The of Arizona CHARLES H. LOWE, JR. University of Arizona, Tucson The populations of the single of known to occur in Arizona, Ambystoma tigrinum (), have been essentially in uncertain status notwithstanding the recent works of Dunn (1940), Bishop (1943), Stebbins (1951), and Reed (1951). The present confused taxonomic, ecologic, and geographic picture for this area is illustrated by the pecularity that neither Bishop nor Stebbins, the two authors who have ably attempted to map the distribution of the western subspecies of A. tigrinum, has included the geographic posi- tion of the type locality of A. t. nebulosum within the mapped range presented by each of them for that subspecies. Field work by the author during the past few years in Arizona and neighboring states has enabled some clarification of the general problem and the populations of Arizona may now be profitably treated. The populations are considered as comprising three subspecies. Trans- formed individuals of each subspecies have been collected with some individuals from new localities. These, in addition to those at which A. tigrinum has been previously collected, make a total of approximately 30 verifiable localities for this species in Arizona; they are distributed approximately as follows: nebulosum 21, utahense 8, and stebbinsi 1. With the exception of what may be morphologic intermediates (= intergrades), the subspecies are distinctive in 100% of the indi- viduals known for each. Dunn (1940) has correctly emphasized the earlier conclusion of Cope (1867) that in final analysis an intelligible picture of the geographic variation of Ambystorna tigrinum must be primarily based upon color pattern (rather than structural) character- istics of the transformed individuals. The present study may serve as clarifying groundwork for a much needed study of the populations of the entire Colorado River Basin. This is all the more urgent in view of plans of the Department of the Interior and other agencies with regard to the waters of this area, and the rapidly increasing transport and transplanting of larvae of A. tigrinum for fish bait and fish food. Considerably more adequate supplies of fresh and well-preserved specimens are required for such future study. Being as fully important as additional material, the approach to the problem of the geographic variation, ecology, and

Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, Vol. 58, No. 2, 1955. [237] 238 Transactions Kansas Academy of Science evolution of this group of semi-aquatic vertebrates should take full cognizance of the present and past drainage patterns of the entire basin and adjacent basins (Miller, 1954). Herpetologists who have studied populations of Ambystoma tigrinum in the Far West and have offered their conclusions, seem to have given little consideration to this. A large part of the vagueness that presently surrounds the nature of the variation and the definition of the western subspecies of A. tigrinum, as well as other semi-aquatic and riparian vertebrates of the Inland Southwest, stems in important part from this matter. In Dunn's (1940) major contribution to the study of the tiger salamanders of North America, certain populations of Arizona were necessarily left in uncertain status and others were incorrectly assigned. Unfortunately, he applied Hallowell's (1852) name nebulosum to the populations of A. tigrinum in western Colorado, extreme southwestern Wyoming, most of Utah, and extreme northern Arizona and north- western New Mexico. He diagnosed the populations of this area as "A race without definite markings in adult, dark or blackish . . . Young with circular yellow spots." This (1) incorrectly evaluated Hallowell's original and clear description of A. nebulosum as a conspicuously yellow spotted salamander (from San Francisco Mountain, Arizona), and (2) is not consistent with the fact that upon complete transformation the basic nature of the color pattern which will typify a given "adult" of A. tigrinum is established regardless of the body length at transfor- mation. Recent studies of living material of small- and large-sized trans- formed individuals from the type locality of nebulosum, San Francisco Mountain, Coconino County, Arizona, and from near Williams, Coconino County, all in the same type of general habitat (Yellow Pine Forest), discloses the excellence of Hallowell's original description of this dorsally yellow spotted and ventrally yellowish patterned form (Fig. 3, B). This sharply and contrastingly patterned yellow and blackish race of the forested strip of the Mogollon Plateau and vicinity, in central Arizona, is entirely different from the A. tigrinum of more extreme northern Arizona, Utah, and adjacent areas. The latter northerly form, to which the name nebulosum has been incorrectly applied, is well illustrated in Bishop (1943:171, nebulosum) and in Stebbins (1951:48 and 165, nebulosum). The great range of variation in color pattern in this particular race is not possible to depict satis- factorily in so few illustrations (Figs. 3 and 4). Fig. 1 shows the general distribution of Hallowell's nebulosum in Arizona. The more northerly subspecies ranging from northwestern The Salamanders of Arizona 239

