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Generational Cycles of Intimate Partner Violence in the US

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Generational Cycles of Intimate Partner Violence in the US October 2013 Fischbach, R. L., & Herbert, B. (1997). Domestic violence and mental Menard, S. (2012). Age, criminal victimization, and offending: Changing health: Correlates and conundrums within and across cultures. So- relationships from adolescence to middle adulthood. Victims and cial Science and Medicine, 45(8), 1161–1176. Offenders, 7, 227–214. Crime Victims’ Institute Giordano, P. C. (2010). Legacies of crime: A follow-up of the children of Menard, S., Morris, R. G., Gerber, J., & Covey, H. C. (2011). Distribution and highly delinquent girls and boys. Cambridge University Press. correlates of self-reported crimes of trust. Deviant Behavior, 32, 877 College of Criminal Justice ● Sam Houston State University –917. Hines, D. A., & Saudino, K. J. (2004). Genetic and environmental influences on intimate partner aggression: A preliminary study. Violence and Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Victims,19 (6), 701-718. Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales. Journal of Marriage and Family, 41 (1), 71-88. Ireland, T. O., & Smith, C. A. (2009). Living in partner-violent families: Developmental links to antisocial behavior and relationship vio- Thornberry, T. P., Knight, K. E., & Lovegrove, P. J. (2012). Does maltreat- lence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 323-339. ment beget maltreatment? A systematic review of the intergenera- Generational Cycles of Intimate Partner tional literature. Trauma, Violence, Abuse, 13(3), 131–112. McNeal, C., & Amato, P. R. (1998). Parents’ marital violence: Long-term consequences for children. Journal of Family Issues, 19(6), 167-139. Violence in the US: A Research Brief Resources on Intimate Partner Violence Kelly E. Knight, Ph.D. Scott Menard, Ph.D. Sara Simmons, M.A. Center for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/ Leana A. Bouffard, Ph.D. Rebecca Orsi, Ph.D. National Coalition Against Domestic Violence http://www.ncadv.org/ Do individuals involved in intimate partner violence (IPV) This study measures IPV using the conflict tactics scale Texas Council on Family Violence http://www.tcfv.org/ have children who grow up to become involved in IPV (Straus, 1979). Second generation respondents were asked themselves? about their experiences with IPV during their 6th inter- view in 1984 through their 11th interview in 2003. The According to the Centers for Disease Control and Preven- third generation offspring were also asked similar ques- tion, IPV refers to psychological, physical, or sexual harm tions about their involvement in IPV during their first in- Crime Victims’ Institute Advisory Board committed by either a current or former partner or spouse terview in 2003 and their last interview in 2004. For each (CDC, 2010). IPV may include “intense criticisms and put- generation, this report examines responses to 22 questions downs, verbal harassment, sexual coercion and assault, related to victimization and perpetration. Questions asked, Representative Stefani Carter, Austin Ann Matthews, Jourdanton Jane Shafer, San Antonio State House of Representatives Domestic Violence San Antonio PD Victim Liaison physical attacks and intimidation, restraint of normal ac- for example, how many times respondents had: thrown tivities and freedoms, and denial of access to re- something, pushed or grabbed, slapped, hit with fist, hit Victoria Camp, Austin Henry Porretto, Galveston Debbie Unruh, Amarillo sources” (Browne, 1993, p. 1077). Involvement in IPV can Deputy Director, TAASA Chief, Galveston Police Department Captain, Randall County Sheriff’s Office with an object, choked, beat, threatened with a weapon, have lifelong (Campbell, 2002; Fischbach & Herbert, 1997) used a weapon, or attempted to kill a partner or spouse. Dr. Ben M. Crouch, College Station Geoffrey Puryear, Georgetown Ms. Mary Anne Wiley, Austin and intergenerational consequences (Ehrensaft et al., Texas A&M University (Retired) District Attorney Office of the Governor 2003; Ireland & Smith, 2009; McNeal & Amato, 1998). For the current study, an analytic sample was created to Senator Robert Duncan Richard L. Reynolds, Austin Mark Wilson, Fort Worth study intergenerational continuity of intimate partner vio- Psychotherapist Texas State Senate Police Officer, Fort Worth Police Department This research brief provides a summary of results from a lence, specifically. First, we started with 1,721 second gen- Ana Estevez, Amarillo Stephanie Anne Schulte, El Paso recent study designed to examine the relationship between eration respondents. Second, we eliminated respondents District Judge ICU Nurse parent’s involvement in IPV and their children’s later expe- who were never involved in a