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Calligraphy As an Art in Islamic Architecture

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Calligraphy As an Art in Islamic Architecture 1 9th International Youth Science Forum «Litteris et Artibus» Calligraphy as an art in islamic architecture and its significance today Fabeha Fatima (Author 1)1, Richa Rashmi Chauhan (Author 2)2, Apratim Guha Thakurata (Author 3)3 1. Landscape Architect, Design Accord Consultants, INDIA, New Delhi, , E-mail: [email protected] 2. Urban River Management Consultant, INDIA, New Delhi, Ministry of Water Resources, E-mail: [email protected] 3. Architect, Design Accord Consultants, INDIA, New Delhi, , E-mail: [email protected] Abstract – Art moves human beings and satisfies their emotional dimensions. Artistic emotional response inspires a man to shed light on the wisdom of human existence as well as facial appearance of the universe. Every religion, after spreading spread with them their culture, values, principles etc. in the form of art and architecture. In the Islamic world, calligraphy has been used to a much greater extent and in astonishingly varied and imaginative ways, which have taken it far beyond pen and paper into all art forms and materials. The aim of this paper is to understand the use of Arabic calligraphy in Islamic buildings in past taking examples of monuments in New Delhi, India and comparing them with the modern buildings. This will help in forming strategies and techniques to implement the calligraphic art in architecture today. Кеуwords – Calligraphy, Islamic Art and Architecture, Quranic verses, Modern buildings. Introduction (use style: Heading) Art has always helped human beings to cherish uncertainty, intuition & creativity and to search constantly for new ideas. Art helps human beings to identify with one another and expand the notion of being global from local. Artistic emotional response inspires a man to shed life on the depth of human existence and facial emergence of universe. Thinkers and artists of all times agree with the fact that, “art, a creative course of action is the expression of frame of mind, feeling and spirit.” The space-time aspect plays a crucial character in the expansion of art. A man’s inner potentialities are realised through art. There is an exceptional place & crucial character to engage in recreation in every religion. Religion and art are correlated to each other. Religion has always been a source of stimulation for people since ages. Religion has been a turning point in man’s civilizational demonstration since the beginning. Various art forms such as painting, calligraphy, sculpture-making, music, poetry & architecture are motivated by intense religious consciousness. Religion and art have engraved special effects on human civilisation in prehistoric, medieval and modern epoch. (Schimmel) 1. Islam The religion of Islam spread with electrifying speed from the oasis cities of Medina and Makkah Islam continues to grow not only in Africa but in Europe and America. The global Islamic civilization activated the mind and thought of people. Hence, Islam created ways for people to become torch bearers of science and learning. Islamic civilization spread its extents and with it spread Islamic power, culture, values and principles. The field of Islamic architecture is one of the great examples of rich inheritance of Islamic values in design, planning, art and architecture. Islamic architecture demonstrates the personification of Islamic values through the INTERNATIONAL YOUTH SCIENCE FORUM «LITTERIS ET ARTIBUS», NOVEMBER 21-23TH, 2019, LVIV, UKRAINE 2 local and regional genius which was achieved by exploration of various styles and forms of Islamic values. (Calligraphy in Islamic art) 1.1 Islamic Art wih focus on Islamic Calligraphy Islam is one of the greatest religions of the world. Its approach to life is distinct and different from other religions such as Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, etc. Islamic art is seen in varied forms such as calligraphy, architecture, painting, poetry, decorative art & miniature art. Although Islamic art was an outcome of many centuries, it emerged at the same time with the rise of Islam. There is a connection of Islamic art with Islamic spirituality & hence it is thought of as a heavenly reality on earth. The development of sophisticated calligraphy as an art form is not unique to Islamic culture alone. This is seen in Chinese & Japanese language, Bible inscriptions in North West Europe, etc. But it is used to a much greater extent in the Islamic world and in astonishingly varied and imaginative ways. This has taken the written word far beyond pen & paper into many art forms and materials. This can be used as one of the reasons to say that calligraphy is an original feature of Islamic Art. The field of Islamic calligraphy is almost inexhaustible. The Arabic language is held in great esteem because Quran was revealed and written in this language. The word Islamic is used with calligraphy to symbolise the spiritual foundation that is behind Arabic script. For Muslims, the function of calligraphy is to support and strengthen the spiritual edifice of faith. (George, 2010) Calligraphy comes from Greek words Kallos (beautiful) and Graphes (writing) and it refers to the harmonious and adequate proportion of both letters in words and words on page. This art form looks effortless because of the flow and proportion but each letter is the result of measurements and multiple marks. The very first script of Islamic calligraphy was Kufic script. Other scripts include floriated Kufic, plaited Kufic, Naskh, Thuluth, Muhaqqaq, Rayhani, Tawqi, Nastaliq, Maghribi, etc which are shown in Figure 1. 