New Mexico and western Colorado into extreme Arizona and most of Utah (A. t. nebulosum auct.) is accordingly without a name. While the A. tigrinum of this more northerly and relatively large area may comprise more than a single subspecies, it is only possible at this stage of investigation in this area to assign another single name to the complex and consider it as one subspecies approximately as mapped by Stebbins (1951:496, range No. 3). With regard to an available name for this taxon, Dunn (op. cit.) considered Baird and Girard's (1852) clearly described lichenoides from the vicinity of Santa Fe, New Mexico to be synonymous with mavortium. The author has observed large numbers of large-sized living transformed individuals from the vicinity of Santa

UTAHENSE I

NEBULOSUM X UTAHEN'SE

DIT.',"Z"TorAfi'::„t"

. Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of the subspecies of Ambystoma tigrinum in Arizona. The small black and white dots represent type localities. 240 Transactions Kansas Academy of Science

Fe and concurs with Dunn that they resemble t. mavortium (but appear to the author as distinct therefrom) and certainly are not the same form that Dunn (1940), Bishop (1943), Stebbins (1951), and others have considered as t. nebulosum (Figs. 3 and 4, and also Stebbins, 1951, figs., pp. 48, 165). Among the other names in what has become a relatively long synonomy, there is only one that appears to have been applied to this form. This is A. maculatum Hallowell, 1857, from "New Mexico." It is characterized in the original description as ... color brownish above; tail maculated with black; under parts yellow." Cope (1867:186) characterized it as "Ground olive, with numerous small brown spots." Recent authors (op. cit.) have also characterized this form but invariously have concomitantly applied to it the name nebulosum. It appears evident that Hallowell's A. maculatum is the western form now in question. The type (U.S.N.M. No. 14481) still shows the small dark spots on upper surfaces of the body and tail. The name is a secondary homonym of Ambystoma maculatum Shaw,

60

50

40

30 NUMBER OF SPOTS

20

,o

A

STEBBINSI NEBULOSUM MAVORTIUM

Fig. 2. Ranges and means of the number of spots on the body and tail of subspecies of A. tigrinum. Data in Table 1. The Salamanders of Arizona 241

1802. It is to be noted that Hallowell, in the period 1852-1857, may have described both of the tiger salamanders occurring in the northern two-thirds of Arizona, one as nebulosum and the other as maculatum. In summary of the nomenclatural problem, (1) the name nebulosum is here restricted to the form which Hallowell (1852 originally described as A. nebulosum from central Arizona, and (2) a different name is

A

B

C Fig. 3. Dorsal aspects of the subspecies of Ambystoma tigrinum occurring in Arizona. A, live A. t. utahense from South Rim of the Grand Canyon, 15.5 miles (by rim road) east Grand Canyon Village, ca. 7,000 ft., Coconino County; B, Me A. t. nebulosum from 2.2 miles (by rd.) west Williams, ca. 6,900 ft., Coconino County; C, preserved A.t. stebbinsi, holotype. Photographs by Geo. M. Bradt, Tucson, Arizona. 242 Transactions Kansas Academy of Science thus necessarily applied to the different subspecies of A. tigrinum occurring in extreme northern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico, western Colorado, extreme southwestern Wyoming, and the greater part of Utah; thus essentially, in the northern half of the Colorado River Basin.

A

Fig. 4. Ventral aspects of the subspecies of A. tigrinum occurring in Arizona, as shown in Fig. 3 (dorsal aspects). A, A. t. utahense; B, A. t. nebulosum; C, A. t. stebbinsi. Photographs by Geo. M. Bradt. The Salamanders of Arizona 243

The following abbreviations are used: A.N.S.P., Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; C.H.L., C. H. Lowe, Jr.; M.N.A., Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff; M.V.Z., Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley; U.S.N.M., U. S. National Museum. Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum Hallowell 1852 Ambystoma nebuloium Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 6:209.

