DOCSLIB.ORG

Use of Plot Size in Estimation of Crops Yield Per Feddan in Traditional

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Use of Plot Size in Estimation of Crops Yield Per Feddan in Traditional University of Sudan for Sciences and Technology College of Graduate Studies A thesis submitted for the degree of M.Sc. in Statistics بحث مقدم لنيل درجة الماجستير في اﻹحصاء In title: بعنوان: Use of Plot Size in Estimation of Crops Yield per feddan In Traditional Rain-fed Sector (Sorghum) at period 2015/2016 إستخدام حجم الحوض في تقدير إنتاجية الفدان للمحاصيل في القطاع التقليدي )الذرة( خﻻل الفترة 2016/2015 By: Supervisor: Hamza Abdalla Siror Dr. Amal Alsir Alkhidir September 2016 i اﻵية بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم قال تعالى: أفرأ يتم ما تحرثون )63( أأنتم تزرعونه أم نحن الزارعون )64( سورة الواقعة أﻵيات )63 – 64(: i DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to soul of my parents who were emphasized the importance of education and worked very hard and exert efforts to educate me and my brothers and sisters throughout their life. The dedication extends to my wife and children. I dedicate this Master’s dissertation to all who have been and still fighting to promote and improve their knowledge and skills of statistics. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I express my gratitude to Dr. Amal Alsir Alkhidir for granting me the opportunity to complete this work under her guidance. Thank you for coaching inputs and feedback. Next, I could never thank enough to my family for their constant and unconditional support, understanding and faith. I know you will always be there for me. Special thanks to Mr. Hassan Elsheikh for his friendliness, kindness, open mindset and energetic attitude, I have learned many things from him. To my friends Azhari, Bushra, Gamal, Amna and Elham – thank you for your support, help and encouragement in pursuing my dreams! Finally, I want to thank the Sudan University of Science and Technology for organizing this programme, especially all administrative and academic staff of college of science, department of statistics that were responsible for realization of the statistic programme. Your efforts in day- to-day activities, excellence and passion for science have been highly appreciated and truly inspiring. However, apart from all the valuable academic knowledge and practical skill I have gained during my studies, I feel that the most valuable thing I am taking with me is to dare to think. ii ABSTRACT The rain-fed traditional represent a big share of area cultivated in the Sudan and characterized by a very complicated situation leads to numbers of problems in agricultural statistics, in respect to area enumeration and yield estimation and poses serious threats to quality and reliability of area and production estimates. Due to these problems it is essential to pay more attention to this important sector. The study was carried out to study the effect of plot sizes on the three different types of soils (sandy, loam and clay soils) on the estimation of sorghum yield in the traditional rain-fed sector. The estimation was obtained by using crop-cutting technique and multi-stage stratified sampling. The primary data obtained from different plot sizes namely 5x5m, 6x7m and 10x10m on each type of soil. Equal sample size allocation was used. The village was considered as primary sampling unit and the field as secondary sampling unit and the plot as third sampling unit. Sample size of twenty for each plot size and on each soil type was used, with the following hypothesis; 1-There is a direct relationship between plant density and plot size. 2-The margin of error reflects the required sample size and there is a direct correlation between the level of accuracy required and the cost of conducting survey. 