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Abashiri Prison (film) 138 dispute resolution with government Abe, Masaki 77–8 70–72 abuse of rights 114 first-instance filings 72 accountability 144 framework for administrative case ACLL (Administrative Case Litigation law litigation 73–6 Law, No. 139 of 1962) 65, 66, 82, patterns of litigation 69 83, 91 persistent difficulties for claimants administrative law and litigation, suing the state 82–3 Japan 72, 73, 74, 75, 76 recent high-profile claims against acquittal rates 18 local governments 79–82 Act for Promoting QualityAssurance in State Compensation Law (No. 125 of Public Works (APQA) (Law No. 1947) 66, 76, 77, 78 18 of 2005) 179 suits involving state or administrative Act on Childcare Leave, Nursing Leave agencies, statistic overview 68 and the Welfare of Workers who administrative law, Japan have Child and Family Care and contract law 112 Responsibilities (No. 76 of 1991) and litigation see administrative law 110 and litigation, Japan Act on Penal Detention Facilities and reform 116–18 Treatment of Inmates and Administrative ProcedureAct (No. 88 Detainees (Act No. 50 of 2005) of 1993) 116 129 Administrative Procedures Law, 1993 Act on the Regulation of Stalking 76 Behaviour (No. 81 of 2000) 110 ADR (alternative dispute resolution) 91, Act Relating to the Employment 102 Security of the Elderly (No. 68 of adult guardianship, cooperative and 1971) 110 supervisory networks within 112 Act to Partially Revise the National advocacy work 92 PensionAct and OtherActs (No. ageing society, administering welfare in 95 of 1994) 121 see demographics; liberalism; Administrative Case Litigation Law see regulation; welfare ACLL (Administrative Case air pollution litigation 80 Litigation Law, No. 139 of 1962) alternative dispute resolution (ADR) 91, administrative guidance 112, 113, 116 102 administrative law and litigation, Japan AMA (Anti-Monopoly Law) (No. 54 of 12, 70–83 1947) 13, 93, 97 caseload 67, 69, 76 amendment (2013) 181 causes of action against government damages for infringements/violations 76–9 165

207

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enforcement 164 bengoshi (Japanese attorneys) 1, 8, 10, diversification of 171, 180 66, 89, 92, 93, 96, 98 judicialisation (more frequent fixed-term contracts 100, 101 resort to courts) 165, 174–5, hiring in-house 102 180 sho-mu kenji (state attorneys) in MOJ measures 166–8 69, 82, 86, 87, 88, 99, 101 private enforcers 165, 168–70 TMG, employed by 100 rise in private enforcement, reasons Bentham, Jeremy 133 for 171–5 bid-rigging, municipal government information disclosure provision public procurement contracts 165, 173–4 168, 170, 176, 180 infringements/violations 77, 165, 166 ‘bid-to-estimated price ratio’172 see also competition law enforcement ‘black lung disease’79 Amnesty International 138, 146, 147, black-letter doctrinal analysis 192 155 Botsman, Daniel 128, 134 Anderson, Christopher J. 58–9 Brasor, Phillip 148 Anderson, Kent 28, 150, 154 bubble economy, bursting of (1990s) AppealsAdvisors 96 49–50 APQA seeAct for Promoting Quality bureaucracy 109, 165 Assurance in Public Works (APQA) (Law No. 18 of 2005) Cabinet Office Araki, Takashi 10 Judicial System Reform arbitration 45, 49 Headquarters 65, 74, 75 Aronson, Bruce 97 LegislativeAffairs Bureau 85–6 arson 29, 30, 32 Calvinist work ethic 133 Asbestos Relief Law (No. 4 of 2006) 79 capital punishment see death sentences Associated Press 148 capital sentencing, effect of lay judges Atomic Bomb Survivors Relief Law on 27 (No. 117 of 1994) 79 capitalism 109 attempted murder 31 Carlile, Lonny 6 Auburn prison 133 CCP (Code of Civil Procedure, No. 109 Australia, litigiousness 187 of 1996) 13, 66, 76, 171–2, 174 Australian Government Solicitor (AGS) cease-and-desist orders 166, 167, 168 69, 88 Center for Prisoners’Rights, Japan 137, 155 Bailey, Peter 133, 155 Chesterton, G.K. 41 balancing of interests approach 77 childcare 108, 119–21 BasicAct on Countermeasures toArrest Child/Child-rearing Support Plan the Declining Birth Rate (No. 133 (2004) 115 of 2003) 115 Citizen Ombudsman Liaison Council BasicAct on Countermeasures towards (Zenkoku Shimin Onbuzuman anAged Society (No. 129 of 1995) Renraku Kaigi) 169–70 115 Citizen Ombudsman (Shimin Basic Resident Registration Network Onbuzuman) networks 78, 164, System (‘Juki Net’) 81 169–70, 172, 173, 176, 179 ‘Beginners’(Beginaa), TV show Civil Code (No. 89 of 1896) 12, 76, 121, 199–200 168 benevolent paternalism 10, 35–6, 137 Civil Execution Law 54