A

Fig. 5. A, dorsal and B, ventral aspects of a preserved specimen of Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium from the Jornada del Muerto, 8.7 miles west and 22.8 miles south New Bingham Post Office, ca. 4,800 ft., Socorro County, New Mexico. Photographs by Geo. M. Bradt. 244 Transactions Kansas Academy of Science

1940 Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum, part, Dunn, Copeia, No. 3:158. Holotype.—Number 4702, United States National Museum, and Number 1294, Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, have been cotypes, collected at San Francisco Mountain, Coconino County, Arizona. U.S.N.M. No. 4702, collected by S. W. Woodhouse, is here designated as lectoholotype. Diagnosis.—Transformed (completely metamorphosed) individuals blackish-brown or blackish on upper surfaces with definite markings of lighter and sharply contrasting round or oblong yellow spots or blotches on upper surfaces of body; 10-25 yellow spots or blotches on the dorsal surface of body between the extreme points of the anterior and posterior limb insertions; tail with 10-35 yellow spots or blotches; sharply contrasting yellow and dark markings, on legs and ventral surfaces; belly boldly patterned with yellow (Figs. 3, B and 4, B). Distribution.—The Mogollon Plateau, its vicinity, and closely out- lying ranges of central Arizona and adjacent New Mexico (Fig. 1).1 Restricted to the Colorado River Basin, in so far as now known. In Arizona the majority of populations are in the basins of the Little Colorado and Gila Rivers, both of which are tributaries of the Colorado River. The known populations are positioned, with rare exception, between these two rivers, and are probably more abundant in the Little Colorado drainage system than in that of the Gila. No populations of this race are known from south of the Gila River proper; only t. stebbinsi is know to occur in the southern section of the drainage into the Gila River. Remarks.—This form, which was correctly described by Hallowell (1852), not recognized by Stejneger (1890), and subsequently confused by Dunn (1940) and by Bishop (1943), was left by Stebbins (1951) as status uncertain although he also followed previous authors in apply- ing the name nebulosum to the subspecies to the north. Populations in west–central New Mexico that have remained in uncertain status are tentatively considered here as belonging to this subspecies in view of (1) their apparent color pattern, (2) the signifi- cant habitat confluence throughout the Mogollon country of eastern Arizona and western New Mexico, and (3) the fact that all such localities are in the Colorado River Basin (See Dunn, op. cit., and Stebbins, op. cit.). Some of Dunn's (1940:161-162) "specimens from Arizona and New Mexico with circular yellow spots [that] cannot now be

'There has been a recent note on ambystomids from Arizona (Calef, 1954:223). About ill that can be said of the views presented in this paper, is that A. t. nebulosum Hallowell of central Arizona was confused with Reed's (1951) report of larvae of A. t stebbinsi Lowe of southern Arizona. The Salamanders of Arizona 245

assigned . . . " clearly fit this subspecies. For some reason these were not recognized by Dunn as what Hallowell had originally described as A. nebulosum. Others, from southwestern New Mexico, may be A. t. stebbinsi (see below). Two adults of an unusually distinctive form of A. tigrinum were collected by the author and Mr. Joseph Brauner of Los Angeles in 1947 on the east bank of the Rio Grande in Socorro County, New Mexico. The affiinities of these specimens appear to be with the north- western forms rather than with the light spotted and barred southwestern forms. They are possibly the little—known A. t. proserpine Baird and Girard ( 1 8 5 2 :173), as characterized by Smith and Taylor (1948:11). The holotype of nebulosum (U.S.N.M. No. 4702) has become darkened and the original color pattern is no longer clearly discernable on the body and tail. Approximately 14 or 15 spots can be barely discerned on the surfaces of the tail, which is within the range (13-33) of additional fresh topotypes collected in recent years (Table 1). As mentioned above, Halowell's original description of the color pattern is very clear. In Stejneger's (1890:116) early paper there has been available further verification of the distinctiveness of Hallowell's A. nebulosum. He states: "While we were sitting around he camp—fire in the evening of September 19, a salamander (U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 16179) was

