La Construcción Histórica En La Cinematografía Norteamericana

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La Construcción Histórica En La Cinematografía Norteamericana Tesis doctoral Luis Laborda Oribes La construcción histórica en la cinematografía norteamericana Dirigida por Dr. Javier Antón Pelayo Facultad de Filosofía y Letras Departamento de Historia Moderna Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona 2007 La historia en la cinematografía norteamericana Luis Laborda Oribes Agradecimientos Transcurridos ya casi seis años desde que inicié esta aventura de conocimiento que ha supuesto el programa de doctorado en Humanidades, debo agradecer a todos aquellos que, en tan tortuoso y apasionante camino, me han acompañado con la mirada serena y una palabra de ánimo siempre que la situación la requiriera. En el ámbito estrictamente universitario, di mis primeros pasos hacia el trabajo de investigación que hoy les presento en la Universidad Pompeu Fabra, donde cursé, entre las calles Balmes y Ramon Trias Fargas, la licenciatura en Humanidades. El hado o mi más discreta voluntad quisieron que iniciara los cursos de doctorado en la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, donde hoy concluyo felizmente un camino repleto de encuentros. Entre la gente que he encontrado están aquellos que apenas cruzaron un amable saludo conmigo y aquellos otros que hicieron un alto en su camino y conversaron, apaciblemente, con el modesto autor de estas líneas. A todos ellos les agradezco cuanto me ofrecieron y confío en haber podido ofrecerles yo, a mi vez, algo más que hueros e intrascendentes vocablos o, como escribiera el gran bardo inglés, palabras, palabras, palabras,... Entre aquellos que me ayudaron a hacer camino se encuentra en lugar destacado el profesor Javier Antón Pelayo que siempre me atendió y escuchó serenamente mis propuestas, por muy extrañas que resultaran. Sin su guía, sus palabras de aliento y sus decisivas sugerencias, la investigación jamás hubiera tenido las virtudes que puedan adornarla –de los defectos tan sólo es culpable su autor–. Tampoco puedo olvidar a todos aquellos profesores que me han enseñado y transmitido el placer de la lectura y, cómo no, el placer de la mirada. A riesgo de olvidar algún nombre les agradezco sinceramente a todos ellos su dedicación y los buenos momentos que pase en sus clases o conversando fuera de ellas. Agradezco con más empeño, si cabe, a mi esposa su comprensión y apoyo. Ella me ha acompañado a lo largo y ancho del camino; me ha ayudado a levantarme siempre I La historia en la cinematografía norteamericana Luis Laborda Oribes que, torpemente, he caído y me ha seguido a todos los senderos que he querido recorrer. Por escuchar pacientemente mis ideas y soportar todos y cada uno de los textos que he escrito, los mejores y los peores, omito todo lo que ya conoce. Y, por supuesto, mi más sentido agradecimiento a otros compañeros de viaje que jamás han desfallecido: Stanley Kubrick, Orson Welles, John Ford, Howard Hawks, Alfred Hitchcock, Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau, Fritz Lang,... todos ellos me han acompañado incluso antes de iniciar el camino. Sus películas han sido siempre una constante fuente de inspiración. Para ellos, todo mi reconocimiento y admiración. Sin ellos, verdaderamente, esta investigación no hubiera sido posible. II La historia en la cinematografía norteamericana Luis Laborda Oribes La construcción histórica en la cinematografía norteamericana. Sumario. Introducción ............................................................................................................ 4 Sobre el cine, la literatura y la reflexión histórica .................................................. 13 1. Génesis y desarrollo del arte cinematográfico, con especial atención en el estudio del cine clásico norteamericano ........................................................ 30 1.1. La naturaleza específica del cinematógrafo: el realismo ............................ 32 1.2. El cine clásico norteamericano y la ilusión de realidad: pacto ficcional y montaje de continuidad ................................................................................... 41 1.3. La madurez de un arte. Una película perfecta: La diligencia (Stagecoach, 1939) de John Ford ....................................................................... 47 2. Recepción y expansión del cine clásico norteamericano ................................... 58 3. Los géneros cinematográficos y la historia ......................................................... 66 4. La historia en el cine ........................................................................................... 71 4.1. El melodrama .............................................................................................. 76 4.1.1. El concepto de melodrama y sus esquemas discursivos ...................... 