romantic relationship during Rodman Goode, Dallas riences with IPV. The full study is currently being prepared an interview period and, therefore, were not asked any Deputy Marshall, Dallas Marshall’s Office for potential publication in a scientific journal and is enti- questions about their IPV experiences. Third, of the 1,401 tled “Intergenerational Continuity of Intimate Partner Vio- individuals retained, we selected the 681 parents who also Texas State University System Board of Regents lence: Findings from the National Youth Survey Family had children enrolled in the study. Fourth, we eliminated Study.” families with offspring who were not yet adults. Fifth, of the 333 parents and 107 adult offspring remaining, we Donna Williams, Chairman Kevin J. Lilly William F. Scott Arlington Houston Nederland Sample eliminated families with offspring who were never in- This research is drawn from the National Youth Survey volved in a romantic relationship during an interview peri- Ron Mitchell, Vice Chairman David Montagne Matthew Russell od and, therefore, were also never asked about their own Horseshoe Bay Beaumont Student Regent, San Marcos Family Study (NYSFS), which is a nationally-representative sample of US respondents originally consisting of 1,683 IPV experiences. This strategy yielded a total sample size of Charlie Amato Vernon Reaser III Brian McCall 313 respondents (111 second generation parents and 202 San Antonio Bellaire Chancellor families assessed across three generations covering a 27- year period from 1976 to 2004. Overall, eligibility, partici- third generation offspring). For the parent generation, 40% Dr. Jaime R. Garza Rossanna Salazar are male, 30% are nonwhite, and their ages ranged from 37 San Antonio Austin pation, and retention rates are quite reasonable compared to other longitudinal studies—generally ranging from 70% -44 at their last interview (Wave 11). For the offspring gen- to 90% depending on the respondent and wave of data eration, 37% are male, 21% are nonwhite, and their ages collection (Menard, 2012; Menard et al., 2011). Results ranged from 18-31 at their last interview (Wave 12). presented here focus on the second generation parents We’re on the web www.crimevictimsinstitute.org and their offspring. Report No. 2013-01 Generational Cycles of Intimate Partner Violence 2 0 1 3 Generational Cycles of Intimate Partner Violence 2 0 1 3 Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Types of Intimate Partner Violence To begin, the current study examined each generation’s In addition to examining the prevalence of IPV, this study involvement in IPV, separately. Parent and offspring re- investigated the number of different types of IPV occur- spondents were asked about their experiences with violent ring within an interview period, which can help document and minor perpetration of IPV. Across all interviews, the magnitude or severity of IPV. When considering the 10 67.6% of parent respondents reported perpetrating violent different types of IPV perpetration measured for the par- IPV at least once. In addition, 33.7% of their adult children ent generation, 7.3% did not perpetrate any IPV while also reported perpetrating violent IPV. In total, the preva- 21.8% perpetrated 1 type, 11.3% perpetrated 2 types, lence of IPV perpetration appears to have decreased 33.9% 14.6% perpetrated 3 types, and 41.1% perpetrated 4 or from one generation to the next. Across all interviews, more types of IPV. For the offspring, 17.3% did not perpe- 92.1% of parents reported perpetrating minor IPV at least trate any IPV while 41.1% perpetrated 1 type, 14.4% per- once. Showing more stability across generations, 81.7% of petrated 2 types, 1.9% perpetrated 3 types, and 17.3% offspring respondents also reporting perpetrating minor perpetrated 4 or more types of IPV. Across both genera- IPV. tions, more than 20% of respondents reported perpetrat- ing 3 or more types of IPV. Figure 6: Intergenerational Continuity of IPV Victimization Figure 4: Number of Different Types of IPV Victimization volved in IPV but who have adult offspring involved in IPV, Conclusion (3) parents who were involved in IPV but whose adult off- Studies of intergenerational relationships are difficult to spring were never involved in IPV, and (4) parents who conduct and most do not meet the methodological criteria were involved in IPV who also have offspring involved in needed to draw valid conclusions (for a review, see Thorn- IPV. berry, Knight, & Lovegrove, 2011). This research brief sum- For the purposes of this research brief, group (3) and marizes findings from a methodically-rigorous study on group (4) are of primary importance. Group (3) represents intergenerational continuity of IPV by analyzing prospec- those families who experienced discontinuity from one tive, longitudinal, and multigenerational data collected
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