75b1e I. Characteristics of the spots on the tail and dorsal body surface of Ambystoina tigrinum neblosum Hallowell; Stejneger's (1890) topotype and living and fresh specimens from the type locality and vicinity. Color of *Total *Number *Size of Ten Ratio Snout- Total Age No. Locality Spots Number on Largest (Great- SV/Spot Vent Length Sex on Tail Dorsum est Dia.) Dia. Length (SV) 1. Topotype, USNM 16179; coll. Stejneger. 1889. San yellow 14 24 3.7-8.3 13.2 78 146 ad. 9 Francisco Mt., Coconino (5.9) County, Arizona 2. Topotype, MNA Z6-38; coll. Lowe, 1952. South- east base of San Francisco yellow 33 20 2.8-6.1 26.3 100 179 ad. 9 Mt., 6900 ft. Coconino (3.8) Co. (7 mi. NE Flagstaff). Yellow Pine Forest. 3. Topotype, CHL 6433; coll. Davis, 1953, South side of San Francisco Mt., Fort yellow 23 17 3.1-7.7 20.9 117 206 ad. cr Valley Ranch, 7300 ft., (5.6) Coconino Co. (ca. 5 mi. WNW Flagstaff) Yellow Pine Forest 4. CHL 5794, 1953. 31 mi. WSW San Francisco Mt., yellow 13 15 4.6-8.7 13.1 91 176 ad. d' 6900 ft. Coconino Co. (6.8) (2.2 mi. W. Williams) Yellow Pine Forest *Reference is made to the spots on the dorsal surface of the body between the extreme points of the anterior and posterior limb insertions, and to those covering all surfaces of the tail; measurements in millimeters. 246 Transactions Kansas Academy of Science suddenly seen writhing in the hot ashes, having probably dropped off one of the burning logs. I follow Cope's authority in adopting the above name [Ambystoma tigrinum (Green)]. San Francisco Mountain is the locality whence came the type of Hallowell's A. nebulosum. "The fresh colors above were dark olive and 'straw yellow' in about equal proportions; a ring round the eyes and upper lips tinged with reddish; under side of head whitish; of body, pale yellowish—gray; free portions of digits tinged with pink; iris dark hazel." Considering the immediate thermal history of the described, the "reddish and "pink" parts are understandable. The colors and color pattern described for this specimen by Stejneger fit the nebulosum of Halowell but not nebulosum auct. This topotype is an unusually well—preserved adult; it is a female, 78 mm. snout to vent. Contrary to the description quoted above, the amount of the dark ground color appears to the author to clearly exceed the total of the yellow spotting and blotching by a respectable margin; also this is a characteristic of the subspecies. Further data from this topotype are given in Table 1. Table 1 summarizes pertinent color pattern characteristics for A. t. nebulosum. Table 2 and Figs. 3, 4, and 5 compare A. t. nebulosum with A. t. stebbinsi and A. t. mavortium. While the relationship of t. mavortium (Fig. 5) is more questionable, t. nebulosum, t. stebbinsi, and t. califoriense, all of which are distributed wholly south of the latitude of the Grand Canyon in Arizona, appear to be closely related; all conspicuously differ in greater respect from the tiger salamanders of farther north (utahense, melanostictum, and diaboli). As discussed below, these two major groups of races may represent two species rather than one. Ambystoma tigrinum utahense subsp. nov. 1857 Ambystoma maculatum Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 9:215.2 1940 Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum, part, Dunn, Copeia, No. 3:158. Holotyp e .—Number 29481, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley. Collected May, 1935, at Lapoint, Uintah County, Utah, by D. Lewis Bills. Diagnosis.—Transformed (completely metamorphosed) individuals gray, brownish or blackish-brown on upper surfaces with darker spots or without definite markings; not a definitely yellow spotted salamander (Figs. 3, A and 4, A). Distribution.—Extreme northern Arizona (including part of the

BCited on the basis of data presented herein; probable but not certain. The Salamanders of Arizona 247

south rim area of the Grand Canyon), northwestern New Mexico, western Colorado, extreme southwestern Wyoming, and the Interior Basin and Colorado Plateau in Utah, approximately as mapped by Stebbins (1951: 496, A. t. nebulosum, (Fig. 1). Largely if not actually completely restricted to the Colorado River Basin, it does not occur in the tributary Gila River Basin and its status in the Little Colorado system is uncertain. In Arizona it is primarily in drainages which flow directly into the Colorado River without entering the Little Colorado or Gila Rivers, such as those tributary to the San Juan River of southern Utah and Tapeats Creek of southern Utah and northern Arizona. Hence there appears to be rather clear-cut though not complete segregation of t. utahense and t. nebulosum in the basin of the Colorado River in Arizona. Remarks.—The holotype is well illustrated in Stebbins (1951:165, dorsal and ventral views, lower right hand corner). An adult from the south rim of the Grand Canyon of Arizona is shown in Figs. 3 and 4. As stated above, Ambystoma maculatum Hallowell, 1857, may be this form; the name is a secondary homonym preoccupied by Ambystoma maculatum Shaw, 1802. There is a wide range of variation in this subspecies. At the present time it is not reasonable to do more than collect the entire variation under one name. It would be of interest and significance to determine if but a single taxon occurs in the Colorado River Basin north of the latitude of the Grand Canyon of Arizona. This basin includes parts of

