Abnormal Hair Follicle Development and Altered Cell Fate of Follicular
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Anatomy and Physiology of Hair
Chapter 2 Provisional chapter Anatomy and Physiology of Hair Anatomy and Physiology of Hair Bilgen Erdoğan ğ AdditionalBilgen Erdo informationan is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/67269 Abstract Hair is one of the characteristic features of mammals and has various functions such as protection against external factors; producing sebum, apocrine sweat and pheromones; impact on social and sexual interactions; thermoregulation and being a resource for stem cells. Hair is a derivative of the epidermis and consists of two distinct parts: the follicle and the hair shaft. The follicle is the essential unit for the generation of hair. The hair shaft consists of a cortex and cuticle cells, and a medulla for some types of hairs. Hair follicle has a continuous growth and rest sequence named hair cycle. The duration of growth and rest cycles is coordinated by many endocrine, vascular and neural stimuli and depends not only on localization of the hair but also on various factors, like age and nutritional habits. Distinctive anatomy and physiology of hair follicle are presented in this chapter. Extensive knowledge on anatomical and physiological aspects of hair can contribute to understand and heal different hair disorders. Keywords: hair, follicle, anatomy, physiology, shaft 1. Introduction The hair follicle is one of the characteristic features of mammals serves as a unique miniorgan (Figure 1). In humans, hair has various functions such as protection against external factors, sebum, apocrine sweat and pheromones production and thermoregulation. The hair also plays important roles for the individual’s social and sexual interaction [1, 2]. -
Revisiting Hair Follicle Embryology, Anatomy and the Follicular Cycle
etology sm & o C T r f i o c h l o a l n o r Silva et al., J Cosmo Trichol 2019, 5:1 g u y o J Journal of Cosmetology & Trichology DOI: 10.4172/2471-9323.1000141 ISSN: 2471-9323 Review Article Open Access Revisiting Hair Follicle Embryology, Anatomy and the Follicular Cycle Laura Maria Andrade Silva1*, Ricardo Hsieh2, Silvia Vanessa Lourenço3, Bruno de Oliveira Rocha1, Ricardo Romiti4, Neusa Yuriko Sakai Valente4,5, Alessandra Anzai4 and Juliana Dumet Fernandes1 1Department of Dermatology, Magalhães Neto Outpatient Clinic, Professor Edgar Santos School Hospital Complex, The Federal University of Bahia (C-HUPES/UFBa), Salvador/BA-Brazil 2Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, The University of São Paulo (IMT/USP), São Paulo/SP-Brazil 3Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, The University of São Paulo (FO/USP), São Paulo/SP-Brazil 4Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, The University of São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo/SP-Brazil 5Department of Dermatology, Hospital of the Public Server of the State of São Paulo (IAMSPE), São Paulo/SP-Brazil *Corresponding author: Laura Maria Andrade Silva, Department of Dermatology, Magalhães Neto Outpatient Clinic, Professor Edgar Santos School Hospital Complex, The Federal University of Bahia (C-HUPES/UFBa) Salvador/BA-Brazil, Tel: +55(71)3283-8380; +55(71)99981-7759; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: January 17, 2019; Accepted date: March 07, 2019; Published date: March 12, 2019 Copyright: © 2019 Silva LMA, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. -
Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells at a Glance
Cell Science at a Glance 1179 Hair follicle dermal interactions during development and in embryonic epidermis, which is detectable at postnatal life (Blanpain and Fuchs, 2009; embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) of mouse papilla cells at a glance Müller-Röver et al., 2001; Schmidt-Ullrich and development. Soon after, a local condensation Paus, 2005; Watt and Jensen, 2009). One (dermal condensate) of fibroblasts forms Ryan R. Driskell1, Carlos Clavel2, population of mesenchymal cells in the skin, beneath the placode. Reciprocal signalling Michael Rendl2,* and Fiona M. known as dermal papilla (DP) cells, is the focus between the condensate and the placode leads Watt1,3,* of intense interest because the DP not only to proliferation of the overlying epithelium and 1Laboratory for Epidermal Stem Cell Biology, regulates hair follicle development and growth, downward extension of the new follicle into Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, but is also thought to be a reservoir of multi- the dermis (Millar, 2002; Schneider et al., University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK potent stem cells. In this article and the 2009; Ohyama et al., 2010; Yang and 2Black Family Stem Cell Institute and Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount accompanying poster we review the origins of Cotsarelis, 2010). After the initial downward Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA the DP during skin development, and discuss DP growth, the epithelial cells envelope the dermal 3CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK heterogeneity and the changes in the DP that condensate, thereby forming the mature DP. -