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civil justice private monopolisation 166 cultural model of Japanese 189 recommendation orders 167 and litigation 188 rise in private enforcement, reasons reforms 1–7, 191 for 171–5 Civil Justice Research Project, Ministry surcharges forAMA violations 166, of Education 71 167 civil procedure taxpayer lawsuits 166–71, 175, 180, and Labour Tribunals 54, 57 181 see also CCP (Code of Civil torts case 168 Procedure, No. 109 of 1996) conciliation 45, 49 Code of Civil Procedure see CCP (Code confessions 26 of Civil Procedure, No. 109 of confidentiality requirement, lay judges 1996) 24 Cohen, Stanley 145 contemporaneity 144 collective bargaining 48 contextualism 114 collective dispute resolution, labour Convention against Torture and Other relations commissions 45, 47 Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading common law 116 Treatment or Punishment (CAT) communitarianism 137, 189 137 ‘community firm’norms 50 convulsive change 146 comparative law 189–90 corporate downsizing 49, 50 compensation schemes 98–9 Correction and Rehabilitation Bureaus see also State Compensation Law 135, 137, 147 (No. 125 of 1947) corrections officers 129 competition law enforcement 13, corrections system 12–13, 128–63 164–201 amending the legislation and Anti-Monopoly Law (No. 54 of reassuring the public 151–3 1947) seeAMA (Antimonopoly historical perspectives 128–9 Act) (No. 54 of 1947) imprisonment conundrums 133–42 bid-rigging, municipal government Japanese law and social change public procurement contracts 129–33 165, 168, 170, 176, 180 reform catalysts 143–55 cease-and-desist orders 166, 167, 168 remaining issues 153–5 Citizen Ombudsman networks 78, shape of reforms 151–5 164, 169–70, 172, 173, 176, 179 see also imprisonment; prisons, court power to determining damages Japan assessment 171–2 criminal interrogations, electronically informal warnings and cautions 167 recording of 36 information disclosure criminal trials, new 18–44 from JFTC 173–4 confidentiality requirement, lay from municipal governments judges 24 172–3 future trends 35–41 ordinances 174 gender aspects, lay judge trials 24–5 litigation incentives 175–6 lay judges 19, 22–5 obstacles identified in 1980s 171 mixed majority rule 21 oil cartel case (1989) 171 no-show rates 22, 23 penal sanctions 166, 168 offences adjudicated in 20 private actions, context 175–80 outcomes 26–35

