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PDF File of an Unedited Manuscript That Has Been Accepted for Publication Accepted Manuscript Spatial and temporal distribution of NO2 and SO2 in Inner Mongolia urban agglomeration obtained from satellite remote sensing and ground observations Caiwang Zheng, Chuanfeng Zhao, Yanping Li, Xiaolin Wu, Kaiyang Zhang, Jing Gao, Qi Qiao, Yuanzhe Ren, Xi Zhang, Fahe Chai PII: S1352-2310(18)30412-6 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.06.029 Reference: AEA 16087 To appear in: Atmospheric Environment Received Date: 19 March 2018 Revised Date: 15 June 2018 Accepted Date: 17 June 2018 Please cite this article as: Zheng, C., Zhao, C., Li, Y., Wu, X., Zhang, K., Gao, J., Qiao, Q., Ren, Y., Zhang, X., Chai, F., Spatial and temporal distribution of NO2 and SO2 in Inner Mongolia urban agglomeration obtained from satellite remote sensing and ground observations, Atmospheric Environment (2018), doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.06.029. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of NO 2 and SO 2 in Inner Mongolia Urban 2 Agglomeration Obtained from Satellite Remote Sensing and Ground Observations 3 4 Caiwang Zheng 1, Chuanfeng Zhao 1,3 *, Yanping Li 2* , Xiaolin Wu 1, Kaiyang Zhang 1, 5 Jing Gao 4, Qi Qiao 2, Yuanzhe Ren 5, Xi Zhang 2, Fahe Chai 2 6 7 1. State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, and 8 College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, 9 Beijing 100875, China 10 2. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China 11 3. Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 12 Pasadena, CA MANUSCRIPT91125, USA. 13 4. Rinpoche (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100094, China 14 5. The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Environmental Monitoring Center Station, 15 Hohhot, 010011, China 16 17 Correspondence to: Chuanfeng Zhao, [email protected]; 18 ACCEPTEDYanping Li, [email protected] 19 Page 1 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 20 Abstract: Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2) are important 21 pollution gases which can affect air quality, human health and even climate change. 22 Based on the combination of tropospheric NO 2 and SO 2 column density products 23 derived from OMI satellite with the ground station observations, this study analyzed 24 the spatial-temporal distribution of NO 2 and SO 2 amount in Inner Mongolia urban 25 agglomerations. It shows that NO 2 increased continually from 2005 to 2011 at a rate 26 of 14.3% per year and then decreased from 2011 to 2016 at a rate of -8.1% per year. 27 SO 2 increased from 2005 to 2007 with a rate 9.7% per year. While with a peak value 28 in 2011, SO 2 generally showed a decreasing trend of -1.6% per year from 2007 to 29 2016. With regard to the spatial pattern, the highest levels of NO 2 occur in Hohhot and 30 Baotou, followed by Wuhai and Ordos, the least in Bayannur. Compared with NO 2, 31 the spatial distribution of SO 2 is slightly different. The pollution of SO 2 is the most 32 serious in Wuhai, followed by Hohhot and Baotou, and the lightest in Ordos and 33 Bayannur. The diurnal variations of NO 2 andMANUSCRIPT SO 2 are basically the same, which 34 decrease from 0:00 to 6:00, then increase to a peak value at 8:00, and decrease from 35 8:00 to 15:00. The diurnal variation of NO 2 and SO 2 is highly related to the diurnal 36 variation of both anthropogenic emission and boundary layer height. Differently, the 37 long-term spatial-temporal distribution of NO 2 and SO 2 are more closely related to 38 human activities. 39 Keywords: NO 2; SO 2; OMI; Inner Mongolia; long-term trend; spatial distribution 40 ACCEPTED 41 Page 2 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 42 Highlights 43 (1) Long-term spatial-temporal distribution of NO 2 and SO 2 amount in Inner 44 Mongolia urban agglomerations were analyzed. 45 (2) Both NO 2 and SO 2 show increasing and then decreasing temporal trend, but with 46 different turning time which are 2007 and 2011, respectively. 47 (3) NO 2 and SO 2 show slightly different spatial distributions, with the highest 48 concentration in Hohhot and Baotou for NO 2 and Wuhai for SO 2. 49 MANUSCRIPT ACCEPTED Page 3 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 50 1. Introduction 51 In the past decades, coupled with China’s burgeoning economy is the terrible air 52 pollution (Chan and Yao, 2008), which is mainly caused by China’s industrial 53 explosive growth and urbanization development. Air pollutants can be divided into 54 two forms, particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants. PM has attracted great 55 public concern because of its severe health impact (Yuan et al., 2012; Chang et al., 56 2012), especially for cardiovascular and respiratory disease, as well as reduced 57 visibility caused by smog. Gaseous pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide (SO 2), nitrogen 58 dioxide (NO 2), and ozone (O3), also play very important roles in our atmospheric 59 environment and get more and more attentions (Hao et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2011). 