Aspire Defence Capital Works – Archaeology Report,

Aspire Defence Capital Works

Archaeology Report - Larkhill

February 2014

Document No. 27-XXXGEN-43-RT-E5-005 01

27-XXXGEN-43-RT-E5-005 Wessex Archaeology Aspire Defence Capital Works – Archaeology Report, Larkhill

Document Status Rev. Date Purpose Revisions Prep Chkd Appr of Issue 01 24/02/14 For info. FINAL TW JS DK

27-XXXGEN-43-RT-E5-005 Wessex Archaeology making sense of heritage

Project Allenby/Connaught Larkhill, Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Ref: 101480.41 February 2014

Project Allenby/Connaught Larkhill Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Prepared for: Aspire Defence Capital Works Aspire House Princes Avenue Aldershot GU11 2LF

Prepared by: Wessex Archaeology Portway House Old Sarum Park Wiltshire SP4 6EB

www.wessexarch.co.uk

October 2013 (Revised February 2014)

101480.40

© Wessex Archaeology Ltd 2014, all rights reserved Wessex Archaeology Ltd is a Registered Charity No. 287786 (&Wales) and SC042630 (Scotland) Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Quality Assurance

Project Code 101480 Accession Client Code Ref. Planning Ordnance Survey 412920, 144700 Application (OS) national grid Ref. reference (NGR)

Version Status* Prepared Checked Approver’s Signature Date by and Approved By V01 E TW JS 21/10/13

File: X:\PROJECTS\101480\Larkhill\Report\v01_101480_Larkhill

Rev F TW SPB 24/02/14

File: X:\PROJECTS\101480\Larkhill\Report\v03_101480_Larkhill Rev File:

File:

* I= Internal Draft; E= External Draft; F= Final

DISCLAIMER

THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT WAS DESIGNED AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF A REPORT TO AN INDIVIDUAL CLIENT AND WAS PREPARED SOLELY FOR THE BENEFIT OF THAT CLIENT. THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT DOES NOT NECESSARILY STAND ON ITS OWN AND IS NOT INTENDED TO NOR SHOULD IT BE RELIED UPON BY ANY THIRD PARTY. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW WESSEX ARCHAEOLOGY WILL NOT BE LIABLE BY REASON OF BREACH OF CONTRACT NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE (WHETHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL) OCCASIONED TO ANY PERSON ACTING OR OMITTING TO ACT OR REFRAINING FROM ACTING IN RELIANCE UPON THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT ARISING FROM OR CONNECTED WITH ANY ERROR OR OMISSION IN THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THE REPORT. LOSS OR DAMAGE AS REFERRED TO ABOVE SHALL BE DEEMED TO INCLUDE, BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO, ANY LOSS OF PROFITS OR ANTICIPATED PROFITS DAMAGE TO REPUTATION OR GOODWILL LOSS OF BUSINESS OR ANTICIPATED BUSINESS DAMAGES COSTS EXPENSES INCURRED OR PAYABLE TO ANY THIRD PARTY (IN ALL CASES WHETHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL) OR ANY OTHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS OR DAMAGE.

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Project Allenby/Connaught Larkhill Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Contents

Summary...... iv Acknowledgements ...... vi

1 INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1 Project background ...... 1 1.2 The Site ...... 1

2 METHODOLOGY...... 2 2.1 Scope of document...... 2 2.2 Aims ...... 2 2.3 Study area...... 2 2.4 Sources...... 2 2.5 Setting...... 3 2.6 Site visit ...... 4 2.7 Assessment Criteria ...... 4 2.8 Chronology...... 5 2.9 Best practice ...... 6 2.10 Assumptions and limitations...... 6 2.11 Copyright ...... 6

3 PLANNING BACKGROUND...... 6 3.1 Introduction ...... 6 3.2 National Planning Policy Framework...... 7 3.3 Local Planning Policy...... 7 3.4 World Heritage Site Management Plan 2009 ...... 8 3.5 1970 Concordat on Future Building Work at Larkhill...... 8

4 BASELINE RESOURCE...... 8 4.1 Introduction ...... 8 4.2 Previous studies ...... 9 Overview...... 9 Site...... 9 4.3 Statutory and local heritage designations...... 12 Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites World Heritage Site ...... 12 Site...... 14 Study Area ...... 14

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Wider context...... 15 4.4 Archaeological and historical context ...... 16 4.5 Historic Landscape Character ...... 23 4.6 Setting...... 25

5 SUMMARY OF HERITAGE ASSETS...... 27 5.1 Introduction ...... 27 5.2 Known heritage assets within the Site...... 28 Designated heritage assets ...... 28 Non-designated heritage assets ...... 28 5.3 Potential buried archaeological remains...... 29 5.4 Heritage assets within the theoretical ZVI ...... 29 Designated heritage assets ...... 29 Non-designated heritage assets ...... 29 5.5 Assessment of survival and previous impacts...... 30 Designated heritage assets ...... 30 Historic Landscape Character ...... 31 Archaeological remains ...... 31 5.6 Summary...... 32

6 IMPACTS...... 34 6.1 Introduction ...... 34 6.2 Proposed development ...... 34 6.3 Statement of impact...... 35 Designated heritage assets and settings...... 35 Archaeological potential...... 37 Historically significant non-designated buildings ...... 38

7 CONCLUSIONS...... 38 7.1 General...... 38 Designated heritage assets and settings...... 38 Archaeological potential...... 39 7.2 Mitigation ...... 40

8 REFERENCES...... 42 8.1 Bibliography ...... 42 8.2 Historic Environment Records ...... 44 8.3 Cartographic and Documentary Sources ...... 44 8.4 Online resources...... 44

9 APPENDICES...... 45 9.1 Appendix 1: Gazetteer of Information summarised from the WSHER and other sources 45 9.2 Appendix 2: Designated Heritage Assets within the theoretical ZVI ...... 95 9.3 Appendix 3: National and Local Historic Environment Policies...... 112 9.4 Appendix 4: A method for assessing the the importance of values of heritage assets ...... 118

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Project Allenby/Connaught Larkhill Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

