his/her safe existence. The adoption of the Law on Social

48 Mikhailov A.A. Comment on the Laws on Social Services to and Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation // Employer (Rabotodatel) - 2006. - N 1. - p. 29 - 30.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 35 Protection of Disabled Persons in the Re- regulatory acts including the rights to so- public of Kazakhstan laid the foundation cial security including rehabilitation and 1 for the modern legal framework for social integration into the society; provision of security of disabled persons. Preventive access to social infrastructure, informa- measures, social security, including reha- tion, education, choice of activity, includ- bilitation of disabled persons and their in- ing career, guaranteed scope of free medi- tegration into the society are key priorities cal aid as set by the laws of the Republic of governmental social policy concerning of Kazakhstan, vocational training and disabled persons. retaining, rehabilitation and employment; Article 5 of this Law contains the fol- housing in line with the housing laws in lowing basic principles of the governmen- the Republic of Kazakhstan; high-prior- tal policy in the area of disabled persons ity services in governmental and other

LEGAL COMPONENT LEGAL social protection: legitimacy, humanity, organisations, including institutions of observance of human rights; guarantee healthcare, culture, communications, of social protection, provision of access transportation, services; support of cre- to medical, social and professional re- ative abilities of disabled persons. habilitation; access and equal rights for According to Article 15 of the Law disabled persons to healthcare, education social security of disabled persons is pro- and choice of activities including career; vided through social aid, medical, social interaction of governmental authorities and professional rehabilitation, educa- with non-governmental organisations and tion and other measures aimed to secure other organisations working to protect the equal opportunities of participation in so- rights and legal interests of disabled per- cial life. sons; prohibition of discrimination on the Social aid to disabled persons in- grounds of disability. cludes state benefits, compensations and According to provisions of Article other payments established by the laws of 14, disabled persons in the Republic of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan shall have all social, eco- Local executive authorities and em- nomic and personal rights and freedoms ployers may provide some extra types of enshrined in the Constitution and other social aid.

Prosecution Office of Bostandyk Raion of Almaty city stood up for minors during a check-up aimed to protect and support the legal rights of children with disabilities in Almaty Home for Children with Mental Disabilities. This check has exposed violations in untimely execution and submission of appropriate documents to the State Pension Centre for obtaining benefits, which resulted in the loss of funds.

Disability benefits overdue because of delays in respective formalities for 28 children living in the above-mentioned home totalled KZT 1,293,300.

The situation described above has taken place as a result of untimely submission, by the Home for Children with Mental Disabilities of documents necessary to apply for and receive benefits, thus violating the constitutional rights of 28 children as established by Article 28 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which ensures minimum wages and pensions and social security in old age, in case of illness, disability, loss of breadwinner and on other legal grounds.

The Raion Prosecution Office made prosecutor’s recommendations to the authorised body that these violations of law had to be corrected. Six claims have been filed and are currently under investigation.

22.04.2009 Statement by the General Prosecution of the RK http://www.newsfactory.kz/41680.htm

36 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Thus, one can state that the laws of need them because of disability, loss of the Republic of Kazakhstan relating to breadwinner and old age. disabled persons are based on the con- According to the Law disabled per- 1LEGAL COMPONENT cept of social protection, i.e. guarantee- sons depending on the disability category ing protection of social rights, exercise and reasons of illness receive a basic state of which should promote the exercise of social benefit regardless their working re- other rights. cord and average monthly income. Certainly, it would be incorrect to Furthermore, when reaching the state that other rights of disabled persons pension age established in the laws, a dis- are not protected by the laws of the coun- abled person is granted a state basic pen- try; indeed, they are guaranteed by gener- sion benefit. al regulations on human rights and other According to the Law on Obligatory regulations of different sector laws. Our Social Security, obligatory social security research should analyse the efficiency of was introduced in the Republic on 1 Janu- general disabled persons regulations and ary 2005. recommend amendments to both general The Law on Employer’s Liability In- and special laws. surance against Injury or Disease of their Employees Arising out of their Employ- 1.3.1 Social Security Legislation ment is adopted as of 7 February 2005 to create social guarantees and provide se- According to Article 28.1 of the Con- curity of employed citizens and increase stitution citizens of the Republic of Ka- the interest of the employer in measures zakhstan are guaranteed minimum wages to prevent occupational accidents, in is- and pensions, social security in old age, sues of working conditions and safety illness, loss of breadwinner and on other improvement, and regulation of issues of legal grounds. compensation for injury or disease of the Social support in case of disabil- employee if the company is liquidated. ity, loss of breadwinner and other legal According to Article 35 of the Law on In Kazakhstan grounds is regulated by the Law on State Social Protection of Disabled Persons in disabled persons are Social Disability Benefits, Survivor’s Al- the Republic of Kazakhstan harm to per- supported through lowances and Old-Age Benefits in the social payments Republic of Kazakhstan of 16 June 1997. sons disabled because of an occupational (disability benefi t and Relations in the area of social security of injury or disease through the employer’s citizens entitled to a special state benefit fault shall be entitled to compensation in special state benefi t), are regulated by Law of the Republic of accordance with the laws of the Republic measures of medical, Kazakhstan on Special State Benefit in the of Kazakhstan. social and vocational Republic of Kazakhstan of 5 April 1999. At the same time the laws of the Re- rehabilitation. In Kazakhstan disabled persons are public of Kazakhstan do not provide for supported through social payments (dis- special regulations regarding compensa- ability benefit and special state benefit), tion of damages to disabled persons aris- measures of medical, social and voca- ing out of their employment. Damages tional rehabilitation. are compensated in accordance with the According to the Law on State So- cial Disability Benefits, Survivor’s Allow- regulations related to employer’s liabil- ances and Old-Age Social Benefits in the ity for damage to an employee’s life and Republic of Kazakhstan citizens of the health.49 Republic of Kazakhstan, foreigners and Division of powers between the stateless persons permanently residing in social security authority and its territo- the Republic of Kazakhstan may get basic rial divisions requires special attention of governmental social disability benefits, lawmakers. survivor’s allowances and old-age social It is advisable to clarify the provisions benefits. of the Law on Social Protection of Dis- State social benefits are a part of the abled Persons in the Republic of Kazakh- system of state social security and repre- stan regarding control over compliance sent periodical payments to citizens that with laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan

49 Kardash T.G. Analytical Note on the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan Law «On Social Protection of Disabled People in the Republic of Kazakhstan» dated 13 April 2005//Institute of Legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2007.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 37 on the social security of disabled persons lence and abuse the Republic of Kazakh- by dividing the powers of state labour in- stan should ensure that all facilities and 1 spectors of the RK MLSP (the Ministry of programmes designed to serve persons Labour and Social Protection of the Re- with disabilities are effectively monitored public of Kazakhstan), the social security by independent authorities. authority and its territorial divisions (such The above provision of the Conven- authority being the RK MLSP).50 tion indicates an actual and urgent prob- According to Article 16.2 of the RK lem existing in Kazakhstan. Despite all Law on Social Protection of Disabled Per- efforts and success of disabled persons sons in the Republic of Kazakhstan local and disabled children in society and in executive authorities and employers may the family, the majority is still in boarding provide extra types of social aid. How- schools, psycho-neurological boarding

LEGAL COMPONENT LEGAL ever, this wording in practice is limited to schools and nursing homes. extra aid by the employer and local ex- The management of the above insti- ecutive bodies. At the same time, in our tutions functions as custodians with the view, extra aid can be granted by crisis regard to children and also incapable per- centres, charity originations, public asso- sons, i.e. controls disposition of property ciations of disabled persons, etc.51 of such persons, decides their educational In connection with the coming ratifi- path and make other important decisions. cation of the Convention on the Rights of Custodian and guardianship bodies Persons with Disabilities and according are formally responsible for control and to Article 23.5 of the Convention the Re- supervision over such institutions and public of Kazakhstan should, where the proper execution of functions by custo- immediate family is unable to care for a dians. However, such bodies cannot be child with disabilities, undertake every ef- considered “independent” from the point fort to provide alternative care within the of view of the Convention, as they form In connection with the wider family, and failing that, within the the part of same system of the govern- coming ratifi cation community setting. mental executive authority as social pro- of the Convention on In this connection it is necessary to tection and education institutions. the Rights of Persons mention that despite separate attempts to We believe that obligatory public with Disabilities create a family setting for children with- control over such institutions could re- and according to out parental care (patronage families, solve the problem. Article 23.5 of family-type children’s homes) undertaken the Convention in the Republic appear to be quite suc- 1.3.2. Social Services Legislation the Republic of cessful, no targeted policy is implemented Kazakhstan should, in this area. The RK Law on Special Social Servic- where the immediate Granting significant incentives to es signed by the President on December family is unable to families willing to care after disabled 29, 2008, marks real progress in the area care for a child with children without parental care and also of social services to persons with limited disabilities, undertake legal pre-conditions to develop alterna- abilities. every effort to provide tive forms of custody and guardianship The Law on Special Social Services alternative care within (private orphanages, specialised villages, aimed to develop a special social ser- the wider family, and etc.) could resolve the problem. The lat- vices market is based on the necessity to failing that, within the ter requires significant corrections in legal form unified approaches and principles of community setting. regulation of custody and guardianship in special social services classification and general and not only in connection with specification within a guaranteed mini- disabled persons. mum and extra special social services. Furthermore, it should be noted that The other reason is the necessity to unify according to Article 16.3 of the Conven- the laws and develop unified principles tion on the Rights of Persons with Disabil- regulating the relations in the area of spe- ities, upon ratification of the international cial social services, established by law of legal treaty, in order to prevent the oc- the Republic of Kazakhstan. At the same currence of all forms of exploitation, vio-

50 Kardash T.G. Analytical Note on the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan Law «On Social Protection of Disabled People in the Republic of Kazakhstan» dated 13 April 2005//Institute of Legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2007. 51 Ibidem.

38 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 time, it identifies the legal status of social 10) de-institutionalization. services and organisations, the unified The Law on Amendments to Some mechanism of social assistance, the rights Legal Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan 1LEGAL COMPONENT and obligations of social workers. Certain on the Issues of Special Social Services types of social services can be provided introduced changes to the Code on Ad- through state procurements based on the ministrative Violations of the Republic of state social order. Kazakhstan in the area of responsibility According to Article 14.1 of the Law for the violation of the terms established “special social services shall be granted for the assessment and decision-making on the basis of assessment and identifica- on special social services and the re- tion of special social service needs of a sponsibility for the failure to render the person (family) experiencing adverse life guaranteed scope of free social services. circumstances to be identified by the re- The Republic of Kazakhstan Law on State spective social officer“. Procurements was amended in the area of The criteria to assess and identify the special procedures to be applied to state need for special social services are as follows: procurements related to the guaranteed 1) limited vital functions; scope of special social services. The Laws on Licensing and on Private 2) social maladjustment; Entrepreneurship were also amended.

3) social deprivation; 1.3.3. Legislation concerning Housing and Accessibility to 4) unfavourable social environ- ment. Locations of Social Infrastructure According to provisions of Article and Information 6 of this Law “a person (family) can be found to be in adverse life circumstances In accordance with the Article 25.2 The responsibilities on the following grounds: of the RK Constitution conditions shall be of local executive 1) orphanage; created in the Republic of Kazakhstan to authorities, provide citizens with housing. Citizens in companies and 2) lack of parental care; need of housing shall be categorized in a individuals involved manner to be prescribed by law and pro- in business activities 3) neglect of underage children in- vided with housing at an affordable price related to the access cluding their deviant behaviour; from the state housing funds in accor- of disabled persons to dance with the norms stipulated by law. social infrastructure 4) limitation of early psycho-physi- The above provision of the Constitu- facilities are set out in cal development of children under 3 years tion was further developed in the Law on Article 25 of the Law of age; Housing dated 16 April 1997 and the Law on Social Protection on Social Protection of Disabled Persons of Disabled Persons 5) permanent impairment of body in the Republic of Kazakhstan. in the Republic of functions because of physical and (or) In accordance with Article 67.1 of Kazakhstan. mental abilities; the Law on Housing, housing from state housing funds or housing rented by ex- 6) limitation of vital functions as a ecutive authorities from the private hous- result of socially significant diseases and ing fund should be provided to citizens of diseases endangering surrounding peo- the Republic of Kazakhstan permanently ple; residing in a certain populated centre (ir- respective of the period of their residence) 7) loss of autonomy due to old age, and belonging to low-income and social- disease and (or) disability; ly protected groups. According to Article 68 of this Law 8) abusive treatment resulting in disabled persons of disability categories I social maladjustment and social depriva- and II (except for persons disabled as a tion; result of crimes they committed), families raising disabled children belong to pro- 9) homelessness (persons with no tected groups of the population. fixed abode); In accordance with the Law hous- ing is provided to disabled persons, el-

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 39 derly persons and persons suffering from be provided to disabled persons or fami- cardiovascular and other severe diseases lies with disabled members. 1 from state housing funds or housing rent- But the law does not identify any ed by a local executive authority from mechanisms to implement the norms re- the private housing fund. Such persons’ lating to special aids and devices.52 wish to occupy housing in lower floors or According to the Article 11 of the houses equipped with elevators is to be Law on Architectural, City Planning and taken into account. Construction Activities in the Republic of In accordance with an individual re- Kazakhstan dated 16 July 2001: habilitation programme disabled persons • optimum conditions and aids are granted the right to choose housing of access to work places, facilities (con- considering the number of floors, type of structions, communications) of social,

LEGAL COMPONENT LEGAL the house, degree of provision with ame- recreational, engineering and transport nities and other necessary conditions. infrastructure in accordance with the type Low-income groups of population of a settlement and local conditions shall are provided with compensations (hous- be established for all categories of popu- ing allowances) to reimburse for their ex- lation (including disabled persons and penses for utility services and rental fees if other low-mobile groups); the housing is rented from the state fund. Housing allowances are provided for • city planning documents of set- a six-month period after the date of ap- tlements shall contain sections related plication. to conditions to be created for disabled It should be noted that the legisla- persons and other low-mobile groups of tion of the Republic of Kazakhstan con- population social and recreation infra- tains several norms aimed at removing the structure facilities. obstacles for disabled persons to exercise The above provisions are not con- their rights. tained in appropriate by-laws, which According to sub-item 2 of item 1 of means that they are of declaratory nature. Article 26 of the RK Law on Social Protec- The responsibilities of local execu- tion of Disabled Persons in the Republic tive authorities, companies and individu- of Kazakhstan and in compliance with the als involved in business activities related procedures established in the legislation to the access of disabled persons to social of the Republic of Kazakhstan and indi- infrastructure facilities are set out in Ar- vidual rehabilitation programmes, local ticle 25 of the Law on Social Protection executive authorities ensure installation of Disabled Persons in the Republic of of special aids and devices in housing to Kazakhstan. The above wording allows different interpretations. In our opinion, the respon- sibilities to provide access for disabled persons to social infrastructure facilities and appropriate liability for the failure to comply with such responsibilities should be applied to new and re-constructed fa- cilities. It is necessary to identify a list of social infrastructure facilities whose re- construction could be possible given re- quirements of access for disabled persons and appropriate sources of funding.53 In accordance with Article 27 of the Republic of Kazakhstan Law on Automo- bile Transport dated 4 July 2003, disabled

52 Kardash T.G. Analytical Note on the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan Law «On Social Protection of Disabled People in the Republic of Kazakhstan» dated 13 April 2005//Institute of Legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2007. 53 Ibidem.

40 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 persons shall enjoy the right to have a pri- ority when taking a bus, a taxi and occupy special seats in the front part of a bus dur- 1LEGAL COMPONENT ing transportation. (Disabled) participants of the Great Patriotic War and persons with an equivalent status shall enjoy the right to have a priority when buying tick- ets. In accordance with the same article special devices shall be arranged at bus stations for disabled passengers’ boarding and disembarking. Article 27.3 stating that “public transport shall be equipped with devices for disabled passengers’ boarding and disembarking. Individuals and com- panies possessing vehicles appropriately equipped for access of disabled persons shall have a priority at tenders for the right to serve passenger transportation routes arranged by local authorities” came into force on 1 January 2007. disabilitiesdi bili i haveh equall rightsi h withi h respect In accordance with Article 27 of the to family life. With a view to realizing RK Law on Social Protection of Disabled these rights and preventing concealment, Persons in the Republic of Kazakhstan lo- abandonment, neglect and segregation of cal executive authorities provide disabled children with disabilities, States Parties persons with access to cultural events, should undertake to provide early and sports facilities to allow their involvement comprehensive information, services and The States Parties into physical training and sports and pro- support to children with disabilities and should ensure vide them with special sports equipment. their families. that children with Disabled persons with the first or second Despite the declared principle of disabilities have category of disability and disabled chil- freedom of information and the citizens’ equal rights with dren under the age of eighteen enjoy all right to information, the legislation of respect to family life. the above services at the budget expense the Republic of Kazakhstan lacks direct With a view to realiz- while persons with the third disability cat- norms obliging parties to provide such in- ing these rights and egory pay 50% of the price. formation to disabled persons as well as preventing conceal- At the same time, disabled persons’ the procedures regulating the provision of ment, abandonment, rights of access to social infrastructure, such information and the rights of disabled neglect and segre- transport, culture and entertainment persons to require such information. gation of children events, sports complexes, priority servic- So, in accordance with the Article 28 with disabilities, es in health and culture institutions set of the Law on Social Protection of Dis- States Parties should out in legislative acts are not supported abled Persons in the Republic of Kazakh- undertake to provide with by respective implementation mech- stan enacted on 1 January 2006, the state early and compre- anisms. The mechanisms for allocation shall provide access to information for hensive information, of funds to ensure disabled persons’ ac- disabled persons. But its implementation services and sup- cess to cultural and entertainment events, depends on appropriate mechanisms to port to children with sports facilities and their involvement in be developed to ensure practical imple- disabilities and their sports and physical training are still ab- mentation of the duties imposed on the families. sent. state. In accordance with sub-item h) of Meanwhile, the situation in the area item 1 of Article 4, Item 3 of Article 23 of informing disabled persons is extremely of the Convention on the Rights of Per- serious and this issue remains vital. sons with Disabilities, the participating It is necessary to adopt a legislative states shall provide disabled persons with act establishing the minimum amount of accessible information about mobility obligatory information to be provided to aids, devices and assistive technologies, disabled persons in an accessible form including new technologies, as well as and identifying appropriate procedures other forms of assistance, support services and responsible governmental institution. and facilities. At the same time, the States In accordance with Item 3 of Article Parties should ensure that children with 31 of the Convention on the Rights of Per-

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 41 sons with Disabilities States Parties under- are recognised as absolute and inalien- take to collect appropriate information, able (the RK Constitution Article 12.2). 1 including statistical and research data, to The same relates to the right of disabled enable them to formulate and implement persons in question. Declaring health policies to give effect to this Convention. protection right (Article 29.1) the RK Con- States Parties should assume respon- stitution defines it as the right of a citizen sibility for the dissemination of these sta- gained by virtue of his/her citizenship. tistics and ensure their accessibility to The constitutional right to health persons with disabilities and others. protection established in Article 29 pro- Currently the most important infor- vides for the existence of provisions con- mation relating to the compliance with taining guarantees of health protection the requirements of the Convention and rights (Articles 15, 17, 24, 28 of the RK

LEGAL COMPONENT LEGAL internal provisions of the legislation is Constitution) as well as their protection practically unavailable. For instance, (Articles 27, 31 of the RK Constitution). there are no official data from govern- In accordance with Article 17.2 of mental sources on the RK Constitution nobody must be sub- à) the number of disabled children jected to treatment or punishment that receiving integrated education; is cruel or humiliating to human dignity. Constitutional rights to safe and hygienic b) the number of disabled persons conditions (the RK Constitution, Article withdrawn from families, their fate, etc. 24.2) stem from the health protection The ratification of the Convention on right. At the same time, a social illness the Rights of Persons with Disabilities by or disability benefit is guaranteed (the RK the Republic of Kazakhstan will require constitution, Article 28.1) . governmental authorities to make serious So, the set of rights requiring not only efforts to collect and disseminate informa- recognition and compliance with, but tion necessary for disabled people. also appropriate enforcement activity of the state has been enshrined in the Con- 1.3.4. Healthcare Legislation stitution. More specifically, the responsibility Health protection in Republic of of the state to protect population’s health Kazakhstan relates to constitutional, i.e. is set out in the Kazakhstani healthcare basic human rights fixed in the Constitu- legislation, which includes 15 regulatory tion. acts at the level of laws and numerous acts Everybody has basic key human at the by-law level regulating public rela- rights and freedoms since birth, which tions in the area of health, which causes certain problems for their enforcement. The Law on Healthcare System of According to national MSE board 99% of people with 4 June 2003 and the Law on Citizens’ disabilities are sent for medical rehabilitation under IRPs. Health Protection in the Republic of Ka- As the RK Ministry of Health reports, 98% of people with zakhstan of 7 July 2006 are basic legisla- disabilities take the opportunity of medical rehabilitation. tive acts in the area of health. Article 5 of the Law on Healthcare This is, mildly speaking, not objective as the medical System establishes the following state rehabilitation does not form part of guaranteed free medical guarantees to secure citizens’ rights in the service. Moreover, the healthcare standards themselves area of health: guaranteed amount of free do no list medical rehabilitation services for people with medical assistance, equal access to first disabilities. medical and sanitary aids, paid medical assistance in state and private medical This is why medical rehabilitation is often limited by visits institutions, and assistance rendered by from a general practitioner taking blood pressure and individuals involved in private medical temperature, and giving numerous prescriptions. There practice, sanitary and epidemiological is no single medical rehabilitation centre for adults with welfare, quality, content and the scope of disabilities in Kazakhstan. free and/ or paid medical assistance ac- cording to uniform healthcare standards, Comments by G. M. Chetverikov, Chairman of Pavlodar the right to freedom of entrepreneurial Oblast Voluntary Society of Disabled People PS activity in the area of medical assistance,

42 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 pharmaceuticals production and sales. The Republic of Kazakhstan declares Article 3 of the Law on Citizens’ the liberty of movement as prescribed Health Protection in the Republic of Ka- with no special limitations on disabled 1LEGAL COMPONENT zakhstan sets out the following key prin- persons in this respect. ciples of governmental policy in the area Nevertheless, disabled persons face of citizens’ health protection: accessibility a significant obstacle in this area. and quality of medical assistance, joint Disabled people often severely need and several liability of the state, em- various medical and non-medical reha- ployers and citizens for protection and bilitation measures, services and means. improvement of individuals’ and public In accordance with current legislation health; guaranteed scope of free medical individual rehabilitation programmes aid to citizens of the Republic of Kazakh- (“IRPs”) specifying various (most often stan, preventive medical assistance and public) organisations and institutions as activities of the healthcare system; inter- providers of these services are developed sectoral interaction, patients’ rights pro- for disabled persons. tection. While the issue of medical assistance In accordance with the Law on Social rendered beyond the residence place is Protection of Disabled Persons in the Re- principally settled by the legislation, pro- public of Kazakhstan medical and social vision of other services being rendered in expertise is arranged in accordance with case of a disabled person’s re-location to the procedures established by the Gov- another place (for instance, for medical ernment of the Republic of Kazakhstan. treatment or due to family reasons) has In accordance with the provisions of the not been covered by the legislation, no Law on obligatory employer’s liability for procedures are established for cases when damage to life and health of the employee the provider of IRPs is changed. arising out of employment the procedures So, disabled persons (especially dis- The ratifi cation of of the employee examination shall be ap- abled children) appear tied to govern- the Convention on proved by authorised healthcare body. mental education and social protection the Rights of Persons Examinations being arranged in the institutions at the place of their residence, with Disabilities form of medical and social expertise ex- which constitutes a violation of their right by the Republic of cludes the objective need for different to liberty of movement. Kazakhstan will legal regulation of the same procedure We consider it necessary to develop require governmental of medical and social expertise includ- a mechanism of changes of rehabilita- authorities to ing identification of professional disabil- tion providers for a disabled person in make serious ity category in different by-laws. In this case of his/her relocation and interstate efforts to collect connection, we think that the provisions agreements providing for rehabilitation of and disseminate of the Law on Employer’s Liability in the moving disabled persons on a reciprocal information area of examination (medical and social basis. necessary for expertise) should be brought in line with In accordance with Article 22.2 of disabled people. the provisions of the Law on Social Pro- the Convention on the Rights of Persons tection of Disabled Persons in the Repub- with Disabilities States Parties should pro- lic of Kazakhstan.54 tect the privacy of personal, health and At the same time, it is necessary to rehabilitation information of persons with note that the issues related to the re-ex- disabilities on an equal basis with others. amination periods have arisen in the law Despite the fact that the current leg- enforcement area until recently. Certain islation of the Republic of Kazakhstan progress has been achieved in resolution declares the protection of medical secrets of these issues. In accordance with Article including the right to appeal for medical 18.1 of the Convention on the Rights of assistance, the above provision relating to Persons with Disabilities States Parties disabled persons is often violated. Some- shall recognize the rights of persons with times the requirements by social or educa- disabilities to liberty of movement, to tional institutions to provide medical cer- freedom to choose their residence and to tificates not required by law, disclosure of nationality, on an equal basis with others. information on the health condition at the

54 Kardash T.G. Analytical Note on the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan Law «On Social Protection of Disabled People in the Republic of Kazakhstan» dated 13 April 2005//Institute of Legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2007.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 43 1.3.5.1 Education Legislation 1 The basic education law in the Re- ppublic of Kazakhstan is the RK Law on EEducation dated 27 July 2007. According to the provisions of Article 8 of this Law, citizens of the Republic of KKazakhstan have the right to free pre- sschool, primary, basic and comprehen- ssive secondary education and, on a com- ppetitive basis, in accordance with state

LEGAL COMPONENT LEGAL eeducational order, the right to free techni- ccal and vocational, post-secondary, high- eer and post-graduate education if citizens gget each of these levels of education for tthe first time. The State should compen- ssate expenses of citizens of the Republic oof Kazakhstan requiring social assistance dduring the study in full or in part. The assistance is provided to the fol- place of disabled person’s work or study, llowing social categories of citizens of the are unsanctioned by such person. Later Republic of Kazakhstan: orphaned and information can be disclosed and become abandoned children without parental a subject for discussions and a reason for care; mentally handicapped children, dis- pressure on disabled persons, etc. abled persons and persons disabled from We believe that the RK Ministry of childhood, disabled children; children Healthcare should issue a regulation on from large families; other categories of It is also expedient medical secrets strictly limiting the cir- to include into the citizens defined by the laws of the Repub- culation of medical information unsanc- general educational lic of Kazakhstan. tioned by the patient or information circu- process children The amounts, sources and the proce- lated against the patient’s will. with psycho- dure of social assistance shall be defined The draft RK Code on the Health of neurological by the Government of the Republic of Ka- the Nation and Healthcare System is cur- disorders previously rently being reviewed by the Parliament. zakhstan. regarded in The adoption of the codifying law in The individual free education shall Kazakhstan as the area of healthcare would allow ag- be provided at home or in medical institu- learning-disabled. gregation of the entire complex of cur- tions for citizens unable to attend institu- rent legal acts into a certain scientifically tions of primary, secondary, comprehen- grounded system, ensure the maximum sive secondary education for a long time regulation of the respective sphere of re- due to health reasons. lations, have a positive effect on the legal The state shall provide citizens with culture in the area of health care and re- disabilities with special conditions to get move outdated norms. This will decrease education, correct development and so- the amount of legal regulation of public cial adaptation disorders. relations at the by-law level and ensure The State should guarantee the func- accessibility of legal provisions for the population, which in its turn would set tioning of ungraded schools and board- the stage for improving the law enforce- ing institutions to provide the right for ment practices and exercising the consti- primary, secondary and comprehensive tutional right of each citizen of Kazakh- secondary education for children living in stan to health protection. small settlements. Quotas should be provided for per- sons with I and II disability categories, persons disabled from childhood, disabled children and persons equal to veterans and disabled veterans for education in the in-

44 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 stitutions conducting vocational education sistance to children with disabilities and programmes of technical, professional, problems related to their upbringing, edu- postsecondary and higher education. cation, labour and vocational training, 1LEGAL COMPONENT Special correctional education pro- prevention of children’s disability. grammes should be developed and pro- This Law contains conditions to pro- vided for persons requiring long medical vide decent life to children with disabilities: treatment and also for children and teen- 1) assistance to children starting from agers with disabilities. the birth until they come of age through Special education programmes extensive integrated medical, psycho- should be conducted in special educa- logical, pedagogical and social inves- tional institutions or at home as specified tigations and professional diagnostics, by the laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan. development of individual rehabilitation According to item 1, sub-item å) of programmes, medical, pedagogical, psy- item 2 of Article 24 of the Convention on chological and social services and profes- the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: sional training; States Parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities to education. 2) creation of a unified state system With a view to realizing this right without for earlier detecting children with disabil- discrimination and on the basis of equal ities and the Republic-wide monitoring of opportunity, States Parties shall ensure an development of children; inclusive education system at all levels 3) development of an institution net- and life long learning. work for special social medical and edu- Effective individualized support mea- cational services; sures are provided in environments that maximize academic and social develop- 4) integration of children with dis- ment, consistent with the goal of full in- abilities into society; clusion. 5) social support to families raising Convergence of It is necessary to mention that the general and special children with disabilities; right of disabled persons for integrated education, which is training and education is formally recog- 6) staffing, scientific, organisational the most important nised and declared by the internal legis- and methodical support of institutions; strategic trend in lation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In transformation in the reality this education is only in the mak- 7) integration of activities of institu- area of protection of ing and faces multiple problems includ- tions concerned in protecting the rights of rights for children ing legal ones. children with disabilities. with disabilities is being gradually fi xed. It is also expedient to include into the According to Article 15 of the Law general educational process children with children with disabilities have the follow- psycho-neurological disorders previously ing rights: regarded in Kazakhstan as learning-dis- 1) guaranteed free social assistance, abled. For this category of children whose medical and pedagogical correction; abilities to receive even elementary edu- cation are limited, an alternative training 2) free medical examination at state- program should be put into place, which owned medical organisations, psycho- will be based on forming required vital logical, medical and pedagogical con- skills and child’s socialization. Such ap- sultation centres or medical and social proach will make training accessible even expertise institutions, free medical assis- for a very severe category of persons. tance in accordance with the procedures Thus, the Law of the Republic of Ka- established by the legislation of the Re- zakhstan on Social Support, Medical and public of Kazakhstan; Pedagogical Correction to Children with Disabilities dated 11 July 2002 identifies 3) free medical, psychological, peda- the forms and methods of integrated sup- gogical correction of physical or mental port to children with disabilities. The Law disability immediately upon its detection is focused on an efficient system of as- and irrespectively of its intensity in accor-

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 45 dance with the conclusion of the psycho- • terms to implement the state edu- logical, medical and pedagogical consul- cational standards of special pre-school 1 tation centre; and special comprehensive education for children with disabilities have not been 4) free orthopaedic shoes and other approved; supportive devices, printed materials with special font, sound amplifying equipment • regulations relating to funding, and signalling devices, compensatory organisation and human resourcing for technical devices as per medical prescrip- home education for children with severe tions and in accordance with the proce- psycho-physical disorders have not been dure established in the legislation of the developed; Republic of Kazakhstan; LEGAL COMPONENT LEGAL • regulatory documents for new 5) free preschool and comprehen- types of special educational institutions sive secondary education in special edu- (rooms for psychological and pedagogical cational institutions or state-owned edu- correction, rehabilitation centres, speech cational institutions in accordance with therapy stations) are not developed. the conclusion of psychological, medical and pedagogical consultation centres; • procedures and amounts of cost compensation are not defined for home 6) free technical and professional, upbringing and education of children post-secondary, higher education in state with disabilities as per an individual edu- educational institutions on a contractual cational plan. basis within state education programmes; It is necessary to mention that cre- ation of an inclusive environment in Inclusion of 7) employment upon completion of practice is considered to be the primary children with special education programmes and (or) vocation- objective of the national system of social, educational needs al training in accordance with the proce- medical and pedagogical support to chil- into the general dures established in the legislation of the educational process dren with disabilities for the near future. Republic of Kazakhstan. envisages obligatory The resolution of the above problem al- The persons with I and II disability correctional, lows access for children with disabilities categories, persons disabled from child- pedagogical and to high-quality education and removes hood whom the Medical and Social Ex- psychological any obstacles in their communication assistance pertise Commission allows attending ap- with the outer world, problems of mobil- propriate institutions participating in the ity, unavailability of architectural space, competition for free budget-funded state poor contacts with peers and adults, ac- education shall have the pre-emptive cess to the cultural values in the sphere of right for educational grants and loans in physical training and sports. the event of equal scores. In this case, the assistance to children According to the procedure stipulat- with disabilities should not be limited to ed by the RK legislation local executive defined benefits and preferences only, the bodies provide housing for children with assistance shall correspond to the system disabilities including orphans and chil- of social services allowing them to over- dren without parental care on full state come the limits that impede the processes support after they graduate from special of integration and individual develop- educational institutions and come of age. ment, and to control legal rights for the At the same time several provisions qualitative way of living. of this Law have not been implemented Currently the rights and the interests in practice as the by-laws did not allow of children with disabilities are recog- their appropriate development as: nised by the State as socially important, • issues of free medical assistance the legal status of this children’s category in the area of social support, medical and has been changed, and there is the pos- pedagogical correction for children have sibility to create conditions in the coun- not been resolved; try to overcome any difficulties limiting

46 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 the life and activities by providing social, support acting as resource centres of as- medical and educational services as well sistance to families and children studying as a favourable environment for develop- in educational institutions and to special- 1LEGAL COMPONENT ment and integration into the society. ists of these institutions. The adoption of the RK Law on So- Attempts of the state to provide the cial Support, Medical and Pedagogical opportunity to children with psycho- Correction to Children with Disabilities logical and physical disorders to study proves significant changes in the previous in general educational institutions are structure of special education. It includes highly appreciated, however, the trend new organisations rendering social, medi- to spontaneous integration without justi- cal and correctional assistance to chil- fied selection of children for co-educa- dren with disabilities: 14 rehabilitation tion together with non-disabled children, centres (RC), 114 rooms of psychological and without appropriate conditions for and pedagogical correction (PPC rooms), correctional support is observed in prac- 223 speech therapy stations, 212 home tice. This process taking place in Kazakh- departments of social assistance and 56 stani schools is out of control. A total of psychological, medical and pedagogical 3,925 (data for year 2007) children study consultation centres (PMPC). A network in educational institutions and get correc- of special kindergartens and orphanages tional assistance. 915 of them are taught has been expanded. In total, 755 organi- in Kazakh (23%). 26,623 children with sations of social, medical and pedagogi- disabilities studying in general (mass) cal services to children with disabilities schools, do not get any medical-psycho- operate in the Republic. A total of 4.4% logical correctional support: assistance of of children with disabilities study in gen- a speech therapist, a psychologist, and a eral educational institutions and receive social teacher. Psychologists and teachers correctional assistance. of general schools are not able to provide It is necessary to Transition from uniformity of educa- qualified assistance to children with dis- state that there was no system of post- tional institution types (8 types of schools abilities as their education does not en- school professional and kindergartens) to a flexible multifunc- visage knowledge in the areas of special education for tional system will allow responding to psychology and special pedagogy. As a graduates of different educational needs and consider result, children have to go through many special schools in individual abilities of a child. New types difficulties at the primary stage of educa- the Republic of of educational institutions will provide tion. The teachers are unable to qualify Kazakhstan. correctional and pedagogical assistance the reasons of these difficulties properly, to children with disabilities studying at which aggravates the deviations in devel- general secondary schools and include opment resulting in drop out and exclu- children considered previously learning- sion of such children from the education- disabled, into the educational process. al process. It means that the appearance of a According to findings of the National new institution of support and assistance Scientific and Practical Centre of Cor- to a child with disabilities in the Republic, rectional Pedagogy in general preschool psychological and pedagogical support and school institutions a great number to the educational process, which offers of children has been observed that have comprehensive support implying interac- difficulties in mastering an education tion with the child in solution of educa- programme. These are somatically weak tion, upbringing and socialisation objec- children, children with nervous system tives. So, the convergence of general and incompetence, children from unfavour- special education, which is the most im- able micro-social environments, children portant strategic trend in transformation with emotional and volitional immaturity in the area of protection of rights for chil- and insufficient development of cognitive dren with disabilities is being gradually activity, who are not classified as children fixed. Organisations of special education with disabilities. in this situation will perform a new func- This means that in the near future tion of psychological and pedagogical special educational conditions must be

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 47 created for the two groups of children pedagogical service is set up in every ed- with special educational needs in general ucational institution. 1 pre-school and school institutions. Such Furthermore, according to the RK conditions will be based on the group Government Decree dated 21 December of technologies and ensure quality and 2004 ¹1353 on Approval of Standard barrier-free life environment. This will be Rules for Pre-school Educational Institu- done if appropriate equipment, software, tion Activities the preschool institutions methodical and human resources are of a combined type such as child care available. institutions combining the developing Inclusion of children with special and correctional functions must operate educational needs into the general edu- in the Republic of Kazakhstan. However,

LEGAL COMPONENT LEGAL cational process envisages obligatory cor- it should be stated that currently there is rectional, pedagogical and psychological no regulatory and legal framework to de- assistance targeted to control the devel- fine the state status and funding of similar opment of a child, success in education, institutions. The statutory system of mea- assistance in the problems of adaptation sures aimed to create integrated educa- to the environment of healthy peers. This tional institutions may settle this problem. may be possible if a psychological and It is necessary to develop and legally fix special procedures for licensing, attesta- 15.05.2008 Blind Man from Karaganda vs. Officials tion,t accreditation, ranking and analyzing A blind person from Karagandy is about to take legal actions results of centralised testing and direct against the Department of Healthcare. Having disability monitoringm investigations in this area in of Category 1, he presses charges against officials on the thet near future. Only in this case co-ed- grounds of discrimination. His view is that he was refused ucationu of children with disabilities and the civil service employment illegally. non-disabled children will take an appro- priatep place in the system of special edu- Civil Service at Any Cost cationc and remain one of its forms. Driven by the great aspiration to become a civil service It should also be noted that so far employee, Askhat Yegeubayev has been making numerous thet state interests do not always coincide attempts in the course of past year to demonstrate to withw the needs of the children with dis- the officials his capability as an employee of the local abilitiesa and their families. In this case the government. Having a sight impairment, he has finished school with honours and received a scholarship to study followingf is considered: the level of infra- politics. His supervised work for the local government structures development, mechanisms of made him realise that this is the job he would like to do. controlc and funding, staffing and logistic ‘ I can work for the civil service and so I should, as there are supports for the system of combined medi- some problems that people with disabilities have, and which cal,c educational and social assistance to are not understood by civil servants’, Askhat Yegibayev, childrenc with disabilities covering all age resident in the city of Karaganda , believes. categoriesc – from minor children to teen- The Department of Healthcare, however, rejected Askhat. agersa and youths. According to their conclusion, the Law on the Civil Service The problem of vocational training does not allow employment of an individual with poor health. ofo children with disabilities starting from Civil servants have to pass attestation, get familiarised with thet age of 12-13 in workshops of special citizens’ appeals and travel on business. schoolss and lingering on for school leav- ‘This person’s medical problems stop him from performing the functions of the civil servant. He can take on teaching, erse in production rooms (schools for men- or join a research institute,’ says Margarita Yugai, chief tallyt retarded children) or special groups specialist of the Department of Labour and Social Protection ofo professional secondary schools (PS) for Karaganda Oblast. causesc great concerns. Towards his education alone the state has roughly spent School workshops are equipped with about 3,000,000 Tenge, Askhat says also bemused by how obsoleteo equipment which has not been he can repay the costs if he has been refused employment usedu at real enterprises for quite a long ‘Which law says that I cannot work for the civil service, I time.t The schools are not able to upgrade have not been given an answer to. I think this is a violation equipment,e expand workshops, and fur- of my constitutional rights’ insists Askhat Yegeubayev nish them with production raw materi- He is going to take this conclusion of the doctors to court. als.a Special schools can provide training

48 NATIONAL HUMAN H DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 for only 2-3 trades, as a rule, joiner’s, Efficient integrated education is only locksmith’s and sewing trades. In some possible if special personnel are trained in schools this list is complemented by such different trades in local and foreign uni- 1LEGAL COMPONENT trades as agriculture, hairdressing, shoe- versities including special tutors provid- making, service work. ing psychological-pedagogical support, Deviations in physical and mental teachers and mentors of general educa- development restrict the occupational tional institutions working with children choice for graduates of special secondary with psycho-physical deviations. Thus, it schools. Special secondary schools create is necessary to expand the range of pro- even more restrictions for occupational fessions including such professions as oc- choice for graduates. The expansion of cupational therapists, early development vocational training profile is complicated specialists, social workers, tutors of vo- both due to material & technical reasons cational education for disabled persons, and the lack of different educational pro- teachers of adaptive physical training, grammes. remedial gymnastics instructors (these One more problem of vocational ed- professions were taught in medical insti- ucation in special (correctional) schools tutions in the Soviet period but have been is the professional personnel. Employ- discontinued for unknown reasons). The ees with no teaching background usu- State Standard of Higher Special Educa- ally work as tutors of Industrial Arts. No tion and Programmes of Training and Re- pedagogical higher educational institu- training of Specialists in universities and tion (universities) provides education to institutions of advanced training should Industrial Arts tutors, and in particular for also be revised. Effi cient integrated special schools. It is necessary to emphasise the im- education is only It is necessary to state that there was portance of these problems for Kazakh- possible if special no system of post-school professional stan addressed by provisions of Articles personnel are education for graduates of special schools 8.1.(b) and 8.2(b) of the Convention on trained in different in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Nowadays the Rights of Persons with Disabilities trades in local and special groups for mentally handicapped stating that States Parties undertake to foreign universities children, children with hearing and adopt immediate, effective and appropri- including special mental impairments are spontaneously ate measures to combat stereotypes, prej- tutors providing opened and closed in regional profes- udices and harmful practices relating to psychological- sional schools and colleges. persons with disabilities, including those pedagogical support, teachers Closing of groups is related to dif- based on sex and age, in all areas of life. and mentors of ficulties in educating teenagers with dis- Measures taken for this purpose in- general educational abilities as a result of lack of the legal clude fostering, at all levels of the edu- institutions working framework, professional and labour train- cation system including all children since with children with ing programmes and teaching staff. early age, respect for the rights of disabled psycho-physical Therefore, limited selection of em- persons. deviations. ployment profiles and poor vocational Today it is necessary to mention that training do not allow graduates of special the actual main obstacle for integrated secondary schools to be competitive in education of disabled and a serious prob- the labour market. lem all families of the disabled face is the lack of respect for disabled persons and Government-owned and private lack of knowledge about their abilities companies are not interested in persons and rights. with limited working capacity. Lack of an We consider it reasonable to estab- appropriate profession and, accordingly, lish and communicate the necessity of work make these persons join the mar- fostering respect for disabled persons at ginal group of the population. the level of educational authorities. All The problem of employment and this evidence of conflicts between dis- creation of jobs for persons with disabili- abled persons, education system workers, ties must be solved within the framework other students and their parents should be of actions on employment of population, thoroughly investigated and more atten- in particular, disabled one. tion should be paid to them.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 49 ployment or agree to work without any discrimination or compulsion to do so, 1 the right to apply one’s working abilities and choose a profession and type of ac- tivity (Article 6). At the same time, everyone has equal opportunities to exercise employ- ment rights and freedoms (Article 7). No-one may be subjected to any dis- crimination in exercising their employ- ment rights depending on physical dis- abilities (Article 7).