78 4.1.2. Charles Dickens ................................................................................... 83 4.1.3. David Wark Griffith ............................................................................ 88 4.1.4. Dickens, Griffith y el film de hoy (el melodrama americano) ............ 92 4.1.5. Las dos huérfanas (Orphans of the Storm, 1922) ............................... 99 4.2. La épica .......................................................................................................107 4.2.1. Walt Whitman. Introducción ...............................................................117 4.2.1.1. Walt Whitman: el héroe del poema épico de la democracia.........118 4.2.1.2. Los Estados Unidos: expansionismo y otras ideas .......................119 4.2.1.3. La identidad individual y la masa .................................................123 4.2.1.4. La Guerra Civil ............................................................................126 1 La historia en la cinematografía norteamericana Luis Laborda Oribes 4.2.1.5. Abraham Lincoln .........................................................................129 4.2.1.6. Hojas de hierba y el literato..........................................................131 4.2.2. El western: la épica norteamericana ....................................................135 4.2.2.1. Centauros del desierto, de John Ford (The Searchers, 1956) ...............................................................................137 4.2.2.2. Río Rojo, de Howard Hawks (Red River, 1948) ..........................144 4.2.3. El peplum: la épica y la historia antigua .............................................155 4.2.3.1. Espartaco, héroe literario y cinematográfico ................................157 4.2.3.1.1. Algunas referencias históricas a la figura de Espartaco .......158 4.2.3.1.2. Kubrick, Trumbo y Fast: la novela de Howard Fast, el guión de Dalton Trumbo y la dirección de Stanley Kubrick ............162 4.2.3.1.3. Problemas históricos en Espartaco de Howard Fast y Stanley Kubrick: el personaje histórico y su recepción literaria y cinematográfica .................................................................................169 4.2.3.1.4. Espartaco, la guerra fría y el mccarthismo ..........................177 4.2.3.1.5. Espartaco de Stanley Kubrick: análisis.....................................183 5. El cine fantástico y la historia .............................................................................192 5.1. El género de ciencia ficción y la historia .....................................................211 5.2. Invasores de Marte (Invaders from Mars, 1953) de William Cameron Menzies.............................................................................218 5.3. 2001: una odisea del espacio (2001: A Space Odyssey, 1968) de Stanley Kubrick .............................................................................................225 5.3.1. “El centinela” (“The Sentinel”, 1948) de Arthur C. Clarke ................231 5.3.2. El fin de la infancia (Childhood’s End, 1954) de Arthur C. Clarke ....244 5.3.3. Análisis formal y temático....................................................................251 6. El cine histórico como género ............................................................................279 6.1. La reconstrucción histórica: Barry Lyndon (1975) de Stanley Kubrick .....287 6.1.1. Stanley Kubrick en el siglo XVIII .........................................................287 2 La historia en la cinematografía norteamericana Luis Laborda Oribes 6.1.2. Barry Lyndon. Análisis formal y temático ..........................................291 6.2. El relato de aventuras: Los contrabandistas de Moonfleet (Moonfleet, 1955) de Fritz Lang ........................................................................301 6.2.1. Fritz Lang y Moonfleet ........................................................................309 6.3. La tragedia....................................................................................................314 Conclusión ..............................................................................................................318 Filmografía .............................................................................................................327 Bibliografía..............................................................................................................379 3 La historia en la cinematografía norteamericana Luis Laborda Oribes Introducción. El propósito de esta investigación es analizar las complejas relaciones entre el cine y la historia, acotando las posibilidades de estudio al cine norteamericano pero, atendiendo al carácter humanístico de la investigación, ampliando las perspectivas de análisis a otras disciplinas como la literatura, la filosofía o el arte. Todas ellas se encuentran en estrecha relación con la propia historia significada
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