List of Tables Table 1: Summary of Factors for Determining Significance of Heritage Assets...... 5 Table 2: Chronological periods...... 5 Table 3: Summary of Heritage Assets...... 33

List of Illustrations Figure 1: Site, Study Area and known heritage resource (based on WSHER and other sources) Figure 2: Theoretical ZVI, showing designated heritage assets Figure 3: Site, Study Area and features transcribed from aerial photography (based on WSHER) Figure 4: Site, Study Area and previous archaeological investigations Figure 5: Site outline showing areas previously developed (by 1972) Figure 6: 1823 Durrington and Enclosure Map Figure 7: 1839 Durrington Parish Tithe Map Figure 8: 1840 Figheldean Parish Tithe Map Figure 9: 1887 Ordnance Survey 1:10,560 Figure 10: 1925-6 Ordnance Survey 1:10,560 Figure 11: 1948 Ordnance Survey 1:25,000

Plates Plate 1: North-west facing view towards long barrow within the Site (WA 19) Plate 2: West facing view towards Knighton Long Barrow (WA 23) Plate 3: North-west facing view of potentially historically significant building (WA 120) Plate 4: South facing view towards the WHS and upstanding barrows from the southern part of the Site Plate 5: South facing view from within the Site Plate 6: South-west facing view from the Packway towards the WHS and Durrington Down barrow cemetery (WA 10) Plate 7: North west facing view from the Packway towards the western end of the Site Plate 8: South-east facing view from the Packway towards the WHS and Durrington Walls (WA 30) Plate 9: East facing view from northern part of Site Plate 10: North facing view from northern part of Site Plate 11: North-west facing view from within the Site towards Robin Hoods Ball Plate 12: South-east facing view from within the Site

Front Cover Panoramic view from the eastern edge of the Site

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Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Project Allenby/Connaught Larkhill Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Summary Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by Aspire Defence Capital Works to carry out an archaeological desk-based assessment of land at Larkhill Camp, Wiltshire centred on National Grid Reference 412920, 144700. The site is one of a number of locations being considered for redevelopment or disposal under the Army Basing Programme. This study is required as part of the Assessment Study Phase of work of the basing options, which will inform further stages of work and development proposals. The effect of the development proposals on the identified historic environment resource will be a material consideration in determination of the planning application. This study has identified no overriding heritage constraints which are certain to prohibit development, though potential adverse impacts were identified.

The recorded historic environment resource within a 1km study area around the site was considered in order to provide the context for the discussion and interpretation of the known and potential resource. Additionally, a theoretical Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI) was created within a 5km radius from the site, within which designated heritage assets of national importance were identified.

Future development within the site may have the potential to affect the archaeological and historic environment resources within and beyond the boundary of Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites World Heritage Site (WHS), including the WHS itself and associated remains, both Scheduled and undesignated, which include prehistoric funerary monuments, settlements and field systems, as well as the Historic Landscape Character of the wider landscape. The military history of the site is also considered to be of significance and buried remains of other periods may also be encountered. Potential adverse effects include direct (primary) and/or indirect (secondary) impacts resulting in the physical loss of part or all of an asset, and/or changes to its setting. Specific concerns were raised that the potential development may directly impact upon the Scheduled Neolithic long barrow located within the Site.

It was determined that future development proposals may entail a risk of causing direct and indirect impacts to non-designated, yet historically significant structures located within the Site. However, further assessment may be required in order to accurately quantify any such risk, following the preparation of detailed design proposals.

However, it was envisaged that the site may be able to accommodate new development without adversely impacting upon the cultural heritage resource to an unacceptable degree. This would require a considered and informed approach to the preparation of any future design proposals. Due to the sensitivity of the cultural heritage resource within the site’s environs, it was recommended that are consulted at the first opportunity with regard to any future development proposals. It was also highlighted that further dedicated assessments may be required to quantify any potential adverse impacts prior to development.

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The presence, location and significance of any buried heritage assets within large parts of the site cannot be confirmed on the basis of the available information. As such, it is likely that additional archaeological investigations may be required by the archaeological advisor to . The need for, scale, scope and nature of any further archaeological works should be agreed through consultation with the statutory authorities.

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Project Allenby/Connaught Larkhill Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Acknowledgements This project was commissioned by Aspire Defence Capital Works, and Wessex Archaeology is grateful to Jeremy Parker in this regard. Wessex Archaeology would also like to thank Wiltshire Council for supplying the Historic Environment Record data.

The report was researched and compiled by Tom Wells and the illustrations were prepared by Linda Coleman and Tom Wells. Stephen Beach managed the project on behalf of Wessex Archaeology.

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Project Allenby/Connaught Larkhill Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project background 1.1.1 Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by Aspire Defence Capital Works to carry out an archaeological desk-based assessment of land at Larkhill Camp, Durrington, Wiltshire centred on National Grid Reference (NGR) 412920, 144700 (hereafter ‘the Site’, Figure 1).

1.1.2 The Site is one of a number of locations being considered for redevelopment or disposal under the Army Basing Programme (ABP). This study is required as part of the Assessment Study Phase of work of the Army 2020 basing options, which will inform further stages of work and development proposals.

1.1.3 Prior to the commencement of work, a Statement of Requirement was issued by the Defence Infrastructure Organisation (2013) defining the cultural heritage requirements for the assessment.

1.2 The Site 1.2.1 The Site is located within Larkhill Camp, one of the main military facilities contained within the Defence Training Estates on . Larkhill Camp is sited approximately 3km north-west of , and c. 14km north of Salisbury. The southern edge of the proposed development area at Larkhill camp is situated some 1.9km north of Stonehenge.

1.2.2 Larkhill Camp is currently home to the Royal School of Artillery. The military facility contains a considerable number of structures, including accommodation blocks, messing and recreation facilities, technical support, administration, stores and the main training complex. The Site also contains several large parcels of open ground particularly to the west and north and to the west of Stirling Barracks.

1.2.3 Much of the central part of the camp is structured around a rectilinear gridded street plan. The main arterial route bisecting Larkhill Camp, the Packway, traverses the southern part of the Site. The Packway also defines the northern boundary of the World Heritage Site (WHS) of Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites.