LEGAL COMPONENT LEGAL In accordance with Article 187.2 of this Code the employer shall not have the right to engage employees caring for sick family members or bringing up disabled Therefore,hf when h summarising the h children in night work or overtime work, results of the analysis of education of or to send on business trips or to perform disabled persons, one can conclude that rotational work, without their written the number of fundamental requirements consent. The process of of international regulations in relation to Persons with disabilities of category effective and full disabled children are not yet reflected in I and II shall not be engaged into rota- integration into the local legislation. tion-based work (Article 211). the society’s life is, At the same time, improvement of The disabled have the right to enter fi rst of all, based on laws will not solve the problem by itself, into employment contracts on regular ensuring accessibility as the issue of unsatisfactory enforcement employment conditions or with special- of all areas of public of current legislation is urgent and is the ized organizations employing persons life, promotion of with disabilities taking into account in- main reason for violation of disabled chil- full-fl edged and dividual rehabilitation programmes (Ar- dren’s rights. Furthermore, as mentioned effective participation ticle 222). of persons with above the current laws do not contain re- Denial of an employment contract disabilities in spective implementation tools. with or transfer of a disabled person to decision-making. another job or a change in employment 1.3.6. Employment Legislation conditions on the grounds of disability is prohibited in all cases other than when The basic regulatory document in the state labour authority in charge of the area of employment is the Labour social protection of the population con- Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated cludes that such disabled person’s condi- 15 May 2007. tion prevents him or her from perform- ing his/her duties or jeopardizes his/her health and/or safety of other persons (Ar- ‘Vocational rehabilitation is required not only for people ticle 222). with disabilities themselves, but also for their families who According to Article 30 of the Law on lose their qualifications due to prolonged periods of care. Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Republic of Kazakhstan: N. A. Berendeyeva, Director of the Disability Vocational rehabilitation of disabled Rehabilitation Centre for South-Kazakhstan Oblast persons includes the following: 1) career guidance;

2) vocational training (retraining); In accordance with the provisions of Article 5, nobody’s rights can be restrict- 3) employment. ed in the area of employment, apart from Career guidance is provided by ter- cases and in a manner envisaged by this ritorial divisions of the competent author- Code and other laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ity in the area of social protection of the In the Republic of Kazakhstan ev- population. eryone has the right to freely choose em- Vocational training (retraining) of dis-

50 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 abled persons is provided by institutions nised as unemployed. rendering educational services on the ba- Article 34 of the RK Law on Social sis of the license obtained in accordance Protection of Disabled Persons in the Re- 1LEGAL COMPONENT with the procedure specified by the legis- public of Kazakhstan states the employ- lation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. er’s responsibility to provide vocational It should be mentioned that this Ar- training or retraining, creation of special ticle does not regulate a procedure of jobs for employment of persons disabled actions on vocational rehabilitation of as a result of an employment injury and disabled persons including sources of (or) an occupational disease through the funding for the actions stated above. fault of the employer. The provisions of Article 31 of the However, Article 30 of the RK Law RK Law on Social Protection of Disabled on Social Protection of Disabled Persons Persons in the Republic of Kazakhstan on in the Republic of Kazakhstan envisages the quotas, and additional, special, social that vocational training (retraining) of dis- jobs agree with provisions of sub-items 3, abled persons shall be conducted by the 5-2, 5-3, 5-4 of Article 7 of the RK Law on institutions rendering educational servic- Employment of the Population. es, but does not involve the employer into Article 5.2 of the RK Law on Employ- providing this training at the employer’s Kazakhstan’s ment of the Population defines that the own cost. governmental state shall take actions to facilitate em- According to Article 31 of this Law policy and national ployment of targeted groups of popula- special jobs creation and vocational train- legislation regulating tion. Disabled persons also belong to the ing belong to issues of employment of relations arising as a targeted group. disabled persons within local authorities’ result of disability are Article 7.4 of the RK Law on Employ- competence. generally focused on ment of the Population states that the Article 34 of the RK Law on Social elementary conditions executive local government bodies shall Protection of Disabled Persons in the Re- for life activity of ensure the implementation of population public of Kazakhstan should, apparently, disabled persons employment policy by rendering social state the employer’s responsibility to pro- in accordance with the rising economic protection services to the unemployed vide vocational training or retraining, cre- development of the persons. Article 14 of the RK Law on ate special jobs for persons with disabili- country. Employment of the Population envisages ties, which resulted from an occupational vocational training, advanced training, injury or a disease through the employer’s retaining of unemployed persons as a part fault. The current law does not envisage of social protection efforts. The ability to enforcement of such responsibility in ac- exercise the rights of disabled persons in cordance with the law.55 this case depends on their being recog-

55 Kardash T.G. Analytical Note on the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan Law «On Social Protection of Disabled People in the Republic of Kazakhstan» dated 13 April 2005//Institute of Legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2007.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 51 1 Chapter 1 Conclusion

The Convention on the Rights of Per- Thus, these international legal in- sons with Disabilities and its Optional struments contain recommendations on Protocol adopted by the UN General As- adoption of required measures concern- sembly are the most recent documents, ing persons with disabilities, i.e. they can which complemented basic international be viewed as methodological tools in se- legal treaties in the area of human rights. curing the rights of persons with disabili- The Convention sets out requiring ties.

LEGAL COMPONENT LEGAL changes so that persons with disabilities Kazakhstan’s governmental policy would be enabled to exercise their rights and national legislation regulating rela- and areas requiring strengthened protec- tions arising as a result of disability are tion of these rights infringed upon on a generally focused on elementary condi- The legislation regular basis. Furthermore, it sets forth tions for life activity of disabled persons of the Republic minimum standards to be applied to ev- in accordance with the rising economic of Kazakhstan eryone everywhere and to lay the frame- development of the country. The local lacks the concept work of consecutive actions. programme documents and regulations of reasonable After a state ratifies the Convention, are to a greater extent focused on social accommodation as the commitments it brings along should protection and rehabilitation. The main a part of the notion be reflected in such state’s national leg- peculiarity of international legal treaties of discrimination islation, planning and budgeting and re- is a transition from approaches based on on the ground of spective policies. The Convention defines biomedical services and social protection disability and a specific practical measures, which states of disabled persons to recognition of dis- general obligation parties should take to promote integration abled persons as participants and benefi- to provide it when of persons with disabilities in all aspects ciaries of development of the society they different rights are of development. live in. exercised. Alongside with the Convention on Whereas conceptual documents on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities the the rights of disabled persons state the ne- global community has developed a solid cessity to follow international standards, regulatory framework concerning states’ the national legislation does not comply obligations with respect to persons with with them. Many regulations to protect disabilities and represented by a num- disabled persons’ rights are out of date ber of comprehensive and special docu- and contradict each other in some ar- If the Convention ments. eas. The regulations on disabled persons’ on the Rights According to international legal in- rights have not been systematised. of Persons with struments the process of effective and full Implementation of regulatory norms Disabilities is ratifi ed integration into the society’s life is, first that guarantee the observance of rights then the Republic of of all, based on ensuring accessibility of and freedoms of disabled persons is chal- Kazakhstan, being all areas of public life, promotion of full- lenging. The requirements of the legisla- its member state, fledged and effective participation of per- tion are not always followed for some rea- should set up a sons with disabilities in decision-making. sons such as lack of by-laws to implement special governmental An unquestioned achievement of the laws, lack of clear and distinct tools institution and a international legal instruments govern- for implementation, lack of a single con- national mechanism ing certain aspects of life of persons with trolling authority and insufficient funds. to implement the disabilities is that they are entirely set to Current regulations are to a greater conditions of the encourage the principle of non-discrimi- extent focused on the protection of social Convention. nation of people with disabilities. and economic rights, elimination of cer- Such comprehensive instruments as tain disability implications such as inci- the World Action Programme concern- dents, diseases, genetic diseases. Interna- ing Disabled Persons and Standard Rules tional standards stand for the elimination on the Equalization of Opportunities for of all social, economic, institutional and Persons with Disabilities, though not im- political obstacles that may complicate posing any legal obligations on the states, the disability problem and thus limit op- serve as a moral incentive for adopted na- portunities of disabled persons to take part tional laws. in social and economic activities.

52 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 While developing certain legal, eco- • to provide for positive or incen- nomic, social and other actions aimed tive measures. at fulfilling the commitments under the The copyright legislation allowing 1LEGAL COMPONENT Convention on the Rights of Persons with free publications in Braille type may offer Disabilities the government should con- a good example of positive measures. sider the fact that the Convention allows Statutory advantages for entities mak- for implementation of measures to realize ing their products and services accessible economic, social and cultural rights pro- may offer an example of incentive mea- gressively, using the greatest amount of sures. This measure is particularly useful available resources to do so. The commit- in the area of transport. ments related to civil and political rights The most significant shortcoming of should be fully complied with after the the national legislation in Kazakhstan in Convention enters into force in the State. the area of disability is the lack of mecha- When making an analysis in the course nisms to implement important legal rules of preparations to the ratification it may in the area of disability prevention and re- be useful to divide commitments with re- habilitation of disabled persons. gards to civil and legal rights from those Therefore, an important and signifi- with regards to economic, social and cul- cant proposal for reforming the govern- tural rights. mental policy in relation to disabled per- In order to comply with the Con- sons is to switch from financial assistance vention, the legislation should include a to disabled persons to disability preven- An important and general prohibition of discrimination, an tion, provision of life activity environment signifi cant proposal obligation to provide reasonable accom- and medical, social and employment re- for reforming the modation, criteria to identify reasonable- habilitation for disabled persons. governmental ness, and permanent or temporary positive It should be added that prevention policy in relation measures to stimulate de facto the equal- efforts should start immediately upon the to disabled persons ity of the disabled. The analysis shows birth of a child belonging to a risk category is to switch from that the legislation of the Republic of Ka- due to limitations of his/her early psychic fi nancial assistance zakhstan lacks the concept of reasonable and physical development for habilitation to disabled persons to accommodation as a part of the notion of and significant assistance to the child’s disability prevention, discrimination on the ground of disabil- parents in upbringing and education and provision of life ity and a general obligation to provide it prevention of social orphanhood. activity environment when different rights are exercised. In this connection it is advisable to and medical, social Better implementation of disabled provide legal, institutional and financial and employment persons’ rights requires identifying a range conditions for further development of re- rehabilitation for of state authorities responsible for social habilitation programmes. disabled persons. protection elements for disabled persons, Currently dozens of regulations relat- statutorily clarification and establishment ing to different problems of social protec- of their obligations to create conditions tion of disabled persons are effective in for the unimpaired access of disabled per- the Republic of Kazakhstan. Therefore, sons to engineering, transport and social we consider the unification of the legis- infrastructure facilities and adjust access lation in the area of protection of rights, to transport, communication, information freedoms and interests of disabled per- and other social facilities to their abili- sons as one of measures to improve the ties. governmental policy. The following needs to be done to It appears that the unification should implement the Convention provisions on not only streamline the legislation. It is accessibility: necessary to review the possibility of • to develop minimum standards equalization of rights and preferences of of accessibility of all facilities available to different categories and groups of dis- population including transport and infor- abled persons. mation; It is also necessary to mention that the unified terminology is not developed • to establish the obligation on ac- in the legislation of the Republic of Ka- cessibility of commissioned or repaired zakhstan. A number of terms contained in objects, to introduce the responsibility for the Convention on the Rights of Persons the failure to comply with these regula- with Disabilities are not used at all. The tions; content of the same definitions is differ-

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 53 ent in some regulations. In order to avoid integral part of the national legislation. problems with the law enforcement it is Analysis of the practice of enforcement of 1 advisable to pay attention to application disabled persons’ rights set out in the local of certain terms. legislation demonstrated that these rights The ratification of the Convention are violated by state institutions at differ- on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ent levels generally due to imperfection of and Optional Protocol thereto will be local regulations. an important step in setting the stage for Furthermore, if the Convention on equal opportunities for disabled persons. the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is If the Convention is ratified, the Govern- ratified then the Republic of Kazakhstan, ment will undertake to review relations in being its member state, should set up a all areas of activity of disabled persons, special governmental institution and a na-

LEGAL COMPONENT LEGAL which in its turn will require “revision” tional mechanism to implement the con- of the entire legal framework to achieve ditions of the Convention. Therefore, the ratification of the Con- vention on the Rights of Persons with ‘We have to make the information about the international Disabilities and the Optional Protocol standards in the domain of the rights of people with thereto and further implementation of disabilities accessible to everyone, and also make it known the principles and norms set out in the amongst those people who have disabilities.’ international legal treaties shall create le- gal conditions for full exercise of consti- Abstract from the speech by K. Y. Imanaliyev, Chairman of tutional rights and freedoms by disabled Namys PS persons, allowing Kazakhstan to become a social state in the true sense of this word where every provision is realised for the conformity with the Convention. The pro- sake of its citizens irrespective of any fac- visions of the Convention will become an tor or condition.

54 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 ECONOMIC COMPONENT

The key to successful implementation of the Convention is its effective application. There is a need to understand mechanisms and measures including economic ones required for the Convention to be put into practice, to facilitate Kazakhstan’s involvement into setting up a legal framework ensuring equal opportunities for the disabled and to provide an impetus for the integration of the disabled into the society.

AA.. AAmanbayevmanbayev CChairmanhairman ooff AAlmatylmaty CCityity CCouncilouncil fforor tthehe DDisabledisabled CHAPTER 2 2.1. Costs of Social Support for Disabled Persons 2 in Kazakhstan

Due to persistent health disorders assessment service was reorganised, a persons with disabilities have additional network of stationary social institutions needs that require additional resources, and social home-based units was expand- however, pension benefits of a great ma- ed, the number of services increased, the jority of disabled persons are too small to quality of auxiliary (compensatory) aids meet those additional needs associated improved and measures providing access with their disabilities. Under the market to infrastructure were included. By 2005, economy conditions disabled persons are the system of social welfare included pay- uncompetitive by default and the state ments of social benefits, special state ben- paternalism should become an absolute efits and other payments in compliance

ECONOMIC COMPONENT must. This has become an axiom for a with the Rehabilitation Programme for number of developed countries, while Persons with Disabilities. In 2005, an av- care for the disabled is considered to be erage amount of the state social disability a responsibility of the state. While recog- benefit went up by 58% and reached KZT nizing this fact, it is necessary to develop 6,894. a social policy with regards to the dis- In accordance with the 2006-2008 abled. Rehabilitation Programme for Persons Rule 16 Economic Policies of the UN with Disabilities creation of a social wel- adopted Standard Rules on the Equaliza- fare system for the disabled came along tion of Opportunities for Persons with with the development of a three-tier sys- Disabilities states that States have the tem of welfare services for persons with financial responsibility for national pro- disabilities. The system of social stan- Growing social grammes and measures to create equal dards was amended and the subsistence support for the opportunities for persons with disabilities. level now serves as the basic social rate. disabled has been According to these rules: The subsistence level has become an ob- achieved through • states should include disability jective basis for calculation of basic state creation of a multi- matters in regular budgets of all national, benefits paid to persons with disabilities. tier system of social regional and local government bodies; The scope and types of services provid- security, deployment • state, non-governmental organi- ed to persons with disabilities have in- of extra funding zations and other interested bodies should creased. sources and sharing interact to determine the most effective Chart 1 below shows growth in the responsibility in case ways of supporting projects and measures number of beneficiaries of social allow- of loss of working relevant to persons with disabilities; ances and an average amount thereof.56 capacity between the • states should consider the use of Over the past 8 years, the number of state, employer and economic measures (loans, tax exemp- beneficiaries grew by 39,327, whereas employee. tions, earmarked grants, special funds, the average benefit for the same period and so on) to stimulate and support equal increased from KZT 2,990 to KZT 12,000, participation by persons with disabilities i.e. by 4 times in absolute terms. in society; Growing social support for the dis- • in many States it may be advis- abled has been achieved through creation able to establish a disability development of a multi-tier system of social security, fund, which could support various pilot deployment of extra funding sources and projects and self-help programmes at the sharing responsibility in case of loss of grass-roots level. working capacity between the state, em- Economic growth of Kazakhstan al- ployer and employee. lows pursuing more active social poli- Income support for persons with dis- cies. Within the framework of 2002-2005 abilities since birth or childhood has been Programme on Rehabilitation of Persons enabled through payment of the state so- with Disabilities, the medical and social cial benefit, which was transformed into

56 Kazakhstan during the Years of Independence. Research and Information Digest. - Astana, 2006. - P.268. Kazakhstan in 2007. - Astana, 2008. - P.111.

56 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Chart 1

Trends of Growth of State Social Benefit Recipients 2ECONOMIC COMPONENT

Number of state social benefi t recipients (in thousands)

Average monthly state disability benefi t (in KZT)

Number of state disability benefi t recipients (in thousands) (enforcement bodies)

Average monthly state social disability benefi t ((enforcement bodies, in KZT)

the basic welfare payment. Persons with voluntary and professional schemes for disabilities also get special-purpose state insurance of social risks. benefits. Overall state budget allocations for In case of occurrence of a social risk implementation of 2006-2008 Rehabilita- (loss of working capacity) formal sector tion Programme for Persons with Disabili- employees are subject to the three-tier ties totalled KZT 27,069.5 mln. including system of social security: KZT 12,709.9 mln. for 2008, which is al- • first tier (baseline) includes ba- most four times the budget allocated for sic disability benefits guaranteed by the the 2002-2005 Programme.57 state; Analysis of social benefit trends demonstrates an increase in the number • second tier (mandatory) includes of beneficiaries of social payments from social payments from the State Social 383,700 in 2000 to 423,350 in 2008, as Insurance Fund (mandatory social insur- well as an almost 4.5-times increase in ance) and insurance payments from insur- the average amount of the social benefit ance organisations (employer’s liability from 2000 to 2008. insurance for injury or disease to their em- In the regional context, the largest ployees arising out of their employment); number of social payment beneficiaries is registered in South Kazakhstan, Almaty, • third tier (additional) to provide Karaganda, East Kazakhstan and Zhambyl

57 Programme of Rehabilitation of Persons with Disabilities for 2006-2008 approved by Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan # 17 of 6 January 2006.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 57 Oblasts. Most likely, this has to do with of social support intended for families larger populations living in these regions. with disabled children, which serve over 2 A slight decrease in the number of 17,000 children. disabled children under 16 years of age For elder people and persons with from 46,800 to 44,900 was observed in disabilities there are 321 home-based 2006.58 units of social assistance that serve more As noted above, the basic social rate than 23,000 people. for assessing the amount of the state so- Nowadays, Kazakhstan has 101 state cial benefit acts as a monthly subsistence medical/social institutions (51 general level (KZT 13,470 as of 1 January 2009). homes for the elderly and disabled, 30 In the course of this Programme per- psycho-neurological homes, 3 homes for sons with disabilities were provided with the children with locomotor disorders, 17 the following aids at the local budget ex- children’s psycho-neurological homes). pense: There are 10 rehabilitation centres • prosthetic and orthopaedic aids for persons with disabilities in Almaty, ECONOMIC COMPONENT – 11,000 people; Atyrau, Zhambyl, Pavlodar, North Ka- zakhstan and South Kazakhstan oblasts. • devices for the blind – 16,758 peo- In 2007, a home designed for 416 ple; veterans, persons with disabilities and elderly people was commissioned in As- In order to improve • aids for the deaf – 18,900 people; tana and a rehabilitation centre was com- effi ciency of social missioned in 2008 in Atyrau Oblast. rehabilitation for • obligatory hygienic means – 24,854 Persons with disabilities entering disabled persons, people; technical vocational schools or universi- measures to introduce ties are entitled to an admission quota of standards of social • wheelchairs – 9,987 people; 0.5% and privileged scholarships.59 service have been To ensure jobs for disabled people taken. • sanatorium treatment – 13,003 local executive bodies set employment people; quotas at 3% of all available jobs. Despite an increase in funds allocat- • individual assistants’ services – ed for social protection of disabled people Disabled people 12,549 persons with disabilities of cat- within the past years, they cannot be con- in Kazakhstan egory 1, sign language experts – 7,007 sidered sufficient to ensure an adequate represent the most persons with disabilities. level of rehabilitation services. Disabled vulnerable group Local executive authorities are work- people in Kazakhstan represent the most of poor population ing to ensure free access for persons with vulnerable group of poor population from from the point of disabilities to public transport, housing, the point of view of opportunities for hu- view of opportunities public and industrial facilities and build- man potential development. for human potential ings. To examine operating social and Poverty risk among the disabled is development. recreational infrastructure facilities they the highest as a result of their life activi- Poverty risk among took an inventory of 20,562 out of 23,220 ties being limited due to health disorders the disabled is the facilities. and hence limited opportunities to satisfy highest as a result To ensure free access of disabled per- their basic needs. of their life activities sons to housing, public, industrial and in- In Kazakhstan, like in many other being limited due frastructural facilities over 7,600 entrance countries, the problem of employment of to health disorders ramps and access ways were built. disabled persons is complicated by sig- and hence limited In order to improve efficiency of so- nificant impediments with low competi- opportunities to cial rehabilitation for disabled persons, tiveness of disabled persons in the labour satisfy their basic measures to introduce standards of social market being a major one. In a number of needs. service have been taken. Home-based so- cases it is not cost effective for an employ- cial assistance ensuring medical or other er to ensure special work and compensa- aid and rendering social services is one tion conditions for disabled people. of them. Therefore, specialised enterprises of There are 127 home-based units public unions of disabled persons are the

58 Statistics Digest of the Statistics Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan. - Astana, 2008. –P.111. 59 Data provided by the Department of Social Aid and Social Services of the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

58 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 most popular way of employment for per- Kazakhstan was the first to replicate the experience sons with disabilities. There are 33 training of China’s Institute for the Blind, a unique institution and production enterprises of the Kazakh training qualified masseurs, acupuncturists and 2ECONOMIC COMPONENT Society for the Blind and 18 enterprises of phytotherapists. Persons with sight impairment the Kazakh Society for the Deaf operating can take a three-month training course of Chinese in the Republic and providing both train- massage therapy and acupuncture. Training will be ing and job opportunities for 4,000 per- delivered by Chinese trainers, with the on-the-job sons with disabilities in total. Major types training to be arranged in Kazakh-Chinese Clinic of activities include sewing, fabrication of (Medical Rehabilitation Centre under the National knitted wear, cardboard articles, electrical Confederation of Persons with Disabilities) in Astana. and plastic products, furniture, printing services, repair and construction works. News from invalid.kz, 30/03/2009 One of urgent issues of specialised workshops and enterprises is lack of in- vestment that leads to their significant healthcareh l h servicesi decreasedd d significant-i ifi lagging behind their competitors from the ly as a result of reforms in the healthcare private sector. system. During the years of the reform In the context of the labour market a network of hospital institutions of the tension as a consequence of market trans- healthcare sector rendering medical ser- formations disabled people are almost vices dropped from 1,710 to 766, with non-competitive. Many enterprises tradi- the number of outpatient and polyclinic tionally employing this category of peo- organisations shrinking by half. Moreover, ple have shut down or stopped operation. expansion of the range of paid services led New jobs are not being created. Man- to significantly limited access to medical agement of enterprises using any excuse services for persons with disabilities and tends to dismiss employed persons with other people in general. disabilities, as there is a surplus of able- The quality of medical services re- For persons bodied personnel. Because of the state of mains low, especially in the public sector, with disabilities their health persons with disabilities of while the cost of medical services and phar- experiencing categories I and II, even with higher and maceuticals is increasing. Information on on-going health technical specialised education, do not the list of free medical services is not read- deterioration, the always have a chance to be employed, let ily available, incentives for providing a free quality and level of alone having a workplace close to a place package of services remain low, and a pos- healthcare services of residence of their family. sibility to choose specialists and methods appear particularly Vacancies for the disabled are very of treatment is limited. Private health care important. rare. There is a lack of systematic registra- sector capacities are not fully used. Unfortunately, tion of available vacancies, which could coverage of persons be used to employ persons with disabili- Activity of Non-Governmental with disabilities as ties. With this regard, it is essential to set Organisations (NGOs) well as population in up a data bank of vacancies for the dis- Supporting Persons with Disabilities general by healthcare abled registering availability, movement, In Kazakhstan among all socially vul- services decreased maintenance and creation of new jobs, nerable categories disabled people enjoy signifi cantly as a including information on principles of or- NGOs’ support most. Out of 200 NGOs result of reforms in ganisation and sources of investment. uniting persons with disabilities, or peo- the healthcare system. Specialised enterprises of public ple dealing with these groups, about 90 unions of persons with disabilities found operate on a regular basis. However, it is themselves in the most difficult situation difficult to estimate the funding of servic- as a result of reduction of state procure- es for persons with disabilities provided ments of their products. Such enterprises through NGOs. also became non-competitive in the con- The following NGOs operate in the text of the market oversaturation with Republic: Republican Society of Persons consumer goods. with Disabilities with its regional divisions, For persons with disabilities experi- Kazakh Society for the Blind, Kazakh So- encing on-going health deterioration, the ciety for the Deaf, Republican Centre of quality and level of healthcare services Social Adaptation and Professional and La- appear particularly important. Unfortu- bour Rehabilitation for Children and Youth nately, coverage of persons with disabili- with Defects in Mental and Physical De- ties as well as population in general by velopment, SATR CENTRE, “Kenes” Centre

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 59 of Social Adaptation and Vocational Re- Salaries in such companies are not habilitation, “Ak Bota” League providing high. Often, in lieu of salaries, people 2 care to persons with disabilities and chil- receive humanitarian aid in the form of dren with psychophysical development clothes and food products. Such enter- disorders, Association of Parents of Chil- prises are often unprofitable. The law has dren with Disabilities, Union of Non-Profit a provision stipulating a tax reduction for Organisations “Persons with Disabilities of companies where more than 50% of em- Kazakhstan”, Kazakhstan Confederation of ployees are disabled. the Disabled, “Shyrak” Association of Dis- Presently there are over 200 NGOs abled Women and others. for disabled people functioning in Ka- Over the past years the Ministry of zakhstan. Their interaction is still weak, Labour and Social Protection and NGOs but some consolidation of efforts is ob- for persons with disabilities have estab- served in their attempt to protect and lished co-operation to address the issues advocate the rights of disabled people. relating to social security and financing of Thus, many public entities involved in ECONOMIC COMPONENT respective activities, such as placement of solving problems of disabled people seek state orders. enforcement of the constitutional right to Thus, in 2009 3 social projects are education and help disabled children to being implemented at the republican get secondary and higher education. “Bibi budget cost within the framework of the Ana”, the Republican Society of Women state social order: with Disabilities and Association of Par- – “Development of the Standard of ents of Children with Disabilities (APCD) The model used Special Social Services for Disabled Per- are the most effective. Thus, ‘”Bibi Ana” by the Centre is sons with Psychoneurological Diseases”; achieved enforcement of statutory ben- recognised as – “Social promotion video: “Integra- efits and in this way helped more than Central Asia’s best tion of Disabled Children into a Healthy 200 children of disabled parents to enter model. Innovative Environment (prevention of social or- higher educational institutions. APCD an- experience of phanhood and severely disabling disor- nually delivers treatment and training ses- “Kenes” Centre is ders)”; sions for disabled children (aged 5 – 20). being disseminated – “Support of Internet Resources and “Kenes” Public Association for Sup- among different Organization of Information, Legal and port of Children with Disabilities was regions of our Social support of Persons experiencing established in 1992, with “All Children country. adverse life circumstances”. and Loved, All Children are Equal” as its Many NGOs representing disabled motto and aims to: persons make efforts to employ them by • protect the rights of children with setting up their own private entities. For severe development disorders; instance, the Society for the Blind has a number of private companies specializing • solve problems with access to in different sectors. Blind people make medical, social and specialised assistance buttons, metal goods, clothes pins, taps, for children with a difficult disorder struc- corks, garment, gloves, etc. The Society ture, i.e. combination of motor, speech, for the Deaf has companies engaged in mental and psychic disorders; wood processing, they also make furni- ture. “Ak Bota” League of Protection of • social adaptation, social and vo- Disabled People and Children with Psy- cational rehabilitation. chophysical Development Disorders en- The activity of the Centre is based on gages its members in gardening. innovative methodological approaches and advanced international experience. It is necessary to change the methodology of financing The Centre was a pioneer in introduction of social, medical, corrective and pedagogical support of the principle of comprehensiveness of programmes for children with disabilities. Financing of activities related to social services, and specified programmes should be based on the assessment of developed a then-new work regime: a individual needs day patient facility for long-term and year- round rehabilitation of children. Such an R. Suleimenova, General Director of SATR Centre of Social approach allowed children to live with Adaptation, Vocational and Employment Rehabilitation their families, whereas the families could of Children and Teenagers with Intellectual and Physical realize their potential in their work. Edu- Development Disorders” cation of children is delivered using an

60 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 individual programme, which allows par- ciplinary research of psychophysical de- ticipants to develop adequate vital skills velopment of children; psychological and and successfully socialise a majority of pedagogical correction service with the 2ECONOMIC COMPONENT children in the Centre. At present the following departments: pedagogical cor- Centre delivers a number of programmes rection, psychological assistance, medi- allowing them to ensure continuity of cal correction. services required by various age groups, SATR Centre conducts scientific re- including: search in the areas of social and correc- 1) early Intervention Programme for tional pedagogical support for disabled children under 3 years of age; children. Practice and scientific activities supplement each other. A pilot model of a 2) day patient facility for children special three-stage education system has with psycho-neurological disorders from been tested in SATR Centre: 3 to 18 years of age; • screening (identification of chil- dren with development challenges), 3) labour rehabilitation service for children aged 18 and above; • in-depth complex diagnostics of abnormalities in children’s development, 4) Integration groups. The model used by the Centre is recog- • correctional and developmental nised as Central Asia’s best model. Innova- education of children. tive experience of “Kenes” Centre is being Moreover, the Centre trains and con- disseminated among different regions of sults for special trainers and psychologists Identifi cation of our country. Thus, in 2006 the Centre initi- working in the regions. problems in children’s ated a programme of deinstitutionalisation Identification of problems in chil- development and of children’s homes for children with se- dren’s development and early intervention early intervention vere mental disabilities and creation of a for correction, rehabilitation and “pain- for correction, day patient facility on their basis, when the less” integration into the society will ulti- rehabilitation and first day patient facility was created on the mately result in reduction in the number of “painless” integration basis of Astana home assisted by special- disabled people requiring state support in into the society will ists from “Kenes” Centre. Now establishing the form of social payments, special state ultimately result such patient facilities became a primary benefits, individual auxiliary, orthopaedic in reduction in the objective in the area of organisation of so- devices funded from the state budget. number of disabled cial services for children with psycho-neu- Speaking of NGOs’ assessment in people requiring state rological disorders and their families, and general, it is necessary to note their pro- support in the form this particular model proved its social and fessionalism, flexibility, innovative ap- of social payments, economic effect. proaches, and adequacy of services to special state benefi ts, The Republican Scientific and Prac- the people’s needs, low cost of rendered individual auxiliary, tical Centre of Social Adaptation, Voca- social services, transparency, and co-op- orthopaedic devices tional and Employment Rehabilitation of eration with the government authorities in funded from the state Children and Teenagers with Develop- solving problems of the disabled. NGOs budget. ment Disorders (SATR Centre) were estab- are active in implementation of the pro- lished in 1993. This is a new type of or- grammes in employment facilitation, mi- ganisation providing support for children cro loans, development of entrepreneurial with special needs. Its major objective is skills, charity, social support for people in to provide psychological and teaching as- need, rehabilitation, correctional services sistance to a family; organise a system of for physically and mentally disabled peo- early identification of developmental de- ple, work with terminally-ill people, pro- lays, provide correctional and pedagogic tection of human rights, etc. assistance for these children. Children At the same time, there is no concept from birth to the age of 16 with hearing, of co-operation of state authorities and visual or mental impairments, Down’s non-governmental organisations, which syndrome, infantile cerebral paralysis can could define a clear procedure for their get assistance in the centre. The following interaction in solving particular social services are operational in the Centre: problems. Republican psychological, medi- cal and pedagogical consultation centres (RPMPCC) engaged in in-depth inter-dis-

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 61 2.2. International Experience of Funding of Social 2 Support for Disabled People

The economic mechanism of dis- nels of re-distribution include both state abled persons’ support depends on a so- and private socio-insurance funds (where cial policy model adopted by a country. private funds are subject to state control). There are various classifications of so- The aim of this type of social policy is to cial policy models, but most of them are enable conditions for active self-inclusion based on the principles proceeding from of each individual in the economy. This the role and level of involvement of the model is used in such countries as Ger- government, civil society and individu- many, France, Austria, and Belgium.

ECONOMIC COMPONENT als in implementation of social policies. The British-American model. This From the geopolitical perspective, there model is characterised by minimum in- are Scandinavian, Continental and Brit- volvement of the state into the social area. ish-American models of social policies. The financial basis for implementation of Often, based on the originating political social programmes includes primarily party the Scandinavian, continental and individual savings and private insurance British-American social models can also rather than state budget resources. The be referred to as social-democratic, socio- government is responsible for maintain- The economic market and liberal models respectively. ing a minimum income for its citizens mechanism of The Scandinavian Model. Under this and welfare of the most vulnerable cat- disabled persons’ social policy model the government pro- egories of people. However, it actively support depends on vides significant share of expenditures for encourages creation and development a social policy model social needs where the budget serves as of various forms of non-governmental adopted by a country. the main channel for redistribution. The social insurance and social support as There are various state is fully responsible for social welfare well as different tools and mechanisms classifi cations of of its citizen and appears to be a major enabling income growth for its citizens. social policy models, provider of social services. Services (edu- Such model of social state is typical for but most of them are based on the cation, health care, care for children and the US, UK and Ireland. The system of principles proceeding elderly people, etc.) are primarily ar- social insurance funded through salary from the role and ranged through municipalities. This sys- deductions enables insurance in case of level of involvement tem operates on re-distribution basis (bud- disability. Many social institutions op- of the government, get or social insurance funds) with a very erate on a profit-making basis. Accord- civil society and high share of social expenditures. This ing to some researchers about 80% of individuals in model is to a certain extent put in place American care centres for disabled per- implementation of in policies of such countries as Sweden, sons earn profits for their parent holdings. social policies. Finland, Denmark, and Norway.60 Depending on the fee private care homes The Continental Model. According for the disabled render a different scope to this model the government is usually of services. Wealthy clients enjoy luxuri- accountable for payment of social allow- ous conditions and multiple support and ances for beneficiaries, i.e. social security, care professionals, whereas low-income and is not involved in organisation of so- clients get minimum services and share cial services. The budget payments and rooms with room-mates.61 insurance contributions of employees and The USA has an Inclusion Pro- employers towards social purposes are gramme initiated by the Rehabilitation approximately equal and the main chan- Act (Public Law No. 93-112, 1973) and

60 Volkov À.Ì. Sweden: Socio-economic model. - Ì.: Mysl, 1991. 61 Burdzhalov F.E., Grishin I.V., Svanidze Z.Y., Soboleva I.B. Types of Social Policy: Concepts, Practices// Society and Economy.-1997. -¹5.

