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Pthreads Primer PThreads Primer A Guide to Multithreaded Programming Bil Lewis Daniel J. Berg SunSoft Press A Prentice Hall Title 1 1996 Sun Microsystems, Inc. — Printed in the United States of America. 2550 Garcia Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043-1100 U.S.A. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Portions of the products described in this book may be derived from the UNIX® and Berkeley 4.3 BSD systems, licensed from UNIX System Laboratories, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Novell, Inc., and the University of California, respectively. Third-party font software in this product is protected by copyright and licensed from Sun’s font suppliers. RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND: Use, duplication, or disclosure by the United States government is subject to restrictions as set forth in DFARS 252.227-7013 (c)(1)(ii) and FAR 52.227-19. The products described in this book may be protected by one or more U.S. patents, foreign patents, or pending applications. TRADEMARKS— Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, SunSoft, Solaris, Solaris Sunburst Design, OpenWindows, ONC, ONC+, SunOS, AnswerBook, Sun FORTRAN, Wabi, ToolTalk, NFS, XView, SunView, and The Network is the Computer are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. OPEN LOOK® is a registered trademark of Novell, Inc. Adobe, PostScript, Display PostScript, and PhotoShop are trademarks or registered trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated. PowerPC is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. Xenix, Microsoft Windows, and Windows NT are trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. All other product names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners. SuperSPARC and all SPARC trademarks, including the SCD Compliant Logo, are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. SPARCstation, SPARCserver, SPARCengine, SPARCworks, SPARCworks iMPact, and SPARCompiler are licensed exclusively to Sun Microsystems, Inc. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. The OPEN LOOK® and Sun™ Graphical User Interfaces were developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. for its users and licensees. Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the computer industry. Sun holds a non-exclusive license from Xerox to the Xerox Graphical User Interface, which license also covers Sun’s licensees who implement OPEN LOOK GUIs and otherwise comply with Sun’s written license agreements. X Window System is a trademark of X Consortium, Inc. The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, contact: Corporate Sales Department, Prentice Hall PTR, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. Phone: 800-382-3419 or 201-236-7156, Fax: 201-236-7141, email: [email protected] Cover designer: M & K Design, Palo Alto, California Manufacturing manager: Alexis R. Heydt Acquisitions editor: Gregory G. Doench 10987654321 ISBN 0-13-443698-9 SunSoft Press A Prentice Hall Title Dedication To Elaine, my wife and best friend, for her encouragement and understanding during all the late nights and weekends when I should have been spending time with her. Thank You! — Dan A mes enfants, Caleb, Matthew, et Rebecca. “Tu deviens responsable pour toujours de ce que tu as apprivoisé” — Bil 3 4 Threads Primer Acknowledgments to the Threads Primer . 23 Acknowledgments to the Pthreads Primer . 24 1. Introduction . 31 2. Concepts . 35 Background: Traditional Operating Systems . 35 What Is a Thread? . 38 Kernel Interaction . 41 Concurrency vs. Parallelism . 41 System Calls. 43 Signals. 43 Synchronization. 43 Scheduling . 43 The Value of Using Threads . 44 Parallelism . 44 Throughput . 45 Responsiveness . 46 Communications . 46 System Resources . 47 Simplified Realtime Processing . 47 Simplified Signal Handling . 48 Distributed Objects . 48 Same Binary for Uniprocessors and Multiprocessors. 49 Program Structure. 49 Single Source for Multiple Platforms . 49 What Kind of Programs to Thread?. 50 Inherently MT Programs . 50 Not Obviously MT Programs . 51 Automatic Threading . 51 Programs Not to Thread. 52 What About Shared Memory? . 52 Threads Standards . 53 Performance . 54 Operating Systems . 54 NFS . 55 SPECfp 95. 55 5 SPECint_rate95. .56 Summary . .56 3. Foundations . .57 Implementation vs. Specification . .57 Thread Libraries . .57 The Process Structure. .59 Lightweight Processes . .60 Threads and LWPs . .61 Solaris Multithreaded Model . .63 System Calls . .64 Signals . .66 Summary . .67 4. Lifecycle . .69 Thread Lifecycle . .69 Returning Status and Memory . .70 Exiting the Process. .73 Suspending a Thread. .73 Cancellation . .74 An Example: Create and Join . .74 Summary . .81 5. Scheduling . .83 Different Models of Kernel Scheduling . .83 Thread Scheduling . .86 Process Contention Scope . .88 System Contention Scope . .92 Context Switching . .93 Preemption . .96 How Many LWPs? . ..
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