3-Increase of plot size has no effect on either the precision or the accuracy. Analysis of variance table was used to analyze the effect of sample sizes on the estimation of sorghum yield in traditional rain-fed sector. The coefficient of variation was used to identify the best stable crop yield according to the plot size. The multiple comparison method was used to detect the significant differences between means in each soil type according to the plot size by using statistical package SPSS. The results shows and according to the conclusions of the study the plot size had not shown any effect on the yield in the different types of soils, but there was slight effect of plots size in case of plants density estimation. There seem other factors affecting the level of yields. These iii factors should be planting spaces, seed rate, adequate re-sowing, thinning and optimum sowing dates. Two recommendations were recommended: 1- If the main objective of the survey is to estimate the crop yield, then the small size plots are better and recommended to use in all types of soils to save time and to save resources. 2- If the objective of the survey is to estimate the plant density then the medium plots size are better in estimation and recommended to be used. iv المستخلص يمثل القطاع التقليدىالجزء اﻻكبر من المساحة المزروعة في السودان ويتصف بوضعه المعقد مما نجمت عنهمشاكل كبيرة فى اﻻحصاءات الزراعية, تتمثل فىتحديد المساحات المزروعة واﻻنتاجية الشئ الذى اثر كثيرا علي جودة ومصداقية المعلومة مما يجعل من اﻻهمية بمكان اﻻلتفات الي هذا القطاع الهام. هدفت الدراسة الي دراسة اثر حجم اﻻحواض في ثﻻثة انواع من الترب الزراعية علي تقدير انتاجية الذرة فى القطاع المطري التقليدى. توصلنا الي التقدير باستخدام طريقة قطع المحصول واستخدام العينة الطبقية متعددة المراحل. البيانات اﻻولية حصلنا عليها باستخدام ثﻻثة احواض مختلفة المساحة وهي تحديدا 5*5 متر, 6*7 متر و10*10 متر في كل نوع من انواع الترب الزراعية الثﻻث. اعتبرت القرية كوحدة احصائية اولية والمزرعة كوحدة احصائة ثانية واﻻحواض كوحدة احصائية ثالثة. عشرون عينة لكل حجم حوض فى كل نوع من انواع الترب الزراعية وهي التربة الرملية والتربة الطينية الخفيفة والتربة الطينية الثقيلة قد تم استخدامها. وكانت فرضيات البحث كاﻻتى: 1- هنالك عﻻقة مباشرة بين الكثافة النباتية وحجم الحوض. 2- هامش الخطا يعكس حجم العينة المطلوب وهنالك عﻻقة بين مستوى الدقة المطلوب وتكلفةتنفيذ المسح. 3- حجم الحوض لبس له اثر علي الدقة والجودة تم استخدام جدول تحليل التباين لتحليل اثر حجم الحوض علي تقدير اﻻنتاجية فى القطاع التقليدى. معامل اﻻختﻻف تم استخدامه لمعرفة اﻻستقرار فى تقدير اﻻنتاجية حسب مساحة الحوض. ايضا تم استخدام طريقة المقارنات المتعددة لتحديد الفروقات المعنوية بين المتوسطات فى كل نوع من انواع الترب الزراعية حسب حجم الحوض وذلك باستخدام البرنامج اﻻحصائى SPSS. اظهرت نتائج الدراسة انه ﻻ اثر لحجم الحوضعلي تقدير اﻻنتاجية في الترب الثﻻث. لكن هنالك اثر طفيف لحجم الحوض في حالة تقدير الكثافة النباتية. وقد يعود ذلك ﻻبعاد الزراعة وكميات التقاوى للفدان, الرقاعة, الشلخ وتاريخ الزراعة المناسب. خرج البحث بتوصيتين: 1- لتقدير اﻻنتاجية حجم الحوض الصغير هو اﻻفضل وعلى جميع انواع الترب الزراعية لتوفير الزمن والموارد. 2- لتقدير الكثافة النباتية اﻻفضل استخدام حجم الحوض المتوسط. v Table of contents Item Page Aya of The Quran ⁱ Dedication ⁱⁱ Acknowledgements ⁱⁱⁱ Abstract іv Table of contents vіі List of tables іx CHAPTER ONE - Introduction 1 1-1 Preface 2 2-1 Research Problem 2 3-1 Research Importance 3 4-1 Objective of the Research 3 5-1 Hypothesis of the Research 3 6-1 The Research, Methodology 4 7-1The Research Area of the Study 4 8-1 Previous Studies 4 9-1 Research Structure 5 CHAPTER TWO - Rain-Fed Traditional Sector 6 1-2 Preface 7 2-2 Traditional Rain-Fed Agriculture 7 3-2 Traditional Sector 10 4-2 Contribution of the Sector to the Export Value 10 5-2 Traditional Rain-fed Agriculture Subsistence Oriented 11 6-2 Performance