1. Kufic – The name comes from the Iraqi town of Kufa. It is characterised by angular shapes, broad vertical strokes and extended horizontals written on horizontal baseline. The stiff character of this script did not permit it for ordinary use and was reserved for writing in Holy Quran, inscriptions on stones and coins. Very few people could read it and only professional calligraphers could transcribe it. A few examples of this script are seen in 12th century monuments in India like Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque and Tomb of Iltutmish. 2. Naskh – It is a round script. It is characterised by descending letters, heavy and light strokes with equal division between flat and round shapes, letters are fluid, small and neat. The letters are slightly bent towards left and this script is clear, highly legible and easy to write. An example of this script can be seen in Alai Darwaza, India. 3. Taliq (hanging together) – This script was mainly used for official correspondence in royal court for writing books and letters. It is characterised by wide spaces between lines, descending strokes which appear as loops and rounded letters. The lines ascend as they move right to left. 4. Nashtaliq – It was originally devised to write non-Quranic works and literary works in Persia, India and Pakistan. It is characterised by short vertical strokes, horizontal strokes, varying thickness of letter shapes and deep hook like letters. It can be seen in Hakim Mosque, Isfahan. INTERNATIONAL YOUTH SCIENCE FORUM «LITTERIS ET ARTIBUS», NOVEMBER 21-23TH, 2019, LVIV, UKRAINE 3 5. Thuluth – It means one-third and it was sued for writing different kinds of texts, particularly tiles and inscriptions. It is characterised by vertical strokes with left slant and interlaced letters. It can be seen in Taj Mahal, India. 6. Riq’aa – This script is often written on small pieces of paper to petition royalty. It was used for writing letters, epics, stories, etc. 7. Divani – It was used to write official documents. It is characterised by wide spaces between lines. The empty spaces in the script are filled with dots. (Baig, 2016) Fig.1. The Kufic script (top left), The Naskh script (top centre), The Riq`aa script (top right), The Nashtaliq script (left middle), The Taliq script (bottom left), The Thulut script (bottom centre) and The Divani script (bottom right). Calligraphy as an art was seen in design of carpets, wall hangings, paintings, pots & vases, decorative plates, walls, entrances & gateways, paper, Quran, Islamic books, etc as seen in Figure 2 and Figure 3. Calligraphic designs were created out of many different materials. Ink on parchment or paper, ceramics, wood, stained glass, textiles, enamelled lass, metal, plaster, mosaic tiles etc. were used by Calligraphy artists. Calligraphy as a decorative art developed due to several factors. Fig.2. Islamic calligraphy on vases (left), Plates (centre) and coins (right). INTERNATIONAL YOUTH SCIENCE FORUM «LITTERIS ET ARTIBUS», NOVEMBER 21-23TH, 2019, LVIV, UKRAINE 4 Fig.3. Islamic calligraphy on niches (left and centre) & armour helmet (right). The following verses from Quran indicate special significance to the use of pen (a symbol of knowledge), “Read! Your Lord is the Most Bounteous, who has taught the use of pen, taught man what he knew not” (Quran 96: 3-5). The above verse indicates that calligraphy was not used merely for decorative purposes but also to worship and remember Allah. Arabic calligraphy mainly uses Quranic verses which are used/said in the act of worship, or contain supplications, or describe the character of Allah & His Prophet. 2. History of Calligraphy in Islamic architecture The Arabic language was the language in which the Quran was revealed, and it hence holds a very important status in the lives of Muslims. During Muhammad’s time, Arabic script was a practical and simple means of writing. As Islam spread from Arabia to non-Arabic speaking lands, the Arabic script was revised. Diacritical marks and dots were added to distinguish alphabets. The Dome of Rock is one of the oldest examples which include the early calligraphy masterpieces as shown in Figure 4. Fig. 4. Quranic inscriptions in Dome of Rock, Jerusalem The tradition of using calligraphy in art and architecture spread across the continents and finally reached India. Calligraphy has been a very respectable art form and India has a glorious heritage of calligraphy use.
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