ROBERT SCHUMAN CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES

EUDO OBSERVATORY

COUNTRY REPORT:

Alexi Gugushvili

September 2012

http://eudo-citizenship.eu European University Institute, Florence Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies EUDO Citizenship Observatory

Report on Georgia

Alexi Gugushvili

September 2012

EUDO Citizenship Observatory Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies in collaboration with Edinburgh University Law School Country Report, RSCAS/EUDO-CIT-CR 2012/3 Badia Fiesolana, San Domenico di Fiesole (FI), © 2012 Alexi Gugushvili This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the author. Requests should be addressed to [email protected] The views expressed in this publication cannot in any circumstances be regarded as the official position of the

Published in Italy European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy www.eui.eu/RSCAS/Publications/ www.eui.eu cadmus.eui.eu

Research for this EUDO Citizenship Observatory Country Report has been supported by the British Academy Research Project CITMODES, directed by the University of Edinburgh and the European University Institute. The financial support from this project is gratefully acknowledged. For information about the project please visit the project website at http://eudo-citizenship.eu Georgia

Alexi Gugushvili

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