of the Traditional Rain-fed Sector 11 7-2 Historical Background of Agricultural Statistics in Sudan 12 8-2 Method of Collection Agricultural Data in the Irrigated Sector 14 9-2 Rain-fed Mechanized Sector 15 CHAPTER THREE – Literature review 17 1-3 The notion of survey sampling 18 2-3 Survey sampling 18 3-3 Observational access to the population 21 4-3 Important and desirable properties of a frame 24 5-3 Simple random sampling 26 6-3 Stratified sampling 28 7-3 Cluster Sampling 34 8-3 Systematic Sampling 37 9-3 Estimating the Variance 38 10-3 Non-sampling Error 38 11-3 Agricultural Surveys 39 12-3 Measurement of Estimator Quality 39 13-3 Standard Deviations 40 14-3 Standard Errors 40 15-3 Coefficient of Variation 40 16-3 The Estimation of the Production 40 vi 17-3 Some Sampling Surveys in Sudan 43 18-3 Rain-fed Mechanized Sector 45 19-3 Some Surveys in Egypt and India 45 20-3 Research Type 46 21-3 Assessment Methodology 48 22-3 Multiple Comparison of the Means Procedure 51 CHAPTER FOUR 54 1-4 The Analysis and Results Discussion 55 CHAPTER FIVE 63 1-5 Conclusion 64 2-5 Recommendation 65 References 66 Annexes vii List of Tables No. ITEM Page Table 1-2 Area harvested Production & Average Yield of Sorghum and Sesame 6 (90/91 – 2014/2015) Table 1-3 Two Stage Estimation 45 Table 2-3 Two Stage Estimation Analysis of Variance 46 Table 3-3 The Estimation of the Overall Yield 47 Table 4-3 Three Stage Estimation Analysis of Variance 48 Table 1-4 Mean statistics for number of heads per feddan under different plot 51 sizes (Fershaya Area) Table 2-4 Analysis of Variance (Fershaya Area) 51 Table 3-4 Sub-set Homogeneous (Fershaya Area) 52 Table 4-4 Mean statistics for number of heads per feddan under different plot 52 sizes (Debaibat Area) Table 5-4 Analysis of Variance (Debaibat Area) 52 Table 6-4 Sub-set Homogeneous (Debaibat Area)) 53 Table 7-4 Mean statistics for number of heads per feddan under different plot 53 sizes (Dalami Area) Table 8-4 Analysis of Variance (Dalami Area) 53 Table 9-4 Sub-set Homogeneous (Dalami Area) 54 Table 10-4 Mean statistics for average yield per feddan under different plot sizes 54 (Fershaya Area) Table 11-4 Analysis of Variance (Fershaya Area) 54 Table 12-4 Sub-set Homogeneous (Fershaya Area) 55 Table 13-4 Mean statistics for average yield per feddan
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Understanding Farmers' Adaptation to Water Scarcity
    IWMI Research Understanding Farmers’ Report Adaptation to Water Scarcity: A Case Study from the Western 160 Nile Delta, Egypt Wafa Ghazouani, François Molle, Atef Swelam, Edwin Rap and Ahmad Abdo RESEARCH PROGRAM ON Water, Land and Ecosystems Research Reports The publications in this series cover a wide range of subjects—from computer modeling to experience with water user associations—and vary in content from directly applicable research to more basic studies, on which applied work ultimately depends. Some research reports are narrowly focused, analytical and detailed empirical studies; others are wide-ranging and synthetic overviews of generic problems. Although most of the reports are published by IWMI staff and their collaborators, we welcome contributions from others. Each report is reviewed internally by IWMI staff, and by external reviewers. The reports are published and distributed both in hard copy and electronically (www.iwmi.org) and where possible all data and analyses will be available as separate downloadable files. Reports may be copied freely and cited with due acknowledgment. About IWMI IWMI’s mission is to provide evidence-based solutions to sustainably manage water and land resources for food security, people’s livelihoods and the environment. IWMI works in partnership with governments, civil society and the private sector to develop scalable agricultural water management solutions that have a tangible impact on poverty reduction, food security and ecosystem health. IWMI Research Report 160 Understanding Farmers’ Adaptation
