Bioinformatics Network Analyses of Growth

Bioinformatics Network Analyses of

Growth differentiation factor 11 anti-aging study

Feng Zhang 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Xia Yang 4 *, Zhijun Bao 1, 2, 3 *

1 Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, 221 West Yan an Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.

2 National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12

Mid Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.

3 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, 221 West Yan an Road, Shanghai, 200040,

China.

4 Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles

E. Young Dr. E, Terasaki Life Sciences Bldg. Rm 2000B, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA.

5 Department of Geriatrics, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, 12 Mid Urumqi Road,

Shanghai, 200040, China.

* These authors contributed equally to this work.

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Table S1 GDF11 Genetic Co-expression Module Number of Each Human Tissue

Tissue Module Amount

Adipose Visceral omentum 1

Nervous System Cerebellum 1 Cerebellar hemisphere 1 Frontal cortex 1 Hippocampus 1 Nerve tibialis 1

Cardiovascular System Left ventricle 1 Digestive System Esophagus mucosa 1 Esophagus muscle 1 Stomach 1 Small intestine terminal ileum 1 Colon transverse 1 Colon sigmoid 1

Liver 1

Skeletal Muscle 1

Lung 1

Kidney 1

Endocrine System Pituitary 1 Thyroid 1 Adrenal gland 1

Female Reproduction Ovary 1 System

Male Reproduction Testis 1 System Prostate 1

Total 23

Supplementary Table S2 Pathways and Functions of GDF11 Gene Co-expression Networks of Human

Genes FDR belong Fold p- q- Tissue Top pathways/functions Overlaps to the Enrichment value value pathway Adipose Visceral Genes involved in Generic 121 352 6.35 1.79 1.92 omentum Transcription Pathway e-63 e-60 (Transcription) DNA replication 13 36 6.67 2.36 6.36 (Proliferation) e-8 e-6 Genes involved in Lagging 9 19 8.75 2.21 2.86 Strand Synthesis e-7 e-5 (Proliferation) Genes involved in DNA 11 30 6.77 2.39 2.86 strand elongation e-7 e-5 (Proliferation) Genes involved in Extension 10 27 6.84 7.63 8.21 of Telomeres (Telomere e-7 e-5 maintenance) Genes involved in Global 11 35 5.80 1.42 1.39 Genomic Nucleotide e-6 e-4 Excision Repair (DNA Repair) Genes involved in Processive 7 15 8.62 5.9 4.24 synthesis on the lagging e-6 e-4 strand (Proliferation) Base excision repair (DNA 10 35 5.27 1.11 6.67 Repair) e-5 e-4 Genes involved in Activation 9 31 5.36 2.67 1.2 of the pre-replicative e-5 e-3 complex (Proliferation) Caspase Cascade in 7 23 5.62 1.53 4.46 Apoptosis (Apoptosis) e-4 e-3 Mismatch repair (DNA 7 23 5.62 1.53 4.46 Repair) e-4 e-3 Genes involved in Formation 7 23 5.62 1.53 4.46 of incision complex in e-4 e-3 Global Genomic Nucleotide Excision Repair (DNA Repair) Genes involved in 6 17 6.52 1.84 4.79 Homologous recombination e-4 e-3 repair of replication- independent double-strand breaks (DNA Repair) Genes involved in 6 17 6.52 1.84 4.79 Inflammasomes (Immune) e-4 e-3 Genes involved in 7 24 5.38 2.06 4.93 Cholesterol biosynthesis e-4 e-3 (Metabolism of Cholesterol) Genes involved in Double- 7 24 5.38 2.06 4.93 Strand Break Repair (DNA e-4 e-3 Repair)

Genes involved in The 5 12 7.69 2.66 6.09 NLRP3 inflammasome e-4 e-3 (Immune) Genes involved in Base 6 19 5.83 3.67 7.61 Excision Repair (DNA e-4 e-3 Repair) Genes involved in Base 6 19 5.83 3.67 7.61 Excision Repair (DNA e-4 e-3 Repair) Genes involved in 5 13 7.10 4.12 8.08 Polymerase switching e-4 e-3 (Proliferation) Nervous Cerebellum Genes involved in NCAM 5 64 39.89 1.79 1.93 System signaling for neurite out- e-7 e-4 growth (NCAM signaling) Genes involved in NCAM1 4 39 52.37 1.07 5.3 interactions (NCAM e-6 e-4 signaling) Extracellular matrix (ECM)- 4 84 24.31 2.35 4.23 receptor interaction e-5 e-3 (Extracellular matrix) Cerebellar Multiple pathways from IGF- 5 23 21.12 3.27 1.09 hemisphere 1R signaling lead to BAD e-6 e-3 phosphorylation (IGF-1 signaling pathway) IL-2 Receptor Beta Chain in 5 38 12.78 4.29 3.35 T cell Activation (Immune) e-5 e-3 Genes involved in 5 38 12.78 4.29 3.35 PI3K/AKT activation e-5 e-3 (PI3K/AKT pathway) IGF-1 Signaling Pathway 4 21 18.50 5.77 3.89 (IGF-1 signaling pathway) e-5 e-3 Insulin Signaling Pathway 4 22 17.66 7 e- 4.43 (Insulin pathway) 5 e-3 CTCF: First Multivalent 4 23 16.89 8.4 4.59 Nuclear Factor (Apoptosis) e-5 e-3 Ras Signaling Pathway (Ras 4 23 16.89 8.4 4.59 pathway) e-5 e-3 Double Stranded RNA 3 10 29.14 1.23 5.44 Induced Gene Expression e-4 e-3 (Immune) Influence of Ras and Rho 4 26 14.94 1.38 5.44 proteins on G1 to S e-4 e-3 Transition (Cell cycle) Phospholipids as signalling 4 27 14.39 1.61 5.79 intermediaries (Cell e-4 e-3 survival) Inactivation of Gsk3 by AKT 4 27 14.39 1.61 5.79 causes accumulation of b- e-4 e-3 catenin in Alveolar Macrophages (AKT pathway) Growth Hormone Signaling 4 28 13.87 1.87 6.28 Pathway (Growth) e-4 e-3