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press conferences held following 9, Dispute Resolution Centre for Nuclear 21, 23 Damage Compensation 10 professional judges 20, 21 drug crime 29, 30, 32 rules 20–22 Durkheim, Emile 111 two categories of serious crime adjudicated in 20, 28 economic rationality 190 verdicts 20 electoral rolls, lay judges selected from see also lay judge system, criminal 20 trials employment, lifelong 88–9 employment tribunals, United Kingdom damages 22, 171–2 45 enabling legislation, lay judge reform database of case law, online (Supreme 19 Court) 75 entrepreneurial litigation, US 181 death ex ante regulation/ex post relief 2, 11, of offender or victim, in new criminal 52, 63 trial system 20, 28 ‘executive-centric’society 143 with rape 29 death penalty, degree of willingness to Fair Trade Commission see JFTC use 26–7, 36 (Japanese Fair Trade Commission) Defined Contribution PensionAct (No. Feldman, Eric 77, 132 88 of 2001) 121 financial professionals, scrutiny of demographics 110–111 demographic change in Japan 108, Financial ServicesAgency 86 109, 110, 114, 115, 123 Fineman, Stephen 195 fertility, reasons for changes 109 First, Harry 165 immigration 109 Food Sanitation Law (No. 233 of 1947) population decline 109 73–4 regulation and challenges to Foote, Daniel 130, 143–4 liberalism 109–112 Foreign Prisoner Support Service 138 Dershowitz,Alan M. 192, 193 formalism 114 designated representatives (shitei Foucault, Michel 133–4 dairinin) 70, 96, 99 fraud 29, 30, 32 Diet (Japanese Parliament) 19, 20, 74 French prisons 133–4 dismissal cases 57 Friedman, Lawrence 192 dismissal orders 49 Fuchu Prison, Tokyo 140 dispositions, public law administrative Fujikura, Koichiro 79 119 Fujita, Masahiko 152 Dispute Coordination Committee, Fukuhi, Haruhiro 148 Labour Office 51 dispute resolution gender aspects, lay judge panels 24–5 collective 45, 47, 48–9 ‘general clauses,’laws and regulations ‘dispute resolution pyramid’70, 72 76 with government 70–72 Germany labour relations commissions 45, 47, labour courts 45 48–9 mixed tribunals 21 Labour Tribunal Law, prior to 48–51 Gibney, Frank 138–9, 140 overview 46 Global Financial Crisis 89

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good faith 114 Ichikawa, Masuto 82 Goodman, Roger 143, 145, 153–4 immigration 109 government lawyers 83–101 imprisonment Japan In-House LawyersAssociation conundrums 133–42 86 for indefinite period 20, 26, 28 job rotation tradition 91 see also prisons, Japan ‘Kilby case’(2000) 94–5 indecent assault 24 lifelong employment 88–9 industrial action 48 litigation and lawyer activism 176 - information disclosure shomu kenji, in Ministry of Justice from JFTC 173–4 67, 69, 82, 83–91, 94, 97, 99, from municipal governments 172–3 101 official cases 78 see also bengoshi (Japanese attorneys); Japan Federation of ordinances 174 BarAssociations; jimukan Inoue, Tatsuo 189, 194 (paralegal staff); legal Institutional Contract Theory 108, professionals 118–19, 122, 124 Green, Stephen 11 Intellectual Property High Court 10 Griffiths,Arthur 134 intentional crime, death of victim as result of 20, 28 Haley, John 6, 130, 165, 186, 189 International Convention on Civil and Hamano, Sylvia Brown 130, 131, 146 Political Rights (ICCPR) 137 han-ken koryu see judge-prosecutor interrogation, conditions of 37 exchange (han-ken koryu) phenomenon Japan hard labour, imprisonment with 20, 28 Constitution of 1946 48, 75, 82, 121, hard law 115 136, 141 Hashimoto, Hiroyuki 77 ‘dissident tradition’in 131–2 Henry VIII 1 judiciary, role in Japanese society Hepatitis C Redress Law (No. 2 of 177–8 2008) 98–9 law see Japanese law Hero (TV drama) 199, 200 as liberal or developmental state 111 Himeji Dokkyo University Law School litigiousness 13–14, 187–91, 201 4 sub-optimum engagement with law homicide 29, 30 in Japan 188–9 House of Councillors, LegalAffairs Committee 85 ‘pre-modern’culture 189 House of Representatives, LegalAffairs Japan Expressway Holding and Debt Committee 84–5 RepaymentAgency 170 ‘Houses of Correction’133 Japan Federation of BarAssociations human rights abuses, prisons 138–42, (JFBA) see JFBA (Japan 155 Federation of BarAssociations) Human Rights Watch 138, 139, 140, Japan Highway Public Corporation (JH 141, 146 Public Corporation) 170 ‘human warehousing’142 Japan In-House LawyersAssociation 86 hybrids Japan LegalAid Centre 40 legal, in ‘social security law’112–15 Japan Patent Office (JPO) 69, 92, 95, of public and private law 108 96, 97

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212 Who rules Japan?

