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Feasibility of a Multi-Generational Birth Cohort Study Michelle L Townsend et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2019) 5:32 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-019-0418-5 STUDY PROTOCOL Open Access Illawarra Born cross-generational health study: feasibility of a multi-generational birth cohort study Michelle L. Townsend1,2, Megan A. Kelly1,7, Judy A. Pickard1,2, Theresa A. Larkin1,3, Victoria M. Flood5,6, Peter Caputi1,2, Ian M. Wright1,3,4, Alison Jones1,3 and Brin F. S. Grenyer1,2* Abstract Background: There is a strong interest in the concept of developmental origins of health and disease and their influence on various factors “from cradle to grave”. Despite the increasing appreciation of this lifelong legacy across the human life course, many gaps remain in the scientific understanding of mechanisms influencing these formative phases. Cross-generational susceptibility to health problems is emerging as a focus of research in the context of birth cohort studies. The primary aim of the Illawarra Born study is to make scientific discoveries associated with improving health and wellbeing across the lifespan, with a particular focus on preventable chronic diseases, especially mental health. This birth cohort study will follow and collect data from three cohorts representing different stages across the lifespan: infants, adults (parents) and older adults (grandparents). The multi-generational, cross-sectional and longitudinal design of this birth cohort study supports a focus on the contributions of genetics, environment and lifestyle on health and wellbeing. The feasibility of conducting a multi-generational longitudinal birth cohort project was conducted through a small pilot study. Methods/design: The purpose of this paper is to report on the feasibility and acceptability of the research protocol for a collaborative cross-generation health study in the community and test recruitment and outcome measures for the main study. This feasibility study included pregnant women who were intending to give birth in the Illawarra- Shoalhaven region in Eastern Australia. The area includes a large, regional referral hospital, with capacity to treat specialist and complex cases. Pregnant women were asked to participate in five data collection waves beginning at 22 weeks gestation and ending with a 6-month post-partum appointment. Recruitment was then extended, via the pregnant women, to also include fathers and maternal grandmothers. Discussion: This feasibility study focused on the perinatal period and collected data across three multi-disciplinary domains including mental health, diet, exposures to toxins and the role of these in maternal and infant outcomes. Forty-one families participated in extensive data collection from 22 weeks gestation to 6-months post-partum. Factors impacting on viability and feasibility including recruitment solutions provide the basis for a large-scale study. Keywords: Birth cohort, Pilot study, Recruitment, Developmental origins of health and disease, Cross-generation, Mental health * Correspondence: [email protected] 1Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia 2School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Townsend et al. Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2019) 5:32 Page 2 of 11 Background study nested cross-sectional variables within a Pregnancy is an ideal time during which to recruit genetic-variant family and compare between and across women to participate in a multi-generational health and generations within the same study period and at longitu- wellbeing study. Women regularly visit their physicians dinal time points. Longitudinal cohort studies of individ- during pregnancy, which provides a number of oppor- uals provide the best tool to obtain high-quality evidence tunities to meet with and educate potential research par- for the determinants of health, by allowing the relation- ticipants. It is also a time when women may feel more ships between events, characteristics and subsequent out- motivated to contribute to research examining the influ- comes to be identified and evaluated [14]. Most cohort ence of maternal health and wellbeing on foetal develop- studies follow one group of individuals (sometimes two) ment [1]. The literature identifies this period as highly [18]; however, this project will be one of very few studies susceptible to many maternal influences [2]. Optimum that follow an extended family unit over time. nutrition, exercise and access to clean water and envi- The Illawarra-Shoalhaven area has many features that ronments during pregnancy can result in lifelong pro- may be ideal for a multi-generational study. The region tective health and wellbeing benefits to the unborn covers a large geographic area and has a mix of rural child. However, developmental insults from sub-optimal and metropolitan influences. Further, it has a relatively nutrition, obesity, stress and exposure to toxins or che- stable, cohesive population that is representative of the micals including smoking and alcohol can increase the broader New South Wales (NSW) and Australian popu- risk of poorer health and wellbeing [3, 4]. lation [19]. However, there remain a number of health The effects of multi-generational health and wellbeing issues of particular relevance for the Illawarra commu- are also increasingly acknowledged. Although there are nity [20]. The major risk factors in the Illawarra associ- fewer human research studies, there is some ated with preventable mortality are tobacco use, alcohol population-based evidence, such as during the Dutch use, physical inactivity, poor nutrition, overweight and famine in the 1940s and the 1959–1961 Chinese Famine. obesity and unhealthy environments [20]. In particular, Women who were pregnant during these famines pro- Illawarra residents are more likely than the average duced smaller babies who were more susceptible in later NSW resident (11% compared with 9.8%) to be experi- life to diabetes and schizophrenia [5–9]. Through these encing psychological distress [21]. The study offers the studies, it has been demonstrated that the effects of diet, opportunity to investigate and address many of these stress or deprivation of needs in one generation can in- prevalent health issues across the lifespan. fluence the traits and characteristics of their children Illawarra Born is a multi-disciplinary collaborative and even their grandchildren [10–12]. study involving researchers from the University of Wol- There has been a recent increase in the number of longong (UOW) and the Illawarra Shoalhaven Local cross-generational studies; however, there are only a few Health District (ISHLD). The research team consists of that were commenced as prospective longitudinal birth psychologists, doctors, obstetricians, paediatricians, epi- cohorts (e.g. The Lifeways Cross-Generation Cohort demiologists, biologists, dieticians, geneticists and social Study [13]). This multi-generational, longitudinal ap- scientists. The framework of the cross-generational birth proach allows for the exploration of inter-generational cohort study allows a diverse mix of researchers to come differences and supports a focus on the contributions of together to explore three key research themes of import- genetics, environment and lifestyle, on general health ance to the community and specific researcher interests. and wellbeing and other specific traits [14]. Pregnancy is The first research area identifies how cross-generational a time of excitement, anticipation, adjustment, stress relationship patterns influence the mental health vari- and anxiety for parents [15]. Then, when the baby is ables of relationship attachment, reflective functioning, born, the roles and relationships between different fam- mindfulness and parenting capacity. The second area ex- ily members also change and transition [16, 17]. There- plores the knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of fore, studying families across generations as a new mothers with respect to health behaviours, including fol- family member enters is an ideal time to examine health, ate and iodine in pregnancy. The final area examines the relationships and wellbeing. exposures to environmental toxins in utero and as The main prospective Illawarra Born cross-generation adults. For the main Illawarra Born study, the intention study is a multi-generational study of family health and is to recruit 1000 families. This pilot study was designed wellbeing, in particular examining mental health and pre- to test feasibility and acceptability, with the aim of ventable chronic disease. For this main study, it is pro- recruiting a small group of pregnant women and subse- posed to recruit three generations—the preborn baby, the quently her baby, partner and mother to test the re- parents and grandparents—and to collect numerous data search protocol. In addition to the previously outlined
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