The marvel of Apollo and the challenge for the future

FISO Telecon 17-07-2019 - PAW Batenburg 1 50th anniversary of the first man on the Moon

2 PAW Batenburg 3 PAW Batenburg The Space Race ◦ Where it all began ◦ Mercury ◦ Gemini ◦ Apollo What made Apollo possible? Challenge for the future

4 PAW Batenburg The makings of the Cold War

5 PAW Batenburg Wernher von Braun developed the A4 Commonly known as the V-2 missile Both US and USSR hunted for the knowledge and experts

6 PAW Batenburg 7 PAW Batenburg Wernher continued Korolev began his with the A4 for the US rockets based on the army A4

8 PAW Batenburg Army Airforce Marine Civil

9 PAW Batenburg 10 PAW Batenburg 11 PAW Batenburg 12 PAW Batenburg Fear of losing the power over space

Airforce Project: Man in Space Soonest (MiSS)

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14 PAW Batenburg 15 PAW Batenburg 16 PAW Batenburg Mission[n 33] Launch Duration Purpose Result Little Joe 1 August 21, 1959 20 s Test of launch escape system during flight. Failure Big Joe 1 September 9, 1959 13 m 00 s Test of heat shield and Atlas/spacecraft interface. Partly success Little Joe 6 October 4, 1959 5 m 10 s Test of spacecraft aerodynamics and integrity. Partly success Little Joe 1A November 4, 1959 8 m 11 s Test of launch escape system during flight with boiler plate capsule. Partly success Little Joe 2 December 4, 1959 11 m 6 s Escape system test with primate at high altitude. Success Little Joe 1B January 21, 1960 8 m 35 s Maximum-q abort and escape test with primate with boiler plate capsule. Success Beach Abort May 9, 1960 1 m 31 s Test of the off-the-pad abort system. Success Mercury-Atlas 1 July 29, 1960 3 m 18 s Test of spacecraft / Atlas combination. Failure Little Joe 5 November 8, 1960 2 m 22 s First test of escape system with a production spacecraft. Failure Mercury-Redstone 1 November 21, 1960 2 s Test of production spacecraft at max-q. Failure Mercury-Redstone 1A December 19, 1960 15 m 45 s Qualification of spacecraft / Redstone combination. Success Mercury-Redstone 2 January 31, 1961 16 m 39 s Qualification of spacecraft with chimpanzee named Ham. Success Mercury-Atlas 2 February 21, 1961 17 m 56 s Qualified Mercury/Atlas interface. Success Little Joe 5A March 18, 1961 23 m 48 s Second test of escape system with a production Mercury spacecraft. Partly success Mercury-Redstone BD March 24, 1961 8 m 23 s Final Redstone test flight. Success Mercury-Atlas 3 April 25, 1961 7 m 19 s Orbital flight with robot astronaut.[233][234][n 34] Failure Little Joe 5B April 28, 1961 5 m 25 s Third test of escape system with a production spacecraft. Success Mercury-Atlas 4 September 13 1961 1h 49m 20s Test of environmental control system with robot astronaut in orbit. Success Mercury-Scout 1 November 1, 1961 44 s Test of Mercury tracking network. Failure Test of environmental control system in orbit with chimpanzee named Mercury-Atlas 5 November 29, 1961 3h 20m 59s Success Enos.

17 PAW Batenburg 18 PAW Batenburg Mission[n 33] Launch Duration Purpose Result Little Joe 1 August 21, 1959 20 s Test of launch escape system during flight. Failure Big Joe 1 September 9, 1959 13 m 00 s Test of heat shield and Atlas/spacecraft interface. Partly success Little Joe 6 October 4, 1959 5 m 10 s Test of spacecraft aerodynamics and integrity. Partly success Little Joe 1A November 4, 1959 8 m 11 s Test of launch escape system during flight with boiler plate capsule. Partly success Little Joe 2 December 4, 1959 11 m 6 s Escape system test with primate at high altitude. Success Little Joe 1B January 21, 1960 8 m 35 s Maximum-q abort and escape test with primate with boiler plate capsule. Success Beach Abort May 9, 1960 1 m 31 s Test of the off-the-pad abort system. Success Mercury-Atlas 1 July 29, 1960 3 m 18 s Test of spacecraft / Atlas combination. Failure Little Joe 5 November 8, 1960 2 m 22 s First test of escape system with a production spacecraft. Failure Mercury-Redstone 1 November 21, 1960 2 s Test of production spacecraft at max-q. Failure Mercury-Redstone 1A December 19, 1960 15 m 45 s Qualification of spacecraft / Redstone combination. Success Mercury-Redstone 2 January 31, 1961 16 m 39 s Qualification of spacecraft with chimpanzee named Ham. Success Mercury-Atlas 2 February 21, 1961 17 m 56 s Qualified Mercury/Atlas interface. Success Little Joe 5A March 18, 1961 23 m 48 s Second test of escape system with a production Mercury spacecraft. Partly success Mercury-Redstone BD March 24, 1961 8 m 23 s Final Redstone test flight. Success Mercury-Atlas 3 April 25, 1961 7 m 19 s Orbital flight with robot astronaut.[233][234][n 34] Failure Little Joe 5B April 28, 1961 5 m 25 s Third test of escape system with a production spacecraft. Success Mercury-Atlas 4 September 13 1961 1h 49m 20s Test of environmental control system with robot astronaut in orbit. Success Mercury-Scout 1 November 1, 1961 44 s Test of Mercury tracking network. Failure Test of environmental control system in orbit with chimpanzee named Mercury-Atlas 5 November 29, 1961 3h 20m 59s Success Enos.