Japan StatisticalYearbook (Ministry of shinpankan (JFTC referees) 92, 93, InternalAffairs and 96 Communications) 146 jimukan (paralegal staff) 69, 87–8, 89 Japan Times 155 job rotation tradition 91 Japanese Fair Trade Commission Johnson, Chalmers 6 (JFTC) see JFTC (Japanese Fair Johnson, David 9–10, 130, 145 Trade Commission) Johnson, Elmer 134, 135, 137–8, 139, Japanese law 38, 156, 157 140, 144 administrative see administrative law Johnson, Robert 128, 129, 133, 142, and litigation, Japan; 153, 154, 156 JPO (Japan Patent Office) 69, 92, 95, administrative law, Japan 96, 97 anti-monopoly seeAMA JSRC (Justice System Reform Council) (Anti-Monopoly Law) (No. 54 Recommendations (2001) 63, of 1947) 64–5, 67, 191 criminal see criminal trials, new; lay corrections system 144, 156 judge system see also Justice System Reform emotions vs. normative perspectives Council (JSRC) regarding 195 judge-prosecutor exchange (han-ken empirical research methods 193 koryu) phenomenon 67, 69, 83, 85 labour law see labour law; Labour judges see lay judges; professional Tribunal Law (No. 45 of 2004) judges patent see Patent Law (No. 121 of Judicial Reform Council 52 1959) Judicial Reform Promotion ‘of, for and by the people’8–9 Headquarters 52 and popular culture 185, 194, judicial review 116 195–200 Judicial StatisticsYearbooks, online and social change 129–33 (Supreme Court) 75 social security law, legal hybrids judicial system, ex post relief through 112–15 52, 63 taxation law 97–8 Judicial System Reform Headquarters, see also law; specific laws Cabinet Office 65, 74, 75 JFBA (Japan Federation of Bar Judicial System Reform programme Associations) 5 101, 165, 174, 178 criminal trials, new 39, 40 judiciary judicial reforms and legal profession database created by to inform lay 86, 89, 101–102 judges about sentence practices, prison reform 136, 138 errors 37 JFTC (Japanese Fair Trade ‘nameless, faceless judiciary’90 Commission) 13, 69, 92, 97 role in Japanese society 177–8 Annual Reports 92, 93, 168 justice Committee on Prison Law Reform civil justice reforms 1–7 149 context-specific individual 47 information disclosure from 173–4 formal 47 legal measures 92–3 practical 56, 59 quasi-judicial procedures 166, 168, precise 36, 37, 56 181 resolution-oriented 56 regulatory style 164–5 rough 36, 37

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tribunal 59–60 numbers of labour-related cases triple S (speedy, specialist and heard 52 suitable) 53–4 post-war 49 Justice System Reform Council (JSRC) specialist expertise 53 64, 66, 70, 90, 113, 143, 191 transformation in industrial relations Recommendations of 2001 see JSRC from mid-1950s to mid-1960s (Justice System Reform 49 Council) Recommendations union movement 48 (2001) see also dispute resolution; Labour on ‘Role of the Justice System’64 Tribunal system Labour Offices 51 Kadomatsu, Narufumi 75, 76, 77 labour relations commissions 48 Kaido,Yuichi152 functions 46, 47 Kaiser, Gunther 141, 142 Labour Study Group 52 Kamir, Orit 192, 195 Labour Tribunal Committee (LTC) Kawagishi, Norikazu 83 53–4, 56, 57 Kawashima, Takeyoshi 8, 130, 189 Labour Tribunal law (LTL) 53 Kikuta, Koichi 149, 152 Labour Tribunal system 10 ‘Kilby case’(2000) 94–5 characteristics 52–5 Kim, Chin 189, 194 civil procedure, relationship with 54, Kimura, Takuya 199 57 Kingston, Jeff 143 educational effects 58–9 Kitagawa, Zentaro 113 evaluation 55–61 Kozuka, Souichirou 13, 77 fact-finding and issue-spotting Kuboi, Kazumasa 149 55–6 kyukei (sentences sought by labour dispute resolution prior to prosecutors) 32 reform 48–51, 52 Labour Tribunal Law (No. 45 of Labour Contracts Law (No. 128 of 2004) 45, 47 2007) 61 lay members of Labour Tribunal 55 labour courts 45 and mediation proposal 57–8 labour law 45–62 as new guardians of working advantages of tribunal justice 47 conditions and rights 60–61 bubble economy, bursting of (1990s) numbers of cases filed with 54 49–50 overview 60 corporate downsizing 49, 50 persuasiveness of mediation dismissal cases 57 proposals 56 employment-related civil cases 51 purpose 59 expeditiousness of procedures 53 resolution-oriented justice 56 judicial reform initiative (1999) 52 speedy, specialist and suitable justice labour relations commissions 46, 47, (’triple S’justice) offered by 48 53–4 Law to Promote Resolution of three-session 59 Individual Labour Relations tribunal justice 59–60 Disputes (Law No. 112 of 2001) use of 54–5 51 see also labour law mediation 45, 48, 53, 56, 57–8 labour unions 60