60 NO 2 and SO 2 are both important trace gases and play a significant role in the 61 complex atmospheric chemistry process of the troposphere, causing a series of urban 62 environmental pollution problems such as acidMANUSCRIPT rain, haze and photochemical smog 63 (WHO, 2000; IPCC, 2007; He et al., 2007; Shon et al., 2011). The secondary sulfate 64 and nitrate particulate is formed by oxidation of gas granules, contributing to the 65 particle concentration in the air and thus influencing the radiative budget and climate 66 (Kajino et al., 2011). They can also promote the formation of acid rain and cause the 67 decrease of crop yields and destruction of ecology (Richter et al., 2006; Dickerson et 68 al., 2007). NO 2 is primarily released by anthropogenic emissions, which contain the 69 industrial burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, vehicle exhaust, biomass 70 burning, andACCEPTED electricity generation. In terms of natural sources, it is emitted from soils 71 through the decomposition process of nitrates and can also be produced by lightning 72 (Richter and Burrows, 2002; Cheng et al., 2012). Similarly, SO 2 is released into the 73 atmosphere through both natural and anthropogenic emissions. Natural sources 74 mainly refer to volcanic eruptions while anthropogenic sources include the burning of Page 4 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 75 fossil fuels containing sulfur for domestic heating and the power generation for 76 industrial activities (Zhang et al., 2017). 77 Over the years, researchers began to realize the detrimental effects of NO 2 and 78 SO 2 to human health and plants, thus carried out studies about these two polluted 79 gases (Ul-Haq et al., 2015). Compared with traditional ground station measurements 80 which can provide continuous observations of near surface pollutants for a long time, 81 satellite remote sensing offers other advantages, such as a coverage of large area with 82 high spatial continuity. The satellite observations allow us to study the long-term 83 spatio-temporal distribution of NO 2 and SO 2, the characteristics of long-distance 84 transport (Zhang et al., 2008), as well as the pollutant contribution from various 85 sources (Wang et al., 2012; Lu et al., 2013). To effectively acquire information of 86 atmospheric pollutants, a lot of on-board satellite instruments are designed, such as 87 Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME),MANUSCRIPT SCanning Imaging Absorption 88 spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY), GOME-2 and Ozone 89 Monitoring Instrument (OMI). OMI is widely used and has high spatial and temporal 90 resolution (Krotkov et al., 2016; Levelt et al., 2018). As overviewed by Levelt et al. 91 (2018), OMI has been applied to various study themes including air quality 92 monitoring, detection of ozone, volcanoes, spectral solar radiation, and so on. For air 93 quality monitoring, OMI can provide information of several key pollutants such as 94 NO 2, SO 2, aerosols, and HCHO. Damiani et al. (2012) used the ground-based total 95 ozone measurementsACCEPTED from 2007 to 2009 in the Arctic to check the quality of OMI, 96 GOME and SCIAMACHY satellite-based data, and found that there was a good 97 agreement between satellite- and ground-based observations despite of some 98 systematic biases. Ul-Haq et al. (2015) investigated temporal trends, seasonality, and 99 anomalies of tropospheric NO 2 pollution over four basins in South Asia using OMI Page 5 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 100 measurements during the period 2004-2015. Lamsal et al. (2015) quantified the NO 2 101 temporal trend from 2005 to 2013 over the United States using surface measurements 102 and tropospheric NO 2 vertical column density (VCD) data from OMI products. 103 Krotkov et al. (2016) expanded the study area and used the OMI observation to 104 investigate the SO 2 and NO 2 pollution changes over different countries of the world 105 for the period of 2005 to 2014. 106 There are also many studies regarding the OMI-observed SO 2 and NO x emission 107 trends over China (van der A et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2016, 2017; Cui et al., 2016; Li et 108 al., 2010, 2017; Zhang et al., 2017).
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