    [Show full text]
  • Letters to Sir Moses Montefiore, 1839 RUTH KARK
    Agricultural land in Palestine: Letters to Sir Moses Montefiore, 1839 RUTH KARK Letters on the subject of land and agriculture, written by the Jews of Safed, Tiberias, Acre, Haifa, Jerusalem and Hebron to Sir Moses Monteflore during his second visit to Palestine in 1839, have been dealt with by various authors. Some have seen them in the context of the history of themovement for Jewish national revival and the 'Hibbat Zion' movement, or of European concepts about 'the restoration of the Jews'.1 Others have used them as sources for the study of the history of Jewish settlement in Palestine and of the attempts of Jews to engage in productive occupations there.2 Most authors, however, did not study the documents themselves very carefully. A more detailed examina? tion was published by Israel Bartal.3 The present paper focuses on the availability of land and agricultural activity in Palestine during the period of the Egyptian occupation (1831-41). It is based on a close study of the original manuscripts of the letters, and forms part of a broader study on changes in the pattern of land ownership in Palestine between 1800 and 1917, and their effecton settlement. The letters4 represent a rich, but barely tapped resource relating to the Egyptian administration, and to the historical geography and economic history of the Middle East and Palestine. They contain information on the period preceding the Egyptian occupation as well as on the period of occupation itself, and include references to the state of security (looting and banditry, for example), the treatment of minorities, taxation, local rulers, public health (epidemics) and natural disasters (earthquakes).
    [Show full text]
  • FLEW COPY Agricultural Price Management in Egypt SWP388
    FLEW COPY Agricultural Price Management in Egypt SWP388 Public Disclosure Authorized World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 388 April 1980 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Prepared by William Cuddihy Agriculture and Rural Development Department ight o 1980 Vorld Bank Street, N.W. Public Disclosure Authorized hgton, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. iews and interpretations in this document are those of the _s and should not be attributed to the World Bank, to its --flu~1ed organizations, or to any individual acting in their behalf. FI E C O P Y I The views and interpretations in L[k1b aocument are those of the author and should not be attributed to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to any individual acting in their behalf. rt~TuU~AtO~iALdOy IUN1D THE WORLD BANK joiNT LIBAAy Staff Working Paper No. 388 At DANl April 1980 AGRICULTURAL PRICE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT Control over prices of farm products and inputs has been an important part of Egypt's development strategy during the past 25 years. These controls belong to a broader system of intervention that regulates agricultural production and the distribution of benefits. They are consistent with the theory and mechanisms for managing a centrally planned economy pursuing a course of accelerated industrialization. The commodities' prices boom on world markets in the early seventies highlighted certain weaknesses in the program leading to calls for change. This study brings together the available material to see if price controls and other interventions are reaching the targets for which they have been designed and measures the opportunity costs of the program.