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law confidentiality requirement 24 administrative see administrative law early returns 9, 19, 26, 41 and litigation, Japan; frequently charged crimes 29 administrative law, Japan male-dominated panels 24–5 authority of 186 numbers of lay judge trials 29 common law 116 peremptory challenges 25 as general sovereign 112 prospective lay judges, selection of hard and soft 115 20 Japan’s legal tradition 123–4 rejection of candidates 25 and popular culture 185, 194, rules concerning 20–22 195–200 selection of judges from electoral public and private 108, 112, 117 rolls 20 and regulation 112 sentences sought by prosecutors vs. rule of law 110, 111, 132, 188 sentences actually imposed by social security 112–15 court 32 taxation 97–8 sentencing information 33 see also Japanese law; specific laws two categories of serious crime law in Japan see Japanese law adjudicated in 20, 28 Law on theAuthority of the Minister of witnesses, questioning of 23 Justice over SuitsAffecting the see also criminal trials, new; Interests of State (No. 194 of professional judges 1947) 67, 69, 81, 93, 99 LegalAffairs Bureaus 67, 84 Law on the Expediting of Trials (No. regional 88 107 of 2003) 90 LegalAffairs Committees 84–5 Law School Equivalency Examination legal fees 175–6 (LSEE) (Law No. 140 of 1949) 1 legal professionals 64, 66 Law to Eliminate and Prevent the representation in media 196 Involvement in Bid-riggings and see also bengoshi (Japanese to PunishActs of Public Officials attorneys); Japan Federation of that could Taint the Fairness of BarAssociations; jimukan Tenders (Law No. 101 of 2002) (paralegal staff); sho-mu kenji 179 (state attorneys), within MOJ Law to Promote Resolution of Legal Training and Research Institute Individual Labour Relations (LTRI) 84, 89 Disputes (Law No. 112 of 2001) LegislativeAffairs Bureau, Cabinet 51 Office 85–6 Law to Promote theAppropriate lenient sanctions 35 Bidding and Contracting of Public Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) 6, 7, 28 Construction Law (Law No. 127 of liberalism 2000) 179 challenges to 108, 109–112 Lawson, Carol 12–13 ‘renewal’of 12, 108, 111, 123 Lawson, Craig M. 189, 194 welfare liberalism 123 Lawyers’Law (No. 205 of 1949) 86 see also administrative law and Lay Judge Law (No. 63 of 2004) 20, 21, litigation, Japan; regulation 23, 28 liberalism, challenges to, ‘renewal’of lay judge system, criminal trials 19, 110 22–5, 150, 190 life sentence, indeterminate 26 confessions 26 lifelong employment 88–9