Table 2. Characteristics of the spots on the tail and dorsal body surface of Ambystoma t. mavortium, A. t. nebulosum, A. t. stebbinsi, and A. t. utahense. **Size of Ten ''Total *Subspecies Color of **Number on Largest Ratio Number on Spots Dorsum (Greates Dia.) SV/Spot Dia. Tail 1. mavortium yellow 7-9 6.0-19.0 8.9-10.3 7-8 (8.3) (12.0) (9.6) (7.7) N=3 N=25 N=3 2. nebulosum yellow 15-24 2.8-8.7 13.1-26.3 13-33 (3 are topotypes) (19.0) (5.4) (20.1) (20.8) N=4 N=30 N=4 3. stebbinsi golden-brown to 30-39 2.7-4.8 20.4-24.3 43-57 (paratypes) yellowish (34.3) (3.4) (21.9) (49.3) N=3 N=30 N=3 4. utabense brownish to blackish, or none (spots on dorsurn. if present, dark rather than light; no definite yellow spots on a dark back- ground) 'Locality for t. mavortium, Jornada del Muerto, 8.7 mi. west and 22.8 mi. south of New Bingham Post Office, Socorro Co., New Mexico; t. nebulosum, as given in Table 1, Nos. 2-4; t. stebbinsi, the type locality. **Reference is made to the spots on the dorsal surface of the body between the extreme points of the anterior and posterior limb instertions, and to those covering all surfaces of the tail; measurements in millimeters. 248 Transactions Kansas Academy of Science the following states in which t. utahense occurs: Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Additional material of transformed individuals is especially desirable from Navajo and Apache Counties, Arizona. The populations in the more southerly parts of these counties are in the basin of the Little Colorado River and are presently assigned to t. nebulosum. Those in the extreme northern parts of these counties, near the Utah state line, are in the basin of the San Juan River of Utah and are presently assigned to t. utahense. No specimens are known to me from the intervening stretches of Navajo and Apache Counties. Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi Lowe 1954 Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi Lowe, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 67:243. Holotype—Number 665, Department of Zoology, University of Arizona (C. H. Lowe, Jr. No. 3216). Collected November 4, 1950, at John A. Jones Ranch, Parker Canyon, south side of the Huachuca Mountains, ca. 5,000 ft., Santa Cruz County, Arizona, by Charles H. Lowe, Jr. (Figs. 3, C and 4, C). Diagnosis.—Transformed (completely metamorphosed) individuals black or nearly black on upper surfaces grading laterally to brown on ventral surfaces; upper surfaces with numerous small sharply contrasting light golden-brown to yellowish spots or blotches mostly smaller than twice the diameter of the eye; largest spots distributed on the lateral and ventro-lateral surfaces; 25-45 spots on the dorsal surface of the body between the extreme points of the anterior and posterior limb insertions; tail with 35-60 yellowish spots; belly brownish, not boldly patterned with yellow, but with a few very small light spots or dots (Fig. 4). Distribution.—Known only from the type locality in Parker Canyon, approximately 3.5 miles north of the Mexican border, Santa Cruz County, Arizona. From the vicinity of the type locality, Parker Canyon drains southward into the San Rafael Valley and into the upper reaches of the Santa Cruz River, both of which are crossed by the International Boundary in the vicinity of Lochiel, Arizona (Fig. 1, map). In so far as known, this subspecies is restricted to the Colorado River Basin. It is in the Gila River Basin, south of the Gila River. It is the only subspecies (and the only local population known to occur naturally) in the drainage to the Gila River from the south, whereas t. nebulosum is the only subspecies in the Gila drainage from the north. The topography is such that the Santa Cruz River does not reach, and has not in historic times reached, the Gila River except at exceptionally high flood. This situation has undoubtedly engendered a greater degree The Salamanders of Arizona 249 of geographic isolation for t. stebbinsi than has been the case with the remaining populations in the Colorado River Basin. Remarks.—There seems little question that natural local populations still do occur in parts of Pima, Cochise, and Graham Counties, Arizona at elevations of 4,500-5,000 feet and above, and in New Mexico and northern Mexico. Populations in southwestern New Mexico (Dunn, 1940: 161-162) may be found referable to this subspecies. Fresh and well-preserved transformed specimens from New Mexico and adjacent Mexico west of the Rio Grande are particularly desirable. Table 2 and Figs. 3, 4, and 5 compare pertinent characteristics of this subspecies with t. nebulosum and t. mavortium.