Skin Brief Articles
SKIN BRIEF ARTICLES Cetuximab Induced Hidrocystomas: A Case Report Nicole Nagrani, BS1, David E. Castillo, MD1, Mariya Miteva, MD1, Anna Nichols, MD, PhD1 1Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL ABSTRACT Cetuximab is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor that commonly results in follicular-based acneiform eruptions. EGFR is expressed in the epidermis, hair follicle epithelium, sweat gland apparatus, and plays an important role in the differentiation and development of the hair follicle. In this report we describe a 70-year-old man who developed an acneiform eruption on his nose, cheeks, neck, and back when cetuximab was started for metastatic colorectal carcinoma. This initial eruption improved with cessation of cetuximab but left residual cystic papules on his nose and multiple superficial white cysts on his bilateral cheeks, neck and back. Skin biopsy of a representative lesion on the nose revealed a cyst- like cavity lined with epithelium similar to sweat glands within the dermis consistent with a hidrocystoma. In this case, it is plausible that the use of an EGFR inhibitor resulted in a cutaneous inflammatory reaction, that subsequently healed with blockage of the sweat duct apparatus causing the formation of cutaneous cysts, including both hidrocystomas and milia. Alternatively, the blockage of the duct may have resulted from inhibition of basal cell migration and increased cell adhesion within the eccrine gland causing accumulation of eccrine gland secretion, and eventually hidrocystomas. To our knowledge, this is the first case describing the resolution of a typical cetuximab-induced acneiform eruption with residual hidrocystomas and milia. -
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Ingegneria delle tecnologie per la salute Fondamenti di anatomia e istologia Apparato tegumentario- strutture accessorie aa. 2017-18 Accessory Structures of the Skin = include hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. • These structures embryologically originate from epidermis and can extend down through dermis into hypodermis. Accessory Structures of the Skin hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands Hair = keratinous filament growing out of epidermis, primarily made of dead, keratinized cells Strands of hair originate in an epidermal penetration of dermis called hair follicle: hair shaft (fusto) is the part of hair not anchored to follicle, and much of this is exposed at skin’s surface; rest of hair, which is anchored in follicle, lies below surface of skin and is referred to as hair root (radice); hair root ends deep in dermis at hair bulb, and includes a layer of mitotically active basal cells called hair matrix; hair bulb surrounds hair papilla, which is made of connective tissue and contains blood capillaries and nerve endings from dermis. Characteristics and structure of hair • Hair found almost everywhere • Hair is filament of keratinized cells – differences between sexes or – shaft = above skin; root = within individuals is difference in follicle texture and color of hair – in cross section: medulla, cortex • 3 different body hair types and cuticle – lanugo -- fine, unpigmented • Follicle is oblique tube within the fetal hair skin – vellus -- fine, unpigmented – bulb is where hair originates hair of children and women -
Hair Follicle Targeting and Dermal Drug Delivery with Curcumin Drug Nanocrystals—Essential Influence of Excipients
nanomaterials Article Hair Follicle Targeting and Dermal Drug Delivery with Curcumin Drug Nanocrystals—Essential Influence of Excipients Olga Pelikh and Cornelia M. Keck * Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-(0)6-421-282-5881 Received: 22 August 2020; Accepted: 27 September 2020; Published: 23 November 2020 Abstract: Many active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) possess poor aqueous solubility and thus lead to poor bioavailability upon oral administration and topical application. Nanocrystals have a well-established, universal formulation approach to overcome poor solubility. Various nanocrystal- based products have entered the market for oral application. However, their use in dermal formulations is relatively novel. Previous studies confirmed that nanocrystals are a superior formulation principle to improve the dermal penetration of poorly soluble API. Other studies showed that nanocrystals can also be used to target the hair follicles where they create a drug depot, enabling long acting drug therapy with only one application. Very recent studies show that also the vehicle in which the nanocrystals are incorporated can have a tremendous influence on the pathway of the API and the nanocrystals. In order to elucidate the influence of the excipient in more detail, a systematic study was conducted to investigate the influence of excipients on the penetration efficacy of the formulated API and the pathway of nanocrystals upon dermal application. Results showed that already small quantities of excipients can strongly affect the passive dermal penetration of curcumin and the hair follicle targeting of curcumin nanocrystals. -