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limited pluralism 148 Long-term Care InsuranceAct (1997) litigation 148 and administrative law see Low Fertility Countermeasures Plus administrative law and litigation, One plan (2002) 115 Japan LTC (Labour Tribunal Committee) bureaucratic vs. legalistic approaches 53–4, 56, 57 165, 179 caseload 67 Marshall, Jonathan 77 confirmation 74 Matsui, Shegenori 22 entrepreneurial, in US 181 Matsuno, Nobuo 85 Matsuzawa, Shin 145 environment and consumer, parallels media 78 with competition law mediation 45, 48, 53, 56 enforcement 177 relationship between proposal and hepatitis C 98 Labour Tribunal decision 57–8 incentives 175–6, 180–181 Medical Services Law (No. 205 of Japanese litigiousness, lack of 1948) 74 187–91 Meiji Era (1868–1912) 128, 134, 135 ‘judicial-check’function of system mesothelioma 79 64–5 methamphetamine trafficking 29, 30, and lawyer activism 176 32, 39 party 74 MHLW (Ministry of Health, Labour private 166 and Welfare) 69, 92, 99 ‘quiet transformation’70 Milhaupt, Curtis J. 3, 5, 7, 78 taxpayer lawsuits 77, 166–71, 175, Miller, Geoffrey 7 180, 181 Minamata Bay mercury poisoning 78–9 as warfare 188 Ministry of Education, Civil Justice ‘waves of’132 Research Project 71 wavesof170 Ministry of Finance 136 Litigation Divisions, MOJ 66–7 Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare litigiousness (MHLW) 69, 92, 99 Australia 187 Ministry of International Trade and Japan 13–14, 187–91, 201 Investment 6 sub-optimum engagement with law Ministry of Justice (MOJ), Japan 11, 13, in 188–9 29, 78, 81 and public policy 188 criminal law, history 134–5 as socio-cultural issue 192 Litigation Divisions 66–7 South Korea 189 prison reform 151 Taiwan 189 sho-mu kenji (state attorneys) in 67, United States 187–8 69, 82, 83–91, 94, 97, 99, 101 LocalAutonomyAct (No. 76 of 1947) on types of disputes 67 165, 175 Ministry of Labour 10 local government mixed judicial panels 20 Local Government Law (no. 67 of mixed majority rule 21 1947) 77 mixed tribunals, Germany 21 recent high-profile claims against Miyazawa, Koichi 149 79–82 Miyazawa, Setsuo 22, 130, 131 and soft law 115 mock trials 21

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MOJ see Ministry of Justice (MOJ), OsakaAppeals Court 172, 176 Japan Osaka District Court 82, 94, 173, 174 Moriyama, Mayumi 147 Osaka High Court 81–2, 120 municipal governments, information overborn will of suspect 37 disclosure from 172–3 Murayama, Masayuki 71, 72 Pacific War (1943) 18 murder 31 Palley, HowardA. 148 panels of judges 20 Nagoya BarAssociation 147 ‘Panopticon’prison 133 Nagoya Prison incidents (2001–2002) paralegal staff see jimukan (paralegal 129, 131, 140, 141, 142, 148 staff) as catalyst for reform 129, 145–7 PARC (PrisonAdministration Reform Nakahigashi, Masafumi 13, 77, 176, Committee) 128, 132, 142, 145, 178 149 Nakamachi, Makoto 55 Proposals 150, 151 Nakazato, Minoru 6–7, 186, 188, 190, parole 26 193 Patent Examination Department 96 Nanba, Koichi 55 Patent Law (No. 121 of 1959) 95, 97 Nasu, Hitoshi 75 paternalism, benevolent 10, 35–6, 137 national bar examination (shin Penal Code (1907) 30, 31, 135 shihoshiken) 1, 65, 89 Penal InstitutionVisiting Committees National Institute of TrialAdvocacy 151, 152, 154 (NITA) 39 ‘penal populism’ 27 National PoliceAgency 136, 151 peremptory challenges, lay judge panels National TaxAgency (NTA) 69, 97, 98 25 New Komeito Party 28 PharmaceuticalsAffairs Law (No. 145 Nippon Keidanren (Japan Business of 1960) 76 Federation) 53, 55 plea bargaining 27, 28 Nishikawa, Shinichi 85 Pneumoconiosis Law (No. 30 of 1960) Nishio, Takashi 140, 146 79 Nolan, Mark 150, 154 police 111 Non-Profit OrganizationsAct (1998) popular culture, Japanese 185–201 143 concepts and definitions 185–6 North Whitehead,Alfred 195 fiction, works of 193 Nottage, Luke 11, 77, 79 Japanese litigiousness, lack of NTA (National TaxAgency) 69, 97, 98 187–91 and law 185, 194, 195–200 Odanaka, Toshiki 33 prime-time television, law on 13–14, Official Information Disclosure Law 196–200 (No. 140 of 2001) 77 reasons for 191–5 Okinawa system of criminal trials 19 popular sovereignty 144 Okuda,Yasuhiro 75 practical justice 56, 59 Omiya Law School 4 precise justice 36, 37, 56 Order for Enhancement of the Childcare Preparatory Commission for Revision Allowance Law (No. 224 of 1998) of the PrisonAct 135 76 press conferences 9, 21, 23 Ordinance for the Enforcement of the PrisonAct (Act No. 28 of 1908) 128, PrisonAct (1958) 136 129, 135–7, 140, 141, 154

