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Combination of the Oral Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Resminostat Aus der Medizinischen Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik Tübingen Abteilung Innere Medizin VIII (Schwerpunkt: Klinische Tumorbiologie) Combination of the oral histone deacetylase inhibitor resminostat with oncolytic measles vaccine virus as a new option for epi-virotherapeutic treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Medizin der Medizinischen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität zu Tübingen vorgelegt von Ruf, Benjamin 2017 Dekan: Professor Dr. I. B. Autenrieth 1. Berichterstatter: Professor Dr. U. M. Lauer 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. S. Beckert 3. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. J. Rommelaere Tag der Disputation: 10.01.2017 Meiner Familie Table of content Table of content 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 Hepatocellular carcinoma ......................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Epidemiology ......................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Current state-of-the-art treatment options for liver cancer ..................... 2 1.2 Oncolytic virotherapy as an innovative approach in cancer treatment ...... 2 1.2.1 History of oncolytic viruses .................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Principles of oncolytic virotherapy ......................................................... 3 1.2.3 Oncolytic virus families in clinical testing ............................................... 5 1.2.4 “Assessment of current virotherapeutic application schemes” [27] ....... 9 1.3 Oncolytic measles vaccine viruses ......................................................... 13 1.3.1 Virus biology ........................................................................................ 13 1.3.2 Suicide transgene expressing MeV-SCD ............................................ 14 1.3.3 Measles vaccine viruses (MeV)-based oncolytic monotherapy in selected clinical trials .......................................................................... 16 1.4 Limitations to oncolytic virotherapy ......................................................... 20 1.5 Innate immunity signaling following oncolytic virus infection .................. 21 1.6 Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACi) ............................................ 22 1.6.1 Principles of HDACi-based cancer therapy ......................................... 22 1.6.2 Resminostat, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor ............................. 24 1.7 Epi-virotherapeutic combination therapies .............................................. 27 1.8 Objective ................................................................................................ 28 2 Materials and Methods ............................................................................ 30 2.1 Safety ..................................................................................................... 30 2.2 Cell biology methods .............................................................................. 31 2.2.1 Cell lines .............................................................................................. 31 2.2.2 General cell culture ............................................................................. 31 2.2.3 Cryoconservation of cultured cells ...................................................... 32 2.2.4 Thawing of cell lines ............................................................................ 32 2.2.5 Cell counting using a Neubauer haemocytometer ............................... 33 2.2.6 Infection with MeV-SCD/MeV-GFP and/or treatment with resminostat ......................................................................................... 34 2.3 Virological methods ................................................................................ 35 2.3.1 Titration of measles vaccine virus ....................................................... 35 2.3.2 Viral growth curves .............................................................................. 37 2.3.3 Fluorescence microscopy on MeV-GFP infected cells ........................ 39 I Table of content 2.4 Flow Cytometry ....................................................................................... 40 2.4.1 Analysis of altered primary infection rates by fluorescence- activated cell sorting (FACS) using MeV-GFP .................................... 40 2.4.2 Quantitative analysis of CD46 receptor expression using flow cytometry ............................................................................................ 41 2.4.3 “Analysis of cell cycle profiles by flow cytometry ................................. 42 2.5 Cell Mass and Viability Assays ............................................................... 43 2.5.1 Sulforhodamine B (SRB) cytotoxicity assay ........................................ 43 2.5.2 CellTiter-Blue® Cell Viability Assay...................................................... 44 2.6 Molecular Biology Methods .................................................................... 45 2.6.1 Immunoblotting .................................................................................... 45 2.6.2 “Real-time-quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) .............. 50 3 Results ..................................................................................................... 51 3.1 Preliminary experiments ......................................................................... 51 3.1.1 Cytotoxic effect of MeV-SCD monotherapy ......................................... 51 3.1.2 Anti-tumor activities of resminostat on human hepatoma cell lines ..... 52 3.2 Resminostat + MeV-SCD-based combination treatment settings ........... 54 3.2.1 Boosted cytotoxic/oncolytic effect of the epi-virotherapeutic combination treatment ......................................................................... 54 3.2.2 Other application settings in MeV-SCD/resminostat co-treatment ...... 57 3.2.3 Triple-therapy: Addition of prodrug 5-FC to the MeV/Res combination setting ............................................................................. 59 3.3 Influences of resminostat on biological activity/growth characteristics of measles vaccine virus ........................................................................ 61 3.3.1 Examination of measles virus growth kinetics under the co- treatment with resminostat .................................................................. 61 3.3.2 “Resminostat-mediated enhancement of primary infection rates in hepatoma cell lines ............................................................................. 64 3.3.3 Enhanced primary infection rates are independent of measles receptor (CD46) expression levels ...................................................... 65 3.3.4 “Addition of resminostat does not impair MeV replication and spread ................................................................................................. 66 3.4 “Resminostat-induced downregulation of zfp64 in MeV infected hepatoma cells ....................................................................................... 68 3.5 “Epi-virotherapeutic treatment (MeV + Res) enlarges apoptosis of hepatoma cells ....................................................................................... 69 3.6 “Resminostat impedes IFIT-1 expression after exogenous IFN-β stimulation .............................................................................................. 71 4 Discussion ............................................................................................... 73 II Table of content 4.1 Boosted cytotoxic effects in the epi-virotherapeutic approach ................ 73 4.2 HDACi + OV treatment: is apoptosis the answer? .................................. 74 4.3 Influences on virus biology by epigenetic manipulation .......................... 75 4.3.1 MeV-SCD replication and spread is hardly affected by resminostat .... 75 4.3.2 Resminostat does not alter measles entry receptor CD46 expression levels ................................................................................ 77 4.4 Resminostat functions as an immunomodulator in hepatoma cells ........ 78 4.4.1 Interference with the host cell interferon system ................................. 78 4.4.2 Additional immunomodulating functions by down-regulation of zfp64 ................................................................................................... 81 4.5 Future directions of immunovirotherapy ................................................. 81 4.6 Perspectives ........................................................................................... 84 5 Summary .................................................................................................. 86 6 Zusammenfassung.................................................................................. 88 Appendix ......................................................................................................... 90 List of equations.............................................................................................. 90 List of figures .................................................................................................. 90 List of tables ................................................................................................... 92 Index of abbreviations ..................................................................................... 93 References .....................................................................................................
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