1.2.4 The military facility is largely self-contained, set as it is amid the open and undeveloped expanse of Salisbury Plain. Several fields, particularly to the south of the camp are under arable cultivation, though the majority of the surrounding landscape to the north forms part of the military training grounds. A number of plantations are located around the perimeter of the camp.

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1.2.5 The Site, which comprises an irregular parcel of land of approximately 165.5 hectares (ha), is located within a gently undulating landscape at an approximate elevation of 125m above Ordnance Datum (aOD).

1.2.6 The underlying geology of the Site is mapped predominantly as Cretaceous chalk of the Seaford Chalk Formation, overlain by a dendritic pattern of Head deposits composed of clay, silt sand and gravel, laid down during the Quaternary period (British Geological Survey). The northern part of the Site is recorded as lying upon Cretaceous Chalk of the Newhaven Formation, though no superficial deposits are mapped in this location.

2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Scope of document 2.1.1 This assessment was requested by the Client in order to determine, as far as is possible from existing information, the nature, extent and significance of the Historic Environment and to assess the potential impact of development on the Heritage Assets that embody that significance.

2.1.2 The Historic Environment, as defined in the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF 2012): Annex 2, comprises:

‘all aspects of the environment resulting from the interaction between people and places through time, including all surviving physical remains of past human activity, whether visible, buried or submerged, and landscaped and planted or managed flora.’

2.1.3 NPPF Annex 2 defines a Heritage Asset as:

‘a building monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest. Heritage assets include designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing)’.

2.2 Aims 2.2.1 The specific aims of this assessment are to:

• outline the known and potential heritage assets within the Site based on a review of existing information within a Study Area extending 1km from the site boundary; • assess the significance of known and potential heritage assets through weighted consideration of their valued components; and • assess the impact of potential development or other land changes on the significance of the heritage assets and their setting.

2.3 Study area 2.3.1 The recorded historic environment resource within a 1km Study Area around the Site has been considered in order to provide a context for the discussion and interpretation of the known and potential resource within the Site (Figures 1 and 3).

2.4 Sources 2.4.1 A number of publicly accessible sources of primary and synthesised information have been consulted. Sources consulted comprise:

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• The Wiltshire and Historic Environment Record (WSHER), comprising a database of all recorded archaeological sites, find spots, and archaeological events within the county. • National heritage datasets including the National Heritage List for England (NHLE), Images of England, PastScape, Viewfinder, NMR Excavation Index, and Parks and Gardens UK. • Historic manuscripts, surveyed maps, and Ordnance Survey maps held at the Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre. • Relevant primary and secondary sources held at the Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre and in Wessex Archaeology’s own library. Both published and unpublished archaeological reports relating to excavations and observations in the area around the Site have been studied. 2.4.2 A bibliography of documentary, archive, and cartographic sources which have been consulted is included in the References section of this report.

2.5 Setting 2.5.1 In addition to the 1km Study Area, the wider visual setting of the Site was also considered for the purposes of this Study. A GIS Viewshed Analysis was carried out within a 5km radius from the Site, in order to determine a theoretical Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI). Designated heritage assets which lay within the theoretical ZVI, comprising World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Grade I and II* Listed Buildings and Grade I and II* Registered Parks and Gardens, were identified.

2.5.2 Any indirect impacts resulting from the proposed development upon the settings of these monuments were then assessed during the Site Visit (see below).

Viewshed analysis

2.5.3 Viewshed analysis is a commonly applied visibility analysis technique where the output produces a Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI) mapping the area which theoretically shares intervisibility with the Site. The ZVI provides a means of modelling where in the landscape a theoretical observer would be able to see a target point within the Site based on a digital terrain map (DTM). This is calculated using:

• The Landform Panorama DTM, a ‘bare earth’ terrain model of 50m horizontal resolution provided by Landform Panorama. • A single target point height, positioned at the most topographically prominent point within the Site boundary, set to 10m representing the approximate height of the proposed development. • Observer heights were set to 1.6m representing the eye height of an average person. 2.5.4 Since this process is based on a ‘bare-earth’ model which takes no account of surface forms and features (including trees, vegetation, buildings and other structures) the inclusion of a heritage asset within the theoretical ZVI should not be conflated with ‘real- world’ intervisibility. The inclusion of a monument within the theoretical ZVI is not intended to indicate that the Site lies within the monument’s setting, or that there will be an impact to the setting of this monument. The value of the theoretical ZVI is as an aid to identifying

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an area within which heritage assets and settings possessing views that contribute to their significance may be effected by the proposed development.

2.6 Site visit 2.6.1 The Site was visited on the 9th October 2013. The aim of the visit was to assess the general aspect, character, condition and setting of the Site and to identify any potential impacts not evident from secondary sources. Weather conditions were dry and overcast. A fieldwork record comprising digital photography is held in the project archive. It was not possible to freely access the Site due to the clear sensitivity of the military installation. Nevertheless, it was possible to make a number of general observations of consequence to the stated aims of this assessment.

2.6.2 The site visit aimed to identify any designated heritage assets within the wider setting of the Site which might be considered potential sensitive receptors to the proposed development, by comparing the theoretical ZVI to the actual views available of the landscape surrounding the Site. Any heritage assets which had been identified as located within the theoretical ZVI were assessed to see if intervisibility could in actual fact be established. Note was made of any intervening vegetation, housing or landscape features which may have prevented meaningful views between the Site and the monument in question.

2.7 Assessment Criteria 2.7.1 Assessment of the significance of a site sets out to identify how particular parts of a place and different periods in its evolution contribute to, or detract from, identified heritage values associated with the site. This approach considers the present character of the site based on the chronological sequence of events that produced it, and allows management strategies to be developed that sustain and enhance the significance of heritage assets.

2.7.2 Significance (for heritage policy) is defined in NPPF Annex 2 as:

‘the value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. That interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting.’