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PrisonAdministration Reform private law contracts 119 Committee (PARC) see PARC privatisation 117, 121 (PrisonAdministration Reform probation 26 Committee) procedural fairness 56 prisons, Japan 12–13 Product Liability Law (Law No. 815 of achievements 137–8 1994) 179 average sentence 30 professional judges evaluations 137–42 and criminal law 20, 21, 23, 27 human rights abuses 138–42, 155 and labour law 52, 55, 59 imprisonment conundrums 133–42 see also lay judge system lost decades and emergence of civil Promotion of Support Measures society 143–4 Towards the Upbringing of the modern, emergence of 133–4 Next GenerationAct (2003) 115 Nagoya Prison incidents public and private law 108, 112, 117 (2001–2002) 129, 131, 140, 141, public authorities, ex ante regulation 52, 142, 145–7, 148 63 as newly contested space 148–51 public law contracts 117 origins 134–5 Public Prosecutor’s Office 168 ‘Panopticon’prison, concept of 133 Puchniak, Dan 13, 77, 176, 178 principle of labour as agent of carceral transformation 133 quantitative research 192 PrisonAct (Act No. 28 of 1908) 128, quiet transformation 70, 143 129, 135–7, 140, 141, 154 ‘protection cells’139, 155 Ramseyer, J. Mark xii, 6–7, 76, 84, 98, reform catalysts 143–55 101, 178, 186, 188, 190, 193 social panics 145, 149, 153, 154, 156 rape 29, 32 solitary confinement 133, 139, 141, rationality 190 155 recommendation orders,AMA substitute prisons 136, 151 violations 167 ‘three pillars’of reform 144 Regional Taxation Bureaus 97, 98 ‘warehousing’142 regulation see also corrections system; bureaucratic vs. legalistic approaches imprisonment 165, 179 private actions, competition law deregulation 143 enforcement government, ‘before the fact’114 context 175–80 and law 112 judiciary, role in Japanese society limits 112 177–8 multiple fields 111 legal fees 175–6 regulatory proliferation 108, 109–110 litigation and lawyer activism 176 in tandem with liberal renewal 12, litigation incentives 175–6 111, 123 parallels with environmental and regulatory style of JFTC 164–5 consumer litigation 177 re-regulation 114 whether enforcement in Japan has remedial orders 49 Americanised 13, 178–80 Rengo (Japanese Trade Union see alsoAMA (Anti-Monopoly Law) Confederation) 53, 55 (No. 54 of 1947); competition restitutive law 111 law enforcement; litigation retirement pensions 108, 121–3

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robbery 24, 30, 32 Standard Minimum Rules (Minimum with injury 29 Rules for the Treatment of Roehl, Wilhelm 83 Prisoners), UN 134, 135, 136 Rosenbluth, Francis 6 State Compensation Law (No. 125 of rough justice 36, 37 1947) 66, 76, 77, 78, 83, 99, 100, rule of law 110, 111, 132, 188 119 Ryan, Trevor 12 strike action 48 Structural Impediments Initiative (SII), saibanisnho see Lay Judge Law (No. 63 US 92, 164, 165, 171 of 2004) structural reform 113 Sakamoto, Toshio 152 substantive fairness 56 substitute prisons 136, 151 Sato, Koji 143 Sugeno, Kazuo 52 Sawanobori, Bunji 135, 136, 137, 139, ‘Sunflower’(Himawari), TV show 140, 142, 150, 151, 152, 154 196–7 Segawa,Akira 149 Supreme Court 25, 28, 35, 82 Sendai Citizen Ombudsman 177 administrative law and litigation, ‘Seven Female Lawyers’(Shichinin no Japan 73, 76, 81–2 Onna Bengoshi), TV show 196, appeals to 9–10 198–9 ‘Kilby case’(2000) 94–5 sexual crime 29, 32 lawsuits on constitutionality of the sho-mu kenji (state attorneys), within system, decisions on 81–2 MOJ 67, 69, 82, 83–91, 94, 97, 99, online publications 75 101 surcharges,AMA violations 166, 167, shareholder derivate litigation 78 179 Sherwin, Richard K. 185, 186, 193 suspended sentences 30, 32 Shinomyiya, Satoru 9–10 systems, and Institutional Contract shinpankan (JFTC referees) 92, 93, 96 Theory 118 shitei dairinin (designated representatives) 70, 96, 99 Taiwan 189 Shunji, Date 38–9 Tanase, Takao 14, 70, 78, 113, 144, 154 silence, right to 37 Tashiro, Hiroko 138–9, 140 social change taxation law 97–8 consumption of social policy 132–3 taxpayer lawsuits 77, 166–71, 175, 180, and Japanese law 129–33, 157 181 and litigiousness 194 Taylor,Veronica178 production of social policy 130–132 television, portrayals of law on 13–14, social panics, prison conditions 145, 196–200 149, 153, 154, 156 legal dramas as new genre in social security law, legal hybrids Japanese television 199 112–15 prior to 2000s 197–8 Society for Prison Reform 152 Teranaka, Makoto 146 soft law 115 Teubner, Gunther 112 solitary confinement 139, 141, 155 thalidomide 98 total 133 ‘third degree’, use of in Japan 37 Sorimachi, Kazuo 138 Tilton, Mark 6 South Korea 189 TMG see Tokyo Metropolitan stalking 110 Government (TMG)