Role of fl-arrestins in the 3 12 24.28 2.22 7.05 activation and targeting of e-4 e-3 MAP kinases (MAPK pathway) EGF Signaling Pathway 4 31 12.53 2.8 8.13 (EGF signaling) e-4 e-3 Circadian rhythm – mammal 3 13 22.42 2.87 8.13 (Circadian rhythm) e-4 e-3 Frontal Arginine and proline 11 54 11.47 2.47 1.33 cortex metabolism (Metabolism of e-9 e-6 amino acid) Alanine, aspartate and 8 32 14.07 6.89 1.48 glutamate metabolism e-8 e-5 (Metabolism of amino acid) Genes involved in tRNA 8 42 10.72 6.61 8.9 Aminoacylation e-7 e-5 (Expression) Genes involved in Cytosolic 6 24 14.07 3.15 3.77 tRNA aminoacylation e-6 e-4 (Expression) Aminoacyl-tRNA 7 41 9.61 7.21 6.36 biosynthesis (Expression) e-6 e-4 Genes involved in 5 21 13.40 2.8 1.89 Chondroitin sulfate e-5 e-3 biosynthesis (Metabolism of GAG) Proximal tubule bicarbonate 5 23 12.24 4.5 2.85 reclamation (Metabolism of e-5 e-3 ion) Genes involved in Inhibition 5 25 11.26 6.9 4.13 of voltage gated Ca2+ e-5 e-3 channels via G beta/gamma subunits (Ca2+ pathway) Genes involved in Amino 4 17 13.25 1.95 8.06 acid synthesis and e-4 e-3 interconversion (Metabolism of amino acid) Genes involved in Rap1 4 17 13.25 1.95 8.06 signaling (Rap1 signaling) e-4 e-3 Hippocampus Genes involved in 8 72 6.78 2.38 3.6 Metabolism of nucleotides e-5 e-3 (Metabolism of nucleotides) Sphingolipid metabolism 6 40 9.15 4.53 4.88 (Metabolism of e-5 e-3 sphingolipid) Genes involved in Apoptotic 6 40 9.15 4.53 4.88 cleavage of cellular proteins e-5 e-3 (Apoptosis) Axon guidance (Axon 10 129 4.73 5.62 5.5 guidance) e-5 e-3 Nerve tibia Genes involved in ER- 7 61 202.83 3.28 3.53 Phagosome pathway e-15 e-12 (Phagocytosis)

Genes involved in Antigen 7 76 162.79 1.63 5.86 processing-Cross e-14 e-12 presentation (Immune) Antigen processing and 6 89 119.15 9.92 1.23 presentation (Immune) e-12 e-9 Genes involved in 4 9 785.57 1.01 1.23 Endosomal/Vacuolar e-11 e-9 pathway (Phagocytosis) Genes involved in Interferon 5 64 138.08 2.87 3.09 alpha/beta signaling e-10 e-8 (Immune) Genes involved in Antigen 4 21 336.67 4.78 4.68 Presentation: Folding, e-10 e-8 assembly and peptide loading of class I MHC (Immune) Genes involved in Interferon 4 63 112.22 4.69 3.88 gamma signaling (Immune) e-8 e-6 Genes involved in 4 70 101.00 7.19 5.53 Immunoregulatory e-8 e-6 interactions between a Lymphoid and a non- Lymphoid cell (Immune) Allograft rejection 3 38 139.54 1.34 8.48 (Immune) e-6 e-5 Graft-versus-host disease 3 42 126.25 1.82 1.09 (Immune) e-6 e-4 Type I diabetes mellitus 3 44 120.51 2.1 1.19 (Immune) e-6 e-4 Proteasome (Proteasome 3 48 110.47 2.73 1.34 pathway) e-6 e-4 Genes involved in CDK- 3 48 110.47 2.73 1.34 mediated phosphorylation e-6 e-4 and removal of Cdc6 (DNA damage checkpoint) Genes involved in Cross- 3 48 110.47 2.73 1.34 presentation of soluble e-6 e-4 exogenous antigens (Immune) Genes involved in 3 49 108.21 2.91 1.36 Regulation of ornithine e-6 e-4 decarboxylase (ODC) (Metabolism of amino acid) Genes involved in 3 51 103.97 3.29 1.36 Autodegradation of the E3 e-6 e-4 ubiquitin ligase COP1 (DNA damage checkpoint) Genes involved in p53- 3 51 103.97 3.29 1.36 Independent G1/S DNA e-6 e-4 damage checkpoint (DNA damage checkpoint) Genes involved in SCF-beta- 3 51 103.97 3.29 1.36 TrCP mediated degradation e-6 e-4 of Emi1 (DNA damage checkpoint)