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt's Finances and Foreign Campaigns, 1810-1840. by 1 Ali A
    Egypt's Finances and Foreign Campaigns, 1810-1840. by 1 Ali A. Soliman, Visiting Professor, Cairo University0F , and M. Mabrouk Kotb, Assoc. Professor, Fayoum University, Egypt. I. Introduction: In May 1805 Egypt selected for the first time in its long history a ruler of its own choice. "Muhammad Ali Pasha" was chosen by the Cairo intellectuals (Ulemas) and community leaders to rule them after a long period of turmoil following the departure of the French forces who tried to subjugate Egypt, 1798-1801. The expulsion of the French from Egypt was the result of three supporting forces, the Ottomans who had ruled Egypt since 1517, the British, who would not allow the French to threaten their route to India, and the Egyptian nationals who staged two costly revolts which made the continuation of French presence untenable. Although "Muhammad Ali" had served in the Ottoman army which was sent to regain Egypt, he was willing to accept the peoples' mandate to rule them fairly and according to their wishes (Al- Jabbarti, 1867) and (Dodwell, 1931). Such an accord was not accepted by the Ottomans, and the British alike. The first tried to remove him to another post after one year of his rule. Again, popular support and the right amount of bribes to the Sultan and his entourage assured his continuation as "Waly" (viceroy) of Egypt. A year later, the British sent an occupying force under "Frasier" that was defeated, a short distance of its landing in Alexandria, near Rosetta (1807). For most of the years of his long reign, 1805- 1848, "Muhammad Ali Pasha" (we shall refer to him also as the Pasha) had to engage in five major wars to solidify his position as a ruler of Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter VI 01 857..903
    Part VI Data & Information COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 1 Units and Conversion Tables J. N. Wintgens and H. Waldburger 1.1 In any number where the decimal sign is Introduction placed before the first digit of the number, a zero should always precede it, e.g. 0.251 The many units of measurements used in and not .251. this book – not to mention among our dif- The combination of a prefix and a symbol ferent regions and cultures – reflect the fas- for a unit is regarded as a single symbol and cinating and beneficial diversity of our pla- the characters should be written with no net. Our daily work requires a wide variety space between them, e.g. cm and not c m. of information, often available only in dif- Note that the expression mm for the mi- ferent languages, and it all demands data cron (one-millionth of a meter) replaces in different units and in different orders m, the symbol often used previously. of magnitude. The work often becomes When writing the symbol for a derived cumbersome because of the very richness unit formed from several basic units, the of the means we use for measuring. individual symbols should be separated by While it is the purpose of Part VI, to pro- a solidus (/), a space or a line-centered vide the reader with the data and informa- dot (p), e.g. the unit for velocity—meters tion to render the quantitative part of their per second—is written m/s, m s–1,mps–1 work easier, this chapter is concerned spe- or mps, but not ms–1 (as ms would repre- cifically with the units of measurement.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Methodology for Livestock On-Farm Trials
    ARCHIV IDRC-242e POTTS 63680 Research Methodology for Livestock On-Farm Trials Proceedings of a workshop held at Aleppo, Syria, 25-28 March 1985 Proceedings Series CANADA The International Development Research Centre is a public corporation created by the Parliament of Canada in 1970 to support research designed to adapt science and technology to the needs of developing countries. The Centre's activity is concentrated in five sectors: agriculture, food and nutri- tion sciences; health sciences, information sciences; social sciences; and communications. IDRC is financed solely by the Parliament of Canada; its policies, however, are set by an international Board of Governors. The Centre's headquarters are in Ottawa, Canada. Regional offices are located in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. ® International Development Research Centre 1985 Postal Address: Box 8500, Ottawa, Canada K1G 3H9 Head Office: 60 Queen Street, Ottawa, Canada Nordblom, T.L. Ahmed, A.K.H. Potts, G.R. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo SY IDRC, Ottawa CA IDRC-242e Research Methodology for Livestock On-Farm Trials : proceedings of a workshop held at Aleppo, Syria, 25-28 March 1985. Ottawa, Ont., IDRC, 1985. 313 p. : ill. /Livestock/, /animal nutrition/, /on-farm research/, /research methods/ - /animal breeding/, /forage crops/, /feed/, /cattle production/, /appropriate technology/, /innovations/, /çxperiments/, /research programmes/, /conference report/, /list of participants/. UDC: 636:001.5 ISBN: 0-88936-446-X Microfiche edition available Il existe également une édition française de cette publication. ,j,JI uub )F' u& I D RC-242e Research Methodology for Livestock On-Farm Trials Proceedings of a workshop held at Aleppo, Syria, 25-28 March 1985 Editors: Thomas L.
    [Show full text]
  • I Master's Thesis Regional Studies Development Geography RESETTLEMENT and IRRIGATION SCHEMES AS KEYS to DEVELOPMENT?
