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Provided for Non-Commercial Research and Educational Use Only ELECTRONIC OFFPRINT Use of this pdf is subject to the terms described below This paper was originally published by IWA Publishing. The author’s right to reuse and post their work published by IWA Publishing is defined by IWA Publishing’s copyright policy. If the copyright has been transferred to IWA Publishing, the publisher recognizes the retention of the right by the author(s) to photocopy or make single electronic copies of the paper for their own personal use, including for their own classroom use, or the personal use of colleagues, provided the copies are not offered for sale and are not distributed in a systematic way outside of their employing institution. Please note that you are not permitted to post the IWA Publishing PDF version of your paper on your own website or your institution’s website or repository. If the paper has been published “Open Access”, the terms of its use and distribution are defined by the Creative Commons licence selected by the author. Full details can be found here: http://iwaponline.com/content/rights-permissions Please direct any queries regarding use or permissions to [email protected] 61 © IWA Publishing 2020 Journal of Hydroinformatics | 22.1 | 2020 Assessing causes and associated water levels for an urban flood using hydroinformatic tools J. L. S. Pinho , L. Vieira, J. M. P. Vieira , S. Venâncio, N. E. Simões, J. A. Sá Marques and F. S. Santos ABSTRACT Flood events are dependent on meteorological conditions but also depend on several other factors J. L. S. Pinho (corresponding author) L. Vieira that are case specific, with relevance for reservoir operation. Hydrological and hydrodynamic models J. M. P. Vieira fl Centre for Territory, Environment and are valuable tools for understanding complex river hydrodynamics during ood events. These tools Construction, Department of Civil Engineering, have been applied to improve understanding of the causes for an urban flood event that occurred University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, between 9 and 11 January 2016 in the Mondego river basin, at Coimbra city (Portugal). Seven Portugal E-mail: [email protected] different factors that can, independently, influence the river flow at the study site were identified: S. Venâncio three of them can be associated with the operational discharge schemes of the three upstream Department of Civil Engineering, dams; two factors with the runoff flows from uncontrolled contributing sub-basins; another one Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, related to discharge measurement uncertainty at a downstream dam; and finally, the seventh Brazil studied factor was sedimentation occurring in the main channel of the flooded river stretch. N. E. Simões J. A. Sá Marques Hydroinformatic tools were applied in different scenarios allowing the characterization and INESCC, Institute for Systems Engineering and identification of each one of the identified key factors responsible for the flood event. A proposal for Computers at Coimbra, Department of Civil Engineering, a flood early warning system is presented based on the knowledge resulting from the studied University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-788, flood event. Portugal fl Key words | oods modelling, hydroinformatic tools, reservoirs operation F. S. Santos Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-788, Portugal INTRODUCTION Regulations have been established in order to control or planning, resulting in buildings and other infrastructures mitigate flood consequences since they usually are being built on floodplains, is responsible for major losses associated with severe social, economic, and environmental (Adeloye & Rustum ). impacts. An EU Flood Directive (EU ) requires the Deficient design or operation of the urban drainage sys- development of flood hazard maps, which may include tems can also be a cause for urban floods. Several additional information on hydrological and hydrodynamic character- threats, like increasing of impervious areas and climate istics of vulnerable regions, i.e., inundated areas, river change can aggravate this problem (Hammond et al. ; discharges and water levels. However, the occurrence of Palla et al. ). Drainage systems frequently discharge floods depends on complex hydrological processes and into rivers that are embedded in the urban environment anthropic actions whose individual contribution to the as a consequence of cities growing (Phong ). Floods water level rise at particular locations is hard to distinguish. are one of the main instigators of the interaction between High rainfall events are not the unique factor that explains rivers and cities, leading to artificialization of river banks, the occurrence of floods. Lack or inadequate urban installation of defence structures and, in many other cases, doi: 10.2166/hydro.2019.019 62 J. L. S. Pinho et al. | Causes of an urban flood Journal of Hydroinformatics | 22.1 | 2020 to the construction of dams to control flood flows during cause for a flood event that occurred near the city of Coim- extreme precipitation events (FitzHugh & Vogel ). bra (Portugal), in January 2016. Seven different factors that Proper operational dam rules during flood events should be can, independently, influence the river flow at the study site guaranteed to defend urban areas located near by river banks. were identified: three of them can be associated with the Methodological approaches to deal with flooding discharges at the three upstream dams; two factors with problems recommend the incorporation of decision support the runoff flows from uncontrolled contributing sub-basins; tools in the process to better investigate which planning another one related to the operation of a downstream options and remedial actions need to be taken at river dam; and finally, sedimentation occurring in the main chan- basin scale and which operational management actions nel that could cause water levels to rise during flood events. are more effectively protecting urban populations (Werner This relatively complex case study was properly moni- et al. ; Demir & Krajewski ; Henonin et al. ; tored, thus constitutes a rare opportunity to assess the Filatova ; Sharma et al. ; Goharian & Burian performance of a set of actual software packages for river ). These decision support systems should be based on flood and inundation modelling (Teng et al. ). Modelling adequate hydroinformatic tools capable of processing, ana- of monitored historical intense inundation events at river lysing and simulating the relevant hydrological data basin scale is quite rare since floods are controlled at mon- required for potential flood assessment in at-risk locations. itored basins and normally for inundations at uncontrolled Uncertainty related to hydrodynamic models is basins the hydrometric data are not sufficient. usually associated with model inputs, model structure and Application of modelling tools to anticipate inundations calibration (Deletic et al. ; Efstratiadis et al. ; associated with floods or assess flood mitigation measures Dimitriadis et al. ; Papaioannou et al. ; Bellos (e.g., Aparicio et al. ; Popescu et al. ; Schwanenberg et al. ; Teng et al. ). Nevertheless, software packages et al. ; Gibertoni et al. ) is quite common. Moreover, for two-dimensional simulation of water levels and flow development of hydroinformatic platforms for flood or inun- characteristics during flood events have been found to be dation warnings must be based on robust models, including efficient (e.g., Stelling & Verwey ; Liang ; Tsakiris realistic capacity to simulate the hydrology and the river’s & Bellos ). Néelz & Pender () presented a sound hydrodynamics within the basin, and particularly for the performance analysis consisting of the comparison of soft- flood-prone areas. These platforms are responsible for the ware packages in the simulation of different inundation synchronization and management of all the required data tests. SOBEK (Deltares a) was one of the evaluated in the case of flood forecasting and automation of model software packages. This software showed the capabilities running (Werner et al. ). to capture the detail of the flow field for all the tests invol- This paper presents a detailed description of a set of ving complex geometries of the floodplain. When applied hydrological, hydrodynamic and morphodynamics models in operational management, the computational time costs, used to study that flood event. The set of available data, depending on the spatial resolution, could be a restriction not only from the river system (topography, bathymetry, for some simulations. Nevertheless, capabilities to simulate dam operation, etc.), but also from the flood event, such as operations adopted at hydraulic structures are fundamental flow, water depth and rainfall, provide a unique opportunity in order to properly consider discharges at dams during to validate and improve the knowledge of river floods in flood events. The real-time control module is a quite distinc- rivers controlled by dams. Seven different factors that influ- tive feature of this software solution that allows simulation ence river water levels at Coimbra city are identified and of complex river flow scenarios. Moreover, it includes a a flood forecast early warning system for the Mondego hydrological module, that together with the hydrodynamics river basin is proposed, based on the knowledge acquired (1D and 2DH) modules, constitutes an adequate solution for from the flood event study. Dam operations’ auditing and river flood modelling. improvement, and responsibility attribution for security Pinho et al. () have identified
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