Genes involved in Vif- 3 52 101.97 3.49 1.37 mediated degradation of e-6 e-4 APOBEC3G (Proteasome pathway) Autoimmune thyroid disease 3 53 100.04 3.7 1.37 (Immune) e-6 e-4 Genes involved in 3 53 100.04 3.7 1.37 Destabilization of mRNA by e-6 e-4 AUF1 (hnRNP D0) (Metabolism of GDP) Cardiovascular Left ventricle Genes involved in G alpha 9 74 9.77 3.63 9.77 System (12/13) signalling events e-7 e-5 (GPCR pathway) Aminoacyl-tRNA 7 41 13.71 6.95 1.1 biosynthesis (Expression) e-7 e-4 Genes involved in NRAGE 7 43 13.07 9.75 1.17 signals death through JNK e-7 e-4 (Apoptosis) Genes involved in Cell death 7 60 9.37 9.74 6.14 signalling via NRAGE, e-6 e-4 NRIF and NADE (Apoptosis) Genes involved in trans- 7 60 9.37 9.74 6.14 Golgi Network Vesicle e-6 e-4 Budding (Vesicle-mediated transport) Genes involved in Double- 5 24 16.73 1.03 6.14 Strand Break Repair (DNA e-5 e-4 repair) Genes involved in tRNA 6 42 11.47 1.3 6.99 Aminoacylation e-5 e-4 (Expression) Glycerolipid metabolism 6 49 9.83 3.22 1.24 (Metabolism of e-5 e-3 glycerolipid) Genes involved in 6 49 9.83 3.22 1.24 Metabolism of non-coding e-5 e-3 RNA (Metabolism of non- coding RNA) Other glycan degradation 4 16 20.08 3.84 1.38 (Metabolism of glycan) e-5 e-3 Genes involved in 4 17 18.90 4.97 1.65 Homologous recombination e-5 e-3 repair of replication- independent double-strand breaks (DNA repair) Genes involved in RNA 5 33 12.17 5.22 1.65 Polymerase III Transcription e-5 e-3 (Expression) Telomeres, Telomerase, 4 18 17.85 6.33 1.84 Cellular Aging, and e-5 e-3 Immortality (Telomere maintenance)

Thrombin signaling and 5 37 10.85 9.21 2.36 protease-activated receptors e-5 e-3 (Thrombin signaling) Genes involved in 4 21 15.30 1.2 2.94 Mitochondrial tRNA e-4 e-3 aminoacylation (Expression) Genes involved in Lysosome 4 23 13.97 1.74 3.84 Vesicle Biogenesis (Vesicle- e-4 e-3 mediated transport) Regulation of eIF4e and p70 4 24 13.39 2.07 4.21 S6 Kinase (Expression) e-4 e-3 Genes involved in Synthesis 3 10 24.10 2.16 4.3 of PIPs at the late endosome e-4 e-3 membrane (Metabolism of phospholipids) Regulation of BAD 4 26 12.36 2.86 5.46 phosphorylation (Apoptosis) e-4 e-3 Phospholipids as signalling 4 27 11.90 3.32 5.46 intermediaries (Metabolism e-4 e-3 of phospholipids) Inactivation of Gsk3 by AKT 4 27 11.90 3.32 5.46 causes accumulation of b- e-4 e-3 catenin in Alveolar Macrophages (Proteosome pathway) Genes involved in Synthesis 3 12 20.08 3.88 6.24 of PIPs at the early e-4 e-3 endosome membrane (Metabolism of phospholipids) EGF Signaling Pathway 4 31 10.36 5.72 8.81 (EGF pathway) e-4 e-3 PKC-catalyzed 4 31 10.36 5.72 8.81 phosphorylation of inhibitory e-4 e-3 phosphoprotein of myosin phosphatase (Smooth muscle contraction) Non-homologous end-joining 3 14 17.21 6.3 9.56 (DNA repair) e-4 e-3 PDGF Signaling Pathway 4 32 10.04 6.48 9.56 (PDGF pathway) e-4 e-3 Digestive Esophagus Genes involved in 3 14 83.45 5.88 2.11 System mucosa Regulation of Complement e-6 e-3 cascade (Immune) Glycosaminoglycan 3 22 53.10 2.45 6.6 biosynthesis - chondroitin e-5 e-3 sulfate (Metabolism of GAG) Esophagus Genes involved in Unfolded 9 80 94.00 5.49 4.12 muscle Protein Response (ER e-16 e-13 stress) Genes involved in Activation 5 46 90.82 2.69 7.24 of Chaperone Genes by e-9 e-7 XBP1(S) (ER stress)

Protein export (Metabolism 4 24 139.26 1.92 4.13 of protein) e-8 e-6 Genes involved in Activation 3 11 227.88 2.66 4.09 of Chaperone Genes by e-7 e-5 ATF6-alpha (ER stress) Genes involved in Activation 3 13 192.82 4.6 6.19 of Chaperones by ATF6- e-7 e-5 alpha (ER stress) Genes involved in Antigen 3 21 119.36 2.12 2.16 Presentation: Folding, e-6 e-4 assembly and peptide loading of class I MHC (Metabolism of protein) Stomach Genes involved in 17 87 6.55 7.19 7.74 Extracellular matrix e-10 e-7 organization (Extracellular matrix) Genes involved in Collagen 13 58 7.52 1.25 3.36 formation (Collagen e-8 e-6 formation) Neuropeptides VIP and 8 29 9.26 1.49 2.01 PACAP inhibit the apoptosis e-6 e-4 of activated T cells (Immune) Genes involved in Response 13 89 4.90 2.37 2.83 to elevated platelet cytosolic e-6 e-4 Ca2+ (DAG/IP3/Ca2+ pathway) Amino sugar and nucleotide 9 44 6.86 4.98 4.47 sugar metabolism e-6 e-4 (Metabolism of amino sugar and nucleotide sugar) Phosphatidylinositol 11 76 4.85 1.53 9.87 signaling system (PI e-5 e-4 signaling) VEGF signaling pathway (PI 11 76 4.85 1.53 9.87 signaling) e-5 e-4 Genes involved in 10 68 4.93 3.22 1.8 Semaphorin interactions e-5 e-3 (Axon guidance) Genes involved in CRMPs in 5 14 11.98 3.72 1.91 Sema3A signaling (Axon e-5 e-3 guidance) Genes involved in Glutamate 5 15 11.18 5.45 2.55 Neurotransmitter Release e-5 e-3 Cycle (Neurotransmitter release cycle) Signaling Pathway from G- 7 37 6.35 9.65 4 e- Protein Families e-5 3 (DAG/IP3/Ca2+ pathway) Basal cell carcinoma 8 55 4.88 2.13 6.56 (Hedgehog signaling) e-4 e-3 Effects of calcineurin in 5 21 7.99 3.18 8.61 Keratinocyte Differentiation e-4 e-3 (DAG/IP3/Ca2+ pathway)

