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Improving the Perspective for Regional Trade and Investment in West Africa: the Key to Food Security, Economic Development and Stability in the Region”

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Improving the Perspective for Regional Trade and Investment in West Africa: the Key to Food Security, Economic Development and Stability in the Region” SCOPING REPORT “Improving the perspective for regional trade and investment in West Africa: the key to food security, economic development and stability in the region” A COLLABORATION OF African Studies Centre Leiden (ASCL) Agro-Economic Research Institute – Wageningen University and Research (LEI-WUR) European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM) July 2016 COMMISSIONED BY INITIATED BY AUTHORS Paul Lange, Ton Dietz (ASCL) and Marie-Luise Rau (LEI-WUR) IN COOPERATION WITH Jeske van Seters, Carmen Torres and Paul Engel (ECDPM) Wil Hennen and Ruerd Ruben (LEI-WUR) Edith de Roos and Ursula Oberst (ASCL) 2 "Despite persistent barriers, intra-regional trade flows have increased. Long-distance trade flows, e.g. between Sahelian and coastal countries, have a long tradition and are often engrained in social and ethnic networks. Livestock, cereals and cowpeas are exported from the Sahel to the coast; some cereals also flow from coastal states northward; and tubers, fruits and vegetables of the Guinea savannah zone are brought into the cities in coastal areas and Sahelian countries. These trade flows have increased substantially over the last decades, driven by urbanization and migration. The real size of this trade is unknown, however, since official trade data only capture part of the actual trade flows. Major constraints to further expansion include poor road infrastructure, rules that restrict competition in the trucking industry, administrative barriers, difficulties and risks of transferring funds across countries with different monetary systems, growing insecurity and rent-seeking by police and border officials" source: Hollinger Frank & John M. Staatz: Agricultural Growth in West Africa. Market and Policy Drivers. FAO, AfDB and ECOWAS: Rome, 2015, p.13 3 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................8 SECTION 1: INVENTORY OF REGIONAL KNOWLEDGE INSTITUTES .......................................... 10 SECTION 2: INVENTORY OF LITERATURE ON REGIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT RELATIONS IN WEST AFRICA ...................................................................................................................... 23 Intermezzo 1: The demographic and geographical context in West Africa in 2050 ............ 36 Intermezzo 2: FAO’s Food balance sheets as an indicator of shifts in food composition and origin: some notes about Burkina Faso ................................................................................ 40 SECTION 3: INVENTORY OF STATISTICS ON REGIONAL TRADE IN WEST AFRICA .................... 43 SECTION 4: INVENTORY OF DUTCH BILATERAL POLICIES IN WEST AFRICA ............................ 72 SECTION 5: INVENTORY OF EXISTING (POLICY) INITIATIVES ................................................... 87 Initiatives by regional institutions in West Africa ................................................................ 87 Initiatives by other development partners ........................................................................ 103 Donor coordination efforts and multi-donor initiatives .................................................... 119 SECTION 6: INVENTORY OF TRADE-RELATED POLICY OPTIONS IN REGIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT IN WEST AFRICA .............................................................................................. 126 CONCLUSIONS & (POLICY) RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................. 144 4 List of Boxes Box 1.1: African Development Bank (AfDB) (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire) ....................................... 11 Box.1.2: African Heritage Institution (Enugu, Nigeria) ............................................................. 16 Box 1.3: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia/Niamey, Niger) ........................................................................................................... 16 Box 1.4: Consortium pour la Recherche Économique et Sociale (CRES) (Dakar, Senegal) ...... 17 Box 1.5: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA)(Dakar, Senegal) .................................................................................................................................... 18 Box 1.6: ENDA/ Centre Africaine pour le Commerce l’Intégration et le Développement (CACID) (Dakar, Senegal) .......................................................................................................... 19 Box 1.7: Le Hub Rural (Dakar, Senegal) .................................................................................... 20 Box 1.8: Initiative Prospective Agricole et Rurale (IPAR) (Dakar, Senegal) .............................. 21 Box 4.1: Programme d’appui au commerce intra-régional et de renforcement de la gouvernance commerciale participative en Afrique de l’Ouest .............................................. 77 Box 4.2: Approche Communal pour le Marché Agricole au Benin (ACMA) ............................. 79 Box 4.3: West African Port Development Partnership ............................................................. 80 Box 4.4: Programme Conjoint d’Appui (PCA) – Gestion Intégrée des Resources en Eau (GIRE) .................................................................................................................................................. 82 Box 4.5: Netherlands African Business Council (NABC) in West Africa ................................... 84 Box 5.1: West Africa Quality Programme (WAQP) ................................................................. 109 Box 5.2: Promoting West Africa Trade Integration Programme (WATIP) .............................. 110 Box: 5.3: West Africa Food Markets (WAFM) ....................................................................... 111 Box 5.4: Support to West Africa Regional Integration Program (SWARIP) ............................ 112 Box 5.5: West Africa Trade and Investment Hub (WATIH) .................................................... 113 Box 5.6: Programme to support food and nutritional security in West Africa ...................... 117 Box 5.7: ECOWAP Technical and Financial Partners Coordination Group ............................. 119 Box 5.8: Global Alliance for Resilience (AGIR) in the Sahel and West Africa ......................... 120 Box 5.9: Accelerating Trade in West Africa (ATWA)............................................................... 120 Box 5.10: Regional programme on fruit flies control in West Africa (PLMF) ......................... 121 Box 5.11: Food Across Borders Programme (ProFab) ............................................................ 121 List of Figures Figure 2.1: Levels of regional economic integration ................................................................ 27 Figure 3.1: Exports of West African countries to ECOWAS and the ROW (million USD) ......... 45 Figure 3.2: Imports from ROW in West African countries, million USD, 1995-2014 ............... 45 Figure 3.3: Net trade positions of the respective countries with regard to trade in ECOWAS (all products) (million USD), 1995-2014 ................................................................................... 46 Figure 3.4: Overview of intra-regional trade in the regions with monetary unions: WAMZ, UEMOA ..................................................................................................................................... 47 Figure 3.5: Net trade positions of the respective countries with regard to ECOWAS, detailed agri-food products, average 2010-2014, million USD .............................................................. 49 Figure 3-A3.1: Export shares of individual West African countries in total trade (million USD) .................................................................................................................................................. 55 Figure 3-A3.2: Import shares of individual West African countries in total imports (million USD) .......................................................................................................................................... 55 Figure 3-A4.1a: Share of exports of agri-food products to ECOWAS in exports to all destinations, 1995-2014 – Burkina Faso ................................................................................. 58 Figure 3-A4.1b: Share of imports of agri-food products from ECOWAS in imports from all countries, 1995-2014 – Burkina Faso ....................................................................................... 58 5 Figure 3-A4.2a: Share of exports of agri-food products to ECOWAS in exports to all destinations, 1995-2014 – Code d’Ivoire ................................................................................. 59 Figure 3-A4.2b: Share of imports of agri-food products from ECOWAS in imports from all countries 1995-2014 – Code d’Ivoire ....................................................................................... 59 Figure 3-A4.3a: Share of exports of agri-food products to ECOWAS in exports to all destinations, 1995-2014 – Ghana ............................................................................................ 60 Figure 3-A4.3b: Share of imports of agri-food products from ECOWAS in imports from all countries, 1995-2014– Ghana .................................................................................................. 60 Figure 3-A4.4a: Share of exports of agri-food products to ECOWAS in exports to all destinations, 1995-2014 – Mali ...............................................................................................
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