2.7.3 Current national guidance for the assessment of the significance of heritage assets is based on criteria provided by English Heritage in the document Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment (2008). Within this document significance is weighed by consideration of the potential for the asset to demonstrate the following value criteria:

• Evidential value. Deriving from the potential of a place to yield evidence about past human activity. • Historical value. Deriving from the ways in which past people, events and aspects of life can be connected through a place to the present. It tends to be illustrative or associative. • Aesthetic value. Deriving from the ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from a place. • Communal value. Deriving from the meanings of a place for the people who relate to it, or for whom it figures in their collective experience or memory.

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Communal values are closely bound up with historical (particularly associative) and aesthetic values, but tend to have additional and specific aspects.

2.7.4 In order to accurately assess the significance of a heritage asset, it is necessary to understand the relative contribution of each identified heritage value to the overall significance of the asset. Wessex Archaeology have developed a method for assessing the relative importance of each of the values ascribed to heritage assets and their potential to contribute to people’s understanding of the past, based on the Conservation Principles and professional judgement. This approach is presented in Appendix 4.

2.7.5 The overall significance of heritage assets and their settings is decided in line with the criteria laid out in Table 1 below:

Table 1: Summary of Factors for Determining Significance of Heritage Assets

Significance Factors Determining Significance

World Heritage Sites International Assets of recognised international importance Assets that contribute to international research objectives Scheduled Ancient Monuments Grade I and Grade II* Listed Buildings National Grade I and Grade II* Registered Parks and Gardens Undesignated assets of the quality and importance to be designated Assets that contribute to national research agendas Grade II Listed Buildings Grade II Registered Parks and Gardens Regional Conservation Areas Assets that contribute to regional research objectives Locally listed buildings Assets compromised by poor preservation and/or poor contextual Local associations

Assets with importance to local interest groups Assets that contribute to local research objectives Negligible Assets with little or no archaeological/historical interest The importance of the asset has not been ascertained from available Unknown evidence

2.8 Chronology 2.8.1 Where referred to in the text, the main archaeological periods are broadly defined by the following date ranges:

Table 2: Chronological periods

Palaeolithic 900,000 – 9500 BC Early Post-glacial 9500 – 8500 BC Mesolithic 8500 – 4000 BC

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Neolithic 4000 – 2200 BC Bronze Age 2200 – 700 BC Iron Age 700 BC – AD 43 Romano-British AD 43 – 410 Saxon AD 410 – 1066 Medieval 1066 – 1500 Post-medieval 1500 – 1800 19th century 1800 – 1899 Modern 1900 – present day

2.9 Best practice 2.9.1 This assessment has been carried out in accordance with the Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and Guidance for desk based assessment (IfA 1994, revised November 2012).

2.10 Assumptions and limitations 2.10.1 Data used to compile this report consists of secondary information derived from a variety of sources, only some of which have been directly examined for the purposes of this Study. The assumption is made that this data, as well as that derived from other secondary sources, is reasonably accurate.

2.10.2 The records held by the WSHER are not a record of all surviving heritage assets, but a record of the discovery of a wide range of archaeological and historical components of the historic environment. The information held within it is not complete and does not preclude the subsequent discovery of further elements of the historic environment that are, at present, unknown.

2.11 Copyright 2.11.1 This report may contain material that is non-Wessex Archaeology copyright (e.g. Ordnance Survey, British Geological Survey, Crown Copyright), or the intellectual property of third parties, which Wessex Archaeology are able to provide for limited reproduction under the terms of our own copyright licences, but for which copyright itself is non- transferable by Wessex Archaeology. Users remain bound by the conditions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 with regard to multiple copying and electronic dissemination of the report.

3 PLANNING BACKGROUND

3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 There is national legislation and guidance relating to the protection of, and proposed development on or near, important archaeological sites or historical buildings within planning regulations as defined under the provisions of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. In addition, local authorities are responsible for the protection of the historic environment within the planning system.

3.1.2 The following section provides details of the national, regional and local planning and legislative framework governing the treatment of archaeological remains within the planning process.

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3.2 National Planning Policy Framework 3.2.1 The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) was published by the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) in March 2012, replacing Planning Policy Statement 5.

3.2.2 NPPF Section 12: Conserving and enhancing the historic environment sets out the principal national guidance on the importance, management and safeguarding of heritage assets within the planning process.

3.2.3 The aim of NPPF Section 12 is to ensure that Regional Planning Bodies and Local Planning Authorities, developers and owners of heritage assets adopt a consistent and holistic approach to their conservation and to reduce complexity in planning policy relating to proposals that affect them.

3.2.4 To summarise, government guidance provides a framework which:

• recognises that heritage assets are an irreplaceable resource; • requires applicants to provide proportionate information on the significance of heritage assets affected by the proposals and an impact assessment of the proposed development on that significance; • takes into account the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and their setting; • places weight on the conservation of designated heritage assets (which include World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Protected Wreck Sites, Registered Parks and Gardens, Registered Battlefields or Conservation Areas); • requires developers to record and advance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance and impact, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publicly accessible.

3.3 Local Planning Policy 3.3.1 Formally adopted on 7 February 2012, the South Wiltshire Core Strategy now forms part of the development plan for south Wiltshire. Appendix C of the adopted South Wiltshire Core Strategy retains a number of policies related to heritage conservation originally contained within the Local Plan 2011 (adopted by the former Salisbury District Council in June 2003).

3.3.2 The South Wiltshire Core Strategy will form part of the Wiltshire Core Strategy, which is timetabled for adoption in late 2013. Consequently, reference is also made to The Wiltshire Core Strategy Pre-Submission Document (February 2012), within which Core Policy 58: Ensuring the conservation of the historic environment addresses a suite of cultural heritage related issues. The Wiltshire Core Strategy Pre-Submission Document (February 2012) also contains Core Policy 59: The Stonehenge, Avebury and associated sites World Heritage Site, which has direct relevance to the proposed development. It may be noted that Wiltshire Council have produced a set of proposed changes to the draft Core Strategy. Though these amendments are considered to be relatively minor and do not alter the overall substance of the draft Core Strategy, it is recommended that the Local Planning Authority (LPA) is consulted with regard to the most recent iteration of the Core Policies.

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3.3.3 Policies relating to heritage which are relevant to the present scheme are presented in Appendix 3.

