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CTFS-ForestGEO ARTHROPOD INITIATIVE 2008-2015: Monitoring barcodes? Long-term monitoring of tropical arthropods Yves Basset, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, [email protected] Currently: 61 sites in 24 countries 6 million of trees monitored, representing 10,000 species 10 science initiatives: Arthropod monitoring: 9 sites CTFS-ForestGEO ARTHROPOD INITIATIVE Aims: to monitor key insect assemblages over the long-term at CTFS sites and to study insect-plant interactions across the CTFS network At each CTFS site, 3 phases: - baseline survey to identify common species - monitoring (modeled on baseline survey) - interaction studies (different set of protocols) Focus on a priority set of assemblages chosen for their • ecological relevance • taxonomic tractability • ease of sampling Monitoring Interactions only Priority assemblages Litter ants: key organisms in tropical forests and often key predators [Formicidae] Selected moths and butterflies: caterpillars leaf-chewers, adults often pollinators [Rhopalocera, Geometridae, Arctiinae & Pyraloidea] Bees: important pollinators of many tropical trees [Apidae Euglossini] Termites: important decomposers in tropical forests [Isoptera] Tephritid fruit-flies: seed (fruit) predators [Tephritidae] Seed predators: important influence on fruit/seed survival (whole guild) [Varia] Full suite of 15 taxa studied at BCI, Panama Methods: baseline survey & monitoring Litter ants: extraction from litter with Winkler Bees: attraction to chemical baits, (only Neotropical sites) Tephritid fruit-flies: baited McPhail traps (not in the Neotropics) Moths and other taxa: light traps Termites: light traps & hand search in quadrats Butterflies: walking transects INTERACTION STUDIES • KHC (2010): Effects of litter composition on ants • BCI (2010), KHC (2013), WAN (2013): Insect seed predation: quantitative food webs TAXONOMY • Local reference collections often managed by “parataxonomists” • DNA barcoding • Collaborating experts (in-country or abroad) But taxonomic impediment high in the tropics! Example: BARRO COLORADO ISLAND PANAMA (BCI) Progress in DNA barcoding since 2009 STATUS 2008: baseline survey 2009-2015: on-going monitoring (7th year) Collections: 36,388 pinned specimens; 1,864 spp. 68% of spp. with Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) Four full-time research assistants, based at STRI MAIN USE OF DNA BARCODING • Used to refine delineation of insect morphospecies and identifications of common, abundant species, likely to be tractable in the long-term • Currently > 10,000 sequences: Panama (7,414), Thailand (1,053), Papua New Guinea (1,567) • Some of these areas have extensive barcode librairies (PNG 25,000 barcodes for Lepidoptera), others not (Thailand): approach for barcoding needs to be different for each site INTEREST OF DNA BARCODING • Refinement of reference collections BCI: Arctiinae, Geometridae, etc: best collections in Panama • Baseline and ecological surveys (Guanacaste: Janzen et al.) Of interest when monitoring protocols are similar to the most efficient collecting methods for focal taxa. For example: Saturniidae collected at light on BCI: 40 (a) 30 20 10 Mean cumulative no. of species of no. cumulative Mean 0 0 200 400 600 800 Individuals Species accumulation curve OK Documentation of local fauna Representative tree INTEREST OF DNA BARCODING DNA barcoding allows: • Matching sexes in case of sexual dimorphism • Identification of caterpillars, pupae and reared parasitoids • Matching casts of social insects (sometimes across different protocols) Cornitotermes walkeri BOLD:AAP9751 Alate, Soldier, light trap termite transect INTEREST OF DNA BARCODING DNA barcoding allows monitoring functional groups important to the forest ecosystem but not well known taxonomically Flatidae (sap-sucking bugs): 10% of BOLD sequences from BCI 300 FLATIDAE, BCI 250 raw data 200 2009 2015 150 100 No. of individuals No. of 50 0 