    Master’s thesis Regional Studies Development Geography RESETTLEMENT AND IRRIGATION SCHEMES AS KEYS TO DEVELOPMENT? THE CASE OF NEW HALFA AGRICULTURAL SCHEME, SUDAN Marianna Wallin 2013 Supervisors: Senior Lecturer Paola Minoia, Ph.D. Professor John Westerholm, Ph.D., Head of Department UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES AND GEOGRAPHY DIVISION OF GEOGRAPHY PL 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2) 00014 University of Helsinki i Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion ) Faculty Laitos Institution ) Department Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen Geotieteiden ja maantieteen laitos TekijäFörfattare ) Author Marianna Wallin Työn nimi Arbetets title ) Title Uudelleenasuttaminen ja keinokastelualueet kehityksen keinoina? New Halfan keinokasteluprojekti, Sudan Oppiaine Läroämne ) Subject Kehitysmaantiede Työn laji Arbetets art ) Level Aika Datum – Month and Year Sivumäärä Sidoantal – Number of Pages Pro Gradu Marraskuu 2013 122 + liitteet Tiivistelmä Referat ) Abstract Suuret patohankkeet aiheuttavat usein ihmisten pakkosiirtoja ja uudelleenasuttamista. Monet alkuperäisväestöt joutuvat muuttamaan pois näiden kehityshankkeiden alta ja voivat menettää elinkeinonsa, sosiaaliset verkostonsa ja perinteisen maanomistuksen. Tämä johtaa usein köyhtymiseen ja marginalisoitumiseen. Patohankkeet ovat yleensä valtion ja monikansallisten organisaatioiden ajamia ja ylhäältä alas suunniteltuja. Paikallisia asukkaita ei oteta tarpeeksi huomioon suunnitteluvaiheessa ja heidän omia toiveita kehityshankkeesta ja uudelleenasuttamisesta kuunnellaan heikosti. Tämä
    [Show full text]
  • For: Review Arab Republic of Egypt Country Strategy and Programme Evaluation
    Document: EC 2017/99/W.P.5 Agenda: 6 Date: 28 September 2017 E Distribution: Public Original: English Arab Republic of Egypt Country strategy and programme evaluation Note to Evaluation Committee members Focal points: Technical questions: Dispatch of documentation: Oscar A. Garcia William Skinner Director Chief Independent Office of Evaluation of IFAD Governing Bodies Tel.: +39 06 5459 2274 Tel.: +39 06 5459 2974 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Johanna Pennarz Senior Evaluation Officer Tel.: +39 06 5459 2558 e-mail: [email protected] Evaluation Committee — Ninety-ninth Session Rome, 26 October 2017 For: Review EC 2017/99/W.P.5 Contents Acknowledgements ii Executive summary iii Appendices I. Agreement at completion point II. Main report: Arab Republic of Egypt: Country strategy and programme evaluation i EC 2017/99/W.P.5 Acknowledgements This country strategy and programme evaluation was led by Johanna Pennarz, Lead Evaluation Officer of the Independent Office of Evaluation of IFAD (IOE), with contributions from Rima Al-Azar (social development specialist), Hamdi Ahmedou (IOE research analyst), Amor Bayouli (natural resource management/water for agriculture specialist), Nicholas Bourguignon (IOE research analyst), Sherine Mourad (strategy and institutional analyst), Racha Ramadan (poverty impact specialist) and Ann Wessling (rural finance specialist). IOE evaluation assistant Shaun Ryan provided valuable administrative support. The evaluation benefited from the comments of several IOE staff, who reviewed the draft approach paper and the draft final report. IOE is grateful to IFAD’s Near East, North Africa and Europe Division for its collaboration at various stages of the evaluation process.