Design of in Vitro Hair Follicles for Different Applications in the Treatment of Alopecia—A Review
biomedicines Review Design of In Vitro Hair Follicles for Different Applications in the Treatment of Alopecia—A Review Matej Žnidariˇc † , Žan Michel Žurga † and Uroš Maver * Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; [email protected] (M.Ž.); [email protected] (Ž.M.Ž.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +386-2-234-5823 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: The hair research field has seen great improvement in recent decades, with in vitro hair follicle (HF) models being extensively developed. However, due to the cellular complexity and number of various molecular interactions that must be coordinated, a fully functional in vitro model of HFs remains elusive. The most common bioengineering approach to grow HFs in vitro is to manipulate their features on cellular and molecular levels, with dermal papilla cells being the main focus. In this study, we focus on providing a better understanding of HFs in general and how they behave in vitro. The first part of the review presents skin morphology with an emphasis on HFs and hair loss. The remainder of the paper evaluates cells, materials, and methods of in vitro growth of HFs. Lastly, in vitro models and assays for evaluating the effects of active compounds on alopecia and hair growth are presented, with the final emphasis on applications of in vitro HFs in hair transplantation. Since the growth of in vitro HFs is a complicated procedure, there is still a great number of unanswered questions aimed at understanding the long-term cycling of HFs without losing inductivity. -
Guidelines for Testing Drugs Under International Control in Hair, Sweat and Oral Fluid
Guidelines for Testing Drugs under International Control in Hair, Sweat and Oral Fluid MANUAL FOR USE BY NATIONAL DRUG ANALYSIS LABORATORIES Laboratory and Scientific Section UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Guidelines for Testing Drugs under International Control in Hair, Sweat and Oral Fluid MANUAL FOR USE BY NATIONAL DRUG ANALYSIS LABORATORIES UNITED NATIONS New York, 2014 Note Operating and experimental conditions are reproduced from the original reference materials, including unpublished methods, validated and used in selected national laboratories as per the list of references. A number of alternative conditions and substitution of named commercial products may provide comparable results in many cases, but any modification has to be validated before it is integrated into laboratory routines. Mention of names of firms and commercial products does not imply the endorse- ment of the United Nations. ST/NAR/30/Rev.3 Original language: English © United Nations, May 2014. All rights reserved, worldwide The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of names of firms and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. This publication has not been formally edited. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Acknowledgements UNODC’s Laboratory and Scientific Section (LSS, headed by Dr. Justice Tettey) wishes to express its appreciation and thanks to Professor Franco Tagliaro, Uni- versity of Verona, Professor Donata Favretto, University of Padova and Mr. -
The Disruption of Sox21-Mediated Hair Shaft Cuticle Differentiation Causes Cyclic Alopecia in Mice
The disruption of Sox21-mediated hair shaft cuticle differentiation causes cyclic alopecia in mice Makoto Kisoa,1, Shigekazu Tanakab,1, Rie Sabaa, Satoru Matsudac, Atsushi Shimizud, Manabu Ohyamad, Hirotaka James Okanoc, Toshihiko Shiroishib,e, Hideyuki Okanoc, and Yumiko Sagaa,e,2 Divisions of aMammalian Development and bMammalian Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan; Departments of cPhysiology and dDermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; and eDepartment of Genetics, SOKENDAI, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan Edited by Elaine Fuchs, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, and approved April 21, 2009 (received for review August 27, 2008) Hair is maintained through a cyclic process that includes periodic Results regeneration of hair follicles in a stem cell-dependent manner. The Lack of Sox21 Results in Cyclic Alopecia. As a first step to Little is known, however, about the cellular and molecular mech- elucidate in vivo function of Sox21, we have generated a Sox21 anisms that regulate the layered differentiation of the hair follicle. KO mouse (Fig. S1). The homozygous mice were born normally We have established a mutant mouse with a cyclic alopecia phe- but showed an unexpected and striking phenotype, cyclic alo- notype resulting from the targeted disruption of Sox21, a gene pecia. The mice started to lose their fur from postnatal day 11 that encodes a HMG-box protein. These mice exhibit progressive (P11), beginning at the head and progressing toward the tail hair loss after morphogenesis of the first hair follicle and become region of the back (Fig. -