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 11 14 15 16 17 20 21 22 23 26 27 28 29 32 33 34 35 38 39 40 41 Light trap survey RESULTS: SELECTED EXAMPLES • Yearly results: annual indices (butterflies & ants) • Population dynamics (saturniid moths and butterflies) • Yearly changes in assemblages (several taxa) Immediate significance vs. Interpretation of long chronosequences Annual indices, BCI, Year 2011 50 All butterflies: 197 ± 9.8, 5.0% 7.1 precision, % 45 40 60,000 insects collected: 35 10.7 17,000 focal individuals (910 spp.) 30 25 19.2 14.3 20 For 56 spp. we can estimate annual indices 15 with good precision 17.2 10 17.9 15.7 5 56 spp. = 6% of total spp. but 0 Pierella luna Itaballia Detritivora Itaballia Cithaerias Mesosemia Phanus Mean Mean ind. and per site s.e. censued (annual index) 55% of total abundance of focal taxa pandosia hermodora demophile pireta hesperina marshalli 0.9 All ants: 1.00 Annual indices: 0.8 Non-social insects: mean per site (n=10) 0.7 Precision = s.e./mean 0.6 0.5 (< 20% very good, economic entomology) 0.4 0.3 Social insects: occurrence in samples, Occurence and 95% c.l. Occurence 0.2 transects or quadrats 0.1 Precision = 95% c.l. on occurrence data, 0 assuming a binomial distribution 3 1 rugiceps Pheidole ruidum Pheidole Pyramica gundlachi multispina minutus Ectatomma Hypoponera Wasmannia distinguenda auropunctata Cyphomyrmex Solenopsis sp. Solenopsis sp. Pyramica zeteki Annual indices Immediate significance: • Common spp. can be monitored with relative precision, even in tropical rainforests • Few long-term monitoring programs in the tropics (butterflies: 10-11 years: Leidner et al. 2010, Grøtan et al. 2012) • Indices for social insects need to be reported differently than for non-social insects (refinements needed for social insects; geometric mean for non-social insects) • BCI: all common spp. (with annual indices) have BINs Population dynamics, BCI, 2009-2014, saturniid moths Rhescyntis 2011 Hylesia sp. 2YB 2014 20 2 20 4.5 All Saturniidae 2011 hippodamia (LT) Time-series models 200 18 18 n.s. (ET) 2013 4 180 All saturniids 2012 16 (TRIM): 16 3.5 160 1.5 14 14 2009 3 (1) No time effects 140 2013 12 12 2010 2.5 120 2009 2010 (2) Linear trend 10 1 10 2011 100 2 8 2009 2012 2013 8 (3) Effect for each time 80 2012 1.5 6 2010 6 60 2014 1 point 0.5 4 4 40 2014 2 0.5 2 (separate parameters 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 for each time-point) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Periphoba 2011 Automeris 2011 25 5 30 Automeris 2011 sp. 1YB fieldi 20 3 zuganaDHJ03 (ET) 4.5 n.s. 18 (ET) 25 20 4 2.5 16 3.5 20 14 2009 2 15 3 12 2010 2012 2.5 15 10 1.5 10 2 2010 8 2012 2009 10 2009 1 1.5 2012 2013 2014 6 2010 2013 2014 2013 5 1 5 4 2014 0.5 0.5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 collected per survey per collected 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Pseudodirphia 2011 18 7 Automeris eupanamensis Pseudoautomeris 10 1.5 30 2011 6.5 salmonea vanschaycki 16 (ET) 6 n.s. 9 (NT) 14 5.5 25 8 5 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 12 7 4.5 index Annual 20 1 6 10 4 2012 3.5 15 5 8 2014 3 4 2.5 6 10 0.5 2009 2010 2 2010 3 4 2012 2013 1.5 2 2013 5 1 2 2009 2014 1 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Automeris 2011 Oxytenis 14 6 Oxytenis 7 2013 6.5 belti 8 1.5 sp. 1YB naemia 6 (ET) 5.5 (ET) 12 (NT) 6 5 7 5.5 4.5 5 10 6 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 5 Number of individuals individuals of Number 4 2010 4.5 2014 1 4 Model 8 3.5 5 4 3.5 3 2014 4 3 6 2010 2012 2.5 3 2.5 2 3 2012 4 2009 0.5 2 2 1.5 2013 2 1.5 Raw data 1 2009 2011 2 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Months since January 2009 Population dynamics, BCI, 2009-2014, butterflies Exclusive feeders on: 180 3 Herbs (49 spp.): each time point 2012 160 Trees (35 spp.): model n.s. Liana (32 spp.): model n.s. 2011 2013 2.5 140 120 2 2010 2014 100 1.5 80 2009 60 1 indice Annual Number of individuals of Number 40 0.5 20 