Phospholipase C-epsilon 4 12 11.18 3.2 8.61 pathway (DAG/IP3/Ca2+ e-4 e-3 pathway) Small Genes involved in Biological 31 139 7.51 1.26 4.54 intestine oxidations (Biological e-18 e-16 terminal oxidation) ileum Genes involved in Phase II 17 70 8.18 1.72 2.32 conjugation (Biological e-11 e-9 oxidation) Genes involved in 17 82 6.99 2.53 3.03 Glycerophospholipid e-10 e-8 biosynthesis (Metabolism of glycerophospholipid) Retinol metabolism 15 64 7.90 4.57 4.48 (Metabolism of retinol) e-10 e-8 Genes involved in Lipid 13 46 9.52 5.32 4.77 digestion, mobilization, and e-10 e-8 transport (Metabolism of lipids) PPAR signaling pathway 15 69 7.32 1.41 1.17 (PPAR signaling pathway) e-9 e-7 Drug metabolism - other 12 51 7.93 2.41 1.23 enzymes (Metabolism of e-8 e-6 drug) Genes involved in 12 51 7.93 2.41 1.23 Cytochrome P450 - arranged e-8 e-6 by substrate type (Biological oxidation) Genes involved in 9 28 10.83 7.18 3.22 Lipoprotein metabolism e-8 e-6 (Metabolism of lipids) Genes involved in Amino 11 49 7.56 1.55 5.58 acid and oligopeptide SLC e-7 e-6 transporters (Metabolism of amino acid) Genes involved in Nuclear 11 49 7.56 1.55 5.58 Receptor transcription e-7 e-6 pathway (Transcription) Sphingolipid metabolism 10 40 8.42 1.92 6.67 (Metabolism of e-7 e-6 sphingolipid) Genes involved in 9 34 8.92 4.65 1.52 Gluconeogenesis e-7 e-5 (Metabolism of gluconeogenesis) Genes involved in 9 38 7.98 1.3 3.68 Glycosphingolipid e-6 e-5 metabolism (Metabolism of glycosphingolipid) Genes involved in Transport 8 31 8.70 2.52 6.63 of vitamins, nucleosides, and e-6 e-5 related molecules (Membrane transport)

Genes involved in 6 16 12.64 4.18 1.02 Xenobiotics (Biological e-6 e-4 oxidation) Renin-angiotensin system 6 17 11.90 6.29 1.51 (Renin-angiotensin system) e-6 e-4 Genes involved in 8 38 7.09 1.3 2.91 Triglyceride Biosynthesis e-5 e-4 (Metabolism of lipids) Linoleic acid metabolism 7 29 8.13 1.75 3.7 (Metabolism of linoleic e-5 e-4 acid) Genes involved in Glycolysis 7 29 8.13 1.75 3.7 (Metabolism of glycolysis) e-5 e-4 Genes involved in 6 21 9.63 2.49 5.06 ERK/MAPK targets e-5 e-4 (ERK/MAPK pathway) Genes involved in Amino 7 31 7.61 2.8 5.43 acid transport across the e-5 e-4 plasma membrane (Membrane transport) Nuclear Receptors in Lipid 5 15 11.23 5.34 8.98 Metabolism and Toxicity e-5 e-4 (Metabolism of lipids and toxin) Genes involved in HDL- 5 15 11.23 5.34 8.98 mediated lipid transport e-5 e-4 (Metabolism of lipids) Genes involved in Nuclear 6 24 8.42 5.73 9.49 Events (Transcription) e-5 e-4 Genes involved in 5 16 10.53 7.57 1.2 Chylomicron-mediated lipid e-5 e-3 transport (Metabolism of lipids) Genes involved in Recycling 6 27 7.49 1.17 1.7 pathway of L1 (Axon e-4 e-3 guidance) Genes involved in Synthesis 6 27 7.49 1.17 1.7 of PA (Metabolism of e-4 e-3 phospholipids) Pentose and glucuronate 6 28 7.22 1.45 2.03 interconversions e-4 e-3 (Metabolism of glucose) Genes involved in 5 21 8.02 3.12 3.65 Peroxisomal lipid e-4 e-3 metabolism (Metabolism of lipids) Cystic Fibrosis 4 12 11.23 3.15 3.65 Transmembrane e-4 e-3 Conductance Regulator And Beta 2 Adrenergic Receptor Pathway (cAMP related signaling) Genes involved in Apoptotic 4 12 11.23 3.15 3.65 cleavage of cell adhesion e-4 e-3 proteins (Apoptosis)