3.4 Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan 2009 3.4.1 The Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan (Chris Blandford Associates 2000) was adopted by the former Salisbury District Council as Supplementary Planning Guidance (SPG) in 2000. English Heritage has subsequently revised the plan, resulting in the publication of the Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan 2009. The revised Management Plan provides an up-to-date, overarching strategic framework for the protection and enhancement of the Stonehenge part of the WHS (see section 4.3).

3.4.2 In July 2009 Wiltshire Council endorsed the Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan 2009 as Supplementary Planning Guidance and a material consideration in determining planning applications that affect the Stonehenge WHS, thus replacing the 2000 Stonehenge WHS Management Plan as Supplementary Planning Guidance.

3.4.3 It is understood that the 2009 Stonehenge WHS management plan is currently under review. Though few details are available at present, a draft consultation document is due to be published in late Spring/early Summer 2014.

3.5 1970 Concordat on Future Building Work at Larkhill 3.5.1 It is understood that in 1970 the Ministry of Defence and the then Ministry of Public Buildings and Works established a Concordat (reproduced in Appendix J of the English Heritage’s 2009 Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan 2009) which acknowledged the visual sensitivity of the World Heritage Site in relation to future proposals to develop the military facility to the north of Stonehenge. The Concordat outlined certain principles to be observed during any such future development, in order to constrain any potential intrusive visual impact on the setting of Stonehenge.

4 BASELINE RESOURCE

4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 The following section provides a brief summary of the archaeological and historical development of the Site and the Study Area, compiled from sources listed above. The aim is to establish the known and potential resource which could be affected by the development.

4.1.2 Owing to the density of recorded archaeology, not all sites are mentioned in the text; however, a full list of recorded sites is contained in Appendix 1. It may be noted that the WSHER contains numerous entries which duplicate National List entries relating to Scheduled Monuments. For the most part, the National List entries have been referred to where such duplication occurs.

4.1.3 The WSHER and National List entries are referred to by number within the text, and a selection of these are given a WA prefix for ease of reference. An overall illustration of the identified heritage assets is provided in Figures 1 and 3.

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4.2 Previous studies Overview 4.2.1 There is an extensive history of archaeological research within the Study Area and the Site’s wider context (Figure 4). These investigations include a large number of antiquarian excavations. Many of the barrows and other monuments visible above ground in the Stonehenge environs were excavated during the 19th century, particularly by Sir Richard Colt Hoare and William Cunnington, though recorded investigations stretch back as far as the 17th century (Darvill et al 2005).

4.2.2 In more recent times, a considerable number of investigations within the Study Area have been carried out in the course of development control, though many research led projects have also been undertaken.

4.2.3 A considerable number of features have been identified within the wider landscape surrounding the Site through a series of assessments of aerial photographs. Many of these features have been transcribed, and are reproduced in Figure 3.

4.2.4 Major research projects carried out in recent times include the Stonehenge Environs Project, which comprised a series of investigations carried out between 1980 and 1984 with the intention of exploring the evidence for settlement activity within the immediate vicinity of Stonehenge. The project entailed large scale fieldwalking surveys and a number of small scale excavations to the south of the Site (Richards 1990).

4.2.5 The Stonehenge Riverside Project, conducted between 2003 and 2009, was another major research project studying the development of the prehistoric landscape surrounding Stonehenge. The project involved a considerable of fieldwork, parts of which were conducted within the Study Area.

4.2.6 An extensive suite of investigations also took place over a number of years during the preparation of proposals to develop the new Stonehenge Visitor Centre, including a desk- based assessment, a geophysical survey, fieldwalking and a trial trench evaluation.

4.2.7 Due to the large number of previous investigations within the Study Area, it has been necessary to focus upon the history of archaeological work conducted within the Site itself. A full list of previous archaeological investigations recorded by the WSHER as being carried out within the Study Area is contained within Appendix 1.

Site 4.2.8 A number of previous intrusive investigations have been carried out within the Site (Figure 4). All previous investigations undertaken within the Site are given a WA prefix for ease of reference. In general, these have been relatively small in scale and have produced little evidence of archaeological significance, except for sub-surface remains related to the 20th century military activity. Many of the investigations have identified considerable evidence of modern activity relating to earlier phases of development within the military camp. A summary of recorded archaeological work undertaken within the Site is provided below.

4.2.9 A community archaeology project named Layers of Larkhill recently conducted a number of geophysical surveys and a series of small excavations within, and close to the Garrison camp. The precise location of these investigations could not be confirmed, however, two of the areas targeted for geophysical surveys were located within the camp, within the grounds of the primary school just south of the Packway and in front of and near to the

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Packway Officers’ Mess (currently 32nd Regiment 's Officers' Mess). These surveys identified considerable disturbance, likely related to the demolished military structures. A small test pit excavated within the camp also identified evidence for the 20th century demolition. It is understood that the project also excavated a pair of Bronze Age ditches and a series of mid-20th century military structures to the west of the Site.

4.2.10 A total of four evaluation trenches were excavated within the Site during 2003 on behalf of Project Allenby/Connaught (WA 91). Two small pits containing Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age pottery were found within one of the trenches, though no other features were identified (Wessex Archaeology 2003). A layer of made ground, varying in thickness from c. 0.1-0.64m was encountered within each of the trenches, suggesting a level of modern disturbance.

4.2.11 A desk-based assessment and subsequent watching brief were conducted during 2006 in advance of and during the removal of overburden in preparation for the installation of two gun pits on land within the western part of the Site (WA 92). Despite aerial photography evidence that a part of an extensive field system (WA 106) may have traversed the area, no archaeological features were observed. This, together with the shallow nature of the topsoil overlying the natural geology, may indicate that this part of the Site had been subject to truncation, possibly as ‘a result of relatively modern activities relating to the Military Camp, or more historic agricultural practises such as ploughing’ (Wessex Archaeology 2006).