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Months since January 2009 Different feeding guilds, moderate increase for herb feeders since 2009 (p<0.01) Population dynamics Immediate significance: • We can detect significant (short-term) trends • Nearly a quarter of species show significant changes with time (different groups tested) • Population dynamics may depend on the ecology of species • Species identity is crucial, therefore BINs are essential Changes in assemblages, BCI, 2009-2014 Butterflies 0.8 2014 Geometridae 1 2009 283 species 2013 254 species 0.6 0.8 Transects Light traps 0.6 0.4 2010 Matrices Spp. x Years 2011 0.4 0.2 NDMS 0.2 0 0 Different protocols, different taxa -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 -0.2 2009 -0.2 2013 & 2014 6 out of 16 assemblages 2010 -0.4 -0.4 2012 -0.6 (different guilds) -0.6 2011 -0.8 2012 Stress= 0.00 Stress= 0.00046 -0.8 -1 Euglossine bees 1 Flatidae 0.8 Mantel tests, p-values: 24 species 0.8 2009 & 2011 2010 27 species 0.6 Baits 0.6 Light traps 0.4 2013 Geometridae Bees Flatidae Ants Termites 0.4 0.2 2013 & 2014 Butterflies 0.152 0.482 0.815 0.044 0.617 0.2 2014 0 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 Geometridae1 *** 0.240 0.593 0.432 0.043 -0.2 0 2012 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Bees *** 0.094 0.987 0.221 -0.4 -0.2 2009 Flatidae *** 0.989 0.210 -0.6 2011 -0.4 -0.8 Ants *** 0.849 -0.6 -1 -0.8 2012 -1.2 2010 Stress= 0.035 -1 Stress= 0.00040 -1.4 2012 0.8 Termites 1.5 16 species 0.6 2014 Quadrats 2012 2011 1 0.4 Trajectories are mostly independent 2011 0.2 0.5 0 2010 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 -0.2 2010 Directional changes are few 0 -0.4 2013 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -0.6 2013 -0.5 -0.8 2014 -1 Formicidae 2009 -1 2009 -1.2 124 species Stress= 0.00049 Stress= 0.074 -1.4 Winkler -1.5 Changes in assemblages, BCI, 2009-2014 Geometridae 1 2009 Flatidae 0.8 254 species 0.8 27 species 2009 & 2011 Light traps 0.6 Light traps 0.6 0.4 2010 Matrices Spp.
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  • Revised Species Definitions and Nomenclature of the Rose Colored Cithaerias Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)

    Revised Species Definitions and Nomenclature of the Rose Colored Cithaerias Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)

    Zootaxa 3873 (5): 541–559 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3873.5.5 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:05BD334C-493D-4688-92E8-602943ECF57D Revised species definitions and nomenclature of the rose colored Cithaerias butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) CARLA M. PENZ1, LAURA G. ALEXANDER2 & PHILIP J. DEVRIES3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Dr. New Orleans, LA 70148, USA. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract This study provides updated species definitions for five rose-colored Cithaerias butterflies, starting with a historical over- view of their taxonomy. Given their mostly transparent wings, genitalia morphology yielded the most reliable characters for species definition and identification. Genitalic divergence is more pronounced when multiple species occur in sympa- try than between parapatric taxa. Cithaerias aurorina is granted full species status, C. cliftoni is reinstated as a full species, and one new combination is proposed, i.e. C. aurora tambopata. Two new synonyms are proposed, Callitaera phantoma and Callitaera aura = Cithaerias aurora. Key words: pireta, menander, aurorina, cliftoni, aurora, aura, phantoma, pyritosa Introduction Some of the most visually striking Neotropical butterflies belong to the genus Cithaerias Hübner (Satyrinae, Haeterini), which inhabit sea level to mid-elevation rainforests from Mexico through Central and South America. A characteristic of all Cithaerias species is their mostly transparent wings with the distal portions of the hind wing overlaid with partially lustrous rose, purple or blue scales.