Genes involved in ERKs are 4 12 11.23 3.15 3.65 inactivated (ERK/MAPK e-4 e-3 pathway) Genes involved in Metal ion 5 22 7.66 3.94 4.24 SLC transporters e-4 e-3 (Membrane transport) Colon Extracellular matrix (ECM)- 10 84 6.40 3.72 5.73 transverse receptor interaction e-6 e-4 (Extracellular matrix) Genes involved in 9 69 7.01 5.3 7.14 Sphingolipid metabolism e-6 e-4 (Metabolism of phospholipids) Fructose and mannose 6 34 9.49 3.49 2.92 metabolism (Metabolism of e-5 e-3 glycose) Genes involved in Synthesis 4 11 19.56 3.52 2.92 of PE (Metabolism of e-5 e-3 phospholipids) Genes involved in NCAM1 6 39 8.27 7.82 4.6 interactions (NCAM e-5 e-3 signaling) Genes involved in Effects of 5 25 10.76 8.54 4.6 PIP2 hydrolysis e-5 e-3 (Metabolism of phospholipids) Mechanism of Gene 7 58 6.49 9.85 4.82 Regulation by Peroxisome e-5 e-3 Proliferators via PPARa (Transcription regulation) Genes involved in Collagen 7 58 6.49 9.85 4.82 formation (Collagen e-5 e-3 formation) Genes involved in 6 43 7.50 1.37 5.91 Regulation of Insulin e-4 e-3 Secretion by Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1 and insulin secretion) Colon Genes involved in Cytosolic 8 24 62.27 4.11 2.21 sigmoid tRNA aminoacylation e-13 e-10 (Expression) Genes involved in tRNA 9 42 40.03 1.19 4.28 Aminoacylation e-12 e-10 (Expression) Aminoacyl-tRNA 7 41 31.89 2.23 5.99 biosynthesis (Expression) e-9 e-7 Genes involved in 7 49 26.68 8.2 1.77 Metabolism of non-coding e-9 e-6 RNA (Metabolism of non- coding RNA) Genes involved in Protein 7 53 24.67 1.44 2.59 folding (Expression) e-8 e-6 Genes involved in Prefoldin 5 28 33.35 3.75 4.04 mediated transfer of substrate e-7 e-5 to CCT/TriC (Expression)

Glutathione metabolism 5 50 18.68 7.34 4.65 (Metabolism of e-6 e-4 glutathione) Genes involved in 4 27 27.67 1.28 6.87 Association of TriC/CCT e-5 e-4 with target proteins during biosynthesis (Expression) Genes involved in NEP/NS2 4 27 27.67 1.28 6.87 Interacts with the Cellular e-5 e-4 Export Machinery (Expression) Genes involved in Purine 3 11 50.94 2.42 1.19 ribonucleoside e-5 e-3 monophosphate biosynthesis (Metabolism of purine ribonucleoside) One carbon pool by folate 3 17 32.96 9.75 3.89 (Biological oxidation) e-5 e-3 Genes involved in Formation 3 22 25.47 2.16 7.06 of tubulin folding e-4 e-3 intermediates by CCT/TriC (Expression) Genes involved in RNA 3 22 25.47 2.16 7.06 Polymerase I Transcription e-4 e-3 Termination (Expression) Genes involved in RNA 3 25 22.41 3.19 9.05 Polymerase I Transcription e-4 e-3 Initiation (Expression) Liver Genes involved in 17 87 21.38 4.32 4.65 Extracellular matrix e-18 e-15 organization (Extracellular matrix) Genes involved in Signaling 18 122 16.14 8.65 4.66 by PDGF (PDGF signaling) e-17 e-14 Genes involved in Collagen 14 58 26.41 1.61 5.77 formation (Collagen e-16 e-14 formation) Extracellular matrix (ECM)- 13 84 16.93 8.97 1.38 receptor interaction e-13 e-10 (Extracellular matrix) Genes involved in NCAM1 9 39 25.25 6.79 8.13 interactions (NCAM e-11 e-9 signaling) Genes involved in NCAM 10 64 17.09 3.57 3.84 signaling for neurite out- e-10 e-8 growth (NCAM signaling) Genes involved in Muscle 7 48 15.95 2.7 1.94 contraction (Muscle e-7 e-5 contraction) Genes involved in 7 49 15.63 3.13 2.1 Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan e-7 e-5 sulfate (metabolism Metabolism of GAG )

Genes involved in Smooth 5 25 21.88 2.85 1.7 Muscle Contraction (Smooth e-6 e-4 Muscle Contraction) PKC-catalyzed 5 31 17.64 8.7 4.46 phosphorylation of inhibitory e-6 e-4 phosphoprotein of myosin phosphatase (Smooth muscle contraction) Role of EGF Receptor 4 18 24.31 1.9 8.67 Transactivation by GPCRs in e-5 e-4 Cardiac Hypertrophy (GRCP signaling pathway) Genes involved in 4 21 20.84 3.64 1.22 Chondroitin sulfate e-5 e-3 biosynthesis (Metabolism of GAG) Genes involved in A 4 25 17.50 7.47 2.3 tetrasaccharide linker e-5 e-3 sequence is required for GAG synthesis (Metabolism of GAG) Genes involved in Keratan 3 11 29.84 1.18 3.54 sulfate degradation e-4 e-3 (Metabolism of GAG) Genes involved in Receptor- 3 12 27.35 1.57 4.22 ligand binding initiates the e-4 e-3 second proteolytic cleavage of Notch receptor (NOTCH pathway) Genes involved in Signaling 3 12 27.35 1.57 4.22 by NOTCH3 (NOTCH e-4 e-3 pathway) Skeletal Muscle Genes involved in Fatty acid, 29 168 6.10 6.2 6.68 triacylglycerol, and ketone e-15 e-12 body metabolism (Metabolism of lipids) HIV-I Nef: negative effector 14 58 8.53 6.16 1.58 of Fas and TNF (Immune) e-10 e-7 Genes involved in Muscle 12 48 8.84 6.73 1.04 contraction (Muscle e-9 e-6 contraction) Genes involved in Striated 9 27 11.79 3.32 3.97 Muscle Contraction (Muscle e-8 e-6 contraction) Genes involved in TRIF 13 74 6.21 1.46 9.18 mediated TLR3 signaling e-7 e-6 (Toll-like receptor pathway) Genes involved in NFkB and 12 72 5.89 7.95 3.43 MAP kinases activation e-7 e-5 mediated by TLR4 signaling repertoire (Toll-like receptor pathway, NF-κB pathway and MAPK pathway)