4.2.12 Wessex Archaeology undertook an intermittent watching brief (WA 93) during re- development within the Site in 2009. During groundworks associated with the construction of new accommodation blocks at Roberts Barracks, it was observed that the development area had been subject to extensive truncation derived from earlier phases of construction. Consequently, no archaeological features were identified within this area (Wessex Archaeology 2009a). However, works carried out to the north, during the construction of new accommodation blocks for Alanbrooke Barracks, lead to the identification of a concentration of archaeological features. These features comprised sixty post holes and six tree throw holes, predominantly clustered in the north-western corner of the development area. Extensive modern disturbance was also observed, particularly across the southern half of the development site, which probably relates to former military activity. Twenty-five of the post holes were potentially prehistoric in date, while the remainder were modern. Eight of the post holes are thought to have comprised the remains of a sub- circular post built structure, with an internal diameter of 4.6m. This structure may have been bounded to the east by a north-south aligned fence line formed by five post holes. To the east of the fence line, there were five post holes that may have represented the remnants of a larger post built structure. A small assemblage of pottery, struck flint, burnt flint and animal bone was recovered from the prehistoric post holes. It was observed that the evidence of prehistoric activity extended to the north, beyond the development site, and may have been part of a larger settlement. It was considered that the prehistoric remains were potentially of regional significance and would further our understanding of Late Bronze Age activity in the area (Wessex Archaeology 2009b).

4.2.13 A watching brief was carried out in 2008 during the construction of a new community centre in the southern part of the Site (WA 94). Traces of modern brick structures and services, probably relating to the early 20th century military activity were encountered, though no archaeological remains of earlier date were observed (Wessex Archaeology 2008). An archaeological evaluation conducted in 1999 immediately adjacent to the site (WA 95) revealed a few features such as gullies, building footings and a trackway, although they were all thought to be modern in date.

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4.2.14 A watching brief conducted in 2003 during the construction of new buildings at Alanbrooke Barracks (WA 96) revealed no archaeological finds or features, though considerable modern disturbance, including layers of re-deposited chalk, service trenches and the foundations of earlier buildings were encountered (Wessex Archaeology 2003b).

4.2.15 A series of 12 evaluation trenches and five hand-dug test pits were excavated during 2001 prior to the construction of temporary accommodation on land to the west of Watson Road, at Horne and Roberts Barracks (WA 97). No archaeological remains were encountered, with the exception of 12 modern postholes and re-deposited chalk rubble surfaces (Wessex Archaeology 2001).

4.2.16 A possible Bronze Age or Iron Age ditch was excavated during a watching brief (WA 98) conducted prior to ground reduction made necessary by the construction of a new football pitch in the northern part of the Site in 2005. In addition to the widespread evidence of modern disturbance, service trenches, a trackway likely associated with the early 20th century hutted camp, and backfilled ‘zigzag’ practice trenches were also encountered (Wessex Archaeology 2005).

4.2.17 An archaeological watching brief undertaken close to the north-eastern edge of the Site during 2010 (WA 99) uncovered only features of demonstrably modern date. Severe modern disturbance was observed truncating the natural deposits in parts of the development area. An assemblage of residual worked flint, of possibly Bronze Age date, was identified within both the topsoil and modern features and was considered to be indicative of the known background level of prehistoric activity in the area (Wessex Archaeology 2011). A further watching brief was conducted in advance of development immediately to the east in 2011 (WA 100), though due to the shallow nature of the construction level the natural geology was not exposed and no archaeological features or finds were identified (Wessex Archaeology 2011b).

4.2.18 A watching brief was undertaken in late 2012 during groundworks to construct a car park extension (WA 101). It was observed that extensive modern disturbance was likely to have entirely removed or heavily truncated any archaeological features or deposits which may have previously existed within the development area.

4.2.19 A small evaluation consisting of two machine-dug test pits (WA 102) was undertaken during 2007 within the central part of the Site, prior to the construction of a new building to accommodate the Watchkeeper simulator and training facility. A layer of re-deposited chalk up to 1.1m thick was observed to overlie the natural geology, presumably deriving from modern ground rising, though no archaeological features or finds were identified beneath the made ground (Wessex Archaeology 2007).

4.2.20 A watching brief was carried out during groundworks on the site of a new training building in the eastern part of the Site in 2006 (WA 103). A small assemblage of residual Bronze Age worked flint was recovered from the overburden and extensive traces of former (modern) structures were also identified (Wessex Archaeology 2006b).

4.2.21 An evaluation consisting of 28 machine excavated trenches distributed across three parcels of land within the Site was carried out during 1993 (WA 104). Apart from the evidence of modern activity, no archaeological features were encountered, though four worked flints were recovered. A layer of made ground was observed in the easternmost of the three investigated areas, suggesting that there may have been little reduction in the level of the underlying chalk geology. Within the western part of the northern area, a layer of overburden (ranging from c. 0.4-1m in thickness) was present and evidence for a

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generalised reduction in the level of the underlying natural geology was observed. The eastern part of the area was characterised by limited evidence of disturbance. Localised areas of disturbance were noted in the southern area, though other areas seemed to have been relatively unimpacted by modern activity (Wessex Archaeology 1993).

4.2.22 A four trench evaluation (WA 105) was carried out during 1999 immediately to the north of the previous evaluation (WA 104). The investigations failed to reveal any features that pre-dated the modern period. Undated post-holes, which were noted on the site, were interpreted as the holdings for goal post. ‘Z’-shaped trenches with modern in-fill were interpreted as possible foundation trenches, though these are thought more likely to have represented backfilled practice trenches. It was suggested that the results of this and the previous evaluation indicated that the apparently archaeologically ‘blank’ area within the middle of the Site may reflect its position on the periphery of ancient field systems and settlements (Wessex Archaeology 1999). However, it may be the case that modern activity had truncated any archaeological remains once present.

4.3 Statutory and local heritage designations 4.3.1 Designated heritage assets located within the Site and the Study Area are illustrated in Figure 1.

Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites World Heritage Site 4.3.2 The Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites WHS is divided into two broad geographical areas centred on the megalithic monuments of Stonehenge and Avebury. The Packway, which traverses the southern-most part of the Site, defines the northern boundary of the Stonehenge part of the WHS. Consequently, c. 9ha of the Site lies within the Stonehenge WHS. The WHS extends to the south through the 1km Study Area and beyond the 5km ZVI Limit. The boundary of the part of the WHS containing the henge at Avebury and its associated monuments is located c. 21km to the north of the Site. Consequently, the Avebury part of the WHS is considered to be unlikely to be affected by any proposed development within the Site, and has been excluded from any further assessment.