  • Differential Sequestration of a Cytotoxic Vismione from the Host Plant Vismia Baccifera by Periphoba Arcaei and Pyrrhopyge Thericles

    Differential Sequestration of a Cytotoxic Vismione from the Host Plant Vismia Baccifera by Periphoba Arcaei and Pyrrhopyge Thericles

    JChemEcol DOI 10.1007/s10886-015-0614-6 Differential Sequestration of a Cytotoxic Vismione from the Host Plant Vismia baccifera by Periphoba arcaei and Pyrrhopyge thericles Ciara Raudsepp-Hearne 1,2,3 & Annette Aiello 1 & Ahmed A. Hussein4,5 & Maria V. Heller1,6 & Timothy Johns 2 & Todd L. Capson 1,2,7 Received: 6 May 2014 /Revised: 29 June 2015 /Accepted: 30 July 2015 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 Abstract We sought to compare the abilities of the specialist fold greater than compound 1, indicating that the generalist Lepidoptera Pyrrhopyge thericles (Hesperiidae) and the gen- P. arcaei is capable of selectively sequestering cytotoxic com- eralist Periphoba arcaei (Saturniidae) to assimilate three high- pounds from its host plant. Compounds 1 and 2 show compa- ly cytotoxic compounds from their larval host plant, Vismia rable cytotoxicities in three different cancer cell lines, suggest- baccifera (Clusiaceae) and to determine whether either insect ing that properties other than cytotoxicity are responsible for discriminated in its assimilation of the compounds that are the selective sequestration of 1 by P. arcaei. This study repre- structurally similar but of variable cytotoxicity. Vismione B sents the first time that sequestration of this class of com- (1), deacetylvismione A (2), and deacetylvismione H (3)are pounds has been recorded in the Lepidoptera. cytotoxic compounds isolated from V.baccifera. Compound 1 was found in the 2nd and 3rd instars of P.arcaei,butnotinthe Keywords Cytotoxic . Sequestration . Aposematic . mature larvae or the pupae. Pyrrhopyge thericles assimilated Clusiaceae . Lepidoptera . Saturniidae . Hesperiidae trace quantities of compound 1 and deacetylvismione A (2), which were both found in the 3rd and 4th instars.
  • NYMPHALIDAE: SATYRINAE Jaime Pinzón-C

    NYMPHALIDAE: SATYRINAE Jaime Pinzón-C

    WEB VERSION MARIPOSAS del Bajo Río Caquetá y Apaporis (Amazonia Colombiana) 1 NYMPHALIDAE: SATYRINAE Jaime Pinzón-C. - - Conservación Internacional Colombia Fotos de J. Pinzón-C. Producido por: T. S. Wachter, R. B. Foster, con el apoyo del Ellen Hyndman Fund y Andrew Mellon Foundation. © Jaime Pinzón-C. [[email protected]] Conservation International – Colombia, Cra 13 # 71-41 Bogotá, Colombia: [http://www.conservation.org.co] © Environmental & Conservation Programs, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. [[email protected]] [www.fmnh.org/animalguides] Rapid Color Guide # 250 versión 1 02/2009 DORSAL VENTRAL Cithaerias pireta aurorina Cithaerias aff. pyritosa Haetera piera Bia actorion WEB VERSION 2 MARIPOSAS del Bajo Río Caquetá y Apaporis (Amazonia Colombiana) NYMPHALIDAE: SATYRINAE Jaime Pinzón-C. - - Conservación Internacional Colombia Fotos de J. Pinzón-C. Producido por: T. S. Wachter, R. B. Foster, con el apoyo del Ellen Hyndman Fund y Andrew Mellon Foundation. © Jaime Pinzón-C. [[email protected]] Conservation International – Colombia, Cra 13 # 71-41 Bogotá, Colombia: [http://www.conservation.org.co] © Environmental & Conservation Programs, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. [[email protected]] [www.fmnh.org/animalguides] Rapid Color Guide # 250 versión 1 02/2009 DORSAL VENTRAL Pierella astyoche Pierella hortona Pierella lamia Pierella lena Caeruleuptychia caerulea Chloreuptychia agatha WEB VERSION MARIPOSAS del Bajo Río Caquetá y Apaporis (Amazonia Colombiana) 3 NYMPHALIDAE: SATYRINAE Jaime Pinzón-C. - - Conservación Internacional Colombia Fotos de J. Pinzón-C. Producido por: T. S. Wachter, R. B. Foster, con el apoyo del Ellen Hyndman Fund y Andrew Mellon Foundation. © Jaime Pinzón-C. [[email protected]] Conservation International – Colombia, Cra 13 # 71-41 Bogotá, Colombia: [http://www.conservation.org.co] © Environmental & Conservation Programs, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.