Discussion While the populations of A. tigrinum in Arizona are treated herein as conspecific, evidences recently acquired in the northern part of the state (Fig. 1) indicate that nebulosum and its allies (light-spotted) may be specifically distinct from utahense and its allies (dark-spotted) of the north. Specimens from ponds in the isolated yellow pine forest on the south rim and vicinity of the Grand Canyon of Arizona include both t. nebulosum or t. nebulosum-like individuals and t. utahense or t. utahense-like individuals. Whether these are representative of sympatry, "hybridization," or "intergradation," is an unsolved problem at this time. This is indicated by the question mark in Fig. 1. The three subspecies of A. trigrinum in Arizona all occur in the Colorado River Basin. No populations are yet known in the basin of the Rio Yaqui, the headwaters of which are in extreme southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, nor are they known from the headwaters of the Rio de la Concepcion, in extreme south-central Arizona. Both the Rio Yaqui and Rio de la Concepcion empty into the Gulf of California. There is an increasing effort among commercial "water-dog" (A. tigrinum) enterprises in Arizona which supply fisherman with live bait. Contamination of local breeding populations with from other localities is proceeding at an accelerating rate and spreading to several parts of the state. There are many valid arguments in favor of standardized common names for and reptiles. A committee of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists is presently considering the problem of such standardization. The following vernacular names 250 Transactions Kansas Academy of Science

are proposed for A. tigrinum and its presently recognized subspecies which occur in the United States: Ambystoma tigrinum Tiger Salamander A t. tigrinum Eastern Tiger Salamander A. t. calif orniense California Tiger Salamander A. t. diaboli Gray Tiger Salamander A. t. mavortium Barred Tiger Salamander A. t. melanostictum Northwestern Tiger Salamander A. t. nebulosum Arizona Tiger Salamander A. t. stebbinsi Sonora Tiger Salamander A. t. utahense Utah Tiger Salamander

Key to the Tiger Salamanders of Arizona 1. Upper surfaces black or blackish-brown, with sharply contrasting lighter colored (yellow or yellowish) spots or blotches ------2. Upper surfaces gray, brown, or blackish-brown, with darker colored spots or with out definite markings; not yellow spotted (Figs. 3 and 4) ------A. t. utahense Utah Tiger Salamander

2. Dorsal surface of body (=back) with less than 25 (usually 10-20) yellow or yellowish spots between extreme points of front and hind limb insertions; tail with 10-35 spots; belly boldly patterned with yellow (Figs. 3 and 4) ------A. t. nebulosum Arizona Tiger Salamander 3. Dorsal surface of body (=back) with more than 25 (usually 30-20) yellowish spots between extreme points of front and hind limb insertions; tail with 35-60 spots; belly brownish, not boldly patterened with yellow, and with only a few small light (yellowish) spots (Figs. 3 and 4) ------A. t. stebbinsi Sonora Tiger Salamander

Plethodontid Salamanders No plethodontid salamander populations are yet known to occur in Arizona. Their recent discovery in coniferous forest habitats in the Rocky Mountain system (Plethodon vandykei idahoensis, Plethodon neomeixcanus, and Aneides hardyi) suggests that such relicts may also occur in mesic high forest habitats in Arizona (Lowe, 1950). Thus it seems reasonable to expect them in such places as the White Mountains of the east-central area, the high Coconino Plateau, similar areas in the central and northern parts of the state, and in certain of the higher southern mountain ranges such as the Graham (=Pinaleno) Mountains. However, we have failed thus far to discover plethodontids The Salamanders of Arizona 251 in these areas or in any of the several seemingly suitable mountainous habitats in adjacent western New Mexico. At present it would seem better to attribute this failure to chance in timing of proper field work with regard to summer precipitation and the pocket-like relictual ecologic distribution of plethodontids in the Rocky Mountain system. This, rather than the assumption that collecting efforts have been adequate to determine that none occur in Arizona. The above ground-surface activity of these animals is correlated with heavy and continuous summer rainfall. In the more northerly parts of the state these moist log, forest floor, and underground dwellers may be logically sought at elevations of approximately 8,000 ft. and above, while in more southerly areas, at ca. 8,500-9,000 ft. and above; thus, essentially, in fir and spruce forest habitats.