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Index 219

Toin University,Yokohama School of VandeWalle, Simon 165, 180 Law 4–5 victim, death of as result of intentional Tokugawa Era (1603–1867) 134 crime 20, 28 Tokuzumi, Kenji (Attorney) 55, 57 Victim Participation System (VPS) 22, Tokyo District Court 94 33, 34 Tokyo LegalAffairs Bureau 87 violent crime 30 Tokyo Metropolitan Government Visiting Committees, Penal Institution (TMG) 79–81, 99–100 151, 152, 154 Documentation Section 100 Vize, Jeff 138 Legal Section 100 voir dire 21 Tokyo Metropolitan Ordinance No. 145 (TMG tax ordinance) 80–81 ‘warehousing’, prisons 142 tort liability 13, 77, 168, 170, 180, 187 Weber, Max 109 Tottori prefecture, lay judge trial 27 welfare transparency 78, 144, 150 administering in ageing society lack of 110 108–27 trials, criminal see criminal trials, new administrative law reform 116–18 tribunal system, Japan see Labour childcare 108, 119–21 Tribunal system ‘consumers’113–14 as growth area 110 Uchida, Takashi 118–21, 122 imperatives 110–111 unfair labour practices 45, 49 Institutional Contract Theory 108, unfair trade practices 166 118–19, 122, 124 United Kingdom, employment tribunals legal hybrids in ‘social security law’ 45 112–15 United Nations Human Rights retirement pensions 108, 121–3 Committee (UNHRC) 138 see also demographics United States West, Mark D. 3, 5, 78 antitrust damages 178 When Law Goes Pop (Sherwin) 193 criminal justice system 23, 36, 41 white-collar crime 29, 30, 32 entrepreneurial litigation 181 Wilson, Matt J. 4 and JFTC 164 witnesses, questioning by lay judges 23 litigation incentives 175 Wolff, Leon 10, 13–14 litigiousness of 187 women, and lay judge panels 24–5 private enforcement 168 workplace, soft law directed at 115 recidivism rates 142 World Congress on Crime Prevention Structural Impediments Initiative 92, and Treatment of Offenders 164, 165, 171 (United Nations, 1955) 134 and whether Japanese enforcement hasAmericanised 13, 178–80 Yamazaki, Ushio 85 Upham, Frank K. 4 Yamba Dam case 100 Usui, Chikako 148 Yomiuri Shimbun 27

Leon Wolff, Luke Nottage and Kent Anderson - 9781784717490 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:55:34AM via free access

Columns Design XML Ltd / Job: Nottage-Who_Rules_Japan / Division: Index /Pg. Position: 13 / Date: 19/3 JOBNAME: Nottage PAGE: 14 SESS: 2 OUTPUT: Tue Mar 24 11:30:48 2015

Leon Wolff, Luke Nottage and Kent Anderson - 9781784717490 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:55:34AM via free access

Columns Design XML Ltd / Job: Nottage-Who_Rules_Japan / Division: Index /Pg. Position: 14 / Date: 19/3