Genes involved in 12 72 5.89 7.95 3.43 Transcriptional Regulation of e-7 e-5 White Adipocyte Differentiation (Transcription regulation) Induction of apoptosis 8 33 8.57 2.95 9.63 through DR3 and DR4/5 e-6 e-5 Death Receptors (Apoptosis) Genes involved in Activation 9 46 6.92 4.81 1.4 of Chaperone Genes by e-6 e-4 XBP1(S) (ER stress) Genes involved in MAP 9 50 6.36 9.89 2.6 kinase activation in TLR e-6 e-4 cascade (Toll-like receptor pathway) FAS signaling pathway 7 30 8.25 1.63 3.91 ( CD95 ) (Apoptosis) e-5 e-4 Inositol phosphate 9 54 5.89 1.9 4.35 metabolism (Metabolism of e-5 e-4 phospholipids) Apoptotic Signaling in 6 22 9.64 2.55 5.32 Response to DNA Damage e-5 e-4 (Apoptosis) Rho cell motility signaling 7 32 7.73 2.57 5.32 pathway (Muscle e-5 e-4 contraction) Alanine, aspartate and 7 32 7.73 2.57 5.32 glutamate metabolism e-5 e-4 (Metabolism of amino acid) Valine, leucine and 8 44 6.43 2.86 5.72 isoleucine degradation e-5 e-4 (Metabolism of amino acid) N-Glycan biosynthesis 8 46 6.15 4.01 7.31 (Metabolism of e-5 e-4 glycoprotein) Genes involved in RORA 6 24 8.84 4.38 7.74 Activates Circadian e-5 e-4 Expression (Circadian rhythm) SNARE interactions in 7 38 6.51 8.31 1.36 vesicular transport e-5 e-3 (Vesicular transport) Genes involved in 7 38 6.51 8.31 1.36 Triglyceride Biosynthesis e-5 e-3 (Metabolism of lipids) Genes involved in Branched- 5 17 10.40 8.34 1.36 chain amino acid catabolism e-5 e-3 (Metabolism of amino acid) Fatty acid metabolism 7 42 5.89 1.61 2.38 (Metabolism of lipids) e-4 e-3 Genes involved in Intrinsic 6 30 7.07 1.67 2.43 Pathway for Apoptosis e-4 e-3 (Apoptosis)

Genes involved in 5 21 8.42 2.5 3.4 ERK/MAPK targets e-4 e-3 (ERK/MAPK pathway) Genes involved in ERKs are 4 12 11.79 2.62 3.53 inactivated (ERK/MAPK e-4 e-3 pathway) Signal transduction through 6 33 6.43 2.9 3.83 IL1R (NF-κB pathway and e-4 e-3 MAPK pathway) Genes involved in 6 34 6.24 3.44 4.41 Gluconeogenesis e-4 e-3 (Metabolism of glucose) Circadian rhythm – mammal 4 13 10.88 3.7 4.64 (Circadian rhythm) e-4 e-3 Genes involved in Circadian 5 23 7.69 3.94 4.88 Repression of Expression by e-4 e-3 REV-ERBA (Circadian rhythm) Genes involved in 6 36 5.89 4.75 5.69 BMAL1:CLOCK/NPAS2 e-4 e-3 Activates Circadian Expression (Circadian rhythm) Nicotinate and nicotinamide 5 24 7.37 4.86 5.69 metabolism (Metabolism of e-4 e-3 vitamin) Genes involved in Nuclear 5 24 7.37 4.86 5.69 Events (kinase and e-4 e-3 transcription factor activation) (Transcription) Cell to Cell Adhesion 4 14 10.10 5.07 5.87 Signaling (Cellular e-4 e-3 activities) Genes involved in Smooth 5 25 7.07 5.94 6.66 Muscle Contraction (Muscle e-4 e-3 contraction) Lung Genes involved in Ion 5 34 17.32 9.75 1.68 transport by P-type ATPases e-6 e-3 (Ion transport) Genes involved in Acyl chain 4 22 21.42 3.31 3.56 remodelling of e-5 e-3 phosphatidylcholine (Metabolism of phospholipids) Genes involved in 5 51 11.55 7.31 6.56 Metabolism of vitamins and e-5 e-3 cofactors (Metabolism of vitamin) Genes involved in Ion 5 55 10.71 1.05 8.1 channel transport (Ion e-4 e-3 transport) Genes involved in HS-GAG 4 31 15.20 1.34 7.21 biosynthesis (Metabolism of e-4 e-3 GAG)