62 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 the Education for All Handicapped Chil- social allowance and compensations, dren Act (1974-1975) as amended. In the housing and transportation to educational

1980s, in the US they started construct- institutions, swimming pools, etc. through 2ECONOMIC COMPONENT ing new buildings and reconstructing old social service institutions. Home care is ones taking into consideration the needs also popular as one of types of social care. of various categories of disabled people. A well-established system of assisting For these purposes, the US Government persons with disabilities covering all fields allocated additional funds, with simulta- of social life and supporting ultimate inte- neous introduction of strict penalties for gration and inclusion of persons with spe- violating the established standards. With cial needs into the society is functioning a view to changing the attitude of the civil in the U.S. An integrated approach and society towards disabled persons a well- involvement of experts into programme thought campaign developed by psy- development play a significant role in so- chologists and mass media experts was cial care. pursued, where a great role was played The objective of the New Freedom by religious organisations. Thus, persons Initiative announced by George W. Bush with disabilities got better access to all as- during his first year of presidency includes pects of social life and the perception of design of new types of personal comput- disabled people by non-disabled ones has ers and other equipment intended to fa- changed. cilitate life and communication as well as The country experienced a rise in to expand job opportunities. At the same development of various types of public time, concessional loans are available for organisations and clubs for persons with purchase of new technical devices, and disabilities alongside with development of small businesses engaged in design and a variety of funds. It is worthwhile noting manufacture of such devices are granted that in the US such specialised funds and tax incentives. organisations render a significant number According to the statistics of the US of services for people with special needs Department of Labour thousands of per- A well-established envisaged in the law using financial re- sons with disabilities appeared to be suc- system of assisting sources provided by a municipality. cessful as owners of small businesses. persons with As far as integration of training is Since there is less demand for the dis- disabilities covering concerned, difficulties arose in respect abled as potential work force, they have all fi elds of social of programme development, training of to seek for self-employment. According to life and supporting staff, development of psychological mod- the US 1990 census the disabled are more ultimate integration and inclusion of els of perception of disabled children by experienced in self-employment and run- persons with special non-disabled children and vice versa. ning small businesses (12.2%) than non- needs into the society The inclusion model envisages that even disabled (7.8%). is functioning in the a child with Down’s syndrome can at- In Great Britain, support for persons U.S. tend classes attended by non-disabled with disabilities including children is pro- children. Certainly, a special individual vided by three groups of organisations: curriculum with simplified exercises is private owners of care homes providing developed for such kids. In many aspects care for a fee; public sector; local authori- success of a programme delivery depends ties providing a major share of social ser- on a teacher. vices. To promote the model a few docu- Social services provide aid to dis- mentaries demonstrating success stories abled persons at home, in day care cen- in teaching disabled children were pro- tre, homes or day schools. When work- duced. However, the USA did not reject ing with mentally impaired children these institutions pay special attention to com- the idea of special schools either, but kids munication skills, rules of conduct in the are placed in such schools in very rare cir- street and in public places organising spe- cumstances. cial outdoor exercises for that purpose. With regard to the social security in There are also specialised professional the US, it is worthwhile noting that per- centres for teenagers with mental impair- sons with disabilities enjoy medical care, ments. NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 63 Special occupational therapy units programmes. Education for all categories are open for persons with disabilities and of disabled children is mainly delivered 2 disabled children. Paediatric occupa- in public schools. School and public tional therapists consider “development policies are aimed at setting the stage for of the optimum level of independence in closest interaction among children of all daily life in terms of physical, psychic and categories.62 social points of view” as their objective. Social Model of the European Social workers in the UK Department Union. At present it’s fair to speak about of Social Services provide assistance in the emergence and development of a a form of advice, support and consulta- new, all-European social policy model tions on personal issues of the disabled serving as a basis for expanding integra- and their families; assist in development tion processes into the social sector of of individual rehabilitation programmes the EU member states. The model that is co-ordinated with a customer and his/ being developed brings together the con- ECONOMIC COMPONENT her family; organise regular cultural out- cepts of social policies in various coun- door activities, etc. The Department can tries with the idea that government con- provide necessary equipment, financing trol hampers both economic and social and consultations via telephone or other development dominating. This results in means of communication. revision of the role of the state in the so- Great Britain also has private reha- cial area in those countries where it has bilitation companies, which can lend any been traditionally strong, such as in the type of equipment depending on a cus- Scandinavian model. There is a process of tomer’s needs. re-orientation of social programmes from As far as education of children with universal to individual level, which is sig- Social workers in special needs is concerned, training in- nificantly cheaper and more effective, as the UK Department tegration and availability of specialised assistance is available only for those in of Social Services provide assistance schools are viewed as necessary parallel need. A principle of combined economic in a form of advice, prerequisites for education. It is intend- effectiveness and social solidarity inte- support and ed to ensure discipline and flexibility in gration serves as a basis for all-European consultations on education and allow such children to be social policies. It is focused on balanced personal issues of included and step away as their needs development of European social policies, the disabled and change. transparency and observance of interests their families; assist Many UK regions as well as some of all EU member countries. in development other countries make effective use of Por- Noteworthy is the experience of Cen- of individual tage pre-school education system (home- tral European countries tending to deinsti- rehabilitation based teaching service available for chil- tutionalize children, bring them back to programmes co- dren aged 0 to 4-5 with developmental families, develop alternative family-type ordinated with a delays) initiated in the US in 1970. An in- child care services (patronage, foster fam- customer and his/her family; organise dividually designed programme lays the ilies, other forms), setting up smaller fos- regular cultural basis for dealing with such children and ter care institutions, five-day patient care outdoor activities is prepared for each child based on his/ facilities, located in a close proximity to a her personality. place of residence of people under care. As far as mentally handicapped chil- China. There are 60 million persons dren are concerned, a number of coun- with disabilities living in the country ac- tries primarily Scandinavian ones set up counting for 5% of the total population. homes with no more than 30 children. The Chinese Government issued a Circu- A family-like environment is enabled in lar on Tax Exemption Private Businesses such homes. Specialists watch children, Run by Persons with Disabilities, and a identify methods of treatment and reha- Circular on Tax Exemption for Social Wel- bilitation and create individual training fare Production Units. At the end of 1983

62 E.Martin - Research of an English Political Scientist «UK and France» // Svobodnaya Mysl-XXI (Free Thought-XXI). – 2005. –No. 8.

64 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 the Government allocated RMB 26 mil- treat cataract and poliomyelitis in the ar- lion for the establishment of the Fund of eas populated by national minorities, and

Rehabilitation of the Disabled. The Fund in poor and mountainous regions. 2ECONOMIC COMPONENT was established in March 1984. One of its Special attention is paid to employ- leaders is Deng Pufang, Deng Xiaoping’s ment of persons with disabilities. In 1999, son badly injured by Red Guards (hóng- the Ministry of Labour, the State Planning weibings) during the Cultural Revolution. Committee, the Ministry of Internal Af- In March 1988, the All-Chinese fairs, the Ministry of Finance, Chief Tax Federation of Disabled Persons was es- Administration, the Ministry of Civil Ad- tablished. Its major objectives include ministration, and the Chamber of Com- protection of legal rights and interests of merce altogether developed a Directive on persons with disabilities. Its regional divi- Employment of Persons with Disabilities. sions were established and became active This document was approved by the PRC’s in all provinces, autonomous regions and State Council. The Directive covers such central level cities. For example, Beijing issues as development of technical voca- City Federation of Persons with Disabili- tional training, improvement of skills and ties provided support to the government employment of disabled persons living in in developing a Resolution on Protection the rural area, provision of active support of Persons with Disabilities, as well as in in employment of blind persons, in par- opening 100 training courses for mentally ticular, training them to be massage thera- handicapped and deaf children and re- pists, improvement of the service sector for habilitation centres for mentally retarded employment of the disabled, etc.63 people. Beijing Federation also took part Depending on the law of a particular in opening a public rehabilitation net- province (administrative region, central work at different levels, opening a school level city), a quota-based employment The principles of for the blind, 4 schools for the deaf and of persons with disabilities is in place. In universal design dumb, 6 schools for the mentally chal- line with the local resolutions issued by allowing to adjust the territory, buildings lenged, in providing employment for the 27 provinces, autonomous regions and and constructions to disabled living in rural areas, introducing central level cities, the number of per- the needs of various a registration procedure for disabled peo- sons with disabilities at enterprises should groups of population, ple in the capital city of China, creating a not be less than 1.5% of all workers and including less mobile database, identifying causes for children’s employees. Pursuant to Temporary Reso- ones, especially among disability and promoting preventive mea- lution No. 5 of 1995 on the Fund of Em- the older generation, sures. ployment for Persons with Disabilities are widely used all In 1988, PRC’s State Council adopt- organisations failing to comply with the over the world. ed a National Rehabilitation Programme quota requirements, are to pay a certain for implementation of three rehabilitation fee to the said fund. Enterprises that have projects, including a project on treatment more than 35% of disabled employees of cataract and poliomyelitis effects, and are exempted from income tax. Enterpris- teaching deaf children. Within three years es with more than 50% of disabled em- of implementation of the programme, ployees enjoy even greater benefits. 500,000 cataract surgeries were held with According to official statistics, 80% the positive result achieved in 99.76% of of persons with disabilities able to work cases, 160,000 cases of poliomyelitis ef- have a job. Persons with disabilities are fects were cured (98.7%), 10,000 deaf employed not only by the handicraft in- children under 7 years old received treat- dustry. Certain plants and factories create ment with an effectiveness rate of 80%. workshops where persons with disabilities Annually the All-Chinese Federation of produce specific articles and products. In Persons with Disabilities and medical au- this way, joint work of the disabled with thorities send a special team of experts to healthy c people is practiced. A lot is be-

63 Source: http//www.partnery.cn.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 65 ing done to enable employment of per- while moving around Winnipeg the vi- sons with disabilities in Beijing, Dalyan, sually impaired can use an auto guide 2 Shanghai, and Shijiazhuang. Many dis- warning them on approaching a certain abled persons work as individual entre- object, or a function thereof. In cinemas preneurs in the service sector totalling arm pads can be lifted along with seats, about one million.64 enabling wheelchair users to sit next to International experience in solving non-disabled visitors. All movies have problems with accessibility of urban en- subtitles for the deaf and the visually im- vironment for persons with disabilities. paired can hear comments using personal Europe began to take issues of acces- headphones. Construction requirements sibility to urban environment for persons in Canada prohibit lower threshold en- with disabilities seriously after World War trances and narrow entries.65 II: it was necessary to create conditions In the US, pursuant to the Americans enabling a number of disabled people with Disabilities Act all new vehicles with ECONOMIC COMPONENT to move around. Nowadays, Europe has a seating capacity in excess of 16 pas- accessible public transport, pedestrian sengers and vehicles purchased by enti- crossings without curbs, walk-ways to ties and intended for operating fixed route buildings and respective attitude towards systems including buses intended for long disabled people in the society. Thus, Dres- distance trips, new bus and railways sta- den can boast of modern arrangements: tions should be accessible. There was one stairs have walkways, shopping centres railway car per train intended specifically have escalators, flat entries to buildings, for disabled persons. pedestrian crossings have prescribed The principles of universal design cross-slopes. There is access to air, rail allowing to adjust the territory, buildings and city public transport for the disabled, and constructions to the needs of vari- all railway stations are equipped with lifts. ous groups of population, including less Tram stops are levelled with the floor of mobile ones, especially among the older wagons, and have lavatory rooms for the generation, are widely used all over the handicapped. Bicycles are widespread in world. One of examples of a universal de- the city, which is one of advantages cre- sign is a flat entry into a building, which is ated by a barrier free environment. comfortable not only for the disabled, but In Canada public transport, housing also for parents with baby buggies and and environment are also adjusted to the those who carry heavy or bulky items. needs of disabled people. For instance,

64 Press clippings on the ILO report: http://www.ilo.ru/press/docs/KILM_Clips.pdf 65 Ringhart L. Introduction into Universal Design: Canada-Russia Disability Program . - Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, 2006.

66 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 2.3. Areas of Funding of Social Support for

Persons with Disabilities to Comply with the 2ECONOM ECONOMIC COMPONENT International Standards of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities IC

Although under the UN Convention abilities to fully realise their potential. Our on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities society will definitely have a good labour governments do not have to take mea- force who can be fully employed in differ- sures, which they cannot fund by them- ent economic areas. selves, they are required to move pro- A study conducted by the World gressively towards taking such measures, Bank has shown that the cost of addi- which will promote access of the disabled tional amenities in construction is mini- to transportation, education, employment mal. Conversion of buildings into acces- and leisure, and ensure fulfilment of other sible ones would result in not more than commitments which governments under- a 1% increase in construction costs. For take by joining the Convention on the Kazakhstan, this will cost approximately Rights of Persons with Disabilities. KZT 16bln. Unfortunately, to date no fundamen- 2.3.1. Social Adaptation and tal comprehensive research has been It is cost effective Involvement of Disabled Persons undertaken in Kazakhstan to study the economic impact of retaining and creat- to provide disabled in Employment ing jobs for the disabled. This is one of people with the reasons why the society, and, what is opportunities to Creation of an environment enabling more important, agencies responsible for fully realise their social adaptation and employment of the development of social policies con- potential. Changes persons with disabilities, first of all, ac- cerning disabled people, have a miscon- resulting from the cessibility of housing and municipal so- ception that creation or re-equipment of Convention will serve cial and transport infrastructure becomes work places for the disabled requires sub- to the benefi t of both increasingly important in Kazakhstan. At stantial financial resources. Research con- disabled and non- the same time, effectiveness of the pro- ducted in the United States with below disabled people. posed activities remains an important is- findings can prove such opinion wrong: sue. • 69% of disabled persons do not The accessibility enabling effect is need special conditions to perform their created through enhancement of the ag- professional duties; gregate socio-economic effect in all sec- tors of the national economy. Social in- • in 70% of cases when the dis- clusion of persons with disabilities leads abled are employed, creation of special Unfortunately, to to creation of additional jobs, an increase conditions costs no more than US$ 500, date no fundamental in the government budget and the gross of which: in 50% of cases it costs not comprehensive domestic product, as well as transition to more than US$ 50, in 20% it costs from research has been the developed socially protected society. US$ 51 to US$ 500; undertaken in It is cost effective to provide disabled Kazakhstan to study people with opportunities to fully realise • in 17% of cases creation of spe- the economic impact their potential. Changes resulting from cial conditions costs from US$ 501 to of retaining and the Convention will serve to the benefit of US$ 1,000; creating jobs for the both disabled and non-disabled people. disabled. Elevators and ramps provide more oppor- • and only in 13% of cases these tunities for many persons with disabilities. costs exceed US$ 1,000. Changes in design required to comply We believe that in Kazakhstan these with the Convention provisions will grad- costs can be higher, especially given the ually generate new ideas and innovative fact that accessible environment for per- technologies, and improve life for many sons with disabilities in our country is less people, not only for the disabled, such developed than in the United States, but as mothers with little babies and retired they still will not be as high as many ex- people. This will enable persons with dis- pect them to be. For instance, to increase NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 67 employment among persons with dis- management interested in hiring persons abilities from the existing 3% (or 13,600 with disabilities as well as to get disabled 2 people) to 5% (or 22,780 people), state people interested. budget costs would amount USD to 4.59 The methods may include: mln., or KZT 700-1,400mln. • active introduction of job quotas It is important to take into account for persons with disabilities. The potential the fact that professional rehabilitation of of this method is not fully used yet be- disabled people is one of the most impor- cause, on one hand, no relevant data on tant components of their comprehensive manpower among the disabled including rehabilitation, which, if successfully im- assessment of their professional skills is plemented, can: available; on the other hand, there is no • improve living standards for the data on availability of jobs for disabled people having various functional disor- disabled, help them support their families, ders included into the quota system. This and achieve economic independence; problem can be solved through creation of registers of disabled residents in the ECONOMIC COMPONENT • facilitate their integration into so- region including data on their functional ciety; disorders based on a methodology de- veloped by the experts of the Centre for • provide and not simply declare Social Design of the Russian Academy equal opportunities for all members of the of Natural Science, as well as registers of society. jobs reserved for their employment with details collected in the course of inven- Vocational rehabilitation as such re- tories and inspections of work places. quires a comprehensive approach and in- • funding of activities relating to cludes the following components: creation of new additional jobs and re- • identifying professional capabili- equipment of the existent work places ties of persons with disabilities; intended for disabled people and devel- opment of a mechanism to retain them in • providing career advice; the labour market for the disabled.

• vocational training and re-train- • creating subsidised jobs for the ing of the disabled; disabled.

• ensuring their professional adap- • placement of social contracts at tation and rational employment. enterprises employing disabled employ- However, efforts of the society aimed ees to replace the existing system of ten- towards professional rehabilitation of per- ders. Taking into account the social im- sons with disabilities would pay off. On pact of employing the disabled and the the one hand, effective professional activ- so called “double effect” of use of budget ities, which according to a research con- funds in tender procedures. ducted by St. Petersburg Institute of Medi- cal Sanitary Analysis and Rehabilitation • establishing and developing re- of the Disabled are needed by 59.4% of mote employment systems for the dis- disabled people (in Kazakhstan it is about abled persons using IT-technologies and 250,000 people), would help them to sig- equipping work places of the disabled nificantly improve their living standards, working at home, primarily for those, achieve certain economic independence who are disabled in terms of mobility, but and social integration. On the other hand, not mental capacity and provide them employment of the disabled allows us to with computer software programmes and increase budget revenues and make up Internet access. for a shortage of manpower in the labour • Developing a mechanism to re- market.66 serve certain jobs and professions for dis- In order to ensure employment of abled employees. disabled people it is important to flexibly use various methods to make companies’

66 Kavokin, S.N.,Gaubrikh N.Yu. Comprehensive Expert System for Identification of Abilities and Demands of the Disabled. – Centre for Social Design of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - Ì, 2002.

68 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 • facilitating development of pri- ing basic national standards of social ser- vate companies of different ownership vices, which would determine the scope patterns with disabled founders, and cre- and quality of provided services, and ar- 2ECONOMIC COMPONENT ating conditions for better access to credit rangement of social services. resources as a part of efforts of develop- Within the framework of the Rehabil- ment institutions including social entre- itation Programme for Persons with Dis- preneurship corporations. abilities for 2006-2008 the government has initiated a structural and organisation- • establishing a system to promote al reform of the system of social service products produced by enterprises with for persons with disabilities, stipulating disabled employees. the following: • phased downsizing of existent • providing incentives for enter- homes and their focus on provision of prises creating jobs for the disabled. specialised aid; Overall, only 3% of persons with disabilities of a working age are em- • development of a network of ployed in Kazakhstan (as compared to small-scale social homes and family-type 40% in Western countries). Should this facilities, which will help bring their liv- indicator grow at least by 5%, the annual ing conditions closer to the family type contribution to GDP generated though and overcome social isolation of institu- integration of the disabled would make tionalized persons with disabilities; about KZT 12bln. Under the • establishment of social service Rehabilitation centres. These centres will be based on Programme for 2.3.2. Development of a Network Persons with of Rehabilitation Facilities, modules depending on demands of the disabled for certain types of social ser- Disabilities for 2006- Improvement of Types and vices; 2008 improvement Methods of their Operation, and of supply of persons Enhancement of their Material • development of procedures for with disabilities with technical and Technical Resources. licensing and accreditation of social ser- vice centres and specialists providing so- (compensatory) aids cial services. was based on an In 2009, the government adopted This work needs to be continued, accurate survey of the standards for special social services pro- and necessary funds need to be found. demand of persons vided to children with psycho-neurologi- International experience illustrates that with disabilities, cal disorders, which regulate provision of the aggregate expenditures for upgrading development of a special social services in hospitals, day- facilities of institutions for the disabled local market of the time hospitals and at home in the area reach 5-10% of total expenditures of the rehabilitation industry state budget for support of persons with of social protection. Adoption of these and placement of disabilities.67 standards will help to reduce the existent service provision cross-regional gap in funding of services, Taking into consideration the fact that in 2008 Kazakhstan spent KZT 85.4 closer to places of and make services result- and quality- residence of disabled oriented. In 2010-2011, the government bln. on persons with disabilities (KZT 87.9 bln. in 2009), the expenditures for people. plans to introduce standards for adults strengthening material and technical base with psycho-neurological diseases, for of institutions for the disabled will total disabled adults and children with loco- about KZT 4.2– 8.5bln. However, given motive system diseases. These regulatory that as a percentage of GDP the social ex- documents are innovative in that they fix penses on disabled persons in developed guaranteed prices for special social ser- countries account for an almost double vices allocated as transfers to all regions, that number in Kazakhstan, it is desirable and they are comprehensive. to double this amount for Kazakhstan. It is important to continue develop-

67 For information: in 2004, expenses for strengthening material and technical base of institutions for the disabled in the European Union comprised 8.1% of total social benefits and payments (2.1% of GDP). In Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Luxembourg they exceeded 13%, in Hungary, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland and Portugal they were 10% of social benefits. Among non-EU countries, Norway spends the largest part of social resources to support persons with disabilities, 18.7% of all social benefits and payments, or 4.8% of GDP. Meanwhile, in Cyprus, Greece, Ireland, and France less than 6% of all social benefits and payments are allocated for the same purpose.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 69 2.3.3. Better Satisfaction of cilities and enterprises involved in social Needs of Persons with Disabilities services (of different ownership patterns). 2 for Technical (Compensatory) The law encourages market mechanisms, the creation of a competitive environ- Aids and Prosthetic and ment and development of partnership Orthopaedic Devices with NGOs and businesses. Deployment of market principles in rendering special In December 2008, the Law “On social services locally is typical of many Special Social Services” was adopted countries. Although the public sector is in Kazakhstan alongside with the corre- holding financial levers and “orders” the sponding amendments to other regula- services, the main players include inde- tions. In accordance with this law and pendent organisations and local com- international experience it is proposed to munities. This approach helps to bring upgrade the system of social services. social partnership as close to consumers It is a well-known fact that under the of social services as possible and, at the ECONOMIC COMPONENT Rehabilitation Programme for Persons same time, promote extension of their with Disabilities for 2006-2008 improve- range, flexibility and quality. Article 15 of ment of supply of persons with disabilities the Law also defines principles and pro- with technical (compensatory) aids was cedures for provision of special social ser- based on an accurate survey of the de- vices, including procedures for licensing mand of persons with disabilities, devel- and accreditation of special social service opment of a local market of the rehabili- providers; procedures for quality assess- tation industry and placement of service ment of services; their status, rights, du- provision closer to places of residence of ties and requirements to their professional disabled people. competences have been specified for the In order to improve the quality of first time. prosthetic and orthopaedic services the Following the adoption of the Law National Centre for Experimental Pros- the following required additional funds thetics opened an experimental lab to have been allocated from the govern- carry out tests for prosthetic and ortho- ment budget: 2009 – KZT 5,724.4mln.; paedic devices to ensure safety and com- 2010 – KZT 8,601.8 mln.; 2011 – KZT pliance with quality requirements. Work- 18,611.3mln. shops specialising in their production and servicing have been established and 2.3.4. Development of A new environment evolved depending on actual demands Accessibility to Social, Transport of persons with disabilities for prosthetic taking into account and Recreational Infrastructure the accessibility and orthopaedic services. Production of prosthetic and orthopaedic devices in ac- principle from the Issues of economic justification of very start should cordance with the module technology is being upgraded and expanded. Addition- investments into providing accessibil- be developed. ity of transport infrastructure arise at the While building and al measures have been taken to meet the demands of blind persons with sight im- level of enterprises, investment institu- reconstructing various tions (banks, various funds, etc.) allo- facilities it is possible pairment for devices for the blind, and a list of technical (compensatory) aids pro- cating funds for project implementation to save money by and state authorities transferring budget providing accessibility. vided for the disabled has been extended to include immediate hygienic devices. resources towards financing and support However, in 2008-2009 due to the for various programmes of development problems resulting from a negative im- of transport systems. Formation of a com- pact of the world economic crisis and plex technique for assessment of capital lack of the Rehabilitation Programme of investments intended to enable accessi- Persons with Disabilities for a new term, bility of transport infrastructure appears to the process of ensuring needs of disabled be an important issue. people for technical (compensatory) aids The outcome of an investment proj- and prosthetic and orthopaedic assistance ect is a function of the integral economic has slowed down. effect, or net present value including im- Therefore, with a view to giving this pacts other than those related to transport. process another impetus the Law on Spe- It is estimated as a difference between the cial Social Services envisages a list of fa- net present value of future cash flows and the net present value of future project 70 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 costs during the project life cycle. The ef- stipulated by the Americans with Disabili- fect achieved at each stage of assessments ties Act. is arises a result of reduction of budget ex- Measures enabling accessible en- 2ECONOMIC COMPONENT penditures for social benefits, tax receipts, vironment for the disabled are aimed to GDP growth, increase in life expectancy expand opportunities for their social in- and improvement of quality of life, road tegration. safety, a decrease in injuries, etc. Expen- Under the Rehabilitation Pro- ditures or investments are used to ensure gramme of Persons with Disabilities for a barrier-free environment and working 2006-2008, the following measures were places, as well as their accessibility, etc. proposed, but not fully implemented. If For the purpose of feasibility studies, a pe- implemented, these measures will lay the riod can be taken equal to 20 years and basis for a barrier-free environment for included into master plans of cities. Inter- disabled persons: national experience proves such projects In terms of operational facilities: to be highly effective. • development and implementa- In order to assess budget revenues tion of the action plan to adjust social, it is worthwhile to assess an annual con- transport and recreational infrastructure tribution of each employed Kazakhstani for the disabled. citizen into the country’s GDP. Interna- tional Labour Organisation published • Improvement of housing condi- a report “Key Indicators of the Labour tions while retaining the right to select Market” in September 2007. According housing based on the number of floors, to this report, USA is the world’s leader type of building, extent of provision with in terms of labour efficiency: in 2006 an amenities and other necessary conditions; average American contributed $63,885 into the GDP. U.S. is followed by Ireland In terms of provision of access to ($55,986), Luxembourg ($55,641), Bel- public transport: gium ($55,235) and France ($54,609).74. • supply with boarding/disembark- Measures enabling In 2007, the same indicator for Kazakh- ing aids for disabled passengers; accessible stan was $6,672.68 environment for the Creation of a barrier-free environ- • equipping passengers’ stops to al- disabled are aimed to ment requires certain expenditures. It is low boarding of the disabled. expand opportunities worthwhile to consider two approaches: In terms of provision of access to in- for their social reconstruction of the existing environ- formation: integration. ment, facilities and infrastructure, and • organisation of voice-to-sign in- new construction.69 terpretation of Republican and regional A new environment taking into ac- TV channel programmes; count the accessibility principle from the very start should be developed. While • organisation of publishing peri- building and reconstructing various facili- odicals, scientific, educational, method- ties it is possible to save money by provid- ological and reference books, and fiction ing accessibility. For example, one granite on audio cassettes, CDs in Braille font curb-stone costs KZT 25,000. Removing and video cassettes with voice-to-sign in- 16 curbs on four-way pedestrian cross- terpretation. ings will save KZT 400,000. City- and International experience demon- country-wide savings will be enormous. strates that enabling access to the social, In general, we may say that the costs of transport and recreation infrastructure for enabling barrier-free environment are in- persons with disabilities can reach 5-7% commensurable to efficiency thereof. of total state budget costs, and, therefore, Such countries as Austria, Brazil, the in Kazakhstan such costs would approxi- UK and Hong Kong reap the fruit of intro- mate KZT 4-6bln. duction of respective high-quality strate- gies. The annual income of restaurant and hotel businesses in the US grew by 12% as a result of introduction of standards

68 Press clippings about the ILO report: http://www.ilo.ru/press/docs/KILM_Clips.pdf 69 See: E. Safronov Transport Systems of Cities and Regions. Training Manual. - Ì., 2007.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 71 2.4. Prospects of State Funding of Social Support 2 for the Disabled

The most important factor that deter- economic growth averaged 9-10% allow- mines a country’s many economic and so- ing authorities to increase state support for cial indicators is the level of its economic the disabled. In terms of structure, state development defined by the GDP per support of disabled people in Kazakhstan capita. Specifically, the standard, quality consists of the following components: 1) and duration of life of population, state Programme 003 “State Social Allowance of health, quality of food, level of educa- for Disability”; 2) Programme “Special tion, financial opportunities of a state and State Support for the Disabled”; 3) Medi- society to ensure social protection for the um-term Programmes of Rehabilitation of ECONOMIC COMPONENT disabled depend on this value to a large the Disabled. Trends in such support can degree. be viewed in Chart 2 below: In 2000-2007, Kazakhstan’s annual

Chart 2

State Support Components in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2003-2009 (in KZT bln.)

TOTAL:

Programme of Reha- bilitation of Persons with Disabilities Special benefi ts

Social benefi ts

Source: calculations are based on the data of the RK Ministry of Labour and Social Protection

Based on this, it can be assumed that cial liabilities of our state can be assessed Kazakhstan’s compliance with its commit- as follows: about KZT 90-95bln. in 2010; ments to support disabled people will de- KZT 95-100bln. in 2011; KZT 110-120bln. pend on the pace of its economic growth in 2012; KZT 120-125bln. in 2013; KZT and will be based on three main scenarios 130-135bln. in 2014; KZT 140-150bln. in until 2020. 2015; around KZT 160bln. in 2016; KZT Scenario 1: High economic growth 170-175bln. in 2017; KZT 180-185bln. after the end of the global crisis until 2020 in 2018; KZT 190-195bln. in 2019 and (more than 8%). Then, based on our fore- KZT 200-210bln. in 2020. The respective casts and other equal conditions, finan- chart is provided below:

72 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Chart 3 Trends and Forecasts of Aggregate Financing of the Disabled in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2005-2009 (actual figures) and 2010-2020 (forecast) in High 2ECONOMIC COMPONENT Economic Growth Scenario (in KZT bln.)

Scenario 2: Moderate economic around KZT 130bln. in 2016; KZT 130- growth rates after the end of the global crisis 135bln. in 2017; KZT 135-140bln. in 2018; till 2020 (more than 4-6%). Then, based on KZT 140-145bln. in 2019 and around KZT our forecasts, with other conditions being 150bln in 2020. Chart 4 is provided below: equal, financial liabilities of our state can be assessed as follows: around KZT 90bln. in 2010; KZT 95bln. in 2011; KZT 100bln. in 2012; KZT 105bln. in 2013; KZT 110- 115bln. in 2014; KZT 120-125bln. in 2015;

Chart 4 Trends and Forecasts of Aggregate Financing of the Disabled in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2005-2009 (actual figures) and 2010-2020 (forecast) in Moderate Economic Growth Scenario (in KZT bln.)

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 73 Scenario 3: neither high nor moder- can be assessed as follows: around KZT ate economic growth after the end of the 90bln. in 2010; KZT 95bln. in 2011; KZT 2 global crisis till 2020 (2-4%). Then, based 100bln. in 2012; around KZT 105bln. on our forecasts, with other conditions be- in 2013-2014; and KZT 110-120bln. in ing equal, financial liabilities of our state 2015-2020. Chart 5 is provided below:

Chart 5

Trends and Forecasts of Aggregate Financing of the Disabled in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2005-2009 (actual figures) and 2010-2020 (forecast) in case Economic Growth is Not High (in KZT bln.) ECONOMIC COMPONENT

In terms of economic development As economic development is a rela- at the turn of 2007-2008, Kazakhstan was tively constant parameter and major ra- in the middle of the pack of 209 coun- tios between countries usually remain tries. In accordance with global stan- unchanged for a long time, Kazakhstan, dards, the country actually achieved the like other countries with an average level average level of development, being four of economic development, can only nar- to six times behind the most developed row down this gap in one way, namely, countries. Kazakhstan is clearly unable to maintaining high and sustainable eco- provide its disabled people with the level nomic growth in the long-term. of welfare corresponding to the level of richer countries.

74 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Chapter 2 Conclusion

2ECONOMIC COMPONENT

Economic growth of Kazakhstan has • laying a favourable framework allowed the Republic to implement two for social adaptation and employment of Programmes of Rehabilitation of Per- persons with disabilities; sons with Disabilities for 2002-2005 and 2006-2008. • development of a network of Non-governmental organizations rehabilitation facilities, improvement of play a significant role in supporting per- types and methods of their operation, and sons with disabilities. enhancement of their material and tech- International experience of devel- nical resources; opment of an economic mechanism for disabled persons’ support shows that the • better satisfaction of needs of latter depends on a social policy model persons with disabilities for technical adopted by a country, which is based on (compensatory) aids and prosthetic and the role and level of involvement of the orthopaedic devices; government, civil society and individuals. From the geopolitical perspective, they • providing conditions to ensure are divided into the Scandinavian, Conti- unimpeded access for persons with dis- nental and British-American social policy abilities to social, transport and recre- models. ational infrastructure. To comply with the international Kazakhstan’s compliance with its standards of the Convention on the Rights commitments to the UN to support dis- of Persons with Disabilities, Kazakhstan abled people will depend on the pace of needs to focus on the following areas of its economic growth with three compli- financing of social support of persons ance scenarios developed, optimistic, with disabilities: moderate and pessimistic.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 75 for thedisabledintermsofmeetingneedsocialservices. services andrehabilitationprograms; environment forthedisabled; disabled people,thefollowinghastobedone: aspects oflifeandtochoosetheirnicheinequallywithnon- independence aspossible,befullyincludedandinvolvedintoall . makingthemostuseofcapacitypublicorganizations 3. 2. strengthening andexpandingcomprehensivesocial propertrainingofpersonsengaged increatinganaccessible 1. For thedisabledtobeableachieveandpreserveasmuch AA. Ivkin,ChairmanofKaragandaOblast .

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3.1. Information Support of Persons with Disabilities in the System of Social Institutions 3SO SOCIAL COMPONENT C

According to data provided by the where under five mortality as a whole has UN Factsheet on Persons with Disabil- decreased below 20% (according to the ity,70 around 10 per cent of the world’s UK Department for International Devel- population, or 650 million people, live opment). In some cases it seems as if chil- with a disability. They are the world’s dren with disabilities are being ‘weeded largest minority. out’ This figure is increasing through According to UNESCO, 90% of dis- population growth, medical advances abled children in developing countries do and the ageing process, says the World not attend schools.74 Health Organization (WHO). In countries The global literacy index for disabled with life expectancies over 70 years, indi- adults is as low as 3% and 1% for dis- viduals spend on average about 8 years, abled women (finding of the 1998 UNDP or 11.5 per cent of their life span, living study). In the OECD countries, students with disabilities.71 with disabilities in higher education re- In countries with life Eighty per cent of persons with disabil- main under-represented, although their expectancies over ities live in developing countries, accord- numbers are on the increase.75 70 years, individuals ing to the UN Development Programme An estimated 386 million of the spend on average (UNDP). The World Bank estimates that world’s working-age people have some about 8 years, or 20 per cent of the world’s poorest people kind of disability, says the International 11.5 per cent of their have some kind of disability, and tend to Labour Organization (ILO). Unemploy- life span, living with be regarded in their own communities as ment among the persons with disabilities disabilities. the most disadvantaged.72 is as high as 80 per cent in some coun- Disability rates are significantly high- tries. A 2004 US survey found that only er among groups with lower educational 35% of of working-age persons with dis- attainment in the countries of the Organi- abilities are in fact working, compared sation for Economic Co-operation and to 78% of those without disabilities. Two In most OECD Development (OECD), says the OECD thirds of the unemployed respondents economies, women Secretariat. On average, 19 per cent of with disabilities said that they would like report higher less educated people have disabilities, to work, but could not find jobs.76 incidence of disability compared to 11 per cent among the better A 2003 study by Rutgers Univer- than men. educated. sity found that people with physical and In most OECD economies, women mental disabilities continue to be vastly report higher incidence of disability than under-represented in the U.S. workplace. men. Women with disabilities are recog- At the same time, misconceptions are nized to be multiply disadvantaged, ex- periencing exclusion on account of their gender and their disability. Women and Disability issues require an integrated gender-adjusted girls with disabilities are particularly vul- approach since girls and women with disabilities in nerable to abuse.73 Kazakhstan are exposed to triple discrimination, that on the According to UNICEF, 30% of street grounds of gender, disability and poverty. youths have some kind of disability. Mortality for children with disabili- L. Kaltayeva, Chairwoman of Shyrak Association of Women ties may be as high as 60% in countries with Disabilities

70 UN Factsheet on Persons with Disabilities: http://www.un.org/russian/disabilities/default.asp? navid=37&pid=1186 71 Ibidem. 72 Ibidem. 73 Ibidem. 74 Ibidem. 75 Ibidem. 76 Ibidem.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 77 widespread there. One-third of the em- Disabilities demonstrates that the prob- ployers surveyed said that persons with lem of assisting people with disabilities 3 disabilities cannot effectively perform the is true for all countries without exception required job tasks. The second most com- irrespective of the level of their develop- mon reason given for not hiring persons ment. An increase in people with dis- with disabilities was the fear of costly spe- abilities has to do with objective reasons cial facilities.77 (population growth, medical advances, Companies report that employees progressive ageing), shows persistent with disabilities have better retention trends and requires ongoing efforts on the rates, reducing the high cost of turnover, part of the state and society in preventing says a 2002 U.S. study. the problems which arise, first of all, in social adaptation of people with disabili- ties as demonstrated by education acces- sibility, employment and life expectancy. SOCIAL COMPONENT SOCIAL The first condition of an adequate attitude towards people with disabilities is public of the situation persons with disabilities are in. But information com- municated to the public in Kazakhstan is incomplete, and, as a consequence, con- tradictory. According to the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population of Women and girls the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2007 there with disabilities were 455,600 people with disabilities are particularly of all categories in Kazakhstan, or about vulnerable to abuse 3% of the total population. One third of this number are working-age people, and 10% are children. Noteworthy is Kazakhstan’s low dis- ability indicator, whereas the world’s av- erage index is 10%. This has to do with differences in approaches to determina- PPersons with ith disabilities di biliti are more tion and classification of disability. Inter- likely to be victims of violence or rape, national experience of making the Dis- according to a 2004 British study, and less ability Statistics Database (DISTAT) shows likely to obtain police intervention, legal that in general a disability rate statistics in protection or preventive care. Research different countries can range from as low Implementation of indicates that violence against children as 0.2 (Peru, 1981) to as high as 20.9% state programmes 81 with disabilities occurs at annual rates at (Austria, 1976). and provision of The DISTAT database is based on least 1.7 times greater than for their peers social services the International Classification of Im- without disabilities.78 should be aimed at pairments, Disabilities and Handicaps Violence is one of major causes of preventing a further (ICIDH) developed by the World Health disability. For every child killed in war- loss of functionality Organisation (WHO) in 1981 and re- fare, three are injured and acquire a per- placed by the International Classification and maximizing manent form of disability. In some coun- of Functioning, Disability and Health citizens’ ability in tries, up to a quarter of disabilities result (ICF) in 2001. social interaction in from injuries and violence, says WHO.79 The classification relies on a stan- private and public Comparative studies on disability dardised description of human function- life. legislation shows that only 45 countries ing at three major levels: body (impair- have anti-discrimination and other dis- ments), person (activity limitations), and ability-specific laws.80 society, in terms of interaction with soci- 82 The UN Factsheet on Persons with ety (barriers).