Literature Cited BAIRD, S. F. and C. GMARD 1852. Characteristics of some new reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6:68-70 and 173-177. BISHOP, S. C. 1943. Handbook of salamaders. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, New York. CALEF, R. T. 1954. The salamander Ambystoma sigrinum nebulosum in southern Arizona. Copeia, No. 3:223. COPE, E. D. 1867. A review of the species of the Amblystomidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 19:166-211. DUNN, E. R. 1940. The races of Ambystoma tigrinum. Copeia, No. 3:154-162. HALLOWELL, E. 1852. On a new genus and three new species of reptiles inhabiting North America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6:209. 1857. Description of several new North American Reptiles. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 9:215-216. LOWE, C. H., JR. 1950. The systematic status of the salamander Plethodon hart/ii, with a dis- cussion of biogeographic problems in Aneides. Copeia, No. 2:92-99. 1954. A new salamander (genus Ambystoma) from Arizona. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 67:243-246. MILLER, R. R. 1954. A drainage map of Arizona. Syst. Zool., 3 (2): 80-81. REED, C. A. 1951. Larval ambystomid salamanders from southern Arizona and Sonora. Chicago Acad. Sci., Nat. Hist. Misc. 79: 1-3. SMITH, H. M. and E. H. TAYLOR 1948. An annotated checklist and key to the Amphibia of Mexico. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 194:1-118. STEBBINS, R. C. 1951. Amphibians of Western North America. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. STE JNEGER, L. 1890. Results of a biological survey of the San Francisco Mountain region and desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona. Part 5. Annotated list of reptiles and batrachians collected by Dr. C. Hart Merriam and Vernon Bailey on the San Francisco Mountain plateau and desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona, with descriptions of new species. U. S. Dept. Agr., No. Amer. Fauna No. 3:103-118. 5.

The Ego Functions and Response to Color on the Rorschach: (1) Disturbed Children and (2) Institutionalized Children

BERTHA K. DUNCAN Kansas State Receiving Home for Children, Atchison Introduction The concept of ego as set forth by Beck (1) is that of a central directive to which an individual refers in moments of choice. This concept involves awareness on the part of the individual of certain values, a desire (conscious or slightly below consciousness) for society to respect his right to maintain these values (even though they differ from those of society), and a continuous and rather vigorous clinging to and de- fense of these values. In an attempt to analyze the experience of affect one may examine the response to color on the Rorschach as a measure or index of re- sponsiveness to environmental stimuli. Thus an individual responding to undifferentiated color may be one who reacts to his environment in an undifferentiated manner; and his reaction to the emotionality of others may also be undifferentiated, even though he may be acutely aware of such emotionality in others. Generally speaking, in the final analysis, his reactivity will depend on his own personality structure rather than on the overt stimulus eliciting the affectivity. Three aspects of color reaction and affectivity may be examined. First, in order to adjust socially one must establish and control affective relation with others. This is represented by the FC response on the Rorschach, in which intellectual perception of environmental stimuli is predominent. Second, the environment must not be so rigidly con- strued in an individual's own ego that he cannot recognize and react to a particular segment or pattern of his environment. Nor should he be so labile that it is always necessary to deliberate on his reactivity toward others. This situation is represented by the CF, in which immediate emotional reaction is restrained by awareness of reality. Third, affective reactivity should not be too diffuse and general, nor should the perception of and reaction to the emotionality of others be diffuse and general. This diffuse reactivity is represented by pure C, in which there is neither intellectual control nor delay in reactivity. The FC response denotes a mature adult who is motivated by feelings and responds to them, but controls their manifestation out of

Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, Vol. 58, No. 2, 1955. [252]