4.3.3 It is understood that proposals have recently been drafted to extend the northern and western boundaries of the Stonehenge WHS. An internal consultation between Stonehenge WHS Committee members closed on the 31st August 2013. If adopted by the Committee, the proposal will be forwarded to the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) for approval and inclusion in the UK submission by 1st February for the 38th World Heritage Committee meeting in the summer of 2014. If approved, the new boundary of the Stonehenge WHS would approximately correspond with the western edge of the Site, encompassing land to the west of Larkhill Camp.

4.3.4 The Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites WHS was inscribed onto the World Heritage List in 1986 on account of its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV), which is defined according to the UNESCO Operational Guidelines as ‘cultural and/or natural significance which is so exceptional as to transcend national boundaries and to be of common importance for present and future generations of all humanity’.

4.3.5 The OUV of the WHS is described by a Statement of Significance agreed by the World Heritage Committee at its meeting in July 2008 (decision 32 COM 8B.93). The Statement of Significance, as reproduced in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan 2009 (English Heritage 2009), states the following:

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The Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites World Heritage Site is internationally important for its complexes of outstanding prehistoric monuments.

It comprises two areas of chalkland in Southern Britain within which complexes of Neolithic and Bronze Age ceremonial and funerary monuments and associated sites were built. Each area contains a focal stone circle and henge and many other major monuments. At Stonehenge these include the Avenue, the , Durrington Walls, Woodhenge and the densest concentration of burial mounds in Britain. At Avebury, they include Windmill Hill, the West Kennet Long Barrow, the Sanctuary, Silbury Hill, the West Kennet and Beckhampton Avenues, the West Kennet Palisaded Enclosures and important barrows.

The World Heritage property is of Outstanding Universal Value for the following qualities:

• Stonehenge is one of the most impressive prehistoric megalithic monuments in the world on account of the sheer size of its megaliths, the sophistication of its concentric plan and architectural design, the shaping of the stones, uniquely using both Wiltshire Sarsen sandstone and Pembroke Bluestone, and the precision with which it was built.

• At Avebury, the massive Henge, containing the largest prehistoric stone circle in the world, and Silbury Hill, the largest prehistoric mound in Europe, demonstrate the outstanding engineering skills which were used to create masterpieces of earthen and megalithic architecture.

• There is an exceptional survival of prehistoric monuments and sites within the World Heritage site including settlements, burial grounds, and large constructions of earth and stone. Today, together with their settings, they form landscapes without parallel. These complexes would have been of major significance to those who created them, as is apparent by the huge investment of time and effort they represent. They provide an insight into the mortuary and ceremonial practices of the period, and are evidence of prehistoric technology, architecture, and astronomy. The careful siting of monuments in relation to the landscape helps us to further understand the Neolithic and Bronze Age.

4.3.6 The 2009 Management Plan also identifies a series of seven attributes, which are not in themselves of OUV, but together express the OUV of the Stonehenge WHS:

y Stonehenge itself as a globally famous and iconic monument. y The physical remains of the Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial monuments and associated sites. y The siting of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial sites and monuments in relation to the landscape. y The design of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial sites and monuments in relation to the skies and astronomy. y The siting of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial sites and monuments in relation to each other.

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y The disposition, physical remains and settings of the key Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary, ceremonial and other monuments and sites of the period, which together form a landscape without parallel. y The influence of the remains of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial monuments and their landscape settings on architects, artists, historians, archaeologists and others.

4.3.7 The Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan 2009 (English Heritage 2009) also states:

There are also some Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary, ceremonial and communal monuments, close to but outside the current boundary of the WHS, the remains of which along with their settings, could be considered to be related to its OUV. The obvious candidates include the causewayed enclosure of Robin Hood’s Ball and the long barrows in this general area to the north and west of the WHS, one of which is only a few metres north of the current boundary. These early Neolithic monuments were in fact named in the UK Government’s nomination documentation of 1985, and are part of the development of the Stonehenge area into a locality of exceptional significance in the later Neolithic and Bronze Ages. These monuments help us to understand the Site and without them, the WHS as a whole may lack some elements of integrity.

Site 4.3.8 As noted above, approximately 9ha of the southernmost part of the Site lies within the Stonehenge WHS.

4.3.9 The entirety of the Site also lies within an Area of Special Archaeological Significance as defined within the Salisbury District Local Plan (2011).

4.3.10 The Site contains a single (WA 19; Plate 1), a Neolithic or Early Bronze Age long barrow. The monument, which is located immediately to the north of the Packway, is a well preserved example of a long barrow and at least 28 such monuments have been identified within the Salisbury Plain area. The relevant National List description states that these monuments ‘represent an important group for understanding the historical context within which Stonehenge developed during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age periods…’ and that the ‘long barrow in Larkhill Camp survives well and will contain archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed’. The Scheduled Monument is considered to be of at least National Significance, due in large part to its high evidential value. Despite the fact that the monument lies immediately outside of the WHS boundary, the long barrow is clearly associated with the development of the wider landscape and is therefore deemed to contribute to the (international) significance of the WHS. This is underscored by the fact that the long barrow was named, along with other monuments located outside of the WHS boundary, in the UK Government’s nomination documentation of 1985.

4.3.11 An examination of historic cartographic sources, in conjunction with the Site Visit, has identified that there are no hedgerows within the Site which may be considered to be historically important, as defined by the Hedgerows Regulations 1997 (amended 2002).

Study Area 4.3.12 There is a single Listed Building within the 1km Study Area, the Grade II* Buildings 455 and 456 (Five aircraft hangars), Durrington Camp (WA 1). Larkhill was the site of Britain’s

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first military airfield. Today the hangars, which were constructed in 1910, represent the sole survival of this important phase in the camp’s history. The relevant National List description states that the hangars are ‘amongst the most historically significant structures associated with the pioneering phase of powered flight, ranking in terms of their early date with the remains of the Wright Brothers workshops and the resited 1910 Boeing workshop at Seattle, which have been given Landmark status by the US government’. The aircraft hangars are therefore considered to be of at least national significance, chiefly for their high historical value and comparative rarity.