77 Ibidem. 78 Ibidem. 79 Ibidem. 80 UN Factsheet on Persons with Disabilities: http://www.un.org/russian/disabilities 81 United Nations Disability Statistics Compendium, (ST/ESA/STAT/Ser.Y/4). - P.28-30. 82 Demographic Yearbook. Special Issue: Population Ageing and the Situation of Elderly People. New York, The United Nations, 1993. P.40-41.

78 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 In practice the disability status is de- groups above 4085. In this respect, imple- termined on the basis of impairment and/ mentation of state programmes and pro- or limited capacity. Use of the impairment vision of social services should be aimed 3SOCIAL COMPONENT at the body level as a disability criterion at preventing a further loss of functional- reduces the number of people with dis- ity and maximizing citizens’ ability in so- abilities in the society. Domination of this cial interaction in private and public life. criterion leads to men prevailing among Analysis of published regional re- people with disabilities. On the contrary, habilitation programmes for people with if the limited capacity is used as the dis- disabilities, which serve as the basis for ability criterion, the number of persons financing activities devoted to the sup- with disabilities in the society increases, port of people with disabilities in regions and the numbers of men and women with of Kazakhstan shows the lack of stable disabilities become equal.83 forms of interaction between local execu- On the whole, the country statistics tive authorities and public organisations on the number of persons with disabili- protecting the rights of people with dis- ties can be misleading, because in each abilities , first of all the state social order.86 case different approaches to collecting It narrows down prospects and scope information are used. For example, in of the rehabilitation efforts, as this pre- Africa, Asia and South America they pri- vents combining efforts of all concerned marily use visible impairments to define parties, first of all, people with disabilities disability: blindness, deafness, muteness, themselves, their relatives and loved ones amputation of legs or arms, partial or full in setting the institutional stage for a fast paralysis, delay in mental development or and effective social integration of people other serious psychic impairments. This with disabilities into the life of the soci- is in stark contrast with Europe and de- ety. The energy of people with disabilities, veloped countries in North America and their internal resources shape their needs Oceania, which define disability through and demands, which can be met within a long list of limited capacities: occupa- the market economy. tional fitness, difficulties with hearing, movement, climbing stairs, grabbing and Statistics on Children with Disabilities in Kazakhstan holding things, difficulty with schooling, Incorrect, Says General Prosecutor’s Office. self-awareness, self -control etc. Countries According to the Ministry of Education and Science as at 1 often use a combined approach taking January, 2009, there were 149,246 children with disabilities into account impairments, limited capaci- in Kazakhstan, or about 3,15% of all children. ties and barriers, and also use of special ‘However, the prosecutor’s check shows that these statistics devices and aids. As a consequence, the are not true to fact, since prosecutors found that in certain number of exposed persons with disabili- regions there were false disability claims or, vice versa, ties in Western countries turns out to be children in need were not included into statistics,’ reports well above that in other countries.84 General Prosecutor’s Office. The country’s chief supervising All these peculiarities in collecting authority was checking enforcement of the legislation aimed statistics related to ways of classifica- to protect and support the rights and interests of children tion and definition of disability need to with disabilities for the past two years. be taken into account in Kazakhstan as According to their findings, the rights of children with well. The country’s social policy should disabilities are breached in a majority of the country’s correlate with a real number of people regions. with disabilities among the population, and the global growth trends in the age Kazakhstan News Agency, April 16, 2009

83 Ibidem., P.43. 84 United Nations Disability Statistics Compendium, (ST/ESA/STAT/Ser.Y/4). P.28-30. 85 Demographic Yearbook. Special Issue: Population Ageing and the Situation of Elderly People. New York, The United Nations, 1993. P.40. 86 Regional Programme of Rehabilitation of People with Disabilities in Kostanay Oblast for 2006-2008// http://ru.government.kz/docs/ v05n353420051223.htm; Regional Programme of Rehabilitation of People with Disabilities in Eastern Kazakhstan Oblast for 2006-2008// http://akimsemey.gov.kz/index.php?id=287; Regional Programme of Rehabilitation of People with Disabilities for 2006-2008 in Mangistau Oblast // http:// ru.government.kz/docs/v05m 193420051206.htm; Regional Programme of Rehabilitation of People with Disabilities in Western Kazakhstan Oblast for 2006-2008 // http://www.msb-uralsk.kz/ru/index.php?option= com_content&task=view&id=41&Itemid=67

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 79 People with disabilities themselves surveys and are not published. become a key figure in standing up for Statistics provided by the RK Statis- 3 rights of people with disabilities. And this tics Agency depend on the inquiry format is where a comparison with self-regulat- and, therefore, obtaining a full picture of ing market mechanisms is relevant, which people with disabilities including dynam- states that the right goes to those who ics requires lengthy coordination within a value it more. All the market needs in this single document. context is information about needs of peo- Analytics provided by public organi- ple with disabilities, while all the people sations do not come at regular intervals with disabilities need is information about due to lack of a permanent social order current proposals on the market. from the state. For this reason, self-initi- The first step in creating such pre- ated one-off surveys without regular up- conditions of self-regulating interaction dates, lose a significant part of their heu-

SOCIAL COMPONENT SOCIAL between people with disabilities and ristic value. At the same time, in other the society is free access to information countries monthly disability surveys aim- about the status of people with disabilities ing at detecting seasonal fluctuations are in the country and open communication known to be carried out. between all parties to the process of reha- An annual national report on the Information space is bilitation of people with disabilities. status of people with disabilities in the a breeding ground The current state of affairs should be country should be offered as a measure for new ideas and recognised as inadequate in terms of pub- to set up an effective data collection and solutions, it stimulates lic awareness about people with disabili- exchange system. The national reporting activities of existing ties and incompliant with Article 31 of the format allows key parameters of reliable public associations Convention on the Rights of Persons with information to be set such as consistency, of disabled persons Disabilities. periodicity and long-term nature. Besides, and facilitates the A full-fledged analysis of the situation the national report will correspond to the establishment of new within the framework of state programmes governmental report to be submitted by ones. is irregular and depends on the frequency Kazakhstan in line with Article 35 of the of adopted documents. Interim reports Convention on the Rights of Persons with on implementation of programmes are Disabilities to the Committee on the Rights made for the sake of respective authority of Persons with Disabilities through the involved, are not accompanied by public UN Secretary General every four years. All public and state organisations, unionsu of people with disabilities con- cernedc should be involved in elaborating thet outline and main points of the report. OfO course, an adopted report outline and contentsc will be adjusted and amended, butb they should remain consistent and al- low tracking the dynamics of changes in thet status of disabled persons in the coun- tryt year in year out, decade in decade out.o As a part of preparation of the report, regular public surveys will be carried out bothb among persons with disabilities and in the society as a whole and will comple- mentm general statistics data by with spe- cificc details.

3.2. Persons with Disabilities and Civil Initiatives

As mentioned above, the first step space is a breeding ground for new ideas to build up self-regulation of interaction and solutions, it stimulates activities of between people with disabilities and the existing public associations of disabled society is to set the stage for information persons and facilitates the establishment generation and exchange. Information of new ones. Moreover, active informa-

80 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 tion space exposes internal reserves of special rights which need to be protected. disabled persons and mobilizes addition- Psychosocial model: disability is a al resources of the society for addressing social stigma, which should be exposed. 3SOCIAL COMPONENT problems of persons with disabilities. Cultural model: disability is a special The next step is to build a system of culture, collective identity. interaction between state and public or- Human diversity model: disability ganisations, to distribute functional roles is one of peculiarities of a person, which between them and coordinate joint efforts makes him/her unique, his/her positive aimed to realise the rights of persons with value. disabilities. The fact that the rights of persons 4. “Brand New” disability para- with disabilities can be considered from digm: the disability concept has no different points of view and have a solid independent meaning of its own. Dis- conceptual basis for their realisation is ability derives from barriers and unem- evidenced by the history of interpretation ployment, when the latter are removed, of the disability concept. disability phenomenon disappears87. In brief, these disability interpretation models can be presented as the following All this model variety reflects the re- key points: ality of interaction between people with disabilities and the society, which is as 1. Moral model: disability is a sin complicated. It is impossible for state and a punishment. bodies alone to take into consideration 2. Medical model: disability is a di- this reality in all its aspects and nuances. agnosis. It should also be taken into consid- Classical disability version is a pa- eration that under any rehabilitation sys- thology and a defect. tem based on a certain disability model, Rehabilitation version: disability is a day-to-day activities of persons with dis- functional limitation, which means that a abilities will always pose new challenges person with disabilities should be adjust- and risks, set non-standard objectives ed to the society and not vice versa. that will require timely solution. A range Economic version: disability is de- of these actions can include legal regula- termined as incapacity to work, i.e. eco- tion of relations between people with dis- nomic interpretation of the diagnosis. abilities and the society, their integration into the social life, introduction of new 3. Social model: disability is deter- rehabilitation models and improvement mined by the extent of disintegration of a of preventive systems. person in the society. Only informal public organisations, British materialistic model: disability first of all, those uniting people with dis- is social oppression with the capitalistic abilities themselves as most sensitive to production mode. A disabled person is arising challenging situations can sum- the one who cannot keep up with current marize all this scattered information from production rates. the mosaic of isolated unique cases and British independent living model: effectively forge it into ready solutions. disability is dependence of a disabled According to Article 29 of the Convention person on specialised care centres, its al- on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ternative being development of services the goal of the state is to promote an en- and support of people with disabilities at vironment for functioning of such public the place of their residence. associations. Handicap concept: a disabled person However, the centralised state sys- is any person facing an obstacle or limi- tem of medical, social and employment tation. Removal of the obstacle removes rehabilitation gives rise to the problem of disability. state funding of alternative options of re- Minority concept: disability means habilitation of people with disabilities.

87 The disability model classification is cited from Dumbayev A.E., Popova T.V. Disabled Person, Society and Law. – Almaty, Verena, 2006. – 180p.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 81 A key question is whether the cur- The disabled can make a loud statement by taking part rent rehabilitation infrastructure is able 3 in social transformations. True consolidation of the to change under the influence of alterna- society will only occur when people with disabilities tive rehabilitation models. are able to participate in the country’s constructive This involves various scenarios re- activities not only declaratively, but in practice. quiring comprehensive review and grad- ual step-by-step introduction. Recommendations of Chairman of the Society of Thus, for example, the concept of Young People with Disabilities M. Abdumomynov development of the private rehabilitation sector requires review of state financing for people with disabilities. One option would be to use per capita funding for ForFor instance,instance lacklack ofof thethe statestate socialsocial people with disabilities and use monies of

SOCIAL COMPONENT SOCIAL order becomes obvious in the rehabili- insurance funds in all three rehabilitation tation programmes for persons with dis- areas (medical, social and employment) 88 abilities for 2006-2008 implemented in at the same time or one by one. regions. Action plans within the regional Per capita funding allows raising ad- programmes unambiguously state “not ditional funds specifically for rendering required” in the column “Financial Inter- services at the expense of charity organi- There exist physical action with NGOs”. And this takes place sations, private sponsors and own funds and social barriers when total regional programme costs in of people with disabilities. This way of preventing people with some regions, for example, Mangistau funding also promotes a smooth exit of disabilities from full- are estimated at over 1bln. over the three people with disabilities from the current fl edged participation years. state rehabilitation system, which per- in the society’s life on In other words, involving NGOs into ceives a person with disabilities as a re- an equal footing with rehabilitation efforts looks inappropriate habilitation “object” rather than its active all others. in a situation when the state has to sup- subject. port its own chain of rehabilitation cen- The meaning of the development of tres. At the same time, activating the role the market of private rehabilitation ser- of a disabled person himself/herself, his/ vices is to create conditions for choosing her transformation from an “object” into the best suppliers, stepping up the role of a “subject”, raises a question about de- disabled persons themselves in choosing pendence of rehabilitation centres on the a relevant level of cooperation with the society and forming new needs on the It means that individual choice of a disabled person. initiative of people with disabilities them- state institutions The major reason for alternative op- selves and professional marketing experts engaged in social tions is that people with disabilities are willing to work in the service market for rehabilitation of not a problem by themselves. There exist people with disabilities. disabled people, physical and social barriers preventing on the one hand, No state body is able to adequately people with disabilities from full-fledged perceive, discuss and make decisions have an opportunity participation in the society’s life on an to fi nd additional on such a problem as, for example, aes- equal footing with all others. In this situ- thetic and functional design of clothes for fi nancing sources ation, according to Articles 19 and 20 on the market of wheelchair users. At the same time, the of the Convention on the Rights of Per- social services, and, ability to take care of one’s own looks sons with Disabilities the society should on the other hand, boosts one’s confidence and simplifies use the energy of people with disabilities will have to operate social contacts. For example, clothes for themselves to shape and formulate own in a competitive wheelchair users should have different environment, which needs and promote their social status as proportions than for those who are able can lead to re- active agents. to stand and walk. A special design of distribution of the state order in favour of private institutions. 88 None of the programmes mentioned below stipulate financing of public organisations: Regional Programme of Rehabilitation of People with Disabilities in Kostanay Oblast for 2006-2008// http://ru.government.kz/ docs/ v05n353420051223.htm; Regional Programme of Rehabilitation of People with Disabilities in Eastern Kazakhstan Oblast for 2006-2008// http://akimsemey.gov.kz/index.php?id=287; Regional Programme of Rehabilitation of People with Disabilities for 2006-2008 in Mangistau Oblast // http://ru.government. kz/docs/v05m 193420051206.htm; Regional Programme of Rehabilitation of People with Disabilities in Western Kazakhstan Oblast for 2006-2008 // http://www.msb-uralsk.kz/ru/index.php?option= com_content &task=view&id=41&Itemid=67

82 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 clothes allows to people with disabilities look stylish, and feel much more com- fortable. Thus, as world practice demon- 3SOCIAL COMPONENT strates, in response to the need for an ac- tive social life of people with disabilities the market reacts by emergence of a num- ber of private companies offering clothes for wheelchairs for any occasion.89 The fist step in forming the market of social services in Kazakhstan was the en- try into force of the RK Law “On Special Social Services” on 1 January 2009. The law “shall govern public relations arising in the area of provision of special social services for persons (families) experienc- ing adverse life circumstances”. This law stipulates provision of a guaranteed scope of special social services at the expense includingl d thath forf peoplel withh disabilities.d b l of budget funds and paid special social Making lives of people with disabili- services beyond the guaranteed scope. It ties easier should become a commercial It is obvious that means that state institutions engaged in goal for the market and only in this case enhancing the role social rehabilitation of disabled people, there will emerge a good number of reha- of public unions on the one hand, have an opportunity to bilitation firms able, upon the request of of disabled people, find additional financing sources on the a disabled person, to provide any equip- expanding the market of social services, and, on the oth- ment, instruments or means to make their range of state and er hand, will have to operate in a com- life easier. public organisations petitive environment, which can lead to It is obvious that enhancing the role responsible for re-distribution of the state order in favour of public unions of disabled people, ex- rehabilitation of private institutions. At the same time, panding the range of state and public or- of people with the law now contains provisions govern- ganisations responsible for rehabilitation disabilities, taking ing the procedure for provision of special of people with disabilities, taking mea- measures to social services through their licensing and sures to implement regulations of Article implement regulations standardization, which can lead to limit- 33 of the Convention on the Rights of of Article 33 of the ing the access of the market for private or- Persons with Disabilities will require cre- Convention on the ganisations. It is also obvious that the law ation of a coordination body of a higher Rights of Persons does not provide for a possibility to apply status in Kazakhstan. The current Coor- with Disabilities will per capita financing for people with dis- dination Council for Persons with Dis- require creation of abilities, which is the most adequate way abilities under the Government of the Re- a coordination body of stimulating the market development of public of Kazakhstan is in reality headed of a higher status in special social services. by the Minister of Labour and Social Pro- Kazakhstan. tection. This status for the coordination Developing the market of social ser- body is not acceptable in the context of vices in Kazakhstan is beyond the scope ratification of the Convention. Therefore, of rehabilitation for people with disabili- the Coordination Council should be reor- ties and has a double purpose. The de- mand for training of specialists, social A Council for Persons with Disabilities should be set up under workers needed by disabled and old peo- the RK President and include disaled persons. This will allow ple is growing. In the context of growing many problems to be addressed jointly by RK ministries and life expectancy and decreasing self-care agencies since many problems of the disabled are beyond the abilities, the number of persons with dis- scope of a single ministry. abilities will only grow. An increase in this customer segment makes it possible to Recommendations of Chairman of the Society of Young actively form the market of social services People with Disabilities M. Abdumomynov

89 The example cited is from Dumbayev À.Å., Popova T.V., Disabled Person, Society and Law. – Almaty, Verena, 2006. – 180p.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 83 all state and public organisations engaged in realisation of the rights of people with 3 disabilities; scientific institutions on dis- ability problems; it will submit its recom- mendations to the President or Prime- Minister. Within the framework of such a Com- mission it will become possible to coordi- nate efforts of different state organisations in creating infrastructure for a double pur- pose. As mentioned above, the creation of a commercial social service is part of decisions of this type. Another area of the double-purpose technology is construc- SOCIAL COMPONENT SOCIAL tion of multi-functional space infrastruc- ture in cities. For example, presence of bicycle lanes meets modern requirements of the city environment, promotes healthy life style among citizens and allows wheelchair users to move around the city. Entrance ramps and doors without thresh- old are required not only for people with disabilities, but by all others too, as they allow wheels to be used solving daily is- ganiseddh into the Commissionii for f Persons sues (for example, moving furniture or with Disabilities under the RK President household appliances, baby buggies etc). or under the Prime Minister with a con- Promotion of sports among people sultative mandate. The mission of such a with disabilities with Special Olympic body is to promote disabled persons as Games as its climax also became possible full members of their families, local com- due to the of the double-purpose solution munities, working teams and the country search strategy. Such integrated decisions as a whole. become possible due to joint coordinated The Committee’s obligations can in- efforts of all parties concerned: public and clude consideration of state policies, laws state organisations, private initiatives of and programmes from the point of view of citizens that turn out to be well received their influence on people with disability. within organisations similar to disability The Commission will work closely with social rehabilitation commissions.

3.3. Mechanisms of Stimulation and Funding of Integration of Persons with Disabilities into Society

The next step is to build up a system into consideration many factors other of financial stimulation of integration of than the need to equip working places disabled persons into the social life. All and organise an individual schedule for participants of this process should see not employees with disabilities. only a remote humanitarian perspective, Besides, it should be taken into ac- but obtain benefits for themselves in a count that if people with disabilities have short-term economic period. equal opportunities in education, including On the part of employers, people vocational education, then in the context with disabilities a priori are exposed to of the contemporary industry, which does obstruction as inferior employees. But this not require that employees should stay in inferiority is relative, as it does not take a certain place and time, people with dis-

84 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 abilities get a real chance to get integrated from achieving the non-dependant status into the system of economic exchange and is hard to over-estimate. be its full-fledged players, moreover, have The report of the Commissioner for 3SOCIAL COMPONENT certain motivational advantages unlike the Human Rights in the Republic of Kazakh- so-called “normal” employees. stan “On Respecting the Rights of Old The employment rehabilitation of People in the Republic of Kazakhstan”91 people with disabilities in the future for 2006 says that the provision of the should result in uniting people with dis- Law “On Social Protection of People with abilities with such a group as beneficiaries Disabilities in the Republic of Kazakh- of state social unemployment protection; stan” about 3% quota for people with dis- integration of disabled and non-disabled abilities regardless the ownership forms people into a single category of people – of enterprises is not implemented. It is those with or without a job. In this case, quite revealing that state institutions of people with disabilities will be entitled for the country have almost no disabled em- an unemployment claim90 not on the basis ployees with locomotor problems, or who of their disability, but on the grounds of be- need to have special correction devices ing temporary unemployed. and helpers for working. This status integration is based on an It is obvious that quota allocation idea that the employment rehabilitation should be accompanied by benefits. But and consequent recruitment of people according to the country’s legislation with disabilities is more cost effective enterprises are entitled to benefits if the than paying pensions and benefits on number of people with disabilities during a permanent basis. International expe- the tax period is not less than 51% of all rience (in particular, that of Germany) employees and the payroll of the disabled It is quite revealing proves that development of special state during the tax period also accounts for that state institutions programmes will enable employment of at least 51% (or 35% in specialised or- of the country have citizens even with a severe disability, if ganisations employing people with loss almost no disabled special allowances and subsidies are pro- of hearing, speech and eyesight) of total employees with vided to entrepreneurs employing people payroll expenses. locomotor problems, with disabilities. Moreover, the state can Lack of a balanced policy of stimu- or who need to have determine that financial measures on em- lating recruitment of people with disabili- special correction ployment rehabilitation of people with ties should be dealt with. For this reason devices and helpers disabilities are of a higher priority than it seems justified to follow an example of for working. pension financing. A similar mechanism the USA, which introduced a penalty sys- activates a symbolic exchange between tem for private enterprises’ refusal to em- a disabled person and society, where ploy people with disabilities and, at the the state is ready to compensate the em- same time, provides enterprises with ben- ployer’s expenses in order to increase the efits per each disabled person employed, sustainability of non-dependant status of i.e. the principle of per capita financing a disabled person in the society. compensation should prevail here as well. At the end of the day, aid to employ- On the whole, international experi- ers (tax benefits, individual grants for every ence in creating jobs for people with dis- employed disabled person) and working abilities should be used in a flexible man- people with disabilities (compensation of ner, with different approaches to be taken. costs of travel to and from the working For example, working places should be place, income tax benefits), which the state adjusted beforehand to accommodate is ready to provide in order to promote the people with disabilities, this should be development of working relations between done every time for each individual dis- them, may be equal to direct pension pro- abled person, or social enterprises should vision for people with disabilities. But the be established in the form of specialised humanitarian effect for a disabled person sub-divisions within operating plants. The

90 According to Article 14 of the RK Law “On Population Employment” “the state shall offer the following social protection from unemployment: 1) employment assistance; 2) vocational training, re-training, qualification enhancement; 3) organisation of community work for and compensation to the unemployed occupied in community work; 4) providing targeted state social assistance to the unemployed belonging to low-income groups as defined in legislative acts”. 91 http://www.ombudsman.kz/publish/docs/doklad_spec/detail_2.php?ID=1227

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 85 main principle of all these approaches funds, endowments. Public management should be a balance between an obliga- of charity funds would enable, on the one 3 tion of enterprises to employ disabled per- hand, its transparency and, on the other sons and the right to claim tax and other hand, efficient use of accumulated funds. preferences. Only in this case the provi- Besides, charity funds would also raise sions about the mandatory 3% quota for voluntary donations of legal entities and people with disabilities will be followed individuals for rehabilitation of people in practice and be in compliance with Ar- with disabilities. Funds coming from the ticles 27.1 g) and h) of the Convention on budget and alternative sources will be re- the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in ceived not only by employers, but also pri- terms of employment of people with dis- vate owners of houses and hotels, schools abilities. and universities, sports playgrounds and Availability of money for the rehabili- stadiums and other public places, if they

SOCIAL COMPONENT SOCIAL tation of people with disabilities is a deci- voluntarily observe requirements of ar- sive factor in effective implementation of chitectural standards, taking into account the state policies with respect to people needs of people with disabilities. with disabilities. The country’s negative On the whole, obtaining targeted fi- experience of managing the Obligatory nancing from different sources by every Medical Insurance Fund, nevertheless, disabled person for employment, social should not be an obstacle to considering and medical rehabilitation promotes the an opportunity to develop the system of development of the market of rehabilita- state and private insurance firms that are tion services and goods for people with able to finance the rehabilitation of in- disabilities. sured disabled persons. Another alterna- tive funding option is creation of charity

3.4. Shaping an Official Disability Strategy

The fourth step is connected with of disability allows them to be divided into shaping a general strategy of attitude to- two main groups: medical and social. Presence of a clear- wards disability for the entire society. Medical models consider a disabled cut offi cial disability According to Article 8 of the Convention person as a problem for the society and strategy allows the on the Rights of Persons with Disabili- a rehabilitation “object”; the intention of efforts of a family, ties the state strategy should consolidate this model is to change the disabled per- colleagues, local rather than separate the society, including son himself/herself; community and the people with disabilities, unite people with Social models consider the society as state as a whole in different abilities and not disintegrate and a problem for disabled persons (isolation, addressing social isolate them from each other. lack of equal rights); the intention of this adaptation of people The historical overview of all models model is to change the society and its at- with disabilities to be titude towards people with disabilities. consolidated and the It is social models of disability that initiatives of citizens make it necessary to raise society’s aware- and organisations in ness about how barriers on the way of search for appropriate people with disabilities to their full social- solutions taking into ization can be removed. consideration the The RK Law “On Social Protection of interests of people Disabled Persons in the Republic of Ka- with disabilities zakhstan” was adopted on 13 April 2005, be promoted and which, according to comments of the RK supported. Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population, denotes a transition from a mainly medical model of social protection to the medical/social one. Although the law has been adopted,

86 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 the strategy of this transition has not been who have no disabled relatives or friends formed and public awareness has not around, do not even suspect that there are been not transformed in line with such many of them. 3SOCIAL COMPONENT new strategy in Kazakhstan. This neces- Presence of a clear-cut official dis- sitates a huge amount of work to be done ability strategy allows the efforts of a fam- by a number of central and local state ily, colleagues, local community and the bodies, public organisations and associa- state as a whole in addressing social ad- tions on a single coordination basis. aptation of people with disabilities to be In the society, the medical model of consolidated and the initiatives of citizens disability still dominates and is sustained and organisations in search for appropri- by elements of isolated support of people ate solutions taking into consideration with disabilities surviving from the past the interests of people with disabilities be Soviet infrastructure. One of the aspects promoted and supported. of this conservative approach is economic As a part of the strategy shaping ef- calculations demonstrating the inexpedi- forts the following methods of influenc- ency of satisfaction of interests of minori- ing public awareness can be used: ties, which include people with disabili- regular coverage of problems of ties in accordance with the new social people with disabilities in electronic and disability models. Calculation of expenses published mass media; related to only architectural and construc- tion solutions, taking into account con- • creation of web-resources for in- Another strategical cerns of people with disabilities moving teractive communication; trend is the with the help of wheelchairs, is incom- confi dence that in mensurate with their share in the total • public events and campaigns cre- the post-industrial population. If this share averages 10% ating information sources and motives in society state-of- worldwide, in Kazakhstan it is only 3%. order to draw the attention to problems of the-art science and But if the democratic principle of re- people with disabilities; technology allow spect for and observing minority rights set barriers to a full and out in Articles 10 and 11 of the Conven- • public encouragement of actions independent life to be tion is to be emphasized, these expenses of state and private organisations in social overcome. are reasonable. They are reasonable, first integration of people with disabilities. of all, in a long-term humanitarian per- The official strategy may use provi- spective, though not in a short-term eco- sions articulated in Canada’s 1998 na- nomic period. From the economic point tionwide action plan named “In Unison of view, it is better to consider people – A Canadian Approach to Disability Is- with disabilities as outcasts, who should sues”. These provisions reflected in the not claim to have a social role in the so- Convention on the Rights of Persons with ciety’s life, and, by doing so, distract re- Disabilities, are the following: people sources from other activities. One of con- with disabilities are full members of soci- Politcy-wise, the sequences of this approach is domination ety; people with disabilities should have disability philosophy of prevention over social rehabilitation of an opportunity to take part in all spheres can be developed as a strategy of protecting disability. of society’s life; conditions should be pro- human rights. The policy of marginalisation and moted to turn people with disabilities into isolation of people with disabilities al- members of the society with greatest pos- lows the society not to notice the exis- sible independence. tence of people with disabilities, who, Another strategical trend is the con- due to inability to overcome elementary architectural and space barriers, have to fidence that in the post-industrial society stay at home. Most non-disabled people state-of-the-art science and technology

There is a pressing need to develop a state strategy for dealing with disability issues, a process that must involve associations of people with disabilities. There is also a need for clear standards to counter discrimination in such vital areas as employment, housing, education, transport, communications, leisure, healthcare, elections and access to public buildings and to eliminate these types of discrimination.

Recommendations of Chairman of Almaty City Council for the Disabled A. Amanbayev

NATIONALNATIONAL HUMANHUMAN DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT REPORTREPORT 20099 887 6. Prosthetic and orthopaedic de- 3 vices, including those improving cogni- tive functions by serving as reminders or prompts;

7. Seating and positioning devices;

8. Devices for the vision-impaired;

9. Aids for the hearing-impaired; allow barriers to a full and independent life to be overcome. 10. Mobility aids including vehicle SOCIAL COMPONENT SOCIAL A 1993 study by the National Coun- modifications. cil on Disability found that nearly 75 % According to Article 4.1(h) of the of surveyed children could stay in regu- Convention the state should provide ac- lar classes, and 45% used fewer school- cessible information to persons with dis- related services, thanks to assistive devic- abilities about such technologies. es. 65% of working-age adults surveyed Policy-wise, the disability strategy depended less on family members, 58 % can be developed as a strategy of protect- used less paid help, and 37 % increased ing human rights. People with disabilities People with their earnings for the same reason. 80% of are the most vulnerable out of all mi- disabilities are the the surveyed older adults depended less norities. Their right limitations should be most vulnerable on others, half needed less paid help, and overcome by joint efforts of the state and social group in half stayed out of nursing homes because the civil society in the first place. terms of the human of assistive technologies.” Assistive tech- And lastly, as a part of disability pre- development nologies fall into 10 main categories 92: vention efforts, promotion and formation index: people with 1. Devices for daily living help: of healthy lifestyle become real issues. disabilities have cooking, eating, washing, dressing and The integration of people with disabilities high mortality; low doing housework; into social life does not diminish the trag- education level; and edy of the capacity limitation situation in they are poor. 2. Augmentative and alternative people’s perception of themselves. An ad- communication devices; equate socially full and independent life for people with disabilities does not make 3. Computer access devices; signs of “otherness” less dramatic. This daily demonstration of these signs, which 4. Environmental control systems are not isolated or hidden, is the best way for household equipment, security sys- of persuading people of the necessity to tems. prevent risks that could lead to disability.

5. home and worksite modifica- tions: ramps, elevators, bathroom altera- tions or other devices of rooms;

3.5. Role of State Bodies in Integration of People with Disabilities in the Society

The fifth step is aimed to transform greatest possible number of state bod- the country’s current disability rehabilita- ies in integrating people with disabilities tion model, transfer of emphasis on so- into the society. Disability is a permanent cial rehabilitation through involving the economic, social, political factor, which

92 Dumbayev À.Å., Popova T.V., Disabled Person, Society and Law. – Almaty, Verena, 2006. – 180p.

88 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 mudt be taken into account in the state’s balanced humanitarian policy. People with disabilities are the most 3SOCIAL COMPONENT vulnerable social group in terms of the human development index: people with disabilities have high mortality; low edu- cation level; and they are poor. All these three indicators are interre- lated. The key factor is education, which influences the income level. Education, income level and family status in their turn impact on the life expectancy of a person. In Kazakhstan, the medical aspect of rehabilitation is addressed by health or- ganisations and other specialised organi- sations. with disabilities), disabilities) territorial centres for soso- To attract investments and expand cial services for old and people with dis- production of prosthetic and orthopaedic abilities, in-home social aid departments, devices Almaty, Semipalatinsk and Pet- special education organisations (psycho- ropavlovsk prosthetic and orthopaedic logical, medical, pedagogical consulta- centres have been converted into state- tion centres, rehabilitation centres) and owned joint stock companies and pros- other specialized entities. thetic and orthopaedic production is be- The system of social services to dis- ing upgraded. abled people requiring permanent exter- Rules of Development of Individual nal care and help is represented in the An increase in Rehabilitation Programmes of People Republic by a chain of homes and depart- employment of with Disabilities are approved by the order ments of social in-home assistance (for persons with of RK Minister of Labour and Social Pro- more details please refer to Section 2.1 disabilities in tection of the Population dated December of this Report “Costs of Social Support of Kazakhstan is 7th, 2004 No 286-p. The individual reha- Disabled Persons in Kazakhstan”). facing signifi cant bilitation programme of a disabled person The report of the Commissioner for impediments with the (IRP) is based on a decision of the medi- Human Rights in the Republic of Kazakh- main of them being cal and social commission and includes stan “On Respecting the Rights of Old low competitiveness a set of rehabilitation actions optimal People in the Republic of Kazakhstan” for of people with for a disabled person including certain 2006 refers to independent experts saying disabilities in the types, forms, scope, terms and procedure that the medical part of rehabilitation is labour market in the for medical, professional and other reha- successful. context of lack of bilitation measures aimed to restore and At the same time, the report notes effective measures on compensate impaired or lost body func- that the social part of rehabilitation of the part of the state to tions and abilities of a disabled person to people with disabilities is at a low level encourage employers perform certain types of activities. and requires an upgrade of both concep- to employ people with The situation with general medical tual approaches and methods of organiza- disabilities. services for disabled people requires at- tion and financing of the social rehabili- tention. People with disabilities are guar- tation infrastructure. This has to do with anteed a minimum scope of medical ser- the amount and types of social benefits, vices paid by the state and equal for the which can be paid to people with dis- whole population. The costs people with abilities depending on their life situation disabilities pay to purchase pharmaceuti- and methods of assessment of these ben- cals remain high. Physical access to gen- efits.93 eral medical services is impeded. In 2004-2006 the total number of The social aspect of rehabilitation is employed people with disabilities was performed by medical and social institu- 9,128, whereas in 2007 Kazakhstan had tions (homes for old people and people 455,600 people with disabilities of all cat-

93 http://www.ombudsman.kz

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 89 egories people, of which one third are of there is a discrepancy between barriers, working age.94 Despite a certain increase which people with disabilities face, and 3 in the indicators, the number of employed those measures that are taken by the state people with disabilities comprises a mi- to solve them. This discrepancy is caused, nor part of the total number of working- on the whole, by the outdated conceptual age people with disabilities. approach of the state dominated by the An increase in employment of per- medical model of rehabilitation of people sons with disabilities in Kazakhstan is with disabilities and economic interpreta- facing significant impediments with the tion of the disability phenomenon itself. main of them being low competitiveness Probably, this approach is indirectly due of people with disabilities in the labour to a huge complex of the rehabilitation market in the context of lack of effec- infrastructure of the isolation type inher- tive measures on the part of the state to ited from the Soviet past, which should

SOCIAL COMPONENT SOCIAL encourage employers to employ people be financed irrespective of the side so- with disabilities. ciety’s preferences develop in choosing As mentioned above, there are 33 the rehabilitation models for people with current job training enterprises of Kazakh disabilities. Society for the Blind and 18 organisations In order to have a better idea of real of the Kazakh Society for the Deaf. The problems of people with disabilities and main problem of such enterprises is their necessary measures on the part of the low competitiveness. The rule about tax state for their solution, it is suggested that benefits for enterprises employing people a complex approach should be used. The Presence of a clear- with disabilities is that benefits can be role and place of state bodies in the sys- cut offi cial disability used by companies employing no less tem of rehabilitation measures is based strategy allows the than 51% of employees with disabilities. on barrier classification. According to efforts of a family, Such enterprises have to repeat in their Article 1 of the Convention it is the pres- colleagues, local activities the isolation principle when ence of barriers that makes disability a community and the people with disabilities also work among pressing issue and leads to social isolation state as a whole in people with the same problem and by of people with disabilities. In their turn, addressing social default have no competitive advantages detected barriers are correlated with the adaptation of people compared to other enterprises where per- outlined rehabilitation areas. with disabilities to be sonnel do not have physical or other dis- consolidated and the abilities. Barriers Rehabilitation initiatives of citizens It is obvious that taking into account international experience the most optimal Physical Medical and organisations in Psychological search for appropriate option is to disperse people with disabili- solutions taking into ties among all enterprises in respective Legal Social-legal consideration the sectors, where people with disabilities Employment Social-labour interests of people are able to adjust to working conditions. Financial Training and retraining with disabilities Then the mission of such organisations as Space and envi- Social-environment the Kazakh Society for the Blind and the be promoted and ronment supported. Kazakh Society for the Deaf would be to concentrate on the development and dis- Information Training tribution of recommendations on adapting Educational working stations for disabled employees Emotional Socio-cultural and monitoring their jobs at enterprises. Communicative Socio-communicative But as mentioned above, similar relation changeover to the employment rehabili- Analysis of barriers95 faced by people tation of people with disabilities requires with disabilities makes it obvious that par- changes in the state policy of stimulating ticipation of three Ministries only (Min- enterprises to employ people with dis- istries of Labour and Social Protection, abilities. Healthcare and Education) in rehabilita- On the whole, it should be noted that tion of disabled people, as is the case in

94 Ibidem. 95 The provided classification of barriers is from Dumbayev A.E., Popova T.V., Disabled Person, Society and Law.– Almaty, Verena, 2006. – 180p.