Kidney Extracellular matrix (ECM)- 8 31 18.38 2.46 8.84 receptor interaction e-5 e-3 (Extracellular matrix) Endocrine Thyroid Genes involved in Generic 20 352 9.46 6.37 6.86 System Transcription Pathway e-14 e-11 (Transcription) Pituitary Axon guidance (Axon 31 129 5.72 1.94 4.18 guidance) e-15 e-13 Arginine and proline 18 54 7.93 3.49 4.18 metabolism (Metabolism of e-12 e-10 amino acid) Fc gamma R-mediated 23 97 5.64 1.07 1.15 phagocytosis (Phagocytosis) e-11 e-9 Extracellular matrix (ECM)- 21 84 5.95 2.83 2.54 receptor interaction e-11 e-9 (Extracellular matrix) Genes involved in HDL- 10 15 15.87 4.13 3.42 mediated lipid transport e-11 e-9 (Metabolism of lipids) Genes involved in Integrin 18 79 5.42 3.65 1.87 cell surface interactions e-9 e-7 (Extracellular matrix) Genes involved in 18 82 5.22 6.88 3.37 Glycerophospholipid e-9 e-7 biosynthesis (Metabolism of phospholipids) Genes involved in 11 28 9.35 7.72 3.62 Lipoprotein metabolism e-9 e-7 (Metabolism of lipids) Arrhythmogenic right 17 76 5.32 1.33 5.72 ventricular cardiomyopathy e-8 e-7 (ARVC) (Ca2+ pathway) Phosphoinositides and their 9 23 9.31 1.91 6.63 downstream targets e-7 e-6 (Metabolism of phospholipids) Genes involved in Lipid 12 46 6.21 2.99 1.01 digestion, mobilization, and e-7 e-5 transport (Metabolism of lipids) Genes involved in CRMPs in 7 14 11.90 6.03 1.8 Sema3A signaling (Axon e-7 e-5 guidance) Genes involved in Collagen 13 58 5.33 6.54 1.9 formation (Collagen e-7 e-5 formation) Genes involved in Netrin-1 11 41 6.38 6.86 1.9 signaling (Axon guidance) e-7 e-5 Glutathione metabolism 12 50 5.71 8 e- 2.15 (Metabolism of 7 e-5 glutathione) Genes involved in Cell death 13 60 5.15 9.89 2.54 signalling via NRAGE, e-7 e-5 NRIF and NADE (Apoptosis)

Genes involved in NRAGE 11 43 6.09 1.16 2.86 signals death through JNK e-6 e-5 (Apoptosis) Base excision repair (DNA 10 35 6.80 1.17 2.86 repair) e-6 e-5 Endometrial cancer (Cancer) 12 52 5.49 1.26 2.95 e-6 e-5 Cyclins and Cell Cycle 8 23 8.28 2.66 5.61 Regulation (Cell cycle) e-6 e-5 Genes involved in 8 23 8.28 2.66 5.61 Glutathione conjugation e-6 e-5 (Metabolism of glutathione) PKC-catalyzed 9 31 6.91 3.47 6.8 phosphorylation of inhibitory e-6 e-5 phosphoprotein of myosin phosphatase (Smooth muscle contraction) Genes involved in 7 18 9.25 4.82 8.95 Regulation of signaling by e-6 e-5 CBL (Phagocytosis) DNA replication 9 36 5.95 1.34 1.99 (Proliferation) e-5 e-4 Genes involved in 8 28 6.80 1.4 2.03 Myogenesis (Myogenesis) e-5 e-4 Keratinocyte Differentiation 10 46 5.17 1.7 2.38 (Differentiation) e-5 e-4 Glycosaminoglycan 7 22 7.57 2.23 2.93 biosynthesis - chondroitin e-5 e-4 sulfate (Metabolism of GAG) O-Glycan biosynthesis 8 30 6.34 2.44 3.09 (Metabolism of glycan) e-5 e-4 Proximal tubule bicarbonate 7 23 7.24 3.09 3.69 reclamation (Metabolism of e-5 e-4 ion) Genes involved in Transport 8 31 6.14 3.16 3.74 of vitamins, nucleosides, and e-5 e-4 related molecules (Molecules transport) Genes involved in Sulfur 7 24 6.94 4.2 4.92 amino acid metabolism e-5 e-4 (Metabolism of amino acid) Genes involved in Dopamine 5 11 10.82 4.86 5.56 Neurotransmitter Release e-5 e-4 Cycle (Neurotransmitter Release) Genes involved in 8 34 5.60 6.51 7.11 Neurotransmitter Release e-5 e-4 Cycle (Neurotransmitter Release) Genes involved in Synthesis 6 18 7.93 6.53 7.11 of phosphatidylcholine e-5 e-4 (metabolism of phospholipids)

