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Getting Inside the Story: How Framing, Empathy in News Coverage Affect Historical Relevance

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Getting Inside the Story: How Framing, Empathy in News Coverage Affect Historical Relevance Getting Inside the Story: How Framing, Empathy in News Coverage Affect Historical Relevance by Glenys Young, B.A. A Thesis In Interdisciplinary Studies Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved Roman Taraban, Ph.D. Chair of the Committee Randy Reddick, Ph.D. Gretchen Adams, Ph.D. Mark Sheridan Dean of the Graduate School May, 2021 Copyright 2021, Glenys Young Texas Tech University, Glenys Young, May 2021 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the members of my committee, Dr. Roman Taraban, Dr. Gretchen Adams, and Dr. Randy Reddick, for helping me to work through the various issues encountered in the completion of this master’s thesis. They have provided support and encouragement, introduced me to useful tools I was not aware of, been honest with me when I tried to bite off too much and when what I tried to do just didn’t work. Above all, they challenged me to keep going. I would especially like to thank Amanda Castro-Crist and Debbie Bolls for their assistance in the confirmation of the categories I created and used in this paper. Amanda acted as an independent rater for my initial descriptions of the categories, helping me to better communicate the specifications for each subcategory. Then Debbie acted as an independent rater to test those amended descriptions. I would also like to thank my family, particularly my parents for their support and encouragement throughout this process, and my husband, Adam, who took the brunt of everything during the many hundreds of hours this research required. Without the time and efforts of these individuals, this thesis would not have been possible. ii Texas Tech University, Glenys Young, May 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................... viii CHAPTER I: GETTING INSIDE THE STORY: HOW FRAMING, EMPATHY IN NEWS COVERAGE AFFECT HISTORICAL RELEVANCE ........................................................................................................ 1 The Power of Narratives ................................................................................... 1 Why Be Transported? ................................................................................. 2 What Affects Transportation? ..................................................................... 4 Transportation and Transformation............................................................. 5 Empathy ...................................................................................................... 7 Emotion and Memory ............................................................................... 11 How Transportation Affects Memory ....................................................... 13 Media’s Role in Communicating Narratives .................................................. 15 How Narratives Shape Collective Memory .............................................. 17 Framing ..................................................................................................... 20 History and Memory ....................................................................................... 23 Johnstown Flood ....................................................................................... 23 San Francisco Earthquake ......................................................................... 25 Titanic ....................................................................................................... 26 Historical comparisons .............................................................................. 29 CHAPTER II: ANALYSIS ................................................................................ 32 Materials .......................................................................................................... 32 Procedures ....................................................................................................... 34 Frame analysis ........................................................................................... 34 Text analysis.............................................................................................. 35 CHAPTER III: RESULTS ................................................................................. 45 Hypotheses 1 and 2 ......................................................................................... 47 Hypothesis 3 .................................................................................................... 52 Emotion Words ......................................................................................... 53 Personal Pronouns ..................................................................................... 55 Social Processes ........................................................................................ 59 iii Texas Tech University, Glenys Young, May 2021 Tense ......................................................................................................... 62 Results ....................................................................................................... 64 Hypothesis 4 .................................................................................................... 65 Emotion Words ......................................................................................... 65 Personal Pronouns ..................................................................................... 68 Social Processes ........................................................................................ 74 Tense ......................................................................................................... 77 Results ....................................................................................................... 78 Hypothesis 5 .................................................................................................... 79 Hypothesis 6 .................................................................................................... 81 Hypothesis 7 .................................................................................................... 83 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 86 Limitations and Future Directions .................................................................. 89 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 92 APPENDIX A .................................................................................................... 103 APPENDIX B .................................................................................................... 300 iv Texas Tech University, Glenys Young, May 2021 ABSTRACT Narratives have a special power to facilitate information recall by transporting a reader into the story and creating an empathic connection to the characters there. Whether that connection is emotional or mental, the reader may be forever changed by what they experience inside the story. When such a story is shared with a large audience, it can create change on a larger scale, affecting even how an entire society remembers that narrative. This study examined media portrayals of the Johnstown flood of 1889 within the week after the event and within the week of its first, 25th, 50th, and 100th anniversaries to see how the story was told and what effect that storytelling had on the event’s historical persistence. I determined that there was a transition in the storylines emphasized in coverage, that empathic language and narrativity declined over time despite an increase in descriptive writing, and that later coverage differed substantially from coverage within the first 25 years. Keywords: Affective empathy, cognitive empathy, collective memory, collective remembering, framing, narratives, frame analysis, text analysis, LIWC, LSM, CDI, Johnstown flood, San Francisco earthquake, Titanic v Texas Tech University, Glenys Young, May 2021 LIST OF TABLES 1 Frames Within Johnstown Flood Coverage .............................................. 41 2 Documents Used for LIWC Analyses ....................................................... 46 3 Articles Per Subcategory Over Time, 1889-1989 ..................................... 48 4 Article Percentage Per Subcategory Over Time, 1889-1989 .................... 49 5 Category Transitions, 1889-1989 .............................................................. 50 6 Category Transitions, 1889-1989 .............................................................. 52 7 Positive v. Negative Emotion, 1889-1989 ................................................ 53 8 Total Emotionality, 1889-1989 ................................................................. 53 9 Personal Pronouns as a Percentage of Text, 1889-1989 ........................... 56 10 Personal Pronouns as a Percentage of Pronouns, 1889-1989 ................... 56 11 Personal Pronouns as a Percentage of Pronouns, 1889-1989 ................... 56 12 Social Process Subsets as a Percentage of Text, 1889-1989 ..................... 60 13 Social Process Subsets as a Percentage of All Social Terms, 1889-1989 . 60 14 Percentage of Past,
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