90 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Kazakhstan, is not enough. Taking into tation of small and edium business pro- consideration international experience, in grammes among disabled people (Article case of Kazakhstan a list of functions and 27.1 (f) of the Convention); creation of a 3SOCIAL COMPONENT state bodies that can perform them can be regulatory framework for the activity of the following. charity funds, endowments. The Ministry Physical barrier. The Ministry of of Education and Science: providing ac- Healthcare: medical and psychological cess of higher and secondary vocational rehabilitation; production of prosthetic education for people with disabilities; de- and orthopaedic devices for the locomo- veloping special education programmes tor system, hearing and eyesight; disabil- for people with disabilities; preparing ity prevention efforts (Articles 25 and 26 specialists in the area of rehabilitation of of the Convention). The Ministry of In- people with disabilities. (Article 24 of the dustry and Trade: promoting production Convention). of “assistive” technologies in the domes- tic market; having the local industry issue this output (Article 32.1(c) and (d) of the Convention). Legal barrier. The Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Supreme Court: securing equality before the law; equal access to justice; citizenship and migration issues (Articles 12, 13, 14, 15, 18 and 23 of the Convention). Employment Barrier. The Ministry of Labour and Social Protection: making a

Space and Environment Barrier. TheT Ministry of Industry and Trade: developingd model design and con- structions standards for civilian sites, takingta into account needs of people withw disabilities; introducing auxilia- The information fi eld ryry technologies in public places and allows the society’s transporttr (Article 9 of the Conven- attention to be tionti ). The Ministry of Transport and focused on systemic Communications:C providing transport disability problems, accessa and safety for people with dis- exposes internal abilities (Article 9 of the Convention). reserves of people model employment agreement for people Information Barrier. The Ministry with disabilities and with disabilities; developing the system of Culture and Information; Information mobilizes the society’s of benefits and donations for people with Agency: improving access of people with additional resources disabilities and enterprises employing disabilities to cultural and mass media to address their people with disabilities (Article 27.1 (h) sites (Article 21 and 29 of the Conven- problems. of the Convention). The Ministry of Edu- tion). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs: cation and Science: developing special rendering consular and visa services, educational programmes of vocational freedom of movement (Article 18 of the rehabilitation of people with disabilities Convention). (Article 24 of the Convention). The Ministry of Financial Barrier. The Ministry of Emotional Barrier. Labour and Social Protection: develop- Culture and Information: forming a so- ment of a social disability insurance sys- cial order among NGOs on providing tem (Article 28 of the Convention on the social and psychological consultations Rights of Persons with Disabilities). The to people with disabilities. (Article 30 of Ministry of Industry and Trade: implemen- the Convention). The Ministry of Tourism

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 91 and Sports: involving people with dis- Along with planning and implemen- abilities in doing sports and tourism; or- tation of large-scale actions designed for 3 ganisation of special sports competitions the whole country, state bodies taking among people with disabilities; ensuring part in social integration of people with participation of people with disabilities of disabilities must also work on removing Kazakhstan in international competitions, barriers for disabled persons at the level including the Special Olympics (Article of their offices. It will allow, from the 30 of the Convention). methodological point of view, achiev- Communication Barrier. The Min- ing the maximum comprehensiveness in istry of Labour and Social Protection: terms of taking into account barriers and stimulation of the development of public to balance among themselves the general unions among people with disabilities, in- action strategy and day-to-day implemen- cluding international cooperation (Article tation practice. SOCIAL COMPONENT SOCIAL 32 of the Convention); implementation Thus, taking into account interna- of monitoring of measures to remove bar- tional experience for Kazakhstan needs to riers on the way to social integration of develop and submit proposals to extend people with disabilities; working out rec- the range of state institutions responsible ommendations on coordination of state for implementing elements of social inte- bodies’ efforts taking part in rehabilitation gration for people with disabilities. of people with disabilities in cooperation with public unions of people with disabil- ities. (Article 33 of the Convention).

92 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Chapter 3 Conclusion

3SOCIAL COMPONENT

All five steps described in this Chap- creation of the social service market and ter allows laying the background for production of devices for the disabled. All transforming the current rehabilitation participants of the social integration pro- system for persons with disabilities, form- cess should see not only a remote human- ing the environment for an active life for itarian perspective, but obtain benefits for people with disabilities in line with the themselves in a short-term economic pe- regulations and principles of the UN Con- riod. vention on the Rights of Persons with Dis- Step IV shapes a positive public abilities. opinion in the country aimed to support Step I creates an information field in private and state initiatives promoting a a number of ways including bringing sta- better socialisation of people with dis- tistical methods of collection and analysis abilities. A clear official disability strategy of information on people with disabilities allows consolidating efforts of a family, in line with international standards. The colleagues, community and the state as information field allows the society’s at- a whole in addressing social adaptation tention to be focused on systemic disabil- of people with disabilities; promoting and ity problems, exposes internal reserves of supporting citizens’ and organizations’ The role and place people with disabilities and mobilizes the initiatives in search for mutually accept- of state bodies in society’s additional resources to address able solutions taking into account inter- the rehabilitation their problems. ests of persons with disabilities. system depends on Step II involves developing the non- Step V leads to a more balanced the classifi cation governmental sector in the area of protect- state policy with regards to people with of barriers to ing the rights of people with disabilities to disabilities by expanding the number of socialization of enable it to perceive needs and demands state bodies taking part in their social re- persons with of people with disabilities, formulate habilitation. The role and place of state disabilities. problems and promote their solution at bodies in the rehabilitation system de- the national level. This, in its turn, sug- pends on the classification of barriers to gests that a system of interaction between socialization of persons with disabilities. state and public organizations should be All five steps, described in this chapter, built, functional roles should be distribut- as a whole allow for the creation of a ed among them and joint efforts to imple- background for transforming the current ment measures to secure exercise of the rehabilitation system of people with dis- rights of persons with disabilities should abilities, forming the environment for the be coordinated. active life for people with disabilities ac- Step III provides for financial attrac- cording to regulations and principles of tiveness of campaigns aimed at social in- the UN Convention on the Rights of Per- tegration of people with disabilities and sons with Disabilities.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 93 CONCLUSION

The National Report will be a useful instrument to facilitate the ratifi cation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional Protocol, transform the public approach to people with disabilities and to enable the latter to feel that they are full-fl edged members of the society as well as to participate in the country’s political, economic, social and cultural life.

AAsselssel NNussupova,ussupova, VViceice MMinisterinister ooff LLabourabour aandnd SSocialocial PProtectionrotection ooff tthehe PPopulationopulation ooff tthehe RRepublicepublic ooff KKazakhstanazakhstan A comprehensive analysis made within this National Report in three related areas has exposed a num- ber of risks and barriers on the way to implementation of the standards of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Kazakhstan. It should be noted that a part of them (for example, impact of the global crisis on the world economy) cannot be overcome due to their external nature, but the others, in principle, can be mitigated in case of implementation of concluding recommendations.

4.1. Main Risks and Barriers

4.1.1. Institutional Risks and Barriers 4.1.2. Fiscal Risks and Barriers

Introduction of new international standards in • risk of high inflation accompanied by an in- Kazakhstan encounters significant risks arising from crease in prices of basic customer goods, services, instability, inconsistency and immaturity of the in- energy, services of construction entities etc. In case stitutional environment, which has to do with the if inflation exceeds the rate of price increase estab- disappearance and modification of old institutes, on lished by the Government, there can be a threat of the one hand, and, emergence of absolutely new reduction in planned profitability of business enti- institutes, both formal and informal, on the other ties, reduction in profits and, as a consequence, in hand. This objective process is accompanied by the taxable base. This can have an impact on the subjective factors related to difficulties of drastic republican and local budgets, and, respectively, in- changes in the mental environment. fluence the timeliness and completeness of social The reasons generating the institutional risk are policies. as follows: • Impact of the global economic processes; • devaluation risk, i.e. devaluation of the na- tional currency in respect to other currencies. This • legislative improvement in the field of pro- happens where there is exchange market imbal- tection of rights of people with disabilities; ance, which, in its turn, is the consequence of the current account deficit; • Inconsistent implementation of the state so- cial policy by the Government; • risk of budget deficit increase. Impact of the global financial crisis on the Kazakh real economy • lack of the system-level protection of rights and financial sector is obvious. This creates a risk of of people with disabilities; tax losses for the state budget, which is a hypotheti- cal obstacle on the way to actual implementation of • corruption on different management levels; principles of the Convention in Kazakhstan.

• mismatch between interests and possibili- • risk of a sudden increase in the foreign ties of parties (people with disabilities, state, busi- debt. In 2008, the foreign debt of the commercial nesses); sector increased dramatically, especially in the banking sector, which makes independent and sta- • Impossibility to check the accuracy of sub- ble operations of financial institutions, i.e. second- mitted information or fully control actions of an tier banks (STB), difficult. External borrowings of individual or organisations responsible for the im- STBs increase the sovereign foreign debt, whereas plementation of the state policy in the area of pro- it is getting difficult to raise new loans from interna- tection of rights of people with disabilities; tional and foreign financial institutions to repay the current debts. All this can have a negative impact • under-development of information systems on the implementation pace of the principles of the and others. Convention due to an increase in budget problems. Institutional risks can be defined as a possible hazard of deviation from the desired result gener- 4.1.3. Political Risks and Barriers ated by institutional changes, immaturity of institu- tions, and the opportunistic behaviour of counter- • Due to economic instability in the society, parties and partners to each other. it is possible that both the Parliament and the Gov- ernment can postpone development of the legisla- tive framework for implementing the principles of

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 95 the Convention until stabilisation of the financial to implementing the principles of the Convention and economic sphere in Kazakhstan; due to their high costs;

4.1.4. Other Risks and Barriers • Lack of entrenched perception of people with disabilities as the country’s full-fledged citi- • the Government’s untimely performance of zens at the psycho-emotional level creates hidden legal drafting plans to implement the principles of resistance of “healthy” citizens to take additional the Convention; measures to render social aid to people with dis- abilities. • Hidden resistance of private entrepreneurs

4.2. Step-by-Step Implementation of the International Convention in Kazakhstan

4.2.1. Legal Measures of the non-discrimination principle, taking into ac- count the need to provide reasonable accommoda- 1. The Government of the Republic of Kazakh- tion to achieve equality; stan should: – develop and adopt the National Programme – when determining the need for types of so- to Protect the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and cial aid and services the legislation should proceed Ensure their Integration into the Society. The Pro- exclusively from individual needs of a disabled per- gramme needs to outline measures enabling per- son, whereas the disability category should not be sons with disabilities to use prescribed rights and taken into consideration; freedoms on an equal footing with others without any discrimination in accordance with principles – draft a law establishing the minimum guar- stipulated in the Convention; anteed level of social protection of disabled chil- dren; – develop the national programme to protect the family environment for children with disabili- – provide in all Strategies and State Pro- ties and develop alternative family forms of accom- grammes protection and encouragement of rights of modation for disabled children and children with- people with disabilities; out parental care aiming at persistent reduction in the number of children with disabilities in homes. – include measures set out in Article 8.2 of the Convention into programme documents (state, - conduct an integrated survey of the current sectoral, regional programmes, actions plans); legislation to check its compliance with the Con- vention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities – prioritize the principle of including people and its Optional Protocol. This process should be with disabilities into the open labour market in state aimed at: unemployment plans and programmes; • involving experts of institutions and compe- tent ministries, civil society, people with disabilities – stipulate information campaigns according and organisations representing them; to Article 8 of this Convention , increase the num- • making a schedule for this survey and moni- ber of republican TV programmes accompanied by tor this process; voice-to-sign interpretation;

– develop a series of measures to improve the – assign relevant ministries and agencies a legislation in the area of protection of rights of peo- task to develop a series of integrated measures se- ple with disabilities according to the requirements curing the rights of disabled children to cultural, cre- of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Dis- ative and physical development, and also determine abilities and Optional Protocol; the method and timeline for their implementation.

– review legal regulations in all spheres men- – develop the republican system of registra- tioned in the Convention, from the point of view tion of disabled children containing a profile of

96 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 each disabled child and his/her need for different pliance with the Convention on the Rights of types of rehabilitation. Persons with Disabilities;

– reform children’s orphanages using the • all proper legislative, administrative, bud- principle of “family groups”, create special correc- get, and other measures for realising the rights tion educational institutions on the basis of orphan- of people with disabilities; ages. • the right of children with disabilities to cor- 2. Within the legislative initiative, the Gov- rection aid in young age; ernment and deputies of the Parliament of the Re- public of Kazakhstan should develop special legis- • a mechanism for creating special condi- lation in respect of people with disabilities: tions for teaching and raising people with dis- – stipulating: abilities in educational institutions of different • a national coordination and advisory body, kinds and types, including general education which agrees on complex and multi-faceted ones; issues related to disability and protection of the rights of people with disabilities; • a new list of special (correctional) educa- • state measures to solve issues related to tional institutions including that for students people with disabilities; with autistic spectrum disorders, emotional and behavioural disorders, blindness, deafness, and • procedure for public control over obser- other complex defects; vance of the rights of people with disabilities in closed-type institutions; • obligation of local authorities to fund from local budgets additional expenses in regard to • norms on adjusting working places and training people with disabilities including ex- offices not only for people with disabilities, penses of creating special conditions for their who suffered an occupational injury or disease training and raising in general and special edu- through the fault of an employer, but for all dis- cational institutions and also for maintaining abled employees; students of this type in educational institutions;

• terminology used for designating people • legal grounds for placing orphans and chil- with disabilities in all current and new laws dren without parental care into foster (profes- (terms: “discrimination on the ground of dis- sional) families; ability”, “universal design”, “reasonable ac- commodation”, “tactual communication”, • legal grounds for organisation of social sup- “readers”, “inclusion”, “habilitation”, “assistive port (foster care) of blood and substitute fami- technologies”, etc.); lies where disabled children are being brought up. • legal norms in all spheres provided in the Convention , from the point of view of the non- • administrative responsibility for violating discrimination principle, taking into account the legislation on securing barrier free environ- the need to provide reasonable accommoda- ment for people with disabilities, including dis- tion to achieve equality; abled children;

• liability for discrimination on the grounds • priority of inclusive education of disabled of disability; children and refusal to use the term “learning- disabled child”; • disability categories to all people with dis- abilities regardless of the age (a disabled child • gender disability peculiarities, especially in of category I, II or III, a disabled person of cat- healthcare; egory I, II or III); • increasing compensation for taking care of • the size of the disability benefits should be a disabled child. proportionate to the disability category without taking into account their age or any other cir- – guaranteeing people with disabilities: cumstances; • the right to have their legal personality and legal capacity recognised; • national mechanism to monitor the com-

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 97 • the right to use necessary support and pro- • adjustments of physical environment facili- tection measures; ties to the needs of people with disabilities.

• availability of physical environment, trans- • when entering into state contracts, provi- port, technologies, information and communi- sion of preferences to equipment and tech- cation, facilities and services provided to the nologies meeting certain rules of accessibility, population; universality and social inclusion;

• use of sign-language, Braille alphabet in of- • job quotas for people with disabilities, ficial relations, their augmentative and alterna- tive communication ways of their choice; • creation of specialised enterprises for peo- ple with disabilities; • access to justice; • strengthening the logistics of rehabilitation • the right to use procedural corrections at all institutions. stages of the trial; – ensuring: • the right for individuals and groups of peo- • financial support (social payments) to peo- ple to file civil, criminal or administrative law- ple with disabilities; suits in case of discrimination on the grounds of disability, and enjoy relevant remedies; • improvement of working forms and meth- ods of organizations engaged in education, • observing rights of people with disabilities healthcare, labour and social protection of by individuals, organisations and private enter- population, physical training and sports in the prises; context of rehabilitation of people with disabil- ities; • observing rights of people with disabilities by state government authorities; • expanding the scope of high-quality and af- fordable medical services for people with dis- • equal access to inclusive education in plac- abilities; es of residence of people with disabilities; • encouraging vocational training of special- • accessibility of premises and materials for ists and personnel working with people with people with disabilities for voting, including disabilities; provision of materials in accessible formats. • special support to certain people and peo- – prohibiting: ple with specific impairments, which can be of • discrimination, in particular, discrimination two forms: on the basis of disability in public and private 1) on-going or permanent measures. These life; are special measures that will be ongoing or possibly permanent. For example, in order to • discrimination in different sectors, such as ensure that persons with disabilities are as mo- employment, education, healthcare and justice bile as others, Governments might provide a access; travel subsidy for disabled persons to enable them to use taxis. – excluding norms: 2) temporary special measures. These are • limiting free choice and proceeding from measures that are adopted to redress the past the assumption of dependence of people with disadvantage of persons with disabilities, but disabilities; which may be intended to operate only for a period of time. For example, a government • creating barriers for people with disabili- might set targets or quotas for the employment ties in employment. of persons with disabilities with the goal of re- moving the quotas once the targets have been – requiring: achieved. • provision of services to people with disabil- ities in such sectors as education, employment, rehabilitation and health.

98 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 3. The Parliament of the Republic of Kazakh- – establish a regulatory and methodological stan should: framework for integrated education and early cor- – ratify the Convention on the Rights of Per- rection and teaching aid to disabled children of sons with Disabilities and the Optional Protocol; junior age, professional training of teenagers and youths with disabilities. – perform parliamentary control over activi- ties of the Government in implementing provisions – establish conditions for individualising cor- of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Dis- rection and training programmes for children with abilities and the Optional Protocol; mental and psychological impairments. – improve the system of training, re-training – establish a parliamentary commission to and enhancement of skills of specialists working control this process and analyse, on a regular basis, with children with disabilities in general and spe- any new draft law to check its compliance with the cial education systems. Convention. 8. The Ministry of Labour and Social Protec- 4. The Supreme Court of the Republic of Ka- tion of the Population of the Republic of Kazakh- zakhstan should: stan should – Perform procedural supervision over activi- – review the manning table of medical and ties of local and other courts in trying civil, criminal social institutions for disabled children, including and other cases, where a disabled person is a party educators, remedial gymnastics instructors to work to the trial; with bed patients, occupational therapists, inter- ventionists and special tutors (teachers) for teaching – take all judicial and other measures to im- children with severe and moderate levels of mental plement the rights of people with disabilities; disability.

– summarize the court practice in respect of 4.2.2. Economic Measures trials of people with disabilities in order to inform judges and have them make justified decisions; The Government of the Republic of Kazakh- stan should: 5. The General Prosecution Office of the Re- – provide assistance to employed people public of Kazakhstan should: with disabilities by creating additional jobs through – Reinforce the public prosecutor’s super- the development of individual enterprises, small vision over accurate and uniform enforcement of and medium businesses, vocational training and re- laws, decrees of the President of the Republic of training of people with disabilities; Include norms Kazakhstan and other regulatory acts in the area of about state promotion of participation of enterprises protection of rights, interests and freedoms of peo- and organisations in providing for vital needs of ple with disabilities; people with disabilities including their employment and including mechanisms securing economic in- – ensure that prosecutors should take effi- terest of businesses in social partnership with the cient public prosecutor’s response measures in re- state in implementing the support policy with re- spect of people, who do not follow writs to cure, gards to people with disabilities. within the specified period of time, violations of rights, interests and freedoms of people with dis- – provide job quotas for people with dis- abilities exposed by prosecutors; abilities, establish specialised enterprises for people with disabilities. There is also a need for a norm – prepare guidelines for arranging public obliging employers to pay a penalty into the budget prosecutor supervision over compliance with leg- for quota non-compliance. islation on protection of rights and legal interests of people with disabilities. – bridge a gap in activities of state authori- ties, when some state bodies (medical and social 6. The Ministry of Justice of the Republic of expertise board) recommend employment in spe- Kazakhstan should: cial conditions or on a part-time basis, whereas the conduct legal analysis of regulatory acts in the other state body (employment of population) quite sphere of protection of the rights, freedoms and in- often does not have matching employment options. terests of people with disabilities. – stipulate measures for state investment into 7. The Ministry of Education and Science in specialised workshops and enterprises for people the Republic of Kazakhstan should: with disabilities and for increasing their numbers.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 99 – fully provide for the needs of people with 4.2.3. Measures for Development disabilities for therapy, therapeutic, preventive and of Solutions and Implementation special prosthetic and orthopaedic devices that meet Mechanisms in the Domain of Social modern requirements, it is necessary to reorganise the current state prosthetic and orthopaedic enter- Adaptation of Disabled Persons prises, optimise their management structure, hold survey, research and development in prosthetics, in- The Government of the Republic of Kazakh- troduce new constructions and production technolo- stan should: gies of components and details to prosthetic devices. – initiate an annual national report on the status of people with disabilities in the country in line with the Convention (Article 31 “Statistics and – performing integrated rehabilitation of peo- Data Collection”) as a measure to set up an effec- ple with disabilities requires development of a net- tive data collection and exchange system. This re- work and upgrading the facilities of rehabilitation port should correspond to the governmental report institutions; improving working forms and methods to be submitted by Kazakhstan in line with Article of organizations engaged in education, healthcare, 35 of the Convention (Article 35 “Reports by States labour and social protection of population, physical Parties”) through the UN Secretary General at least training and sports in the context of rehabilitation of every four years. people with disabilities. – bring statistical surveys on people with dis- abilities in line with international standards. – provide re-training and enhancement of skills of specialists in medical, social and profes- – secure conditions for development and op- sional rehabilitation of people with disabilities. eration of public unions for people with disabilities in line with the Convention on the Rights of Persons – improve supply of people with disabilities with Disabilities (Article 29 “Participation in Politi- with technical, rehabilitation devices making their cal and Public Life”) . life easier. – consult people with disabilities and involve – work out individual rehabilitation pro- them into developing laws and implementing the grammes for people with disabilities, including their state policy for people with disabilities. provision with a guaranteed list of rehabilitation and other technical devices and medical, social – establish a coordinating authority such as and professional rehabilitation services. the Commission on Social Rehabilitation of People with Disabilities under the President of the Repub- – expand a network of special correction ed- lic of Kazakhstan or under the Prime-Minister with ucation organisations for children with disabilities. consultative functions in line with the Convention (Article 33 “National Implementation and Monitor- – take actions to provide unhindered move- ing”) . ment and access of people with disabilities to so- cial infrastructure sites. – establish the State Support Fund for People with Disabilities. – expand participation of people with dis- abilities in the public and political life of society by – ensure development of an insurance fund facilitating development of public unions of people system to cover financing of rehabilitation of in- with disabilities. sured people with disabilities and, as a measure to form a funding option alternative to the state bud- – organise surveys to examine causes for get, establish a system of charity funds – endow- emergence and growth of disability aiming at dis- ments. ability prevention. – form a new vision of disability problems in – conduct a reserach and practice confer- the public mind from the point of view of the mod- ence and seminars on rehabilitation problems of ern disability paradigm according to the Conven- people with disabilities. tion (Article 8 “Awareness-Raising”). – ensure the consistency of the state policy – classify barriers on the way to social in- by elaborating a new state rehabilitation programme tegration of people with disabilities and determine for people with disabilities similar to the one imple- relevant rehabilitation measures in line with the mented in 2006 – 2008. Convention (Article 1).

100 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 – expand the number of state bodies respon- sible for implementation of social rehabilitation of – use the cascade teaching method, when disabled people, removal of social barriers on the tutors trained in inclusive education method train way to their integration into the life of society. other teachers in their turn.

– improve the legal and procedural guide- – include methods of inclusive education lines for the rehabilitation system. into teacher training programme.

– provide training and improve qualifications – encourage communication between exist- of specialists in medical, social and professional re- ing public rehabilitation networks aiming at sup- habilitation of disabled people. porting inclusive education actions. Encourage stu- dent-to-student programmes, when senior students – develop the social services market. help junior students.

– bring methods of assessing social disability – provide support services meeting as much benefits in line with international standards. as possible different needs of all students includ- ing non-disabled ones and help to learn the Braille – provide disabled persons with accessible alphabet and sign-language, so that blind, deaf or information on assistive technologies; promote their blind-deaf children can get access to education and development and use in the domestic context. communicate between themselves.

– develop employment promotion mecha- – encourage people with disabilities to nisms for people with disabilities in accordance choose an occupation in the educational sphere. with quotas established by law. – organise vocational education for disabled – set education quotas for disabled persons children within available resources. in secondary and higher professional education in- stitutions to be funded by the budget. – encourage partnership between schools and parents. – provide disabled persons with relevant de- vices and educational materials. – try to obtain reasonable accommodation for testing children. – use teaching methodology and educational programmes that take into consideration the needs – transform existing specialised schools into of all children and all students including disabled resource centres. ones. – create a reporting mechanism allowing – train and encourage teachers for teaching control over the enrolment and academic progress inclusive classes. of disabled children.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 101 STATISTICAL OVERVIEW OF THE STATE OF HUMAN DEVEL- OPMENT AND DISABILITY IN KAZAKHSTAN

Kazakh statistics bodies are faced with the task of coming up with adequate disability statistics based on the International Classifi cation of Functioning, Disability and Health and taking into account international experience so that people could see how many disabled people there are in Kazakhstan and how they live and so that special arrangements could be made to enable their successful and full-fl edged work and social activities.

YYuriuri SShokamanov,hokamanov, DDScSc ((Econ),Econ), PProfessor,rofessor, EExecutivexecutive SSecretaryecretary ooff tthehe SStatisticstatistics AAgencygency ooff tthehe RRepublicepublic ooff KKazakhstanazakhstan STATE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN AND ITS REGIONS

1. Trends in human development in 1998, CIS countries dropped to 68th -118th Kazakhstan and other CIS countries (out of 174 countries), and according to the HDIs for CIS countries were first published 2005 data published in the 2007/2008 report in the UNDP Global Human Development Re- they ranked 64th -122nd (out of 177 countries). port for 1993, where CIS countries ranked 38th Figure 1 demonstrates HDI ratings of CIS coun- -88th (out of 173 countries) in terms of the HDI tries in 1990, 1995 and 2005. according to the 1990 data. In the report for

Figure 1. Trends in HDI rating of CIS countries in 1990, 1995 and 2005

Belarus Kazakhstan Armenia Azerbaijan Moldova Kyrgyzstan

Russia Ukraine Georgia Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Tajikistan

Source: based on UNDP’s Global Human Development Reports for 1993, 1998 and 2007/2008

Note: the countries have been presented in descending order of HDI values as per the latest UNDP’s Global Human Development Report for 2007/2008. The numbers represent the countries’ HDI ranking among the countries included in the Report.

Figure 1 demonstrates that all CIS countries ex- fell most (by 47 positions) in human development perienced a drop in human development in 1990 level, as well as Turkmenistan (43); Kazakhstan (19), -1995. During the transition period Georgia fell Belarus (26) and Russia (30) experienced the lowest most in terms of the HDI, by 59 spots, among the reduction in the HDI. other countries, Ukraine fell by 57, Armenia by 52, The latest Human Development Report for Moldova by 49 and Azerbaijan by 48. The countries 2007/2008 presents the trends in human develop- which declined least were Uzbekistan (24), Kyrgyz- ment in the countries of the world with a 5-year in- stan (26) and Tajikistan (30). Kazakhstan dropped terval starting from 1975. For certain CIS countries 39 spots. updated information is available for most recent In 2005, despite an improvement from 1995, years only (see Table 1). all CIS countries still rank lower than in 1990. In 2005 as compared to 1995 Georgia and Moldova

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 103 Table 1. HDI trends in CIS countries for 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005 and their ranking among other countries

Ranking Ranking among Country 1990 1995 2000 2005 among CIS the world countries countries Azerbaijan … … … 0,746 98 7 Armenia 0,737 0,701 0,738 0,775 83 5 Belarus 0,790 0,755 0,778 0,804 64 1 Georgia … … … 0,754 96 6 Kazakhstan 0,771 0,724 0,738 0,794 73 3 Kyrgyzstan … … … 0,696 116 11 Moldova 0,740 0,684 0,683 0,708 111 9 Russia 0,815 0,771 0,782 0,802 67 2 Tajikistan 0,703 0,638 0,640 0,673 122 12 Turkmenistan … … … 0,713 109 8 Uzbekistan 0,704 0,683 0,691 0,702 113 10 Ukraine 0,809 0,756 0,761 0,788 76 4

Source: Global Human Development Report 2007/2008

The table above shows that there are compa- and Russia are a part of this group already, whereas rable data for 8 CIS countries starting from 1990. Kazakhstan can join them in the next report. Three countries report a higher HDI in 2005 than in Belarus (64th) and Russia (67th) have a higher 1995: Armenia (by 0.038), Belarus (by 0.014) and HDI rating than Kazakhstan. At the same time, the Kazakhstan (by 0.023). As compared with 2000, the situation is quite different in several factors (see human development situation has improved in all Table 2). For instance, while in GDP per capita 8 CIS countries, for which comparable dynamics Kazakhstan ranks third in the CIS after Russia and data are available. Among them Kazakhstan has the Belarus (US$10,845, 7,918 and 7,857 in PPP terms highest HDI increase – by 0.056. respectively), in terms of life expectancy at birth Ka- According to the UNDP Global Human De- zakhstan ranks third from the bottom after Turkmen- velopment Report for 2007/2008, Kazakhstan ranks istan and Russia (62.6, 65.0 and 65.9 years respec- 73rd in terms of the HDI (0.794) and 77th in terms tively). In terms of combined gross enrolment of of GDP per capita (US$ 7,857 in PPP terms in 2005). population aged 5-24 (the overall index of students At present, 70 countries have an HDI of 0.800 or in educational institutions of all levels), Kazakhstan above, which allows them to be classified as coun- ranks first in the CIS (93.8%) followed by Russia tries with high human development level. Belarus (88.9%), Belarus (88.7%) and Ukraine (86.5%).

104 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Table 2. HDI components of CIS countries according to 2005 data

Rating of Life Adult Combined GDP per GDP per Country HDI value expectancy literacy gross enrolment capita capita minus at birth level ratio, % HDI rating 64. Belarus 0,804 68,7 99,6 88,7 7918 8 67. Russia 0,802 65,0 99,4 88,9 10845 -9 73. Kazakhstan 0,794 65,9 99,5 93,8 7857 1 76. Ukraine 0,788 67,7 99,4 86,5 6848 9 83. Armenia 0,775 71,7 99,4 70,8 4945 20 96. Georgia 0,754 70,7 100,0 76,3 3365 24 98. Azerbaijan 0,746 67,1 98,8 67,1 5016 4 109. Turkmenistan 0,713 62,6 98,8 … 3838 5 111. Moldova 0,708 68,4 99,1 69,7 2100 25 113. Uzbekistan 0,702 66,8 … 73,8 2063 35 116. Kyrgyzstan 0,696 65,6 98,7 77,7 1927 29 122. Tajikistan 0,673 66,3 99,5 70,8 1356 32

Source: Global Human Development Report 2007/2008

2. Trends in human development in zakhstan’s human development indices gradually Kazakhstan in 1990-2008 improved with an increase in HDI ranking by 20 In 1990-2008 there were two stages in Kazakh- spots (73rd). stan’s human development dynamics. At the first Kazakhstan’s HDI for 1990, 1995 and 2008 cal- stage (1990-1995) all basic human development culated according to the methodology of the latest indices declined sharply, which caused a decrease Global Human Development Report are presented in Kazakhstan’s HDI ranking from 54th to 93rd in in Table 3. the world. At the second stage (1996-2005), Ka-

Table 3. Basic human development components and indices for Kazakhstan in 1990-2008

1990 1995 2008 1995-1990 2008-1995 Life expectancy (LE) at birth, years1) 68,1 63,5 67,11 -4,6 +3,61 Literacy level, %1) 97,7 98,7 99,5 +1,0 +0,8 Combined gross enrolment, %1) 80,0 73,0 91 +7,0 +18 GDP per capita, US$ (PPP) 2) 6283 4508 10421 -1776 +5914 LE index 2) 0,718 0,642 0,702 -0,077 +0,060 Education index 2) 0,918 0,901 0,967 -0,017 +0,065 Income index 2) 0,691 0,636 0,776 -0,055 +0,140 HDI 2) 0,776 0,726 0,815 -0,050 +0,088

Source: 1) Data of the RK Agency for Statistics 2) calculated by the author

The table above shows that over the period which accounted for 52% of the HDI decrease. The from 1990 to 1995 Kazakhstan’s HDI dropped by second reason for the HDI decline was a decrease in 0.050 points. The analysis of basic HDI indicators by GDP per capita by US$1,776 in PPP terms (37%). A components shows that the main reason for the HDI reduction in aggregate education coverage by seven decline was a decrease in LE at birth by 4.6 years, percentage points was the third reason (11%).

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 105 At the second stage of human development in pendix 3). Correspondingly, less differentiation has Kazakhstan, in 1996-2008 the HDI increased by been observed in the HDI calculated on the basis of 0.088 points. Economic growth played a major role income used for consumption (by 14.7%) (see Table (53%) in Kazakhstan’s HDI increase at this stage, 3.6 in Appendix 3 and Figure 2). The countries with as a result, the GDP per capita increased 2.3 times corresponding indices were ranked 33rd-87th in from 1995 and 1.7 times from 1990. Growth of human development level in 2005 (see Table 3.7 in combined gross enrolment by 18 percentage points Appendix 3). (up to 91%) and LE at birth by 3.61 years (up to HDI dynamics in the regional context show 67.11 years) were correspondingly the second and that human development in Kazakhstani regions third reasons for the HDI increase, which account- reached its bottom mainly in 1995-1996. In recent ed for 25% and 23% of the total result respectively. years Kazakhstan regions have been divided by the Thus, the demographic factor – LE at birth – level of human development (HDI) into three clus- was the main factor in Kazakhstan’s HDI decline ters: at the first stage of the transition period and only 1) those with a comparatively high level of the third most important factor of the HDI increase human development (Astana and Almaty cities), at the second stage. The level of this indicator in where the HDI is much higher than the threshold for Kazakhstan (65.9 years according to the Human the countries with high human development level – Development Report for 2007/2008) is rather low 0.800; Portugal and Estonia ranking 29th and 44th compared both to OECD countries (78.3 years) and in terms of the HDI respectively (according to the most countries in transition (68.6 years). Global Human Development Report 2007/2008) The economic factor was the second reason for had similar indices; HDI decline in the Republic at the first stage and the main reason for the HDI growth at the second stage. 2) those with an average republican level of GDP per capita in Kazakhstan is already compa- human development (Aktobe, Mangistau, Karagan- rable to its average value in the countries of Cen- da, and South Kazakhstan Oblasts), with the HDI of tral and Eastern Europe and CIS (US$ 9,527 in PPP 0.801-0.824 in 2008; the countries ranked 53-69 terms). However, its value is still low compared to in the world according to the Global Human De- the countries with high human development (US$ velopment Report including Bulgaria, Libya, Saudi 23,986 in PPP terms). Arabia, Malaysia, Belarus, Russia, Albania had such indices; 3. Human development dynamics in Kazakhstan regions 3) those with human development level The calculations show that Kazakhstan’s re- slightly below the average republican level (Zham- gions had a slight difference in HDI in 1990, with byl, Kostanay, Kyzylorda, Akmola, Almaty and the gap between the maximum and minimum val- North Kazakhstan oblasts) with the HDI of 0.783- ues being only 7%. However, this had increased to 0.796 in 2008; the countries ranking 72-78th in the 20% by 1997, and to 21.8% by 2008 (see Table world, including Saint Lucia, Venezuela, Columbia, 3.1 in Appendix 3). First of all, this has to do with a Ukraine, Thailand, had similar indices. remaining gap in the regions’ per capita GRP, which Basic human development indicators and their was 11,6 times in 2008 (see Table 3.2 in Appendix indices as well as HDI by regions of Kazakhstan in 3). Corresponding per capita GRP indices are differ- 2008 are presented in Table 3.8 of Appendix 3. The ent by 0.409 points (see Table 3.3 in Appendix 3). most considerable regional differentiation has been In terms of income used for per capita con- observed in income per capita (0.7 times) and, as sumption, the difference between the regions was a result, the difference between income indices is at least 2.7 times in 2008 (see Table 3.4 in Appen- 23.2%. The difference in LE and education acces- dix 3). As a result, income indices of regions are sibility indices is also significant and equals 22.0% different only by 0.167 points (see Table 3.5 in Ap- and 10.6% respectively.

106 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Figure 2. Regional HDI assessed by people’s income used for consumption

4. Gender Related Development Index points in 2007. As far as the HDI as a whole is con- (GDI) cerned, gender inequality increased by 15 points Since gender related data needed for GDI cal- (from 0.032 to 0.047). Gender inequality of wom- culation for 2008 is not available yet, we consider en with regard to income within the whole period the trends in indicators from 1999 to 2007. Within was more than compensated by gender inequality this period differences in life expectancy with re- of men with regard to life expectancy and educa- gard to gender have significantly increased, with tion accessibility, which ensured a higher HDI than female life expectancy increasing by 1.6 years and women. male LE – only by 0.4 years (see Table 3.9 in Ap- As a result of the difference between the HDIs pendix 3). of women and men, the HDI calculated for both The ratio of employed women increased only genders using a special formula taking this differ- by 0.3 per cent, while inequality in women’s and ence into account (i.e. with regard to gender factor men’s salaries (ratio-wise) increased by 1.8 per cent. GDI) becomes lower than HDI calculated for both As a result, with GDP per capita growing by US$ genders without regard to gender inequality (see 5,673 in PPP terms, GDP per woman proportional Table 3.11 in Appendix 3). to salaries paid to women increased only by US$ Gender differences in education accessibility 4,371 in PPP terms. are virtually not reflected in the indices. But differ- The results of calculation of indices of separate ences in life expectancy and income per capita are human development components and HDI for the considerable, though they slightly decreased within population in general and with regard to gender, the recent years, which reduced a difference be- taking into account these data, show an improve- tween the HDI and GDI by 0.002 points. ment in all human development indicators both for Therefore, a considerable gender inequality in women and men. At the same time gender inequal- two human development components – life expec- ity has increased in all human development compo- tancy at birth and disposable income – reflected in nents except for income per capita (see Table 3.10 the decline in the corresponding indices has been in Appendix 3). observed in Kazakhstan. Thus, gender inequality in education accessi- bility increased from 10 to 28 points in favour of 5. HDI adjusted for Gender Inequality women, but in the level of disposable income it de- Index creased by 8 points in favour of women to make 86 Gender inequality indices represent a devia- tion of the difference in the values of basic indica- NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 107 tors for men and women from the maximum pos- 33.6% - in 2008. Even in Astana and Almaty one sible deviation. They are more sensitive to gender sixth to one fifth of the population do not survive till differences than indices calculated using a special the age of 60. formula taking into account the gender factor. In- Following a reduction in the 2004/2005 school dices of gender difference in human development year to 1.1%, the share of 16-year-old dropouts components for 1999-2007 show the growth of increased again by the beginning of 2008-2009 gender inequality in life expectancy and enrolment school year to 3.9% (see Table 3.16 in Appendix and a certain decrease in income per capita (see 3). Therefore, the situation with general secondary Table 3.12 in Appendix 3). education is getting worse again. At the regional Gender inequality indices allows us to calcu- level, the variation in this indicator on 2008/2009 late decreased values of indices on each separate school year was still considerable – 0 – 20.8% (in HDI component as well as the HDI adjusted for 1999/2000 it was 4.0 to 14.0%). gender inequality (HDIGI). It should be noted that 40.2% of 16-year olds In this case gender inequality in enrolment of studied in colleges. Taking into account that colleg- men and women results in the education accessi- es are mainly located in the cities, a considerable bility index decrease by 0.015-0.034. The life ex- shortage of 16-year olds enrolment has been ob- pectancy index decreases by 64-79 points and the served in rural areas (36.3%), while in urban areas income index – by 82-112 points (see table 3.13 in there are 34.7% more enrolled teenagers than those Appendix 3). who are registered. Use of gender inequality indices for calculation For this reason, comparatively high ratios of of HDI and its components makes an HDIGI change under-enrolment of 16-year-old dropouts in Akmola more sensitive with changes in gender inequality. At (16.7%) and Almaty (20.8%) Oblasts are connected the same time, unlike GDI calculation, the role of with close location of cities of the republican status, gender inequality in education accessibility increas- Astana and Almaty, where the number of enrolled es from 0 to 11% (see Table 3.14 in Appendix 3). children by far exceeds their number defined ac- Gender inequality in life expectancy provides cording to the current population accounting data for the HDI decrease by 26%, gender inequality in (by 41.9 and 60.2% respectively). income per capita – by 63%. It should be noted that comparatively high val- Therefore, using gender inequality allows us to ues of this indicator in some other oblasts are con- assess its influence on the decrease of HDI and gen- nected with the problems of population accounting der differences in education accessibility, keeping in the Republic as a whole (for example, 16-year the leading role of gender inequality for the remain- olds actually live and study in one location being ing human development components. registered in another). According to the RK Agency for Statistics 6. Human Poverty Index (HPI-3) 34.5% of Kazakhstan’s population had a consump- tion level below the subsistence minimum in 1999, Human Poverty Index calculations, despite the and 12.1% - in 200896 (see Table 3.17 in Appendix 3-times reduction of income poverty in 1999-2008, 3). Regional differences in this indicator is consider- show an insignificant HDI decrease. In is connected able. The worst indicator before 2004 was in all the with the fact that the trends in other basic indicators southern republics, as well as in Atyrau and Man- are behind income poverty reduction dynamics. gistau oblasts, where this indicator exceeded 35% Thus, in 2008 27.4% of the Republic’s popula- in 1999. tion did not survive till the age of 60 (see table 3.15 In 2004 poverty significantly reduced in all the in Appendix 3). This was connected with low life regions. Only in four oblasts – Atyrau, Kyzylorda, expectancy at birth – only 67.11 years in 2008. At South-Kazakhstan and Mangistau – it exceeded the same time a decrease in the share of population 20%. In 2006 the poverty level increased due to the not surviving till the age of 60 was insignificant in adoption of a higher poverty line. 1999-2008 – only by 2.4 percentage points. In 2008 the highest poverty level was observed In the regional context the differentiation in in Mangistau (32.4%), Kyzylorda (24.3%) and Al- this indicator increases: in 1999 the difference be- maty (20.1%) Oblasts. tween maximum and minimum values was 7.4%, In recent years, the unemployment level de- by 2008 it increased to 16.8%. The worst indicator creased in Kazakhstan to the level of many market is in Karaganda oblast, where 33.2% of the popula- economies and amounted to 6.6% in 2008, while in tion did not survive till the age of 60 in 1999, and 1999 it was equal to 13.5%97 (see Table 3.18 in Ap-

96 Data on the poverty level by regions in 2006-2008 are not comparable with the data for previous years, since the new methodology of subsistence level calculation was adopted in 2006. 97 Prior to 2001 the unemployment rate was assessed by the RK Agency for Statistics based on the labour force balance. Since 2001 it has been assessed on the back of employment/unemployment data from surveys of 21,000 households.

