Hellish Visions

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Hellish Visions Hellish Visions Punishment in Western European Vision Literature, ca. 800–1200 Johanna Rehn Master’s Thesis Department of Philosophy, History and Art Studies University of Helsinki Supervisors: Henrik Meinander, Björn Forsén, and Henrika Tandefelt May 2019 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Humanistiska fakulteten Avdelningen för filosofi, historia och konstforskning Tekijä – Författare – Author Siri Johanna Alice Rehn Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Hellish Visions: Punishment in Western European Vision Literature, ca. 800–1200 Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Historia (undervisning på svenska) Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Avhandling pro gradu 05/2019 99 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract I denna pro gradu-avhandling undersöks bestraffningar i visionslitteratur skriven i västra Europa mellan 800- och det tidiga 1200-talet. Fokus ligger på hur bestraffningar beskrivs i visionerna, vad bakgrunden till dessa beskrivningar är, hur bestraffningar kopplade till själslig rening, och därmed skärseldskonceptet, skiljer sig från bestraffningar kopplade till förtappelse, samt hur allt detta utvecklas under den undersökta perioden och även hur det relaterar till Jacques Le Goffs tes om att skärselden ”föds” kring 1170-talet. Målet med avhandlingen är att bidra till historieforskningen kring såväl visionslitteratur som skärseldens utveckling genom att använda en infallsvinkel, bestraffningar, som tidigare inte använts på detta sätt. Avhandlingens huvudsakliga källmaterial består av 18 visioner, varav sju är från 800-talet, tre från 900–1000- talet, sju från 1100-talet och en från början av 1200-talet. De flesta av dessa visioner är skrivna på latin och de beskriver i regel resor till den andra sidan, dvs. livet efter döden. Även om deras egentliga sanningshalt därmed kan ifrågasättas är detta något som inte påverkar deras användbarhet som källor i denna avhandling. Såframt denna avhandling kan sägas bygga på någon teori är det i själva verket just att visioner av detta slag är av värde som källmaterial för forskning, vilket historiker som Claude Carozzi, Alan E. Bernstein och Isabel Moreira tidigare visat prov på i sin forskning. I avhandlingen konstateras i enlighet med tidigare forskning att lidande och bestraffningar under medeltiden sågs som ett sätt att återställa den av synd rubbade balansen i kosmos och att bestraffningar i visionslitteraturen, samt i livet efter detta mera allmänt, dels var avsedda att fylla denna funktion, dels att avskräcka från ytterligare synd. Visionslitteraturens ofta brutalt fysiska bestraffningar indelas i elva huvudkategorier och det påvisas att bestraffningarna vanligtvis bygger på traditionen inom genren, samtida i jordelivet tillämpade bestraffningar, olika mindre trevliga aspekter av dåtidens samhälle och/eller litterära samt bibliska källor. Ytterligare påvisas att bestraffningarna i sig för det mesta inte kan kategoriseras som enbart renande eller enbart fördömande och att information om bestraffningarnas kontext, särskilt hur länge de varar, är nödvändig för att avgöra deras sanna natur. Överlag är temporära bestraffningar renande och permanenta bestraffningar fördömande, men även inom dessa kategorier finns utrymme för variation vad gäller bestraffningarnas längd. Slutligen fastställs att det under den undersökta perioden sker en utveckling både vad gäller individuella bestraffningar och bestraffningar mera allmänt. En del bestraffningar blir vanligare senare, medan andra visar prov på nya element senare under perioden. Även bestraffningar som är helt nya inom genren tillkommer. Dessutom är beskrivningarna av bestraffningar oftast såväl mer detaljerade som mer morbida i de senare visionerna. Trots detta är bestraffningarnas natur i sig lika tvetydig under hela perioden. Eftersom bestraffningarna kontextualiseras allt mer i de senare visionerna är det dock lättare att avgöra om ett visst straff är renande eller fördömande då man läser visioner från 1100- och det tidiga 1200-talet än då man läser visioner från 900-talet. Denna ökade kontextualisering kan kopplas till en ökad spatial differentiering av den andra sidan och är på så vis även kopplad till den ”födsel av skärselden” som Le Goff hävdat att sker kring 1170-talet. En av avhandlingens viktigaste slutsatser är, utöver att en ökad kontextualisering äger rum, dock att visionslitteraturens bestraffningar, denna koppling till trots, inte stöder Le Goffs tes om en ”födsel” av skärselden efter 1100-talets mitt, utan istället reflekterar den numera allmänt vedertagna synen att skärseldens utveckling bör ses som en lång process. Övriga viktiga slutsatser som dras i avhandlingen är att en ny kategori av bestraffningar, att bli tillredd som mat, börjar synas i visionslitteraturen som en följd av att västeuropéer i och med korstågen kom i kontakt med kannibalism, och att regelrätta skamstraff tycks dyka upp i visionerna först under slutet av 1100-talet. Båda dessa är ämnen som med fördel kunde utforskas vidare i framtida forskning. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords visionslitteratur, visioner, skärselden, purgatorium, rening, helvetet, förtappelse, fördömelse, synd, bestraffning, straff, döden, livet efter döden, Jacques Le Goff, medeltiden, katolicism, Västeuropa Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Campusbiblioteket i centrum Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Focus, aims, and research questions ................................................................................. 2 1.2 Previous research .......................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Sources and method ....................................................................................................... 11 2. Background .......................................................................................................................... 16 2.1 The tradition of vision literature ..................................................................................... 16 2.2 Medieval concepts of the Afterlife ................................................................................. 22 2.2.1 Heaven and the prospect of salvation ................................................................. 23 2.2.2 Hell and the fear of eternal damnation ............................................................... 26 2.2.3 Purgatory and the possibility of a second chance .............................................. 27 3. Punishment: its rationale and nature .................................................................................... 35 3.1 The rationale of punishment ........................................................................................... 35 3.2 The nature of punishment ............................................................................................... 39 3.2.1 Fire ..................................................................................................................... 39 3.2.2 Being cooked ...................................................................................................... 41 3.2.3 Cold .................................................................................................................... 44 3.2.4 Exposure to the weather ..................................................................................... 44 3.2.5 Alternating punishments .................................................................................... 45 3.2.6 Stench ................................................................................................................. 46 3.2.7 Metals ................................................................................................................. 47 3.2.8 External agents ................................................................................................... 49 3.2.9 Dismemberment ................................................................................................. 51 3.2.10 Shame ............................................................................................................... 52 3.2.11 Oblivion ............................................................................................................ 54 4. Differences in punishments of purgation and punishments of damnation ........................... 57 4.1 The ambiguity of punishment ........................................................................................ 57 4.2 The duration of punishment ........................................................................................... 67 5. Changes in punishment: developments and their relation to ‘the Birth of Purgatory’ ......... 73 5.1 Individual punishments and descriptions of punishment in general .............................. 73 5.2 The ambiguity and duration of punishment ................................................................... 79 6. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 85 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 90 1. Introduction Life after death is a concept that has intrigued humans for thousands of years, and throughout the history of Christianity
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