Intro/Anatomy of Skin, Hair and Nails
- Stratum spinosum 1 – Intro/Anatomy of o Superficial to stratum basale, named for spiny- appearing desmosomes between cells o Keratins 1 and 10 are expressed in this layer and are skin, hair and nails mutated in epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (aka bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma) Vital Functions - Stratum basale o Located just above the basement membrane, is - Sensation, barrier, immune surveillance, UV protection, composed of 10% stem cells thermoregulation o Keratins 5 and 14 are expressed in the basal layer Fun facts and are mutated in patients with epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) - The skin is the largest human organ, 15% of a person’s body weight Major CELL TYPES of the epidermis - Skin cancer = most common cancer worldwide; affects 1 in 5 1. Keratinocytes people (KC) (“squamous cells”, “epidermal cells”) o Make up most of epidermis, produce keratin - Our skin is constantly being renewed, with the epidermis 2. Melanocytes (MC) turning over q40-56 days, results in average person shedding o Neural-crest derived 9 lbs of skin yearly o Normally present in ratio of 1 MC : 10 KC’s Skin thickness varies based on…. o Synthesize and secrete pigment granules called melanosomes - Location: epidermis is thickest on palms/soles at ~ 1.5mm o *** Different races and skin types actually have the (thickness of a penny), thinnest on eyelid/postauricular at ~ same amount of melanoCYTES but differ in the 0.05mm (paper) number, size, type, and distribution of - Age: Skin is relatively thin in children, thickens up until our melanoSOMES, with fairer skin types having more 30’s or 40’s, and then thins out thereafter. -
The Biology and Science of Hair, Skin and Nails Hair There Are
900 E. Hill Ave Suite 380 Knoxville, TN 37915 www.athomeprep.com 1-800-952-0910 The Biology and Science of Hair, Skin and Nails Hair There are approximately 5 million hair follicles on the body with 100-150 thousand located on the scalp. By 22 weeks gestation, the fetus has all of the hair follicles that it will ever have and no more are added during its lifetime. The hair follicles are more dense as a young child and become less so as our body grows. The primary functions of hair are protection against UV rays and heat loss. Hair cells are called trichocytes and are among the most rapidly dividing cells in the body - doubling every 23-72 hours. The trichocytes are located in the hair follicle, which in turn is located in the dermis of the skin. Each hair follicle has a follicular papilla which is fed by capillaries (small blood vessels). The papilla surrounds the bulb from which the hair grows. This entire complex is located in the dermis of the skin overlying the cranium (also known as the scalp). The follicle has two layers, an outer and an inner. The outer layer continues up to the sebaceous gland and the inner follows the hair shaft and ends below the opening of the sebaceous gland. Each follicle also contains an arrector pili muscle which attaches to the outer sheath just below the sebaceous gland. This causes hair to stand on end when you are frightened or scared or cold. The sebaceous gland produces sebum which acts as a natural conditioner. -
The Study of Hair 3
CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 1 2 The Study of Hair 3 4 5 6 NEUTRON ACTIVATION 7 ANALYSIS OF HAIR In 1958, the body of 16-year-old Gaetane 8 Bouchard was discovered in a gravel pit near her home in Edmundston, New Brunswick, 9 across the Canadian–U.S. border from Maine. Numerous stab wounds were found on her body. Witnesses reported seeing Bouchard 10 with her boyfriend John Vollman prior to her disappearance. Circumstantial evidence also 11 linked Vollman with Bouchard. Paint flakes from the place where the couple had been seen together were found in Vollman’s car. 12 Lipstick that matched the color of Bouchard’s lipstick was found on candy in Vollman’s glove 13 compartment. At Bouchard’s autopsy, several strands of hair were found in her hand. This hair was tested 14 using a process known as neutron activation analysis (NAA). NAA tests for the presence and 15 concentration of various elements in a sample. In this case, NAA showed that the hair in Bouchard’s hand contained a ratio of sulfur to 16 phosphorus that was much closer to Vollman’s hair than her own. At the trial, Vollman con- 17 fessed to the murder in light of the hair analysis results. This was the first time NAA hair analysis was used to convict a criminal. ©Stephen J. Krasemann/Photo Researchers, Inc. Investigators search for clues in a gravel pit similar to the one in which Gaetane Bouchard was buried. 48 31559_03_ch03_p048-075.indd 48 10/2/10 2:29:51 Objectives By the end of this chapter you will be able to 3.1 Identify the various parts of a hair.