108 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 pendix 3). The indicator had regional differences vary- years. The corresponding LE indices are 0.888 and ing from 7.8 to 16.1% in 1999 and 6.2-7.4% in 2008. 0.682 (i.e. the difference is 0.206). Kazakhstan’s Human Poverty Index98 calcula- Taking into account that each component is tions show that in 2008 over 17.8% of the country’s included in the HDI has a one-third weighting, population were poor with regard to human develop- we can conclude that due to low life expectancy ment opportunities (26.2% in 1999) (see Table 3.19 alone, the HDI decrease in the Republic amounts in Appendix 3). Within the period under review Ak- to 0.06999. If LE at birth in Kazakhstan was at the mola and Atyrau oblasts were listed among the three level of countries with high human development, regions with the most deprived population in terms the HDI of the Republic would be equal to 0.864. of the HPI for five times. Karaganda and Kyzylorda The country ranking 42nd in terms of the HDI (Slova- Oblasts were among the three “leading” regions by kia) has such an index. this indicator for four times, Zhambyl, Mangistau and In Central and Eastern Europe and CIS coun- North Kazakhstan Oblasts – three times. tries the average level of LE at birth is 2.7 years The most favourable situation was observed in higher (68.6 years) than in Kazakhstan, which al- Astana and Almaty cities, where by 2008 HPI had lows referring this region taking into account the decreased to 10.8 and 15.4% respectively. In oth- other indicators – literacy level (99.0%), combined er regions, in 2008 the HPI varied from 16.0% (in gross enrolment (83.3%) and GDP per capita (US$ South Kazakhstan Oblast) to 23.3% (in Mangistau 9,527 in PPP terms) – to a group of countries with Oblast). high human development (with an HDI of 0.808). In Kazakhstan the adult literacy level and com- 7. What results may Kazakhstan achieve bined gross enrolment is even a little higher than in human development by 2015? these average indicators for this group of countries Our previous human development dynamics (respectively 99.5% and 93.8%), and in GDP per projections up to 2015 presented in the National capita it is already comparable with them (US$ Human Development Report for Kazakhstan for 9,966 in PPP terms). Therefore, the main problem 2007 remain unchanged, with the LE at birth in- and reserve of human development in Kazakhstan creasing by 1 year in 2010. For the purpose of its is the extremely low life expectancy. justification we reviewed the existing trends in sep- According to our estimations Kazakhstan can arate HDI components in the Republic as well as join the countries with a high human development level based on the data for 2006 or 2007, if life ex- their levels in various country groups. 100 Thus, considering the lower section of Table pectancy at birth is estimated at 66 years at least . 1 of Appendix to the Global Human Development And according to the 2008 data Kazakhstan’s HDI will be comparable with the HDI of the country Report for 2007/2008 we noted that OECD coun- th tries have a life expectancy at birth equal to 78.3 ranking 57 in the world in 2005. years, while for Kazakhstan it is estimated at 65.9

Table 3. Potential Trends in HDI and its components in Kazakhstan up to 2015

GDP per Combined gross Country with HDI Ranking Year LE, years capita, US$ in HDI enrolment, % similar HDI in 2005 in 2005 PPP terms Antigua and Bar- 2008 67.11 91 10,421 0.815 57 buda (0.815) 2010 68.0 100 13,000 0.842 Seychelles (0.843) 50 2015 69.5 100 19,000 0.871 Poland (0.870) 37

Source: calculated by the author.

Therefore, Kazakhstan is in fact in position to situation as they pursue the commitments under the join the 50 most developed countries with regard to Millennium Declaration, Kazakhstan according to human development. However, since all countries our estimations will rise from its current 73rd to the will strive to improve their human development 65th spot in terms of the HDI by 2010.

98 According to UNDP methodology HPI (HPI for Kazakhstan) is calculated as the cube root of arithmetic mean of cubes of indicators based on which it is calculated. 99 Each of the three HDI components has an equal weighting. Therefore, the rate of the HDI decrease amounts to one third of a decrease in each component index. In our case it is (0.888-0.682)/3=0.206/3=0.069. 100 This will be known from the Global Human Development Report 2009, since it will use the 2007 data.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 109 DISABILITY STATISTICS IN KAZAKHSTAN

Disability statistics provide one of sources of people were engaged in physically demanding jobs. information on the state of persons with disabilities The existing statistics of industrial accidents in a country. They rely on administrative data of shows that within recent years approximately 3,000 various ministries as well as results of special sta- people engaged in production suffer from such ac- tistical observations of the country’s national statis- cidents, and of these about 350 persons die (see tics office. In Kazakhstan such government agencies Tables 4.4 and 4.5 of Appendix 4). Material conse- include the Ministry of Healthcare, the Ministry of quences of industrial accidents in 2007 amounted Education and Science, the Ministry of Labour and to 546.3 million KZT (see Table 4.6 of Appendix 4). Social Protection of Population as well as the RK Over 300 new persons (330 in 2007) having Agency for Statistics. occupational diseases caused by various unfavour- Basic disability statistics data in Kazakhstan able production conditions: chemical effects, pol- cover the following areas: luted air, vibration, increased noise level etc. are 1) public health; exposed annually (see Table 4.7 of Appendix 4). Over 35,000 (in 2007 - 35.900) new persons 2) working conditions and industrial acci- people found to be disabled due to different dis- dents; eases are registered each year (see Table 4.8 of Ap- pendix 4). The most common diseases are blood 3) traffic accidents; circulatory system diseases (8,530 persons), malig- nant tumours (5,863), injuries (5,467), tuberculosis 4) social protection of disabled persons; (2,770), and eye and appendages diseases (2,726). Traffic accident statistics for recent years show 5) boarding houses and boarding schools for a considerable growth in mortality from traffic ac- disabled persons; cidents. Thus, while 2,203 persons died in traffic accidents in 2002, in 2007 this figure had increased 6) education of persons with disabilities. more than 2-fold, which was equal to 4,934 deaths Data on public health, particularly, annual pre- (see Table 4.9 of Appendix 4). The number of peo- ventive examinations show that there are quite a lot ple, who have suffered from traffic accidents, is of a of people in the Republic having different health higher order, thus increasing the number of disabled deviations or diseases, which cause limitations of people. abilities of individuals. The Ministry of Labour and Social Protection Thus, according to the results of a preventive keeps record of disabled persons showing that over examination of children under 14 years in 2007 ap- 409,000 people receive disability pensions and proximately 40 out of 1000 children, or 4% have benefits including about 45,000 disabled children different health disorders (see Table 4.1 of Appen- under 16 years old, who receive disability benefits dix 4). In particular, 22.3 of 1,000 have decreased (see Table 4.10 of Appendix 4). Over 35,000 new visual acuity, 9.8 – fault in posture, 4.6 – scoliosis, persons found to be disabled due to various diseas- 2.6 – diminished hearing. es are registered annually. The results of preventive examinations of rural Among those who get public social benefits people in 2007 showed that every fifth person (20% (748,400 people in 2007) disabled persons repre- of people examined) was ill, and only about half sent the largest group (409,200 people) (see Table of them (11.1% of examined people) received the 4.11 of Appendix 4). The monthly average public required treatment (see Table 4.2 of Appendix 4). social benefit in 2007 was KZT 8,366 (see Table Working conditions statistics show that approx- 4.12 of Appendix 4). imately one fifth of people involved in production Due to the urgency of social issues with regard work under conditions, which do not meet sanitary to disabled people, the amounts of public social and hygienic requirements. Thus, 20.8% of 1.5 mil- benefits on disability have been doubled as com- lion production workers had such conditions in pared to retirement benefits. In 2007 they amount- 2007 (see Table 4.3 of Appendix 4) including those ed to KZT 8,859, while public retirement benefits working under the influence of increased noise and amounted to KZT 4,431 (see Table 4.13 of Appen- vibration level (7.6%), increased dust and gas con- dix 4). tent of working area above the maximum allowable There are also public social benefits for dis- concentration (8.8%), unfavourable temperature abled people, the amount of which is differentiated conditions (3.4%). Moreover, 3.4% of production depending on the disability category. For instance,

110 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 in 2007 persons disabled as a result of the Great pump columns in their houses, 31.4% had public Patriotic War received a benefit amounting KZT water well or a water pump column, 6.5% used de- 16,380; participants of Chernobyl disaster clean-up livered water. operations received KZT 2,184, disabled persons of Only 4.9% of examined disabled persons had Category III received KZT 656 (see Table 4.14 of central hot water supply, 6.8% had their own boiler Appendix 4). or heater, the rest of them did not have hot water. In 2007 there were 69 homes for elderly and 13.3% of disabled persons had central sewer disabled adults, where over 12,000 people lived, as system, 5.2% had a local system, the remainder had well as 22 homes for disabled children with 3,500 none. children (see Tables 4.15-4.18 of Appendix 4). 7.1% of disabled persons had central heating, 100 boarding schools for children with disabil- 4.2% had an individual heating system, the rest of ities had over 15,000 children in 2007 (see Table them mainly used stoves. 4.19 of Appendix 4). The survey showed that 21% of disabled peo- Thus, available administrative data of various ple did not have refrigerators, 40% did not have government agencies give an idea asbout the dis- washing machines, two-thirds of disabled persons ability situation evaluated on the basis of the medi- did not have phones. cal model of disability, which does not allow seeing Only 44% of disabled people had their own a full picture of the number of persons with disabili- or leased land plots, only every fifth disabled per- ties and their living conditions. son had a motor vehicle. 55% of households with For the purpose of development of disability disabled persons did not have sufficient income for statistics, a pilot survey was conducted in 2005 in basic foodstuffs, clothes and utilities. Almaty Oblast regarding the living conditions of Over one quarter of disabled persons assessed disabled persons registered in the labour and social their health as poor or very poor. protection bodies (see the report on the project re- Over 70% had a disability due to general ill- sults in Appendix 5). ness, about 3% due to an occupational injury and The objective was to assess disabled persons’ occupational disease; every fourth person was dis- living standard including housing conditions and abled since childhood. conveniences, economic well-being and employ- Over one quarter of disabled people were not ment of disabled persons, accessibility of healthcare aware of the Law of the RK “On the Healthcare Sys- and education. tem” determining the guaranteed amount of free The survey included 450 or 1% of disabled medical assistance. persons registered in the Oblast selected from the Within 12 months prior to the survey, 5% of Register of Disabled Persons for Almaty Oblast and disabled people suffered from violence, half of them living in households. suffered from domestic violence. The survey questionnaire included 69 ques- One quarter of disabled people do not know tions covering 11 aspects: where they should apply for help, if their safety is 1) respondents’ profile; threatened, and 30% do not know who can help 2) housing conditions; them in situations when their safety is threatened. 3) economic well-being; 80% of disabled children live in separate hous- 4) level of health; es, 11% live in apartment buildings. 5) employment status; Only 5.6% of disabled children assessed their 6) features characterising main job; health as good, every fifth child considered his /her- 7) job search by disabled persons not em- health as poor. ployed at the moment of the survey; About 40% of disabled children do not know 8) past activities of persons not employed at where they should apply for help, if their safety is the moment of the survey; threatened, and 30% do not know who can help 9) education; them in such situations. 10) leisure activities; Thus, the pilot survey of disabled people’s liv- 11) safety and protection. ing conditions in Almaty Oblast showed that they A total of 309 disabled persons were examined, live under conditions which do not enable human including 85 from the city, and 224 from the rural development, unlike the majority of the Republic’s areas. 208 disabled persons had a disability of cat- population. egories I and II. After conducting the pilot survey in Almaty 81% of disabled persons lived in separate Oblast, the Agency for Statistics participated in a houses, 13% in apartment buildings, with the re- number of regional training workshops on disability maining 6% living in other conditions. statistics: in Bishkek, Bangkok and Daejong. Only 27.5% of disabled persons had a central During the workshops, the theoretical basis water supply, 31.4% had water wells and water of disability statistics were studied, problem issues

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 111 arising during surveys, methods of survey conduc- uation of disability level in the country and will be- tion, statistical data collection and analysis were come a starting point for the development of further discussed. disability statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The experience of Asian Pacific countries in The basic aspect regarding preparation for the the area of disability statistics was also studied and introduction of disability statistics is that Kazakh- the countries participating in the workshop shared stan is switching to the International Classification their hands-on experience and discussed various is- of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). sues including the extent of spread of surveys based At present the International Statistical Classi- on the International Classification of Functioning, fication of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Disability and Health (ICF) and other issues. 10th Revision (ICD-10) is used for disability degree Within the joint project with UNECE and UN determination. Therefore, the definition of disability ESCAP, the Agency for Statistics is planning to de- (terminology) is based on the medical model. velop the system of statistical indicators based on This does not provide a true idea about the international standards which will allow them to actual number of people with disabilities requir- conduct an analysis of disabled persons’ needs and ing special conditions for successful and dynamic will be useful for government bodies in planning working and social activities. measures for creation of favourable conditions for Another argument for the development of dis- disabled persons’ life activities. ability statistics is Article 31 of the Convention on It is expected that the results of the National the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Statistics and Population Census (with regard to answering the Data Collection), which Kazakhstan joined in De- question on self-determination of the degree of a cember 2008. person’s life activity limitation) will be used for eval-

112 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 APPENDIX 1 101

Signatures and Ratifications of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocol

142 signatories to the convention 85 signatories to the Optional Protocol 62 ratifications of the Convention 40 ratifications of the Protocol • Algeria – Signed: 26-4-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed Protocol: 26-4-2007 – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 • Cambodia • Andorra – Signed: 1-10-2007 – Signed: 27-4-2007 – Signed Protocol: 1-10-2007 – Signed Protocol: 27-4-2007 • Cameroon • Antigua and Barbuda – Signed: 1-10-2008 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed Protocol: 1-10-2008 – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 • Canada • Argentina – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Cape Verde – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Ratified: 2-9-2008 • Central African Republic – Ratified Protocol: 2-9-2008 – Signed: 9-5-2007 • Armenia – Signed Protocol: 9-5-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Chile – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Australia – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Ratified: 29-7-2008 – Ratified: 17-7-2008 – Ratified Protocol: 29-7-2008 • Austria • China – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Ratified: 1-8-2008 – Ratified: 26-9-2008 • Colombia – Ratified Protocol: 26-9-2008 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Azerbaijan • Comoros – Signed: 9-1-2008 – Signed: 26-7-2007 – Signed Protocol: 9-1-2008 • Congo (Republic of the) • Bahrain – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 25-6-2007 – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 • Bangladesh • Costa Rica – Signed: 9-5-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Ratified: 30-11-2007 – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Ratified Protocol: 12-5-2008 – Ratified: 1-10-2008 • Barbados – Ratified Protocol: 1-10-2008 – Signed: 19-7-2007 • Cote d’Ivoire • Belgium – Signed: 7-6-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed Protocol: 7-6-2007 – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 • Croatia • Benin – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 8-2-2008 – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed Protocol: 8-2-2008 – Ratified: 15-8-2007 • Bolivia – Ratified Protocol: 15-8-2007 – Signed: 13-8-2007 • Cuba – Signed Protocol: 13-8-2007 – Signed: 26-4-2007 • Bosnia and Herzegovina – Ratified: 6-9-2007 – Signed: 29-7-2009 • Cyprus – Signed Protocol: 29-7-2009 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Brazil – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Czech Republic – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Ratified: 1-8-2008 – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Ratified Protocol: 1-8-2008 • Denmark • Brunei Darussalam – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 18-12-2007 • Dominica • Bulgaria – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 27-9-2007 • Dominican Republic – Signed Protocol: 18-12-2008 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Burkina Faso – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 23-5-2007 • Ecuador – Signed Protocol: 23-5-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Burundi – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007

101 http://www.un.org

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 113 – Ratified: 3-4-2008 – Ratified: 30-3-2007 – Ratified Protocol: 3-4-2008 • Japan • Egypt – Signed: 28-9-2007 – Signed: 4-4-2007 • Jordan – Ratified: 14-4-2008 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • El Salvador – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Ratified: 31-3-2008 – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 • Kazakhstan – Ratified: 14-12-2007 – Signed: 11-12-2008 – Ratified Protocol: 14-12-2007 – Signed Protocol: 11-12-2008 • Estonia • Kenya – Signed: 25-9-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Ethiopia – Ratified: 19-5-2008 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Lao People’s Democratic Republic • European Community – Signed: 15-1-2008 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Latvia – Finland – Signed: 18-7-2008 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Lebanon – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 14-6-2007 • France – Signed Protocol: 14-6-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Lesotho – Signed Protocol: 23-9-2008 – Ratified: 2-12-2008 • Gabon • Liberia – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed Protocol: 25-9-2007 – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Ratified: 1-10-2007 • Libyan Arab Jamahiriya • Georgia – Signed: 1-5-2008 – Signed: 10-7-2009 • Lithuania – Signed Protocol: 10-7-2009 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Germany – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Luxembourg – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Ratified: 24-2-2009 – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Ratified Protocol: 24-2-2009 • Macedonia (FYORM) • Ghana – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Madagascar – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 25-9-2007 • Greece – Signed Protocol: 25-9-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Malawi • Guatemala – Signed: 27-9-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Malaysia – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 8-4-2008 • Guinea • Maldives – Signed: 16-5-2007 – Signed: 2-10-2007 – Signed Protocol: 31-8-2007 • Mali – Ratified: 8-2-2008 – Signed: 15-5-2007 – Ratified Protocol: 8-2-2008 – Signed Protocol: 15-5-2007 • Guyana – Ratified: 7-4-2008 – Signed: 11-4-2007 – Ratified Protocol: 7-4-2008 • Haiti • Malta – Ratified: 23-7-2009 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Ratified Protocol: 23-7-2009 – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 • Honduras • Peru – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed Protocol: 23-8-2007 – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Ratified: 14-4-2008 – Ratified: 30-1-2008 • Hungary – Ratified Protocol: 30-1-2008 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Philippines – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 25-9-2007 – Ratified: 20-7-2007 – Ratified: 15-4-2008 – Ratified Protocol: 20-7-2007 • Poland • Iceland – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Portugal – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • India – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Qatar – Ratified: 1-10-2007 – Signed: 9-7-2007 • Indonesia – Signed Protocol: 9-7-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Ratified: 13-5-2008 • Ireland • Republic of Korea – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Israel – Ratified: 11-12-2008 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Republic of Moldova • Italy – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Romania – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 26-9-2007 • Jamaica – Signed Protocol: 25-9-2008 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Russian Federation – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 24-9-2008 114 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 • San Marino – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Ratified: 7-8-2007 – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Ratified Protocol: 7-8-2007 – Ratified: 22-2-2008 • Paraguay – Ratified Protocol: 22-2-2008 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Saudi Arabia – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Ratified: 24-6-2008 – Ratified: 3-9-2008 – Ratified Protocol: 24-6-2008 – Ratified Protocol: 3-9-2008 • Senegal • South Africa – Signed: 25-4-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed Protocol: 25-4-2007 – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 • Serbia – Ratified: 30-11-2007 – Signed: 17-12-2007 – Ratified Protocol: 30-11-2007 – Signed Protocol: 17-12-2007 • Spain • Seychelles – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Ratified: 3-12-2007 • Sierra Leone – Ratified Protocol: 3-12-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Sri Lanka – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Slovakia • Sudan – Signed: 26-9-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed Protocol: 26-9-2007 • Suriname • Slovenia – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Swaziland – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 25-9-2007 – Ratified: 24-4-2008 – Signed Protocol: 25-9-2007 – Ratified Protocol: 24-4-2008 • Sweden • Solomon Islands – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 23-9-2008 – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 • Mauritius – Ratified: 15-12-2008 – Signed: 25-9-2007 – Ratified Protocol: 15-12-2008 – Signed Protocol: 25-9-2007 • Syrian Arab Republic • Mexico – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Thailand – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Ratified: 17-12-2007 – Ratified: 29-7-2008 – Ratified Protocol: 17-12-2007 • Togo • Mongolia – Signed: 23-9-2008 – Ratified: 13-5-2009 – Signed Protocol: 23-9-2008 – Ratified Protocol: 13-5-2009 • Tonga • Montenegro – Signed: 15-11-2007 – Signed: 27-9-2007 – Trinidad and Tobago – Signed Protocol: 27-9-2007 – Signed: 27-9-2007 • Morocco • Tunisia – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Mozambique – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Ratified: 2-4-2008 • Namibia – Ratified Protocol: 2-4-2008 – Signed: 25-4-2007 • Turkey – Signed Protocol: 25-4-2007 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Ratified: 4-12-2007 – Turkmenistan – Ratified Protocol: 4-12-2007 – Ratified: 4-9-2008 • Nepal • Uganda – Signed: 3-1-2008 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed Protocol: 3-1-2008 – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 • Netherlands – Ratified: 25-9-2008 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Ratified Protocol: 25-9-2008 • New Zealand • Ukraine – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 24-9-2008 – Ratified: 25-9-2008 – Signed Protocol: 24-9-2008 • Niger • United Arab Emirates – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 8-2-2008 – Signed Protocol: 2-8-2007 – Signed Protocol: 12-2-2008 – Ratified: 24-6-2008 • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – Ratified Protocol: 24-6-2008 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Nigeria – Ratified: 08-06-2009 – Signed: 30-3-2007 • Uruguay – Signed Protocol: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 3-4-2007 • Norway • Vanuatu – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 17-5-2007 • Oman • Viet Nam – Signed: 17-3-2008 – Signed: 22-10-2007 – Ratified: 6-1-2009 • Yemen • Pakistan – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed: 25-9-2008 • Zambia • Panama – Signed: 9-5-2008 – Signed: 30-3-2007 – Signed Protocol: 29-9-2008

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 115 APPENDIX 2

Code Rights and Benefits 1. Kl. The right to use the second class ticket for travelling first class on the rail-way. Exclusive to the recipients of the benefits in accordance with the Federal Law on Social Security (Bundesversorgungsgesetz), or the Federal Law on Compensations (Bundesentschädigungsgesetz) aG Person has a serious damage to the supporting-motor system (Außergewöhnlich gehbehindert), i.e. the person needs to make use of a wheel- chair. 1. The right to waive transport taxes up until 15,000 km per year, up to €4,500, on the basis of the coefficient of €0.30 per 1 km. 2. Free travel by public transport (Nahverkehr). 3. Car taxes exemptions provided the car is registered in the disabled person’s name. a. 4. The right to hold a disability parking ID card (issued by Strassenverkehrsamt). B Person with disability requires a permanent assistance for using public transport (Begleitung). 1. The assistant has the right for free transport by bus, train, or plain throughout the entire territory of Germany. 2. For visiting public places, exhibitions, museums, etc., the discounts apply to one of the two – to either the person who has the disability, or to the assistant. In some instances, the assistant is exempt from having to make payment. (In this case, the second person has to pay for the ticket in full). 3. A total of up to €767 can be waived from taxes by filling in the declaration box (ungewöhnliche Belastungen) as payment for the assistant travel cost during a holiday trip. Bl Blind 1. The right for waiving taxes up to €3,700. 2. The right for a lump sum care allowance of 924 Euros per year. 3. The right to waive transport taxes from the travel expenses up to 4,500 Euros in the box marked as ‘exclusive expenses’ (ungewöhnliche Belastungen). 4. Free travel by public transport (Nahverkehr). 5. Car tax exemption provided that car is registered in the disabled person’s name. 6. The dog tax exemption. 7. The right of receiving the disability grant for the blind. 8. Postal discounts, exemption from television and radio duties, and the discounts to the telephone charges. 9. The right to hold a disability parking ID card (issued by the local Strassenverkehrsamt). G Persons confined to the use of wheelchair (Gehebehindert) 1. No proof required for waiving the taxes on transportation expenses up to 3,000 km or 900 Euros (calculated with the coefficient of 0.3 € /km). 2. For waiving the taxes on over 3,000 km on the disability related trips (to the maximum of 15,000) a proof is required in the form of a report. Maximum is surmountable to 15,000 km and to 4,500 Euros, respectively. 3. Free travel by public transport. 4. Car tax exemption provided that car is registered in the disabled person’s name. Gl Deaf (Gehörlos) 1. Free travel by public transport. 2. The right to receive the deaf disability allowance. H The disability requires continual care (Hilflos) 1. The right for waiving taxes up to €3,700. 2. The right for a lump sum care allowance of 924 Euros per year. 3. The right to waive transport taxes from the travel expenses up to 4,500 Euros in the box marked as ‘exclusive expenses’ (ungewöhnliche Belastungen). 4. Free travel by public transport. 5. Car tax exemption provided that car is registered in the disabled person’s name. 6. The dog tax exemption. 7. The right to receive the allowance for the blind. 8. Postal discounts, exemption from the television and radio duties, and the discounts to the telephone charges. 9. The right to hold a disability parking ID card (issued by the local Strassenverkehrsamt-e). RF Person with a disability has the right to exemption from the radio and television duties due to health reasons (Befreiung von der Rundfunkge- bührenpflicht). 1. The right to exemption from the radio and television duty. 2. The right to discounted telephone charges (Sozialtarif).

116 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Table 3.1 Table have been updated. 0,802 0,821 0,823 0,828 0,821 0,839 0,850 0,852 0,856 0,862 0,886 0,892 0,883 0,776 0,781 0,777 0,785 0,813 0,825 0,837 0,857 0,867 0,875 0,877 0,873 0,887 0,769 0,767 0,760 0,766 0,686 0,664 0,695 0,685 0,684 0,684 0,6760,707 0,687 0,695 0,699 0,711 0,711 0,710 0,728 0,699 0,735 0,730 0,699 0,743 0,710 0,743 0,721 0,742 0,755 0,774 0,779 0,790 0,802 0,816 0,782 0,712 0,793 0,768 0,729 0,728 0,746 0,736 0,734 0,731 0,739 0,743 0,751 0,762 0,766 0,764 0,774 0,783 0,737 0,780 0,746 0,748 0,744 0,750 0,734 0,710 0,719 0,706 0,725 0,723 0,726 0,738 0,740 0,743 0,749 0,754 0,805 Trends in Human Development Index of Kazakhstan and its regions, calculated as per capita GRP , 1990-2008 in Human Development Index of Kazakhstan and its regions, calculated as per capita GRP Trends 0,765 0,758 0,746 0,719 0,700 0,676 0,699 0,703 0,699 0,706 0,713 0,724 0,728 0,733 0,742 0,741 0,740 0,751 0,754 0,762 0,765 0,748 0,755 0,733 0,706 0,701 0,704 0,715 0,737 0,740 0,747 0,762 0,780 0,799 0,816 0,825 0,832 0,838 0,773 0,764 0,760 0,739 0,7310,786 0,723 0,775 0,716 0,751 0,720 0,745 0,730 0,721 0,703 0,7370,749 0,699 0,729 0,731 0,726 0,738 0,728 0,742 0,739 0,7480,793 0,754 0,759 0,759 0,764 0,800 0,763 0,775 0,772 0,784 0,774 0,817 0,817 0,819 0,816 0,830 Regions 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 APPENDIX 3 Astana city Almaty city … 0,802 0,791 … 0,770 … … … … … 0,724 0,757 0,773 0,782 0,786 0,807 0,834 0,858 0,883 0,893 0,900 0,905 South- Kazakhstan KAZAKHSTAN 0,776KAZAKHSTAN 0,769 0,766 0,748 0,738 0,726 0,732 0,735 0,736 0,742 0,743 0,754 0,765 0,775 0,789 0,797 0,804 0,808 0,815 Akmola oblast and Astana city AkmolaAktyubinsk 0,793 0,784Àlmaty 0,772Àtyrau 0,766 … 0,750 0,734 0,729 … 0,764 0,738 0,751 0,746 0,773 0,741 … 0,747 0,762 0,718 0,742 0,765 0,706 … 0,751 0,733 0,693 0,763 0,712 … 0,776 0,713 0,798 0,707 0,814 … 0,700 0,813 0,696 0,817 0,710 … 0,829 0,715 0,696 0,718 0,692 0,726 0,715 0,727 0,729 0,708 0,737 0,715 0,743 0,725 0,725 0,737 0,739 0,741 0,756 0,761 Eastern – Kazakhstan – Western Kazakhstan Êyzylorda Ìangistau 0,771 0,777Pavlodar 0,777 0,785 0,777North - 0,702 0,787 0,758Kazakhstan 0,774 0,777 0,764 0,785 0,755 0,769 0,754 0,768 0,737 0,780 0,755 0,793 0,745 0,795 0,751 0,811 0,763 0,827 0,771 0,838 0,783 0,848 0,798 0,857 0,798 0,863 0,793 0,875 0,796 0,809 Zhambyl 0,763 0,742 0,748 0,707 Êaraganda 0,774 0,770Êostonay 0,803 0,781 0,788 0,758 0,752 0,744 0,723 0,729 0,729 0,745 0,748 0,754 0,760 0,768 0,787 0,793 0,798 0,802 0,811 Source: Calculated by the author using data of the RK Statistics Agency and GRP per capita at the regional level. 2006 indices Agency and GRP Calculated by the author using data of RK Statistics Source: Note: the regions’ highest and lowest values are in bold. Note: the regions’

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 117 Table 3.2 Table 3156 3157 3185 3282 2688 2555 2590 2522 have been updated. 1942 2211 2619 2632 2735 2646 10207 15348 17398 21449 26451 26568 28607 32133 30521 36509 1916 9120 4689 3268 3234 2597 3539 3488 3612 4141 4393 4773 5852 5992 2049 1784 1551 1473 1610 1850 2273 2535 9838 7388 8813 11077 11793 14703 14253 15885 19450 21738 22775 27484 11431 US$ per capita, at PPP 6404 2501 1574 2304 2194 9987 11096 1557 11894 13571 2002 8558 7373 8457 8489 7377 5115 6500 4831 5530 6429 6552 7526 8430 8372 8477 9534 11129 Trends in GDP (GRP) per capita in Kazakhstan and its regions, 1990-2008 in GDP Trends 2722 2481 8623 10309 7086 4320 4019 5380 4621 4349 4247 4461 4631 5167 5569 5751 5831 7500 8272 3447 9943 3544 2900 2727 2662 3155 3016 2486 2084 2489 2923 3911 4608 5491 6364 8027 9544 11458 6864 4759 5116 5790 7248 9672 4620 4266 7095 6045 4001 45969121 36114270 2962 3137 2693 3856 3712 4103 5190 6338 7206 7835 11160 10789 11570 12084 13919 4849 5388 4022 5885 4577 3419 3061 3026 3372 4541 4590 5480 6477 7584 9175 11320 12486 13842 13733 8185 6480 5680 5380 4734 4656 5063 4394 4539 4755 4437 4050 4416 4507 4698 4990 5188 5802 6766 6480 Regions 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 South Kazakhstan Western Kazakhstan Êaraganda 6368 6153Êostonay 7659Êyzylorda 6542 6710Ìangistau 6337 7415 7444 8753 5257 5489 5178 5347 5447 5766 6038 6699 7121 8253 9442 10250 11167 AkmolaAktyubinsk 7750 6903Àlmaty 5593Àtyrau 6475 … 5652 … 5077 5238 4204 4355 … 7224 3680 4995 6139 3091 5108 … 6536 2560 4732 4391 2263 … 4505 2919 5207 … 2767 6161 2381 7073 … 2073 8208 2036 2698 9848 2488 10262 2331 11655 2681 3134 12574 2829 2732 3013 3324 3238 3482 3420 3660 4052 4062 4055 4158 4545 6523 6297 Akmola oblast and Astana city Pavlodar 6618 7004North 8490 Kazakhstan Astana city Almaty city 6283KAZAKHSTAN … 5756 6601 5561 5644 … 5204 3929 6182 4711 … 5185 4508 … 5188 4682 9369 4628 … 10327 4379 10448 10024 4293 … 9115 4487 11771 5219 13843 … 15144 5862 16931 4041 6532 19409 6207 23850 7273 24607 7777 8090 21388 8155 9065 9017 9966 11002 10421 13387 16533 21230 23042 23144 22651 Eastern Kazakhstan Zhambyl 5825 4188 4681 2890 2010 Source: calculated by the author using data of the RK Statistics Agency and GRP per capita at the regional level. 2006 indices Agency and GRP calculated by the author using data of RK Statistics Source: Note: the regions’ highest and lowest values are in bold. Note: the regions’

118 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Table 3.3 Table 0,549 0,541 0,576 0,576 0,543 0,539 0,578 0,583 have been updated. 0,772 0,840 0,861 0,896 0,931 0,932 0,944 0,963 0,955 0,985 0,769 0,753 0,796 0,823 0,838 0,857 0,879 0,914 0,919 0,896 0,753 0,776 0,791 0,504 0,481 0,458 0,449 0,464 0,487 0,521 0,540 0,766 0,718 0,748 0,786 0,796 0,833 0,828 0,846 0,880 0,898 0,906 0,937 0,515 0,493 0,495 0,517 0,545 0,546 0,552 0,547 0,537 0,524 0,768 0,786 0,458 0,798 0,820 0,460 0,743 0,718 0,741 0,741 0,718 0,657 0,697 0,647 0,670 0,695 0,698 0,721 0,740 0,739 0,741 0,761 0,786 0,500 0,774 0,711 0,629 0,6160,536 0,665 0,640 0,630 0,626 0,634 0,640 0,658 0,671 0,676 0,679 0,721 0,737 0,744 0,551 0,768 0,595 0,562 0,552 0,548 0,576 0,569 0,536 0,507 0,537 0,563 0,612 0,639 0,669 0,693 0,732 0,761 0,791 0,706 0,645 0,657 0,677 0,694 0,642 0,582 0,580 0,544 0,595 0,593 0,599 0,621 0,631 0,645 0,679 0,683 0,591 Trends in income indices of Kazakhstan and its regions on the basis of GRP per capita, 1990-2008 in income indices of Kazakhstan and its regions on the basis GRP Trends 0,715 0,763 0,711 0,685 0,616 0,639 0,599 0,566 0,550 0,610 0,603 0,620 0,659 0,693 0,714 0,728 0,787 0,781 0,793 0,800 0,824 0,696 0,674 0,665 0,644 0,641 0,655 0,631 0,6370,753 0,645 0,6330,627 0,618 0,575 0,632 0,636 0,643 0,653 0,659 0,678 0,703 0,696 0,648 0,665 0,617 0,680 0,638 0,589 0,571 0,569 0,587 0,637 0,639 0,668 0,696 0,722 0,754 0,789 0,806 0,823 0,822 0,735 0,640 0,626 Regions 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Eastern Kazakhstan Zhambyl 0,678 0,623 Western 0,642Kazakhstan 0,561Êaraganda 0,693 0,501 0,688Êostonay 0,724Êyzylorda 0,698 0,702 0,719 0,661 0,668 0,659 0,664 0,667 0,677 0,684 0,702 0,712 0,737 0,759 0,773 0,787 AkmolaAktyubinsk 0,726 0,707Àlmaty 0,672Àtyrau 0,696 … 0,673 0,655 0,624 … 0,661 0,653 0,630 0,657 0,714 0,602 0,631 … 0,687 0,636 0,573 0,698 0,541 0,660 … 0,644 0,521 0,688 0,563 0,711 … 0,554 0,736 0,529 0,766Ìangistau 0,692 0,506 … 0,773 0,719 0,503 0,794 0,746 0,536 0,807 … 0,549 0,550 0,558 0,526 0,568 0,575 0,580 0,552 0,590 0,618 0,585 0,618 0,593 0,601 0,618 0,622 0,637 0,697 0,691 Akmola oblast and Astana city Pavlodar 0,700 0,709 0,741 North Kazakhstan South- Kazakhstan Astana city Almaty city 0,691KAZAKHSTAN 0,676 … 0,699 0,671 0,673 0,660 … 0,613 0,643 0,688 0,636 0,659 … 0,642 0,659 0,640 0,758 0,631 … 0,774 0,627 0,635 … 0,660 0,679 … 0,698 0,715 0,733 … 0,752 0,617 0,768 0,689 0,776 0,727 0,735 0,751 0,785 0,817 0,853 0,894 0,908 0,909 0,905 Source: calculated by the author using data of the RK Statistics Agency and GRP per capita at the regional level. 2006 indices Agency and GRP calculated by the author using data of RK Statistics Source: Note: the regions’ highest and lowest values are in bold. Note: the regions’