Adrenal Genes involved in GAB1 7 38 13.69 6.76 2.74 gland signalosome (PI3K/AKT e-7 e-4 pathway) Genes involved in PI3K 6 44 10.14 2.64 2.84 events in ERBB2 signaling e-5 e-3 (PI3K/AKT pathway) Genes involved in PIP3 5 29 12.82 3.93 3.85 activates AKT signaling e-5 e-3 (PI3K/AKT pathway) Genes involved in Nuclear 6 49 9.10 4.94 4.09 Receptor transcription e-5 e-3 pathway (Nuclear receptor transcription pathway) Fructose and mannose 5 34 10.93 8.72 5.64 metabolism (Metabolism of e-5 e-3 glucide) Genes involved in 5 38 9.78 1.5 7.72 PI3K/AKT activation e-4 e-3 (PI3K/AKT pathway) Genes involved in PI3K 5 38 9.78 1.5 7.72 events in ERBB4 signaling e-4 e-3 (PI3K/AKT pathway) Female Ovary Ribosome (Expression) 61 88 107.62 8.72 9.39 Reproductive e- e- System 115 112 Genes involved in 3' -UTR- 65 176 57.33 1.56 8.42 mediated translational e-97 e-95 regulation (Translational regulation) Genes involved in Peptide 60 153 60.88 7.53 2.03 chain elongation e-92 e-89 (Expression) Genes involved in Activation 32 84 59.14 1.6 1.43 of the mRNA upon binding e-48 e-46 of the cap-binding complex and eIFs, and subsequent binding to 43S (Expression) Genes involved in Formation 30 74 62.94 1.5 1.24 of the ternary complex, and e-46 e-44 subsequently, the 43S complex (Expression) Male Testis Genes involved in Generic 39 352 4.67 2.04 2.2 Reproductive Transcription Pathway e-15 e-12 System (Transcription regulation) Prostate Regulation of BAD 4 26 28.05 1.2 1.18 phosphorylation (Apoptosis) e-5 e-3 Genes involved in Keratan 4 26 28.05 1.2 1.18 sulfate biosynthesis e-5 e-3 (Metabolism of GAG) Genes involved in Keratan 4 30 24.31 2.16 1.79 sulfate/keratin metabolism e-5 e-3 (Metabolism of GAG) Genes involved in HS-GAG 4 31 23.53 2.47 1.87 biosynthesis (Metabolism of e-5 e-3 GAG)

Genes involved in Keratan 3 11 49.73 2.6 1.87 sulfate degradation e-5 e-3 (Metabolism of GAG) Genes involved in 3 16 34.19 8.65 5.48 Regulation of Insulin-like e-5 e-3 Growth Factor (IGF) Activity by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs) (IGF signaling) Genes involved in 3 17 32.18 1.05 5.93 Regulation of KIT signaling e-4 e-3 (Proliferation)

Supplementary Table S3 Transcription Factor Network of GDF11 in Different Human Cells

System Tissue Amount Network Member Nervous System Neural Stem Cell 22 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, CPEB1, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, IKZF2, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Neuron 8 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16, IKZF2 Brain 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Occipital Cortex 21 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, AP1, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Occipital Lobe 8 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16, IKZF2 Occipital Pole 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Paracentral Gyrus 10 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16, RFX1, RFX4, RFX5 Postcentral Gyrus 7 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16 Parietal Lobe 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Frontal Lobe 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Medial Frontal 21 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, Gyrus NFYA, IKZF2, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Medial Temporal 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, Gyrus NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Temporal Lobe 7 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16 Hippocampus 21 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, IKZF2, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Amygdala 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Putamen 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Caudate Nucleus 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Corpus Callosum 7 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16 Globus Pallidus 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Nucleus 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, Accumbens NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Thalamus 4 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1 Pineal Gland 7 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16 Substantia Nigra 5 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, IKZF2

Pituitary 16 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, MYF6, SP1, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, RFX5, KLF16 Diencephalon 7 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16 Pons 7 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16 Medulla 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, Oblongata NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Cerebellum 21 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, IKZF2, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Cerebral 7 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16 Meninges Spinal Cord 4 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1 Olfactory Region 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Optic Nerve 7 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16 Retina 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Cardiovascular Heart 4 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1 System Left Atrium 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Left Ventricle 4 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1 Heart Mitral Valve 10 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16, IKZF2, FEV, AP1 Heart Pulmonic 22 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, AP1, SP8, Valve CREB1, NFYA, IKZF2, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Heart Tricuspid 4 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, AP1 Valve Blood 4 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1 Aorta 2 CREB1, NFYA Endothelial Cell 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, Aorta NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Endothelial Cell 7 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16 Artery Endothelial Cell 4 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1 Microvascular Vein 19 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, RFX5, KLF16 Pericyte 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Digestive System Hepatocyte 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Hepatic Sinusoid 7 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16 Endothelial Cell Hepatic Stellate 7 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16 Cell Lipocyte Gall Bladder 6 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4

Insula 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Spleen 6 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4 Appendix 7 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16 Small Intestine 2 CREB1, NFYA Respiratory Throat 6 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4 System Trachea 3 CREB1, NFYA, NFY Urinary system Bladder 5 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, SP1, SP4 Skeletal Muscle Osteoblast 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Osteoblast 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, Differentiated NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Skeletal Muscle 19 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, Cell Differentiated MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, Into Myotube ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Smooth Muscle 6 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4 Female Ovary 7 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16 Reproductive Uterus 20 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, System NFYA, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Cervix 7 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16 Male Prostate 6 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4 Reproductive Testis 16 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, MYF6, System SP1, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, RFX5, KLF16 Seminal Vesicle 21 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, AP1, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Ductus Deferens 7 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16 Epididymis 2 CREB1, NFYA Penis 1 IKZF2 Endocrine Salivary Gland 7 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16 System Parotid Gland 4 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1 Thyroid 16 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, MYF6, SP1, SP4, RFX3, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, RFX5, KLF16 Immune System Tonsil 2 SP1, SP4 Thymus 22 SP3, RARG, KLF14, KLF12, KLF7, NFIC, SP8, CREB1, NFYA, IKZF2, MYF6, SP1, NFY, SP4, RFX3, ZNF219, RFX4, RFX1, KLF4, ATF1, RFX5, KLF16 Lymph Node 7 CREB1, NFYA, NFY, ATF1, SP1, SP4, KLF16