    [Show full text]
  • Pious Endowments in the Bahrī Mamlūk Period, 1250-1382
    The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences PIETY AND POWER: PIOUS ENDOWMENTS IN THE BAHRĪ MAMLŪK PERIOD, 1250-1382 A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Arab and Islamic Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Arabic Studies by Muhammad Hafez Shaaban Bachelor of Arts in History (under the supervision of Dr. Nelly Hanna) December 2015 The American University in Cairo Piety and Power: Pious Endowments in the Bahrī Mamlūk Period, 1250-1382 A Thesis Submitted by Muhammad Hafez Shaaban to the Department of Arab and Islamic Civilizations December/2015 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Arabic Studies has been approved by Dr. Nelly Hanna Thesis Committee Chair / Advisor ________________________________________ Distinguished Professor of Middle East History, The American University in Cairo Dr. Leonor Fernandes Thesis Committee Reader / Examiner _________________________________________ Associate Professor of Middle East History, The American University in Cairo Dr. Amina Elbendary Thesis Committee Reader / Examiner ________________________________________ Associate Professor of Middle East History, The American University in Cairo _________________________ _______ ____________________ _______ Department Chair Date Dean Date Dedication To the fourteenth-century scribes who have made my eye sight a little poorer. I Acknowledgements This thesis would never have been completed without the help and encouragement of many people that I have had the pleasure of meeting during my time at AUC. I have benefited immensely from their kind mentorship and support while completing my thesis, which would not have been possible without them. My time as a graduate student was made much easier with the help and kindness of Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • Gum Arabic Value Chain Analysis in East Darfur, Sudan
    Gum Talha (Acacia seyal) Value Chain Analysis in East Darfur, Sudan EAST DARFUR STATE February 2016 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 3 Acronyms .............................................................................................................................. 1 Executive summary ................................................................................................................ 2 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Objectives of the analysis ...................................................................................................... 5 2. Definitions and theoretical framework ................................................................................ 6 2.1 Value chain ............................................................................................................................. 6 2.2 Value chain analysis .............................................................................................................. 6 2.3 Value chain mapping .............................................................................................................. 6 2.4 Value chain development ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sugar in the Economic Life of Mamluk Egypt
    SATO TSUGITAKA WASEDA UNIVERSITY Sugar in the Economic Life of Mamluk Egypt Sugar cane cultivation seems to have originated in northern India,1 from where it spread both eastward and westward. As for the eastward route, it was only during the sixteenth–seventeenth centuries that sugar cane cultivation was introduced to Okinawa in Japan through southeast China, but it spread swiftly to the countries on the westward route. It is believed that sugar cane cultivation had already begun both in Iran and Iraq in the mid-seventh century at the end of the Sasanian period.2 According to Tabas˝s˝ur bi-al-Tija≠rah (Thoughts on commercial activities) by al-Ja≠h˝iz˝ (d. 255/868–69), the district of Ahwa≠z irrigated by the Dujayl River in western Iran was particularly well known as a major producer of sugar (sukkar) and silk brocade (d|ba≠j).3 According to Andrew M. Watson,4 sugar cane cultivation was introduced to southern Iraq from western Iran and diffused further to the Jordan valley and the Syrian coastal regions up to Ba≠niya≠s around the tenth century. As to the situation in tenth century Iraq, Ibn H˛awqal relates that there was no village without sugar cane (qas˝ab sukkar) in this vast area.5 Before sugar cane spread to the Islamic world, a traditional treacle of grapes, carobs, and other fruits, called dibs, was very popular in addition to honey (‘asal), the universal sweetening agent among both the wealthy and common people.6 However, even after the wide diffusion of sugar cane, the common people under the Abbasids still continued to use the less expensive treacle for sweetening.7 The first clear reference to the cultivation of sugar cane in Egypt comes from a papyrus of the mid-eighth century.8 According to D.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Protection Reform in Arab Countries 2019 E/ESCWA/SDD/2019/1
    ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA Social Protection Reform in Arab Countries 2019 E/ESCWA/SDD/2019/1 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA Social Protection Reform in Arab Countries 2019 © 2019 United Nations All rights reserved worldwide Cover and report design: Nayla Yehia Photocopies and reproductions of excerpts are allowed with proper credits. All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), e-mail: [email protected]. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Links contained in this publication are provided for the convenience of the reader and are correct at the time of issue. The United Nations takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of that information or for the content of any external website. References have, wherever possible, been verified. Mention of commercial names and products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. References to dollars ($) are to United States dollars, unless otherwise stated. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters com- bined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.
    [Show full text]