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 119 Table 3.4 Table US$, at PPP 5963 7131 7431 6560 7349 7702 4268 4943 5498 4341 5545 6168 6595 8447 8103 have been updated. 3117 3950 3427 3960 8403 9501 10080 10572 11760 12145 13748 13937 10434 12199 13516 14329 15938 18745 18580 20192 3164 3360 4029 4608 5483 6705 7458 7789 9013 8776 2714 2547 2698 2646 2458 2473 Trends in income spent on per capita consumption Kazakhstan and its regions, 1993-2008 Trends 5142 39752927 3741 2394 4661 2320 4201 2699 3397 3450 5211 6568 6106 6846 7124 7924 8200 8951 10153 6313 4412 4105 4121 50855699 5319 4829 4096 4524 52004785 4692 7511 3950 5270 3682 8587 5399 3513 9631 5084 3560 10266 5117 3647 11492 5910 12840 3750 13610 6562 4233 14975 7038 4790 7970 5622 8865 6919 10458 7506 10315 8349 10935 8846 9112 9139 9528 8830 8226 8163 8723 8203 7628 6585 Regions 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Ìangistau 5953Pavlodar 5868 5284North - 5379 6461Kazakhstan 5278 6057South- 5085Kazakhstan 6408 5016 6276 4653 5198 4691 4389 5194 5632 6053 6648 5674 7422 6821 8589 7672 9553 8534 9251 10871 9198 10883 9676 11573 Akmola oblast and Astana city AkmolaAktyubinsk 4329Àlmaty 4070Àtyrau 4157 …Eastern – 4272Kazakhstan 3681 3586 …Zhambyl 3640 – Western 3985 3074 3473 3496Kazakhstan … 2544 4400 3658 3469Êaraganda 8257 4183 2723 3725 4803 …Êostonay 6139 7591 4303 3046Êyzylorda 5753 4237 6925 … 4520 3211 4429 7044 6856 4573 3299 4187 4492 6821 8122 … 4753 2965 5176 3694 5985 8516 2791 4472 3239 4548 5903 9472 4608 5148 5027 4341 5163 9741 5729 6215 5565 4852 5945 10786 6196 5294 6363 5274 6881 11514 7003 4642 5787 7165 7412 7442 3309 7970 6016 8192 3530 8278 6561 9647 9112 3960 8398 7298 9872 9373 4900 9700 9408 8531 10801 10623 5138 11976 9827 5715 10330 Astana city Almaty city … … … … … 7557 7096 6336 KAZAKHSTAN 5204KAZAKHSTAN 4711 4508 4682 4628 4379 4293 4487 5219 5862 6532 7273 8090 9065 9966 10421 Source: calculated by the author using data of the RK Statistics Agency and GRP per capita at the regional level. 2006 indices Agency and GRP calculated by the author using data of RK Statistics Source: Note: the regions’ highest and lowest values are in bold. Note: the regions’

120 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009

Table 3.5 Table US$, at PPP 0,698 0,717 0,725 0,682 0,712 0,719 0,629 0,670 0,688 0,699 0,740 0,734 0,627 0,651 0,669 have been updated. 0,740 0,760 0,770 0,778 0,796 0,801 0,822 0,824 0,587 0,617 0,639 0,6680,566 0,702 0,574 0,720 0,614 0,727 0,751 0,747 0,692 0,776 0,802 0,819 0,829 0,846 0,873 0,872 0,886 0,547 0,534 0,535 0,551 0,540 0,550 0,577 0,590 0,614 Trends in income indices of Kazakhstan and its regions based on spent consumption per capita, 1993 – 2008 Trends 0,692 0,632 0,620 0,621 0,656 0,663 0,620 0,659 0,721 0,743 0,762 0,773 0,792 0,810 0,820 0,836 0,675 0,647 0,636 0,642 0,662 0,666 0,656 0,657 0,681 0,698 0,710 0,731 0,7490,761 0,776 0,748 0,774 0,736 0,784 0,735 0,746 0,736 0,723 0,699 0,646 0,614 0,602 0,594 0,596 0,600 0,605 0,625 0,646 0,672 0,707 0,721 0,738 0,748 0,753 0,754 0,658 0,6150,564 0,605 0,530 0,641 0,525 0,624 0,550 0,588 0,591 0,660 0,698 0,686 0,705 0,712 0,730 0,735 0,750 0,771 Regions 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Akmola oblast and Astana city AkmolaAktyubinsk 0,629Àlmaty 0,619 0,622 … 0,627 0,602 0,597 … 0,592 0,572 0,592 0,540 … 0,646 0,552 0,676 … 0,710 0,734 … 0,742 0,760 … 0,764 0,556 0,781 0,639 0,792 0,676 0,689 0,709 0,719 0,737 0,739 0,764 0,779 ÀtyrauEastern – Kazakhstan Zhambyl 0,600 0,593 0,615 0,601 0,632 0,604 0,623 0,570 0,628 0,579 0,636 0,584 0,638 0,644 0,634 0,658 0,689Astana city 0,693Almaty city 0,713 0,660KAZAKHSTAN 0,731 … 0,643 0,763 0,636 0,766 … 0,642 0,758 0,640 … 0,631 0,627 … 0,635 0,660 … 0,679 0,722 0,698 0,711 0,715 0,733 0,752 0,768 0,776 Western – Western Kazakhstan Êaraganda 0,737Êostonay 0,687 0,723Êyzylorda 0,707 0,625 0,706 0,633 0,623 0,705 0,635 0,659 0,683 0,602 0,637 0,681 0,580 0,658 0,629 0,654 0,648 0,682 0,671 0,662 0,706 0,662 0,677 0,719 0,641 0,735 0,684 0,584 0,698 0,753 0,595 0,716 0,758 0,614 0,742 0,781 0,650 0,766 0,657 0,799 0,675 0,774 Ìangistau 0,682Pavlodar 0,680 0,662North - 0,696 0,665Kazakhstan 0,685 0,662South- 0,656 0,694Kazakhstan 0,653 0,691 0,641 0,659 0,631 0,642 0,659 0,673 0,685 0,700 0,674 0,719 0,743 0,705 0,724 0,761 0,742 0,756 0,783 0,755 0,783 0,763 0,793 Source: calculated by the author using data of the RK Statistics Agency and GRP per capita at the regional level.. 2006 indices Agency and GRP calculated by the author using data of RK Statistics Source: Note: the regions’ highest and lowest values are in bold. Note: the regions’

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 121 Table 3.6 Table 0,774 0,786 0,792 0,773 0,773 0,783 0,773 0,773 0,772 0,781 0,783 0,797 0,796 0,769 0,834 0,850 0,867 0,882 0,888 0,899 0,829 0,830 0,834 0,848 0,859 0,860 have been updated. 0,715 0,723 0,742 0,747 0,737 0,745 0,758 0,761 0,770 0,778 0,775 0,779 0,790 0,710 0,724 0,737 0,746 0,755 0,770 0,774 0,775 0,781 0,786 0,708 0,716 0,726 0,709 0,707 0,715 0,715 0,724 0,733 0,739 0,751 0,758 0,777 0,782 0,793 0,797 0,801 0,717 0,711 0,718 0,710 0,697 0,708 0,747 0,726 0,715 0,714 0,721 0,725 0,734 0,742 0,748 0,761 0,777 0,795 0,803 0,804 0,801 0,807 0,749 0,7330,720 0,717 0,720 0,728 0,737 0,745 0,742 0,754 0,763 0,771 0,785 0,789 0,796 0,795 0,803 0,750 0,734 0,719 0,732 0,728 0,710 0,723 0,745 0,760 0,754 0,762 0,759 0,731 0,717 0,718 0,733 0,740 0,731 0,747 0,765 0,778 0,794 0,805 0,817 0,826 0,831 0,843 0,723 0,806 0,799 0,792 0,794 0,812 0,813 0,813 0,803 0,821 0,829 Trends in Human Development Index of Kazakhstan and its regions based on income spent consumption per capita, 1993 – 2006 Trends Regions 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Western – Western Kazakhstan Êaraganda 0,771Êostonay 0,764 0,759 0,740Êyzylorda 0,740 0,731 0,738 0,730 0,741 0,736 0,743 0,736 0,724 0,750 0,735 0,706 0,745 0,734 0,737 0,755 0,738 0,744 0,749 0,767 0,740 0,755 0,774 0,744 0,759 0,795 0,726 0,771 0,731 0,799 0,742 0,779 0,798 0,758 0,786 0,804 0,771 0,789 0,815 0,795 ÀtyrauEastern – Kazakhstan Zhambyl 0,724 0,723 0,717 0,723 0,730 0,739 0,743 0,744 0,757 0,768 0,778 0,794 0,804 0,810 0,810 0,812 Ìangistau 0,750Pavlodar 0,753 0,739 0,743North - 0,738Kazakhstan 0,728 0,740 0,734 0,745 0,736 0,763 0,750 0,737 0,741 0,744 0,754 0,748 0,760 0,767 0,763 0,790 0,778 0,804 0,793 0,808 0,799 0,810 0,806 0,813 0,803 0,817 0,811 Aktyubinsk 0,744Àlmaty 0,732 0,723 0,729 0,721 0,726 0,724 0,716 0,734 0,700 0,746 0,708 0,757 0,710 0,771 0,784 0,800 0,812 0,810 0,812 0,824 Akmola … … … … … … Akmola oblast and Astana city Astana city … … … … … 0,779 0,768 0,768 0,794 0,812 South- Kazakhstan Almaty city KAZAKHSTAN 0,748KAZAKHSTAN 0,738 0,726 0,732 0,735 0,736 0,742 0,743 0,754 0,765 0,775 0,789 0,797 0,804 0,808 0,815 Source: calculated by the author using data of the RK Statistics Agency and GRP per capita at the regional level. 2006 indices Agency and GRP calculated by the author using data of RK Statistics Source: Note: the regions’ highest and lowest values are in bold. Note: the regions’

122 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Table 3.7 Human Development Ranking of Regions of Kazakhstan, 2008

HDI of HDI ranking FYI: countries with HDI of the Place Region1) regions by of the similar HDI2) country2) income1) country2) 2008 2008 2008 2005 2005 2005 1 Astana city 0,899 Portugal 29 0,897 2 Almaty city 0,860 Estonia 44 0,860 3 Aktyubinsk 0,824 Bulgaria 53 0,824 4 Ìangistau 0,817 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 56 0,818 5 Êaraganda 0,815 Antigua and Barbuda 57 0,815 6 Atyrau 0,812 Saudi Arabia 61 0,812 7 Pavlodar 0,811 Malaysia 63 0,811 8 Western Kazakhstan 0,807 Belarus 64 0,804 9 Eastern Kazakhstan 0,803 Bosnia and Herzegovina 66 0,803 10 South Kazakhstan 0,801 Albania 68 0,801 11 Zhambyl 0,796 Saint-Lucia 72 0,795 12 Kostanay 0,795 Saint-Lucia 72 0,795 13 Êyzylorda 0,792 Venezuela 74 0,792 14 Akmola 0,790 Columbia 75 0,791 15 Almaty 0,786 Samoa 77 0,785 16 North Kazakhstan 0,783 Thailand 78 0,781

Sources: 1) calculated by the author using data of the RK Statistics Agency. 2) UNDP’s Global Human Development Report 2007/2008.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 123 Table 3.8

Basic human development indicators and related indices, by region, 2008

Life Income expectancy Literacy Enrolment Education Income Region per capita LE Index HDI at birth, rate rate* Index Index at PPP years Akmola 64,96 99,4 79,0 10623 0,666 0,926 0,779 0,790 Aktyubinsk 67,61 99,7 91,5 11514 0,710 0,970 0,792 0,824 Almaty 67,52 99,4 72,1 8776 0,709 0,903 0,747 0,786 Atyrau 67,42 99,7 91,8 9408 0,707 0,971 0,758 0,812 Eastern Kazakh- 65,81 99,2 84,9 10935 0,680 0,944 0,784 0,803 stan Zhambyl 67,39 99,7 84,8 8103 0,707 0,947 0,734 0,796 Western Kazakh- 67,30 99,4 89,5 9139 0,705 0,961 0,754 0,807 stan Karaganda 65,81 99,5 90,5 11976 0,680 0,965 0,799 0,815 Kostanay 65,59 99,4 81,9 10330 0,677 0,936 0,774 0,795 Êyzylorda 67,48 99,6 85,1 7431 0,708 0,948 0,719 0,792 Ìangistau 66,78 99,5 98,2 9676 0,696 0,991 0,763 0,817 Pavlodar 66,48 99,4 86,0 11573 0,691 0,949 0,793 0,811 North Kazakhstan 65,41 99,2 73,2 10153 0,674 0,905 0,771 0,783 South Kazakhstan 67,90 99,9 89,4 7702 0,715 0,964 0,725 0,801 Astana city 73,75 99,7 100,0 20192 0,813 0,998 0,886 0,899 Almaty city 70,35 99,8 100,0 13937 0,756 0,999 0,824 0,860 Republic of Ka- 67,11 99,5 91,0 10421 0,702 0,967 0,776 0,815 zakhstan Maximum /mini- 64,96 1,007 1,387 2,7 1,220 1,106 1,232 1,147 mum

* - 2007 data Source: calculated by the author using data of the RK Statistics Agency and GRP per capita at the regional level. Note: the regions’ highest and lowest values are in bold.

124 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Table 3.9

Trends in individual human development indicators adjusted by gender, Kazakhstan, 1999-2007 â ãåíäåðíîì ðàçðåçå â Êàçàõñòàíå â 1999-2007 ãîäàõ

Varia- Indicator 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 tion Life expectancy at birth 65,5 65,5 65,8 66,0 65,8 66,18 65,91 66,15 66,34 0,84 1) Including: 71,0 71,1 71,3 71,5 71,5 72,00 71,77 72,15 72,58 1,58 women 1) men 1) 60,3 60,2 60,5 60,7 60,5 60,62 60,30 60,70 60,69 0,39 Gender difference, 10,7 10,9 10,8 10,8 11,0 11,4 11,5 11,5 11,9 1,2 years1) Share of employed wom- 47,6 47,5 47,3 47,4 47,7 46,7 46,5 47,6 47,9 0,3 en, % 1) Women’s wages as a % 67,6 61,5 58,7 61,7 60,8 61,7 61,1 62,3 65,8 -1,8 of men’s wages 1) GDP per capita. US$2) 4293 4487 5219 5862 6532 7273 8090 9065 9966 5673 Including: 3152 2683 3637 4212 4652 5220 5761 6566 7522 4371 women 1) men 1) 5521 6428 6923 7640 8556 9484 10599 11780 12620 7099 Gender difference. US$2) 2369 3745 3286 3428 3903 4264 4839 5214 5098 2729

Sources: 1) Data provided by the RK Statistics Agency. 2) calculated by the author. 2006 data have been updated.

Table 3.10

Trends in Kazakhstan’s gender adjusted indices of human development components and HDI , 1999-2007

Varia- Indicator 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 tion 0,767 0,768 0,772 0,775 0,775 0,783 0,780 0,786 0,793 0,026 Life expectancy index 0,588 0,587 0,592 0,595 0,592 0,594 0,588 0,595 0,595 0,007 Education accessibility in- 0,925 0,925 0,929 0,940 0,955 0,979 0,989 0,987 0,990 0,046 dex 0,915 0,915 0,919 0,927 0,939 0,955 0,962 0,959 0,952 0,055 0,576 0,549 0,600 0,624 0,641 0,660 0,677 0,699 0,721 0,145 Income index 0,669 0,695 0,707 0,624 0,743 0,759 0,778 0,795 0,807 0,138 0,756 0,748 0,767 0,780 0,790 0,807 0,815 0,824 0,831 0,076 HDI 0,724 0,732 0,739 0,749 0,758 0,770 0,776 0,783 0,785 0,060

Source: calculated by the author on the basis of data of the RK Statistics Agency. 2006 indices have been updated. Note: numerator– women, denominator – men.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 125 Table 3.11

Trends in Kazakhstan’s gender-aggregated and disaggregated indices of human development components and HDI using UNDP’s methodology, 1999-2007

Varia- Indicator 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 tion 0,675 0,675 0,680 0,683 0,680 0,686 0,682 0,686 0,689 0,014 Life expectancy index 0,669 0,669 0,673 0,676 0,674 0,679 0,674 0,681 0,684 0,015 Education accessibility in- 0,921 0,921 0,924 0,934 0,947 0,967 0,976 0,973 0,967 0,046 dex 0,920 0,920 0,924 0,934 0,947 0,967 0,976 0,973 0,967 0,047 0,627 0,635 0,660 0,679 0,698 0,715 0,733 0,752 0,768 0,141 Income index 0,617 0,611 0,647 0,668 0,686 0,704 0,722 0,742 0,760 0,143 0,741 0,743 0,755 0,766 0,775 0,790 0,777 0,804 0,808 0,067 HDI 0,736 0,733 0,748 0,760 0,769 0,784 0,791 0,799 0,803 0,067

Source: calculated by the author on the basis of data of the RK Statistics Agency. 2006 indices have been updated. Note: numerator – gender-aggregated, denominator – gender disaggregated.

Table 3.12

Gender inequality indices of human development components, Kazakhstan, 1999-2007

Indicator 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Variation Life expectancy at birth 0,095 0,098 0,097 0,097 0,100 0,106 0,108 0,108 0,115 0,020 Adult literacy rate 0,005 0,005 0,005 0,005 0,005 0,005 0,005 0,005 0,005 0,000 Combined gross enrolment 0,040 0,040 0,040 0,050 0,060 0,080 0,090 0,095 0,095 0,055 ratio GDP per capita 0,266 0,402 0,303 0,282 0,288 0,282 0,288 0,276 0,245 -0,021

Source: calculated by the author on the basis of data of the RK Statistics Agency

Table 3.13

Trends in indices of human development components and HDIGI, Kazakhstan, 1999-2007

Varia- Indicator 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 tion

Life expectancy in- -0,064 -0,066 -0,066 -0,066 -0,068 -0,073 -0,074 -0,074 -0,079 -0,015 dex 0,611 0,609 0,614 0,617 0,612 0,613 0,608 0,612 0,610 -0,001

Education accessibil- -0,015 -0,015 -0,015 -0,019 -0,022 -0,029 -0,033 -0,034 -0,034 -0,019 ity index 0,905 0,905 0,908 0,915 0,925 0,938 0,943 0,939 0,933 0,028 -0,167 -0,255 -0,200 -0,191 -0,201 -0,202 -0,211 -0,207 -0,188 -0,021 Income index 0,461 0,380 0,460 0,488 0,497 0,514 0,522 0,545 0,580 0,119 -0,082 -0,112 -0,094 -0,092 -0,097 -0,101 -0,106 -0,105 -0,100 -0,018 HDI 0,659 0,631 0,661 0,674 0,678 0,688 0,691 0,699 0,708 0,049

Source: calculated by the author on the basis of data of the RK Statistics Agency Note: numerator –deviation of indices adjusted for gender inequality from unadjusted indices, denominator –indices adjusted for gender inequality.

126 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Òable 3.14

Portion of HDIGI in Kazakhstan explained by gender inequality of human development components, 1999-2007

Varia- Indicator 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 tion Life expectancy at birth 26 20 23 24 23 24 23 23 26 0 Adult literacy rate 6 5 5 7 8 10 10 11 11 +5 Combined gross enrol- 68 76 71 69 69 66 67 66 63 -5 ment ratio GDP per capita 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Source: calculated by the author on the basis of data of the RK Statistics Agency

Table 3.15

Trends in proportion of population not surviving to age 60, 1999-2008

Region 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Akmola oblast 30,3 30,3 31,6 30,3 30,3 30,4 30,6 30,4 29,3 25,0 and Astana city Akmola oblast 31,7 33,1 35,4 33,7 35,7 35,1 35,7 36,4 35,8 31,9 Aktyubinsk 30,7 34,3 34,8 34,6 33,6 32,2 31,2 30,8 30,7 26,6 Almaty 28,0 28,2 27,5 27,0 28,0 28,2 29,5 30,1 30,0 26,6 Atyrau 32,7 33,2 32,2 33,6 30,9 30,0 28,5 29,4 28,6 25,9 Eastern Kazakhstan 31,5 33,4 31,9 32,1 31,8 32,0 33,1 33,8 33,1 30,4 Zhambyl 27,4 30,3 28,9 27,9 29,3 28,2 27,9 28,7 27,2 26,2 Western Kazakhstan 30,9 32,0 32,2 33,0 32,8 30,0 29,5 29,4 29,8 27,1 Karaganda 33,2 33,2 33,8 33,9 35,3 36,1 35,9 36,1 36,5 33,6 Kostanay 31,0 31,6 30,7 30,2 31,7 31,8 32,3 32,7 33,2 31,3 Kyzylorda 28,4 27,5 27,5 28,2 26,7 26,0 28,1 27,9 26,8 24,3 Mangistau 30,7 31,1 33,8 32,6 30,2 29,7 30,1 28,1 25,8 25,2 Pavlodar 30,1 31,2 31,6 30,6 30,4 30,7 31,2 32,2 31,3 28,5 North Kazakhstan 33,4 32,3 32,4 33,0 33,3 33,2 33,0 35,1 33,7 31,2 South Kazakhstan 26,0 26,2 26,1 26,7 26,5 25,9 26,9 25,8 25,3 24,1 Astana city 27,2 24,9 25,3 25,1 22,4 23,6 23,6 22,5 21,1 16,8 Almaty city 26,9 27,1 26,0 25,2 26,5 28,5 29,6 24,8 22,7 22,6 KAZAKHSTAN 29,8 30,5 30,3 30,1 30,3 30,3 30,7 30,4 29,8 27,4

Source: calculated by the author on the basis of data of the RK Statistics Agency Note: the regions’ highest and lowest values are in bold.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 127 Table 3.16

Trends in proportion of 16-year-olds not enrolled in education, 1999-2008

Region 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Akmola oblast 12,2 13,7 15,8 7,2 5,5 7,1 0,4 0,2 0,0 0,0 and Astana city Akmola oblast 13,6 4,1 7,7 6,2 9,2 12,0 17,1 15,5 13,9 16,7 Aktyubinsk 6,1 7,2 5,2 0,0 0,0 2,7 3,2 1,6 0,0 0,0 Almaty 10,0 14,8 15,5 10,8 7,4 7,5 15,4 17,6 19,9 20,8 Atyrau 7,0 6,2 5,4 0,0 0,0 0,2 7,8 6,9 6,0 6,6 Eastern Kazakhstan 5,0 8,1 9,0 7,3 3,0 4,2 12,3 10,2 8,0 12,0 Zhambyl 14,0 17,5 14,7 8,7 4,7 7,0 14,6 15,0 15,3 12,0 Western Kazakhstan 4,0 0,0 5,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 7,6 3,8 0,0 4,4 Karaganda 5,5 10,7 10,8 3,6 0,1 3,2 10,5 7,5 4,5 9,6 Kostanay 7,0 14,2 12,0 11,0 10,1 7,4 17,4 14,8 12,2 17,7 Kyzylorda 8,0 12,4 14,0 0,0 4,5 1,5 11,8 12,0 12,3 10,5 Mangistau 6,0 0,2 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Pavlodar 7,0 11,3 14,0 2,4 1,6 1,7 6,9 3,5 0,0 9,7 North Kazakhstan 4,0 7,0 6,1 3,5 2,7 5,3 14,5 14,5 14,6 19,4 South Kazakhstan 9,0 8,9 11,7 1,8 0,8 0,0 4,2 2,2 0,2 0,0 Astana city 9,0 32,1 29,0 8,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Almaty city 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 KAZAKHSTAN 11,6 9,8 10,6 4,5 3,0 1,1 6,7 4,2 1,7 3,9

Source: calculated by the author on the basis of data of the RK Statistics Agency. 2006 indices have been updated. Note: the regions’ highest and lowest values are in bold.

128 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Table 3.17

Trends in proportion of population with income (spent on consumption) below the subsistence minimum level, 1999-2008

Region 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Akmola oblast 29,8 23,0 13,9 12,1 10,6 8,8 6,3 16,9 10,7 12,1 and Astana city Akmola oblast 35,4 28,9 21,0 18,6 16,4 14,0 10,1 25,4 16,6 8,7 Aktyubinsk 24,3 18,3 29,8 22,6 19,0 14,3 12,3 17,2 10,3 7,0 Almaty 44,2 46,2 39,3 36,3 25,3 15,2 8,5 21,3 18,1 20,1 Atyrau 50,1 49,6 40,7 34,1 32,7 29,1 25,0 23,8 13,0 12,9 Eastern Kazakhstan 17,3 15,4 21,1 20,0 16,9 14,9 8,2 12,5 9,8 9,9 Zhambyl 45,7 47,7 48,2 35,8 30,0 18,3 10,8 23,6 9,9 11,3 Western Kazakhstan 28,9 12,0 27,3 28,0 17,1 14,4 8,5 13,2 10,3 10,2 Karaganda 18,4 18,6 22,8 19,3 15,1 13,5 6,4 20,2 8,5 4,9 Kostanay 21,7 22,3 25,5 22,3 21,0 19,0 13,4 14,0 10,4 9,0 Kyzylorda 55,0 51,6 39,5 32,3 27,1 26,5 16,3 37,5 24,6 24,3 Mangistau 37,9 59,7 45,9 39,8 26,0 21,0 13,6 26,5 26,9 32,4 Pavlodar 48,0 14,9 16,6 21,6 17,1 14,5 4,7 12,0 8,3 8,8 North Kazakhstan 27,2 11,9 10,0 14,3 11,9 12,0 8,2 22,3 16,0 11,0 South Kazakhstan 55,5 52,8 39,2 27,5 26,1 23,0 13,3 14,1 14,3 13,0 Astana city 15,1 11,6 2,2 2,2 2,1 1,1 1,1 5,5 3,2 3,8 Almaty city 13,7 4,8 4,9 4,1 3,9 2,8 0,3 12,1 8,5 13,7 KAZAKHSTAN 34,5 31,8 28,4 24,2 19,8 16,1 9,8 18,2 12,7 12,1

Source: Data provided by the RK Agency for Statistics. Note: 1. The regions’ highest and lowest values are in bold. 2. The 2006-2007 poverty data is comparison of people’s income and a new higher subsistence minimum.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 129 Table 3.18

Trends in unemployment rate (at year end), 1999-2008

Region 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Akmola oblast 14,2 12,6 10,2 9,0 8,9 8,8 8,6 8,3 7,8 6,9 and Astana city Akmola oblast 14,7 12,6 10,8 9,2 9,2 9,2 8,9 8,6 8,0 7,1 Aktyubinsk 13,7 13,3 11,4 10,2 9,7 9,4 9,1 8,5 7,4 6,4 Almaty 14,2 14,1 10,2 9,2 8,6 7,8 7,3 7,1 6,7 6,4 Atyrau 15,1 15,5 13,5 10,7 9,5 9,3 9,0 8,4 7,4 6,3 Eastern – Kazakhstan 8,5 8,2 7,3 7,3 7,3 7,2 7,4 6,9 6,6 6,4 Zhambyl 14,6 14,4 12,7 12,3 11,1 10,2 9,7 9,2 7,7 6,5 Western-Kazakhstan 7,8 7,8 12,5 10,0 9,3 9,2 8,9 8,6 7,8 7,1 Karaganda 14,3 13,5 9,2 8,3 7,5 7,4 7,0 6,9 6,7 6,2 Kostanay 15,8 13,1 10,3 9,3 8,7 8,5 8,2 7,8 7,5 6,9 Kyzylorda 16,1 14,5 13,9 12,5 11,4 10,2 9,7 9,3 8,2 6,9 Mangistau 13,2 13,7 10,5 9,8 9,7 9,8 9,6 9,3 8,5 6,9 Pavlodar 13,4 13,8 9,2 8,7 8,2 7,7 8,1 7,4 6,9 6,4 North-Kazakhstan 14,6 12,8 8,9 8,0 8,0 8,1 8,4 7,2 6,9 6,3 South-Kazakhstan 14,1 14,3 11,5 9,4 8,6 7,8 7,4 7,2 6,9 6,6 Astana city 13,0 12,5 9,3 8,7 8,4 8,3 8,1 8,0 7,6 6,6 Almaty city 14,0 12,1 10,8 9,6 8,9 8,8 8,4 8,2 7,8 7,4 KAZAKHSTAN 13,5 12,8 10,4 9,3 8,8 8,4 8,1 7,8 7,3 6,6

Source: Data provided by the RK Agency for Statistics. Note: the regions’ highest and lowest values are in bold.

130 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Table 3.19

Trends in human poverty index, 1999-2008

Region 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Akmola oblast 24,5 22,3 21,4 19,7 19,6 19,6 19,6 20,3 18,9 16,4 and Astana city Akmola oblast 27,4 25,0 24,0 22,5 23,4 23,0 23,0 25,8 23,8 21,2 Aktyubinsk 22,6 23,1 26,0 23,8 22,5 21,0 20,2 20,6 19,7 16,9 Almaty 30,4 31,7 27,8 25,9 21,4 18,9 18,9 22,0 21,7 20,8 Atyrau 34,5 34,4 29,6 27,0 25,4 23,6 21,5 21,5 18,7 17,1 Eastern – Kazakhstan 21,0 21,9 22,1 21,9 21,1 20,9 21,0 21,9 21,2 19,8 Zhambyl 31,2 33,1 32,8 26,0 23,8 19,6 18,2 21,7 18,5 17,5 Western-Kazakhstan 23,8 20,6 24,1 24,5 21,7 19,7 18,9 19,2 19,1 17,5 Karaganda 22,6 22,7 23,6 22,7 22,9 23,2 22,7 24,1 23,2 21,4 Kostanay 22,3 22,9 23,0 21,7 22,0 21,6 21,0 21,8 21,5 21,0 Kyzylorda 36,5 34,4 28,0 24,4 21,6 21,0 19,0 26,8 20,9 19,6 Mangistau 27,8 39,4 32,4 29,1 22,6 20,9 19,7 21,8 21,0 23,3 Pavlodar 32,8 21,1 21,5 21,4 20,3 20,1 19,8 20,7 19,9 18,4 North-Kazakhstan 24,7 21,1 20,8 21,4 21,4 21,4 21,0 24,4 22,5 21,4 South-Kazakhstan 36,3 34,8 27,3 21,7 21,0 19,6 17,7 17,2 16,9 16,0 Astana city 18,8 23,5 21,8 16,2 14,4 15,1 15,1 14,5 13,5 10,8 Almaty city 18,4 17,6 16,8 16,2 16,9 18,1 18,8 16,4 14,7 15,4 KAZAKHSTAN 26,2 25,1 23,7 22,0 20,9 20,1 19,7 20,5 19,3 17,8

Source: calculated by the author based on data of the Agency for Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Indices for 1999 and 2006 have been updated. Note: the regions’ highest and lowest values are in bold.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 131 APPENDIX 4

Table 4.1

Results of preventive examinations of children aged 0-14, 2007 per 1,000 children examined

With diminished With diminished With fault in With scoliosis hearing eyesight posture Republic of Kazakhstan 2,6 22,3 4,6 9,8 Akmola oblast 1,3 23,4 3,3 6,8 Aktyubinsk 2,7 18,6 3,3 7,8 Almaty 2,7 12,8 2,8 7,9 Atyrau 3,0 13,2 1,0 1,3 Eastern-Kazakhstan 2,6 25,8 11,7 16,1 Zhambyl 1,7 6,3 1,1 2,1 Western-Kazakhstan 4,6 24,8 4,2 5,2 Karaganda 1,8 32,7 3,4 7,1 Kostanay 2,0 31,2 5,3 15,0 Kyzylorda 9,1 21,9 3,0 4,7 Mangistau 3,1 58,3 5,7 12,9 Pavlodar 3,0 44,2 25,8 58,8 North –Kazakhstan 2,9 20,8 4,1 8,8 South-Kazakhstan 2,2 11,1 1,5 2,1 Astana city 0,8 53,1 5,1 22,7 Almaty city 1,3 27,1 4,7 13,0

Table 4.2

Results of preventive examinations of rural population, 2007

Subject to examination, Number Illness detected Health thousand persons Examined (%) (%) improved (%) Republic of Kazakhstan 1370,1 92,3 20,0 11,1 Akmola oblast 216,8 91,2 13,3 7,9 Aktyubinsk 54,9 100,0 23,0 14,9 Almaty 247,3 83,7 23,5 17,1 Atyrau 32,5 100,0 22,8 16,3 Eastern-Kazakhstan 98,7 74,9 17,5 9,8 Zhambyl 104,8 95,8 21,1 13,3 Western-Kazakhstan 78,1 99,4 27,9 20,9 Karaganda 72,5 95,2 15,2 11,9 Kostanay 68,4 99,8 15,1 1,1 Kyzylorda 31,8 9,9 34,5 28,8 Mangistau 16,4 98,2 25,6 17,1 Pavlodar 72,2 98,3 18,6 14,3 North –Kazakhstan 73,9 100,0 19,6 5,5 South-Kazakhstan 204,0 95,2 20,5 1,7

132 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Table 4.3 Employees working in harmful and hazardous conditions

2001 2007 Number of Proportion of Number of Proportion of employees Total staff (%) employees total staff (%) Total 1,251,813 100 1,511,207 100 including: Working in conditions non-compliant with sanitary-hygienic requirements 244,379 19,5 314,198 20,8 including: Working under pressure of high level 80,357 6,4 114,334 7,6 noise and vibration High dust and gas contamination of the 120,436 9,6 132,711 8,8 working zone exceeding MPC Adverse temperature conditions 46,000 3,7 50,995 3,4 Engaged in physically demanding jobs 32,457 2,6 41,112 2,7 Using equipment non-compliant with 1,266 0,1 351 0,0 safety requirements

Table 4.4

Number of persons injured in occupational accidents, 2003-2007

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Republic of Kazakhstan 3,395 3,348 3,333 3,197 2,829 Akmola oblast 113 132 87 74 78 Aktyubinsk 130 118 125 126 122 Almaty 106 76 90 41 57 Atyrau 93 71 56 97 60 Eastern-Kazakhstan 532 529 543 574 476 Zhambyl 138 155 117 93 82 Western-Kazakhstan 112 99 92 90 92 Karaganda 942 959 1002 929 769 Kostanay 139 147 196 131 132 Kyzylorda 24 41 51 59 48 Mangistau 114 96 56 79 45 Pavlodar 179 205 216 259 222 North –Kazakhstan 133 80 89 82 113 South-Kazakhstan 102 96 103 94 105 Astana city 229 203 197 211 170 Almaty city 309 341 313 258 258

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 133 Table 4.5

Deaths from occupational accidents, 2003-2007

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Republic of Kazakhstan 294 345 357 414 341 Akmola oblast 11 14 15 18 16 Aktyubinsk 14 14 20 24 18 Almaty 20 9 19 8 13 Atyrau 19 21 18 22 10 Eastern-Kazakhstan 32 31 32 28 23 Zhambyl 22 19 22 17 12 Western-Kazakhstan 67769 Karaganda 61 93 81 112 70 Kostanay 26 21 25 22 28 Kyzylorda 5 11 11 10 18 Mangistau 10 13 8 2 2 Pavlodar 16 17 18 41 22 North –Kazakhstan 8 8 10 6 9 South-Kazakhstan 8 20 16 20 17 Astana city 18 21 21 38 40 Almaty city 18 26 34 40 34

Table 4.6

Material consequences of occupational accidents, 2003-2007

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Republic of Kazakhstan 988,096.9 1270170 522065,2 701914,8 546325,7 Akmola oblast 17,329.4 3869,2 6906,7 18335,3 16107,6 Aktyubinsk 41,013.3 53247,3 24771 62677,6 23178,6 Almaty 21,768.7 18677,3 12408,8 8493,2 9074,9 Atyrau 75,352.6 61738,7 18003,9 18606,2 16746,7 Eastern-Kazakhstan 106,090.8 120693,1 42492 33408,8 44147,3 Zhambyl 21,095.9 26001,8 11013,3 5892 4509,9 Western-Kazakhstan 18,492.2 10326,8 6145,2 7043,9 7679 Karaganda 427,961.8 733002,4 261918,7 402758,7 276194,3 Kostanay 38,583.1 12899,1 6309,2 15119,8 12884,6 Kyzylorda 8,030.4 56343,7 11450,5 11168,4 16236,8 Mangistau 50,317.3 76883,5 12818,4 7355,8 6844,3 Pavlodar 42,048.9 26273,9 19996,2 28586,6 25868,3 North –Kazakhstan 8,088.1 2501,6 4332 5039,5 5588,9 South-Kazakhstan 16,031.2 11919,7 12995,9 7655,5 16425,6 Astana city 45,461.3 28017 30102,5 48403,1 32573,3 Almaty city 50,431.9 27774,6 40400,9 21370,4 32265,6

134 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Table 4.7

Number of victims of occupational diseases

2001 2007 Total number of new cases of occupational disease 246 330 including most widespread diseases: Toxic influence of other non-organic substances 33 18 Occupational bronchitis 34 91 Vibration disease 31 20 Double sided sensorineural [perceptive] hearing loss 13 31 Vegetative – sensory polyneuropathy of hands 29 48

Table 4.8

Newly disabled persons, by types of diseases

2001 2007 Total 40820 35908 including: Tuberculosis 2862 2770 Malignant neoplasms 6979 5863 Endocrine diseases, nutrition and metabolic disorders 1461 1144 Mental and behavioural disorders 4227 2196 Nervous system diseases 1913 1251 Eyes disease and its appendages 2485 2726 Ear and mastoid diseases 361 509 Circulatory system diseases 8792 8530 Respiratory system diseases 1061 710 Digestive system diseases 903 682 Bone and muscle system and connective tissue diseases 2527 2358 All injuries 4566 5467 Occupational diseases and poisonings (other than silico tuberculosis 134 185 and black-lung disease State of critical psychosomatic desynchronise after X-ray treatment 385 164 Miscellaneous 2164 822

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 135 Table 4.9

Deaths from road accidents, 2002-2007

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Republic of Kazakhstan 2203 2421 3042 3783 4896 4934 Astana 136 112 126 175 260 267 Aktyubinsk 18 81 125 141 165 154 Almaty 181 269 346 503 718 809 Atyrau 31 80 97 148 94 53 Eastern-Kazakhstan 238 241 251 338 375 372 Zhambyl 116 144 176 277 366 385 Western-Kazakhstan 84 94 66 113 157 152 Karaganda 230 233 320 332 435 465 Kostanay 92 89 104 127 161 164 Kyzylorda 85 116 113 152 203 188 Mangistau 61 54 106 154 123 132 Pavlodar 98 119 171 178 280 254 North –Kazakhstan 124 106 127 121 124 104 South-Kazakhstan 554 591 713 684 867 941 Astana city 63 23 66 130 182 157 Almaty city 92 69 135 210 386 386

Table 4.10

Number of disabled persons registered with labour and social protection bodies

2001 2007 thousand people Per 1,000 thousand people Per 1,000 population population Number of disabled persons obtaining disability benefits and state social dis- 409,3 26,6 409,2 26,3 ability benefits including: Number of children under 16 obtain- 46,8 10,9 44,9 10,4 ing state social disability benefits Number of newly disabled persons 43,8 2,8 35,9 2,3

136 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Table 4.11

Numbers of recipients of state social benefits, 2003-2007

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Republic of Kazakhstan 645692 651009 645191 642468 639116 Astana 34113 34183 33627 33289 32524 Aktyubinsk 27969 28120 27849 27701 27256 Almaty 72326 72604 72081 70757 70625 Atyrau 20786 20845 20762 20428 20124 Eastern-Kazakhstan 68011 67625 65822 64898 63646 Zhambyl 42047 42800 43248 43365 43007 Western-Kazakhstan 29023 28868 28620 28627 28476 Karaganda 61878 62421 63189 63233 62626 Kostanay 33683 33410 33372 32980 32310 Kyzylorda 31653 31678 31096 30858 30377 Mangistau 14251 15267 15410 15619 16245 Pavlodar 31735 31602 30301 29732 29230 North –Kazakhstan 36308 36219 32720 32318 32080 South-Kazakhstan 91937 94338 97934 99465 101201 Astana city 11519 11922 12389 12840 13310 Almaty city 38453 39107 36771 36358 36079