19 PAW Batenburg 20 PAW Batenburg 21 PAW Batenburg Gherman Titov Vostok 2 1 full day in space

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23 PAW Batenburg Flight Name Duration Date

MR-3 Alan B. Shepard, Jr. 15m 22s May 5th 1961

MR-4 Virgil I. Grissom 15m 37s July 21st 1961

MA-6 John H. Glenn, Jr. 4h 55m 23s Feb 20th 1962

MA-7 M. Scott Carpenter 4h 56m 05s May 24th 1962

MA-8 Walter M. Schirra, Jr. 9h 13m 15s Oct 3rd 1962

MA-9 L. Gordon Cooper 1d 10h 19m 49s May 15th 1963

24 PAW Batenburg Presidential plans Mode selection How to prepare for a lunar mission?

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26 PAW Batenburg Plans go back to 1959 Various concepts investigated The development of the Saturn launcher series had already started in 1958

27 PAW Batenburg Apollo gets a goal An ‘all purpose’ space craft The entire spacecraft needs to land and return The Ultra Heavy NOVA launcher is required

28 PAW Batenburg 29 PAW Batenburg 1. Long duration missions of 7-14 days 2. Rendezvous: meeting in space 3. Docking 4. EVA capabilities 5. Improve re-entry and landing

30 PAW Batenburg Two person spacecraft EVA capability Advanced attitude control Orbital maneuvering capabilities Long duration missions Agena Docking Target

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33 PAW Batenburg 34 PAW Batenburg Flight Rendevouz Docking EVA Duration 3 Manned test flight of Gemini N/A N/A N/A 1 day 4 First US EVA stage N/A 15 min 4 days 5 Long duration mission Probe N/A N/A 8 days 7 Long duration mission N/A N/A N/A 14 days 6 First rendezvous With G6 Agena failure N/A 2 days 8 First docking Agena 1/4 aborted 10 h 9 Second EVA ATDA Target failure 1/2 3 days 10 First EVA to other vehicle 2/2 1/1 2/2 3 days 11 Direct ascent rendezvous 1/1 (direct) 1/1 2/2 3 days 12 Successful working in space 1/1 1/1 3/3 4 days

35 PAW Batenburg 1. Long duration missions of 7 – 14 days

2. Rendezvous: meeting in space

3. Docking

4. EVA capabilities

5. Improving return and landing

36 PAW Batenburg Tragedy Perseverance Success

37 PAW Batenburg 38 PAW Batenburg 39 PAW Batenburg 40 PAW Batenburg 41 PAW Batenburg Flight Mission type EVA 7 Manned test flight of Apollo C N/A 8 First manned Moon mission C’ N/A 9 Earth orbit demonstration D 1 10 Lunar orbit demonstration F N/A 11 First man of the Moon G 1 / 2h31m 12 First precision landing H 2 / 7h45m 13 Successful failure H N/A 14 Mercury Veteran Alan Shepard H 2 / 9h22m 15 First with lunar rover J 4 / 19h07m 16 J 3 / 20h14m 17 Last Moon landing/first scientist J 3 / 22h03m

42 PAW Batenburg Key ingredients Special circumstances How it was done

43 PAW Batenburg 400.000 people Devotion and dedication Practice: ◦ 20 unmanned Mercury and 6 manned Mercury ◦ 2 unmanned Gemini and 10 manned Gemini ◦ 21 unmanned Apollo/Saturn and 4 manned Apollo ◦ And many more (Ranger, Surveyor, Agena etc.)

44 PAW Batenburg www.50jaarmaanlanding.nl

Presidential promise Death of the president Competition driven Fear of ◦ Staying behind ◦ ‘Loosing space’ Seemingly losing the Space Race

45 PAW Batenburg Step by step ◦ Learning and gaining practical experience ◦ Validating concepts, technologies, procedures ◦ Testing, testing, testing.... Do it safely ◦ Test it on Earth first ◦ Test it unmanned ◦ Test it safe when crew is involved (fall back/abort)

46 PAW Batenburg Different Politics, Different Budgets Different Expectations Different Space Industry Where we are today

47 PAW Batenburg 48 PAW Batenburg NASA

Illustration by Chipped Tooth NASA

49 PAW Batenburg University of Michigan SpaceflightNow.com SpaceX

PlanetLabs SpaceflightNow.com SpaceX

50 PAW Batenburg 51 PAW Batenburg 52 PAW Batenburg 53 PAW Batenburg Large TRL gaps for Mars mission

Human space missions needed to achieve 8 or 9

Moon Only

54 PAW Batenburg Large TRL gaps for Mars mission

Human space missions needed to achieve 8 or 9

Moon Only

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Wat gaat het worden?

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Wat gaat het worden?

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Wat gaat het worden?

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Wat gaat het worden?

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Wat gaat het worden?

60 PAW Batenburg Long way to go before we can boldly go....

61 PAW Batenburg Any questions?

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