Table 4.12

Average monthly state social benefits in 2003-2007 (KZT)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Republic of Kazakhstan 4365 4580 6621 7524 8366 Astana 4286 4473 6448 7328 8134 Aktyubinsk 4445 4619 6568 7430 8262 Almaty 4287 4547 6627 7555 8413 Atyrau 4765 4925 6746 7652 8471 Eastern-Kazakhstan 4376 4587 6641 7504 8330 Zhambyl 4437 4681 6804 7701 8552 Western-Kazakhstan 4276 4496 6551 7446 8283 Karaganda 4311 4567 6586 7489 8341 Kostanay 4158 4394 6324 7201 8025 Kyzylorda 4461 4669 6786 7712 8552 Mangistau 4718 4612 6860 7762 8608 Pavlodar 4260 4446 6492 7367 8201 North –Kazakhstan 4141 4358 6490 7414 8228 South-Kazakhstan 4361 4562 6711 7638 8484 Astana city 4597 4843 6549 7433 8280 Almaty city 4573 4839 6643 7570 8448

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 137 Table 4.13

Average state social benefits, by categories of recipients, in 2006-2007 at year end, tenge

2006 2007 old-age tdisability survivor’s old-age tdisability survivor’s benefit benefit benefit benefit benefit benefit Republic of Kazakhstan 3979 7953 6926 4431 8859 7656

Table 4.14

Average state social benefits * at year end, KZT 2006 2007 Total assigned 2690 2801 including: disabled persons of WW II 15450 16380 participants of WW II 15450 16380 Persons equal to disabled persons of WW II 7313 7754 Persons equal to participants of WW II 5973 6334 Widows of WW II 4326 4587 wives (husbands) of deceased disabled persons of WW II 2472 2621 heroes 9270 9828 families of deceased soldiers 4428 4696 awarded home front workers 2080 2184 Participants of Chernobyl disaster clean-up operations 2080 2184 Disabled persons of I and II categories 1442 1529 Disabled persons of III category 618 656 Children of disabled persons under 16 927 983 Mothers having many children awarded by “Altyn alka”, “Kumis alka” 4017 4259 Families having 4 and more cohabiting under-age children 4017 4259 exonerated citizens 1030 1092 Persons receiving benefits for meritorious service 1030 1092

* Civil population

138 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Table 4.15

Number of homes for old people and disabled adults in 2003-2007

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Republic of Kazakhstan 122 61 68 71 69 Astana 84888 Aktyubinsk 42222 Almaty 10 5 2 3 2 Atyrau 42111 Eastern-Kazakhstan 22 11 11 11 11 Zhambyl 84444 Western-Kazakhstan 42556 Karaganda 10 5 11 11 11 Kostanay 12 6 9 9 9 Kyzylorda 63111 Mangistau 42111 Pavlodar 63254 North –Kazakhstan 84343 South-Kazakhstan 10 5 2 2 2 Astana city 21201 Almaty city 42443

Table 4.16

Number of persons living in homes for old people and disabled adults, 2003-2007

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Republic of Kazakhstan 29913 15032 12054 12131 12404 Astana 1733 862 987 957 934 Aktyubinsk 1129 554 570 596 598 Almaty 2934 1477 275 394 276 Atyrau 652 333 122 129 108 Eastern-Kazakhstan 4679 2348 2371 2376 2411 Zhambyl 1467 753 753 764 758 Western-Kazakhstan 1758 887 943 988 996 Karaganda 2956 1492 1787 1761 1896 Kostanay 2083 1017 1149 1150 1151 Kyzylorda 987 501 166 167 167 Mangistau 504 270 136 134 141 Pavlodar 2049 1033 514 661 562 North –Kazakhstan 2515 1265 779 791 782 South-Kazakhstan 2284 1143 302 304 438 Astana city 501 251 263 0 256 Almaty city 1682 846 937 959 930

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 139 Table 4.17

Number of homes for disabled children, 2003-2007

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Republic of Kazakhstan 36 18 28 20 22 Astana 4 2 2 2 2 Aktyubinsk 0 0 1 1 1 Almaty 4 2 3 3 3 Atyrau 2 1 2 1 1 Eastern-Kazakhstan 2 1 2 1 2 Zhambyl 2 1 1 1 1 Western-Kazakhstan 2 1 1 1 1 Karaganda 2 1 1 1 1 Kostanay 4 2 1 2 2 Kyzylorda 2 1 3 0 2 Mangistau 0 0 0 0 Pavlodar 2 1 2 1 1 North –Kazakhstan 2 1 1 2 2 South-Kazakhstan 4 2 6 3 2 Astana city 2 1 1 0 Almaty city 2 1 1 1 1

Table 4.18

Number of disabled children living in homes, 2003-2007

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Republic of Kazakhstan 5950 2988 5379 3357 3506 Astana 308 152 148 139 130 Aktyubinsk 0 0 150 150 150 Almaty 671 333 757 789 790 Atyrau 413 203 435 207 193 Eastern-Kazakhstan 220 109 209 107 324 Zhambyl 249 126 131 122 120 Western-Kazakhstan 228 114 111 104 107 Karaganda 720 360 358 359 360 Kostanay 749 376 268 374 367 Kyzylorda 248 126 453 0 134 Mangistau 0 0 0 0 0 Pavlodar 110 59 563 60 59 North –Kazakhstan 428 214 175 173 165 South-Kazakhstan 896 456 1297 620 449 Astana city 400 203 179 0 0 Almaty city 310 157 145 153 158

140 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Table 4.19

Homes for Children

2006 2007 Number of Number of Number of Number of Resident Resident Institutions Institutions Children Children Orphanages 34 2,5 39 3,0 Children’s homes 49 6,6 49 6,3 Family-type orphanages 23 0,3 22 0,3 Boarding schools for orphans 10 1,7 10 1,7 Boarding schools for children with mental 100 15,9 100 15,3 disabilities

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 141 APPENDIX 5

Report on the Project “Living Conditions A household consists of persons, who live together of Disabled Persons in Almaty Oblast” and provide themselves with all essentials for liv- (pilot sampling survey) ing, that is keeping a house together, in full or par- tially combining and spending their funds. These persons can be related or not related or both. A 1.Introduction household can consist of one person, living in a Improving the status of disabled persons is one of separate residential house or part of a residential top-priority goals of social policy in Kazakhstan. house providing himself/herself with all essentials At present our country is becoming increasingly for living, and not combining funds for keeping a sensitized to issues, relating to needs of disabled house together with any other persons, living in persons for rehabilitation and their civil rights, and the same house. the influence disability and incapacity to work have on the health state, education and economic pros- perity. The scale and depth of each listed issue, in spite of their evident importance, requires special and deep Disabled persons living at boarding houses and research. other institutions were not examined. Information needs range from the number of dis- The research tools include questionnaire and abled persons as a percentage of population to instructions for an interviewer approved by the Or- materials relating to such complicated issues as the der of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan difference in quality of life of disabled and non-dis- for Statistics dated 10 October 2005 # 38-G “On abled persons. As at the beginning of 2006 the num- Approving Questionnaire and Instructions for Non- ber of disabled persons of all categories registered Recurrent Sampling Survey “Living Conditions of with the bodies of labour and social protection of Disabled Persons Registered with Bodies of Labour the population, was 404,800 persons or 2.7% of the and Social Protection of Population of the Republic entire population of the Republic of Kazakhstan. of Kazakhstan”. Their living conditions are yet to be studied. The questionnaire consists of the introductory This project is an important step on the way to im- block, including an address to a respondent and proving quality of the disability statistics and its in- main identification survey codes, and a block com- tegration in the process of the data collection within bining questions on main aspects of social – demo- research and administrative reporting. The research graphic characteristics of the respondent (housing was held in Almaty Oblast. conditions, economic welfare, health and health- care, employment, education, leisure, safety and security). Observation programme. The survey has been 2. Project Goals of the Pilot Sampling held by interviewing disabled persons or members Survey of their households at the domiciles by interview- “Living Conditions of Disabled Persons in Al- ers. The following data was provided by disabled maty Oblast” persons and recorded by interviewers : Primary goals of the project: • respondent profile: sex, age, category and – to detect the living level of disabled persons, group of disability, matrimonial state, marital status, number of cohabiting members at his/her domicile, by holding a pilot survey of: relation to the first person written in the question- naire; – housing and household facilities; • information on housing conditions: status – economic welfare and employment; of housing, availability and functioning of an eleva- tor, availability of cold and hot water supply, heat- – healthcare accessibility; ing;

– education accessibility. • economic welfare: availability of a car, owned or leased land, availability of long-term use 3. Methodology things, financial status of a household of disabled persons; Reporting unit. Reporting units are disabled persons of all ages, living in households. 142 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 • health conditions: reasons of disability, medical rehabilitation, healthcare availability; • safety and security: domestic violence or criminal offences on the streets, recourse for help; • occupation status: availability of a paid job Sampling basis. The Registrar of Disabled Per- or profitable occupation, including labour condi- sons provided by Almaty Oblast Branch of State tions, remoteness of the workplace from the place Pension Payment Centre was used as the sampling of residence, availability of transport; basis for forming a sample of observation units. Survey sample profile: the sampling survey • features characterising the primary job: oc- of disabled persons in Almaty Oblast covered 450 cupation (profession, job title); way of getting to his/ persons, or 1% of all disabled persons of Almaty her primary work; Oblast.

• job searching by disabled persons unem- ploed at the moment of the survey: readiness to start to work; registration with the employment service as an unemployed.

• past activity of persons unemployed at the moment of the survey: duration of the unemploy- ment period;

• education: level of education, additional speciality, work matching the field of education, desire to obtain another profession or skill;

• leisure: preferences, visiting relatives and friends; 4. Results

Disabled persons asby category of disability people I+ II III Men Women City village Total groups group À1234567 Number of disabled persons(adults), total 208 101 182 127 85 224 309 including: persons disabled as a result of a general dis- 148 69 132 85 55 162 217 ease persons disabled as a result of an occupa- 457 2 4 5 9 tional injury and illness Persons disabled from childhood 56 25 42 39 25 56 81

as a percentage I+ II III group Men Women City village Total groups À1234567 Number of disabled persons(adults), total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 including: persons disabled as a result of a general 71,2 68,3 76,7 73,3 64,7 72,3 70,2 disease persons disabled as a result of an occupa- 1,9 5,0 4,1 1,7 4,7 2,2 2,9 tional injury and illness Persons disabled from childhood 26,9 24,8 24,4 33,6 29,4 25,0 26,2

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 143 Housing Conditions people I+ II III Men Women City Village Total groups group À1234567 Number of disabled persons, total 208 101 182 127 85 224 309 a separate house 171 80 58 193 251 an apartment in an apartment building 22 18 22 18 40 Other 15 3 5 13 18

as a percentage I+ II III group Men Women City village Total groups À1234567 Number of disabled persons, total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 a separate house 82,2 79,2 68,2 86,2 81,2 an apartment in an apartment building 10,6 17,8 25,9 8,0 12,8 Other 7,2 3,0 5,9 5,8 6,1

Cold Water Supply people I+ II III Men Women City village Total groups group À1234567 cold water supply 208 101 - - 85 224 309 Centralised water supply 58 27 38 47 85 Well / water pump in a yard 64 33 21 76 97 Public well / water pump 65 32 24 73 97 water delivered by a vehicle 14 6 1 19 20 Other 7 3 1 9 10

as a percentage I+ II III group Men Women City village Total groups À 123 567 cold water supply 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 Centralised water supply 27,9 26,7 44,7 21,0 27,5 Well / water pump in a yard 30,8 32,7 24,7 33,9 31,4 Public well / water pump 31,2 31,7 28,2 32,6 31,4 water delivered by a vehicle 6,7 5,9 1,2 8,5 6,5 Other 3,4 3,0 1,2 4,0 3,2

144 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Hot Water Supply people I+ II III group Men Women City village Total groups À 1234567 hot water supply 208 101 85 224 309 Centralised water supply 10 5 15 0 15 Own boiler / heater (gas, water 14 7 6 15 21 pump) No water supply 181 89 61 209 270 Other 3 0 3 0 3

as a percentage I+ II III group Men Women City village Total groups À 1234567 hot water supply 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 Centralised water supply 4,8 5,0 17,6 - 4,9 Own boiler / heater (gas, water 6,7 6,9 7,1 6,7 6,8 pump) No water supply 87,0 88,1 71,8 93,3 87,4 Other 1,5 - 3,5 - 0,9

Sewage people I+ II III group Men Women City village Total groups À 1234567 Sewage 208 101 - - 85 224 309 Centralised sewage 29 12 25 16 41 Local sewage 9 7 8 8 16 No sewage 168 81 49 200 249 Other 2 1 3 0 3

as a percentage I+ II III group Men Women City Village Total groups À 123 567 Sewage 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 Centralised sewage 13,9 11,9 29,4 7,1 13,3 Local sewage 4,3 6,9 9,4 3,6 5,2 No sewage 80,8 80,2 57,7 89,3 80,6 Other 1,0 1,0 3,5 0,9

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 145 House Heating people I+ II III group Men Women City village Total groups À 1234567 House heating 208 101 85 224 309 Centralised heating 13 9 18 4 22 heated by an individual unit 8 5 7 6 13 Stove heating 180 86 57 209 266 Other 6 1 3 4 7 no heating 1 1 1

as a percentage I+ II III group Men Women City village Total groups À 1234567 House heating 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 Centralised heating 6,3 8,9 21,2 1,8 7,1 heated by an individual unit 3,8 5,0 8,2 2,7 4,2 Stove heating 86,5 85,1 67,1 93,3 86,1 Other 2,9 1,0 3,5 1,8 2,3 no heating 0,5 0,4 0,3

Economic welfare people I+ II III group Men Women City village Total groups À 1234567 Number of disabled persons, total 208 101 - - 85 224 309 including those who have a: TV set 204 101 84 221 305 Refrigerator 164 80 66 178 244 Washing machine 123 60 57 126 183 Gas / electric stove 185 99 77 207 284 Telephone 72 40 37 75 112 Personal computer 53 268

as a percentage I+ II III group Men Women City village Total groups À 1234567 Number of disabled persons, total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 including those who have a: TV set 98,1 100,0 98,8 98,7 98,7 Refrigerator 78,8 79,2 77,6 79,5 79,0 Washing machine 59,1 59,4 67,1 56,3 59,2 Gas / electric stove 88,9 98,0 90,6 92,4 91,9 Telephone 34,6 39,6 43,5 33,5 36,2 Personal computer 2,4 3,0 2,4 2,7 2,6

146 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Owned or leased land and its use people I+ II III group Men Women City village Total groups À 1234567 Number of disabled persons, 208 101 172 116 85 224 309 total including those who have: own or leased land 92 45 19 118 137 a vehicle in their household 45 17 10 52 62 household’s incomes are enough for primary products, 90 49 36 103 139 clothes and utilities

as a percentage I+ II III group Men Women City village Total groups À 1234567 Number of disabled persons, 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 total including those who have: own or leased land 44,2 44,6 22,4 52,7 44,3 a vehicle in their household 26,2 14,7 11,8 23,2 20,1 household’s incomes are enough for primary products, 43,3 48,5 42,4 46,0 45,0 clothes and utilities

Own health estimation people I+ II III group Men Women City village Total groups À 1234567 Number of disabled persons, 208 101 172 116 85 224 309 total Satisfactory 131 72 116 78 63 140 203 poor/ very poor 67 17 42 24 17 58 75

as a percentage I+ II III group Men Women City village Total groups À 1234567 Number of disabled persons, 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 total Satisfactory 63,0 71,3 67,4 67,2 74,1 62,5 65,7 poor/ very poor 32,1 17,8 26,7 24,1 22,4 29,4 27,5

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 147 Reasons for disability people I+ II III group Men Women City village Total groups À 1234567 Number of disabled persons, 208 99 181 126 84 223 307 total as a result of general disease 148 69 132 85 55 162 217 as a result of occupational in- 4572459 jury and disease Disabled from childhood 56 25 42 39 25 56 81

as a percentage I+ II III group Men Women City village Total groups À 1234567 Number of disabled persons, 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 total as a result of general disease 71,2 69,7 72,9 67,5 65,5 72,6 70,7 as a result of occupational in- 1,9 5,1 3,9 1,6 4,8 2,2 2,9 jury and disease Disabled from childhood 26,9 25,3 23,2 31,0 29,8 25,1 26,4

Legal awareness of disabled persons about paying for medical services people I+ II III group Men Women City village Total groups À1234567 Number of disabled persons, total 208 101 172 116 85 224 309 Aware of RK Law “On Healthcare”, determining the guaranteed scope of 83 38 26 95 121 free medical aid. Heard of guaranteed free medical aid. 82 40 43 79 122 but are not well informed Not aware of RK Law “On Health- care”, determining the guaranteed 43 23 16 50 66 scope of free medical aid.

as a percentage I+ II III Men Women City village Total groups group À1234567 Number of disabled persons, total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 Aware of RK Law “On Healthcare”, determining the guaranteed scope of 39,9 37,6 30,6 42,4 39,2 free medical aid. Heard of guaranteed free medical aid. 39,4 39,6 50,6 35,3 39,5 but are not well informed Not aware of RK Law “On Health- care”, determining the guaranteed 20,7 22,8 18,8 22,3 21,4 scope of free medical aid.

148 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Safety and Security people I+ II III Men Women City village Total groups group À1234567 Number of disabled persons, total 208 101 85 224 309 Were subjected to household (domestic) vio- lence and obtained injuries within the last 12 11 112 months, which became a reason for a visit to a doctor. Were subjected to household (domestic) vio- lence within the last 12 months, but didn’t 41 145 consult a doctor Were a victim of a street crime within last 12 53 178 months Know where to go for help, if their safety is 150 77 58 169 227 threatened Know who can help in a situation, if their 146 71 54 163 217 safety is threatened

as a percentage I+ II III Men Women City village Total groups group À1234567 Number of disabled persons. total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 èç íèõ: Were subjected to household (domestic) vio- lence and obtained injuries within the last 12 0,5 1,0 1,2 0,4 0,6 months, which became a reason for a visit to a doctor. Were subjected to household (domestic) vio- lence within the last 12 months, but didn’t 1,9 1,0 1,2 1,8 1,6 consult a doctor Were a victim of a street crime within last 12 2,4 3,0 1,2 3,1 2,6 months Know where to go for help, if their safety is 72,1 76,2 68,2 75,4 73,5 threatened Know who can help in a situation, if their 70,2 70,3 63,5 72,8 70,2 safety is threatened

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 149 Disabled children under 1 as a percentage boys girls city village Total À12345 Number of disabled children under 16, total 55,6 44,4 22,2 77,8 100,0

Housing conditions of disabled children under 16 people City Village Total À123 Number of disabled children under 16, to- 82836 tal a separate house 5 24 29 an apartment in an apartment building 3 1 4 Other 3 3

as a percentage City Village Total À123 Number of disabled children under 16, total 100,0 100,0 100,0 a separate house 62,5 85,7 80,6 an apartment in an apartment building 37,5 3,6 11,1 Other 10,7 8,3

Own health estimation by disabled children under 16 people boys girls city village Total À 12345 Number of disabled children under 20 16 8 28 36 16, total Estimate the state of their health, as: Good 1 1 2 2 Satisfactory 15 12 7 20 27 poor 4 3 1 6 7

as a percentage boys girls city village Total À 12345 Number of disabled children, total 100 100 100 100 100 Estimate the state of their health, as: Good 5 6,3 0 7,1 5,6 Satisfactory 75 75,0 87,5 71,4 75,0 poor 20 18,8 12,5 21,4 19,4

150 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Safety and security of disabled children under 16 people City Village Total À 123 Number of disabled children, total 8 28 36 including: Know where to go for help, if their safety is 22022 threatened Know who can help in a situation if their 52025 safety is threatened

as a percentage City Village Total À 123 Number of disabled children, total 100 100 100 including: Know where to go for help, if their safety is 25 71,4 61,1 threatened Know who can help in a situation if their 62,5 71,4 69,4 safety is threatened

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 151 TECHNICAL NOTES

1. Integral human development indicators velopment. The general classification of statistical In 1987 the UN Committee for Development indicators reflecting human development can be Planning decided to review the human costs of represented by three groups: structural adjustment in its 1988 report. The results 1. Integral indicators providing a general as- of studies conducted in the preparation of this re- sessment of human development. port under M. Ul-Haq’s supervision were prepared by K. Griffin as a draft report published under the 2. Basic indicators characterising basic com- headline “Human Potential Development: Forgot- ponents of integral human development assess- ten Measurement of Development Strategy”. In ment. 1989 the results were published by K. Griffin jointly with J. Knight in a special issue of Development 3. Other indicators characterising other hu- Planning102 magazine and republished in 1990 as man development aspects. a book103. These publications were the basis for the conceptual approach to human development. 2. Basic and integral human development The theoretical works of Amartya Sen, Noble indicators Prize winner in economics, who published his Basic human development indicators corre- 104 work “Development as Capability Expansion” spond to the three basic human development com- in 1989, had a principal influence on the modern ponents – longevity, education and living standards. understanding of human potential. Sen considered Each of these components in general covers several the development process not as rise in material or important human capabilities. For instance, longev- economic well-being, but as a human capability ity means the capability to live a long and healthy expansion process, i.e. the capability to live a long life, education – to acquire knowledge, commu- and healthy life, the opportunity to have access to nicate, participate in social life, standard of living knowledge, the opportunity to do more etc. The – to have access to the resources required for a de- capability expansion process is connected with the cent life, live a healthy lifestyle, have conditions for expansion of freedom of choice of a person. Thus, physical and social mobility, participation in the life the human development concept set as a goal of of society etc. economic development not GNP growth but oppor- For these three human development compo- tunity for development of a person, expansion of his nents, a system of indicators regularly calculated freedom of choice. and comparable practically for all countries of The conceptual approach to human develop- the world has been proposed. An increase in the ment worked out by the group of UNDP experts values of basic indicators indicates expansion of was first published in the first Global Human De- choice opportunities in a certain aspect of human 105 velopment Report for 1990 . In this Report human development. development was defined as “the human choice ex- Indicators characterising longevity. Longevity pansion process and the achieved level of people’s is defined as life expectancy at birth. It is often re- welfare”. Income is one of such choices, but health, ferred to as “life expectancy” for short. This indica- education, life environment, freedom of action and tor is one of the most commonly used indicators in expression are equally important. The Report pre- international statistics and it is determined by calcu- sented a new instrument for measuring social and lations within the so called “mortality tables”. economic progress: the human development index Life expectancy at birth - the number of years (HDI) integrating life expectancy, adult education which one person of the born generation is expect- level and income. ed to live provided that within the whole life of the Such a definition of human development pre- generation the mortality rate for each age remains determines an expansive system of statistical indica- the same as in his year of birth. tors allowing us to assess and analyze human de-

102 Griffin K. and Knight J. (eds). 1989. “Human Development in the 1980s and Beyond.” In: Journal of Development Planning. No.19 (Special number) 103 Griffin K. And Knight J. (eds). 1990. “Human Development and the International Development Strategy for the 1990s”. London: Macmillan. 104 Sen A. 1989. “Development as Capability Expansion”, In: Journal of Development Planning. No.19. 105 UNDP 1990. Human Development Report 1990. New York: Oxford University Press.

152 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 This indicator is calculated in general for both the capability for development and realisation of genders and separately for men and women. human abilities: personal income; income distribu- This indicator is added by the indicator of the tion between the layers of the society; previously share of population not surviving to a certain age, accumulated property; access to land resources and which is used in calculating human poverty indices loans; infrastructure development and mechanism and characterises the extent of deprivation of capa- of access to public consumption funds (healthcare, bility to live a long and healthy life. education, transport, communal services etc.); indi- For countries with a middle level of develop- vidual lifestyle; household size and structure; wel- ment the life expectancy indicator can be augment- fare produced in the household; climatic and envi- ed with the indicator of child mortality of children ronmental conditions in the place of residence etc. under 5 years old, for highly developed countries Due to difficulties in selecting a direct indicator – with the maternal mortality rate. for assessment of material level of life the indirect basic indicator is used - the value of the Gross Do- Indicators characterising education mestic Product (GDP) per capita. For the purpose Education is defined by the share of literate of comparability at the international level GDP per population of 15 years old or over, as well as by the capita should be converted into the real GDP per indicator of school enrolment. capita in US$ by the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Literacy - ability to read, understand and write of the national currency in relation to US$. a short text regarding daily human life. PPP is the quantity of units of the national cur- For developing countries literacy is the most rency needed for purchasing a similar representa- important indicator of education attainment, there- tive basket of goods and services, which can be fore, in HDI calculation it is given a doubled weight purchased for US$1 in the United States of America. as compared to the school enrolment indicator. Countries in different groups of states, depend- The global human development reports before ing on their level of economic development may 1995 the indicator of average duration of education be compared by using supplemental rates, allowing calculated for persons of 25 years old or over was more objective differentiation of countries within used instead of school enrolment indicator. How- the group depending on financial living standards. ever, later on starting from the Human Development For example, for less developed countries real GDP Report for 1995 it was substituted by the school en- per capita relatively adequately reflects the situation rolment indicator. regarding access to resources required for a decent School enrolment - ratio of the total number life. For the countries with a medium development of students (enrolled) at all stages of education (pri- level it is expedient to augment this indicator with mary, secondary, specialised secondary, higher, the indicator of the share of population with income post-graduate) independent of their age to the total below the poverty line, characterising the extent population at the age of 5-24 years. of the problem mainly peculiar to less developed It should be taken into account that different countries. For economically developed countries stages of education assist to a different extent in the these two indicators can be reasonably augmented human choice expansion. That is why Anand and with the indicator reflecting the income inequality Sen suggested to augment the recognised educa- level106: tion attainment indicators with indicators specific for certain development levels; for countries with Y = (1 – G) * Yr, middle level of development – with the indicator of secondary education enrolment, for highly devel- where G Gini coefficient; oped countries – with the indicator of higher educa- Yr – real GDP per capita. tion enrolment. With equal real income per capita, the Gini co- efficient allows for the differentiation of countries Indicators characterising living standards by living standard. Unlike the two indicators above this human development aspect only deals with the capabilities 3. Human Development Index (HDI) that a person has, but does not determine their use. The human development index is the arith- This means that it is only a tool expanding choice metic mean of three other indices: life expectancy opportunities but not the choice itself. at birth, education and income levels per capita. The ideal characteristic of living standard The education index is estimated based on the lit- should consider a number of factors determining eracy index (weighted two-thirds) and availability

106 Anand S., Sen A. Human Development Index: Methodology and Measurement // Background Paper for Human Development Report 1993. - New York: UNDP, 1992.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 153 of education (weighted one-third). based on these three indicators will amount to The indices calculation is based on four indica- 0.815: tors with the following tolerance range: (0.702 + 0.967 + 0.776) / 3 = 0.815.

Indicators Minimum Maximum Life expectancy at birth, years 25 85 4. Gender Related Development Index Adult literacy, % 0 100 (GDI) In the Gender Related Development Index Enrolment, % 0 100 (GDI) the same indicators as in the HDI are used. GDP per capita, US$ (PPP) 100 40,000 The difference between them is that within the GDI the average, indicators for each country on life ex- Based on these indicators the indices (except pectancy, attained level of education and income for Income Index) are calculated by the following are adjusted to reflect inequalities between men and general formula: women for each of the three dimensions. To make such an adjustment a weighting formula based on average exponential function properties to take the real value õi – minimum value õi lower value taking the average exponent is used I = ______maximum value õi – minimum value õi (average majority rule). To calculate GDI indices Anand and Sen pro- 107 The Income Index is calculated by the modi- posed the formula given below : fied formula where logarithms of GDP per capita I = [d x I 1- + d x I 1- ]1/(1- ), used in numerator and denominator: f f m m

ln (real value õi) - ln (minimum value õi) where deaw and deam correspondingly women I = ______and men ratio in the total population; ln (maximum value õi) - ln0 (minimum value õi) leaw and leam – corresponding indices for wom- en and men; The following demonstrates the calculation of (1- ) – average exponent. human development potential index using Kazakh- Under different values of (average exponent stan as the example, which had following values of 1- ) we get various types of average value: the main factors in 2008: = 0 – arithmetic mean; = 1 – geometrical mean; Indicators Value = 2 – harmonic mean etc. Life expectancy at birth, years 67,11 The more distinctive accepted average expo- nent from the arithmetic mean exponent value, the Adult literacy, % 99,5 more substantial the effect on reducing the average Enrolment, % 91 index is. The weighting parameter e in World Hu- GDP per capita, US$ (PPP) 10421 man Development Reports is assumed to equal 2 (“moderate odium to inequality”). The result is a From here according to the above formula the harmonic mean of men’s and women’s “achieve- life expectancy at birth index equals 0.682: ment” rates. (67.11 - 25) / (85 - 25) = 42.11 / 60 = 0.702. The GDI is also correlated regarding maximum The Adult Literacy Index will be equal to and minimum life expectancy values given the fact 0.995: that women live longer than men. Therefore the fe- (99.5 - 0) / (100 - 0) = 0.995. male maximum life expectancy is accepted as 87.5 Given that school enrolment equalled 91% the years, and minimum as 27.5 years, and male are total, the Education Level Index will be 0.977: 82.5 and 22.5, respectively. (0.995 * 2 + 0.910) / 3 = 0.967. The equi-distributed average life expectancy The Index of income per capita according to index (using weighting parameter = 2) is deter- the above formula will be: mined from the formula: (ln(10,421) – ln(100)) / (ln(40,000) – ln(100)) = = (9,252 – 4,605) / (10,597 – 4,605) = 4,647/5,991 d and d -1 I = f m = 0.776 I and I ( lef lem ) , The Human Development Index calculated

107 Anand S., Sen A. Human Development Index: Methodology and Measurement // Background Paper for Human Development Report 1993. - New York: UNDP, 1992.

154 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 where df and dm – women’s and men’s ratios in formula offered by S. Anand and A. Sen where Gini the total number of people, correspondingly; coefficient is replaced by Gender Inequality Index:

Ilef and Ilem – female and male life expectancy indices correspondingly Ip, corr = Ip x (1 – GIp), The equi-distributed education and income in- dices are calculated in the same way. The resulting where Ip, corr and Ip – corrected and uncorrected GDI index is determined as the arithmetic mean of index on indicator P; three equi-distributed indices. GIp – gender inequality ratio for indicator P. The evaluation of the gender-related income We have proposed to calculate Gender Inequal- index is more complicated. It is presumed that in- ity Index as ratio of actual deviation of alternative come gained in the country is allocated between indicators to their maximum possible deviation: men and women pro rata to their salaries. Two types of data are used in the calculation of women’s and GIp = | Pm – Pf | / Pmax, men’s earnings ratio: the ratio of women’s average wages to average wages of men and the percent- where Pm and Pf – values of indicator P for men age of women and mend in the economically active and women correspondingly; population aged 15 or more. If there is a lack of data Pmax – maximum possible degree of inequal- on the ratio between the average female wage and ity between men and women. average male wage, a ratio of 75% is used, which HDIGI, as well as HDI and GDI, is calculated is the average weighted ratio of wage rates for all as the arithmetic mean of its three component in- countries with information on wages. dices.

Salary per woman (Sf) is determined from the formula: 6. Human Poverty Index (HPI) Depending on the social and economic con-

Sf = deaf x Iwf /(deaf x Iwf + deam). ditions of some countries, there could be various selections of indices in the human poverty index.

where deaw and deam – the women’s and men’s In the 1997 Global Human Development Report an ratios in the total number of economically active HPI proposed for developing countries (HPI-1) de- people, respectively; scribed all three aspects of human life, which are

Isf – average woman’s salary index with rela- already reflected in the HDI - longevity, knowledge tion to the average men’s salary and decent living standards: Taking into account the population sex-age structure, we get income volumes (GDP) per wom- 3 3 3 1/3 HPI-1 = [1/3(P1 + P2 + P3 )] an and man:

where P1 – ratio of people not surviving to 40 GDPf = GDP x Sf / df , years, GDP = GDP x (1-S ) / d , m f m P2 – percentage of illiterate adults,

P3 – arithmetic mean of people having no ac- where GDP, GDPf, GDPm – are respectively cess to safe water and medical services, and also GDP per capita, GDP per one woman and GDP per the ratio of children under 5 years, suffering from one man. malnutrition. Given the different socio-economic conditions 5. HDI adjusted for gender inequality in developed industrial countries the UNDP pro- (HDIGI) posed another formula for measuring human pov- GDI calculation (as the arithmetic mean of its erty (HPI-2) for these countries in the 1999 World three components) shows that gender inequality in Human Development Report: GDP, production per capita and life expectancy at 3 3 3 3 1/3 birth results in Kazakhstan’s HDI decline over the HPI-2 = [1/4(P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 )] , recent years by 0.004-0.006 points, which is com- parable to the country’s drop by 1-2 positions on where P1 – ratio of people not surviving to human development level among other countries. 60 years, P – percentage of functionally illiterate adults, In this context, for calculation of indices, tak- 2 P – percentage of population having income ing into account inequality on alternative indicator 3 it would be expedient to multiply the index of the less than 50% of the median income in the country (i.e. people income amid income distribution se- indicator characterising a certain human develop- ries), ment component by an index characterising gender P – percentage of economically active peo- inequality which is similar to accounting income 4 ple unemployed for over 12 months inequality in calculation of GDP per capita by the

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 155 Since 1999 for Kazakhstan the following for- the export-oriented sector gives the impression of mula for Human Poverty Index has been used in the imaginary economic welfare of people living in that National Human Development Report): region. Considering this criticism of using GRP per 3 3 3 3 1/3 HPI = [1/4(P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 )] , capita as a factor describing access to resources, providing a decent living standard, along with the

where P1 – ratio of people not surviving to regional HDI, a population income index has been 60 years, used when acquiring data and regional HDI esti-

P2 – percentage of 16-year olds dropping out mates for national human development reports. of schools, There was a 2.9 – 4.1-fold difference between

P3 – percentage of population having con- the GDP per capita and population income at the sumption level below the subsistence minimum, national level in 1993-2008. There are three rea-

P4 – unemployment rate sons for this. First, according to household studies HPI calculation for Kazakhstan for 2008 is as cash income has a systemic error connected with follows: initial data have the following values: P1 = their underestimation. The underestimation at mac-

27,4%, P2 = 3,9%, P3 = 12,1%, P4 = 6,6%. ro level was from one quarter to one third of the Calculations based on the above formula show declared cash income in 1999-2008. Second, GRP that Kazakhstan’s HPI in 2008 was 17.8%, i.e. in- comprises population income in kind, which is up dicating a level of absolute poverty (poverty in the to one quarter of the cash income of people, and the human development context) of over one in five cost estimate of several amenities that households people on the four selected indices. manage as their owners. For example, they include a notional value of people’s own accommodation. 7. Kazakhstan HDI by region Third, the GRP from the viewpoint of its end use in- The HDI’s use may be improved by its disag- cludes income used not only for consumption, but gregation. The country’s general index may hide also for accrual. In addition, it should be noted that the fact that various groups of people in the country the total gross value added (GVA) by oblast (GRP) may have very different human development levels. does not give a GDP value at GVA, not allocated Such differences may be according to location, sex by region . or type of region (urban or rural). For these reasons the conversion of cash in- For the HDI calculation by region, the main come per capita into US$ at PPP will underestimate problem is the selection of a factor to describe the the assessment of access to resources. This is why in availability of resources for people in an unbiased order to tally with results at the national level, cash manner. According to UNDP methodology, GDP income per capita converted at PPP into US$ are per capita is used as a factor at the national level. multiplied by a ratio equal to that of GDP per capita At the regional level the equivalent measure is gross to cash income per capita. The same ratio is used regional product (GRP) evaluated by the opera- to adjust cash income per capita and by region. As tional method. The weakness of the HDI evaluation a result, correlations of regional incomes with aver- method by region is the use of this factor for HDI age national rates remain unchanged. estimation. The high weight in GRP production of

156 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 GLOSSARY

HABILITATION – a set of therapeutic and low 50% of the country’s median income, teaching actions aimed to prevent and treat mor- P4 - percentage of economically active people bid conditions causing persistent loss of capacity to unemployed for 12 and more months. work, study and be a useful member of the society HUMAN POVERTY INDEX FOR KAZAKH- in young children, who have yet to adjust to the STAN is calculated for Kazakhstan in national re- social environment. ports since 1999 on the basis of the following four ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGIES – technologies indices: facilitating social adaptation of persons with devel- where P1 - percentage of people not surviving opmental disorders. to 60,

LITERACY – ability to read, understand and P2 – percentage of 16-year olds not enrolled in write a short text concerning daily human life. education,

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX is calculated P3 - percentage of people with incomes below as an arithmetic mean of three other indices: life ex- the subsistence level, pectancy at birth, education and income per capita. P4 – unemployment rate. Education is calculated on the basis of literacy rate INCLUSIVE EDUCATION – process of devel- (with two-thirds weighting) and education accessi- opment of comprehensive education accessible for bility (with one-third weighting). everyone towards adjustment to different needs of HUMAN POVERTY INDEX – a composite in- all children, thus securing access of children with dex of poverty measuring deprivations in the aspect special needs, in particular, disabled children, to of human development. The UNDP offers two vari- education. ations of this index, one for developing countries LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH – number of and the other one for developed countries (HPI-1 years a newborn infant would live if patterns of age- and HPI-2 respectively). In Kazakhstan, a modified specific mortality rates prevailing at the time of its HPI index has been used in national human devel- birth were to stay the same throughout the child’s opment reports since 1999. life. HUMAN POVERTY INDEX FOR DEVELOP- EDUCATION – percentage of literate popula- ING COUNTRIES (HPI-1) – is calculated on the tion aged 15 and above and the enrolment index. basis of the following four indices where: ENROLMENT – ratio of the total number of stu-

P1 - percentage of people not surviving to 40, dents (enrolled) at all stages of education (primary,

P2 - adult illiteracy rate, secondary, vocational, university and postgraduate

P3 - arithmetic mean of population with no ac- education), regardless of their age, to total popula- cess to safe water and health care services and the tion aged 5-24. ratio of underweight children under five years of PURCHASING POWER PARITY OF NATION- age. AL CURRENCY (PPP) – number of national currency HUMAN POVERTY INDEX FOR DEVELOPED units required to purchase a representative basket of COUNTRIES (HPI-2) is calculated on the basis of goods and services similar to the one that can be the following four indices where: bought for 1 USD in the United States.

P1 - percentage of people not surviving to 60, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT - both the process

P2 - percentage of functionally illiterate adults, of widening people’s choices and the level of their

P3 - percentage of population with income be- achieved well-being.

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NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 159 Îòïå÷àòàíî â ÒÎÎ «Àãðîèçäàò» ã. Àñòàíà, ïð. Ïîáåäû, 48, òåë./ôàêñ: 8/7172/ 59 17 51, 31 64 61, e-mail: [email protected] Òèðàæ 300 ýêç.