4.3.13 In addition to the long barrow (WA 19) within the Site, the Study Area contains a total of 28 Scheduled Monuments (WA 1-18, 20-30), all of which are of prehistoric date. These include the henges, associated monuments and settlements at Durrington Walls and Woodhenge (WA 30) and the Neolithic (WA 17), located at the eastern and southern edges of the Study Area, respectively.

4.3.14 25 of the Scheduled Monuments within the Study Area are located within the Stonehenge WHS. The outliers comprise WA 2, a disc barrow located c. 1km to the west of the Site, and WA 26, and a bowl barrow located c. 550m to the north of the Site. The final outlier, Knighton Long Barrow (WA 23; Plate 2), is a large and well preserved example of its type, and is located immediately outside of the northern perimeter of the Site.

4.3.15 Several of the Scheduled Monuments within the Study Area are composed of groups of monuments, typically clusters of round barrows or bowl barrows forming nucleated cemeteries (e.g. WA 10, 12, 24 and 28). The majority of the remaining monuments refer to individual or smaller groups of round or bowl barrows. However, the remainder also incorporates rarer monuments types including pond barrows (WA 6 and 27) and disc barrows (WA 7 and 8).

4.3.16 Each of the Scheduled Monuments within the Study Area is considered to be of national significance in their own right, predominantly due to their high evidential value. This value relates to their high potential to contain archaeological and palaeoenvironmental evidence which would provide information about the Neolithic and Bronze Age communities that constructed them. The monuments also represent one of the defining qualities of the Outstanding Universal Value of the WHS (see section 4.3.4).

4.3.17 The entirety of the Study Area, including land within and outside the WHS, was identified as an Area of Special Archaeological Significance within the Salisbury District Local Plan (2011).

Wider context 4.3.18 The Viewshed Analysis identified that considerable number of additional designated heritage assets within the Site’s wider context were located within the theoretical ZVI (Figure 2). These comprise:

y The Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites World Heritage Site; y 232 Scheduled Monuments, including Stonehenge; y Three Grade I and 10 Grade II* Listed Buildings; and y One Grade II* Registered Park and Garden.

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4.3.19 The designated heritage assets within the theoretical ZVI are therefore highlighted as theoretically sharing intervisibility with the Site. However, potential intervisibility does not necessarily indicate that the Site forms part of the setting(s) of these designated assets.

4.3.20 The Scheduled Monuments within the ZVI are almost exclusively of prehistoric date, and include funerary and ceremonial monuments, as well as settlements. The majority of the Scheduled Monuments are located to the south of the Site, within the boundary of the WHS. However, the WHS boundary encapsulates only part of the prehistoric landscape preserved within the wider expanse of Salisbury Plain. Consequently, there are also many known prehistoric monuments and sites (many of which are Scheduled) beyond the WHS, to the north, east and west of the Site. As noted in section 4.3.6, these monuments (and their settings), which include the important Neolithic causewayed enclosure at Robin Hoods Ball (National List ID 1009593), may be considered to be related to the OUV of the WHS.

4.4 Archaeological and historical context 4.4.1 The following section provides a brief summary of the archaeological and historical development of the Site and the Study Area, compiled from the sources listed above. The potential for the likelihood of as yet unrecorded archaeological remains within the Site is informed by the consideration of the known heritage assets recorded within the 1km Study Area surrounding the Site, in conjunction with the geology and topography of the area.

4.4.2 A number of more or less comprehensive summaries of the archaeology of Stonehenge and its environs have been published. A detailed appraisal of the development of Stonehenge and its landscape can be found in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site: An Archaeological Research Framework (Darvill 2005) and will not be revisited here.

4.4.3 The archaeological records obtained from WSHER and other sources are illustrated in Figures 1 and 3 and listed in Appendix 1. Owing to the density of recorded archaeology, not all sites are mentioned in the text; however, a full list of recorded sites is contained in Appendix 1.

Early prehistoric 4.4.4 The WSHER contains no records of Palaeolithic or Mesolithic date within the Study Area and in general there is currently little evidence for activity within the wider landscape surrounding the Site prior to the Neolithic period (Darvill et.al. 2005). A very limited assemblage of Mesolithic worked flint has been collected from across the wider landscape, which (taking sampling biases into account) suggests at least a background level of activity during this period.

Neolithic 4.4.5 Evidence for Neolithic activity within the landscape surrounding the Site is dominated by ceremonial structures and is particularly dense within the WHS. However, significant monuments of this period also exist in the rest of the Study Area. Environmental evidence has shown that these monuments were built within grassland created by the removal of the natural ancient woodland documented in the area in the preceding Mesolithic period (English Heritage 2009, 155; Cleal et al 1995, 43).

4.4.6 The earliest monuments of this period were long barrows, cursus monuments and the Robin Hood’s Ball causewayed enclosure (National List ID 1005953; English Heritage 2009, 155). The Cursus (WA 17), a long thin enclosure bounded by a ditch and bank and aligned on a long barrow at its eastern terminal, was probably intended for processional

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uses; radiocarbon dating suggests it was constructed around 3,630-3,370 BC (Parker- Pearson et al 2007, 14).

4.4.7 The long barrows within (WA 19; Plate 1) and at the northern edge of the Site (WA 23; Plate 2) were also likely constructed during the Neolithic. Several other examples of these funerary monuments are located within the wider landscape. It is thought that many of the barrows were intentionally located in prominent positions in order to create associations with other pre-existing or contemporary monuments, landscape features and other foci. Later funerary and ceremonial monuments are commonly observed to have been deliberately located with respect to the position of a long barrow.

4.4.8 The earliest phase of Stonehenge (National List ID 1010140) dates to around 3,000 BC when the ditched henge monument was dug (Richards 2005). This henge monument, which is still visible today, had a circular chalk bank with an external causewayed ditch some 110m in diameter, a principal entrance on the north-eastern side and a secondary one to the south. Fifty-six circular pits, known as the ‘Aubrey Holes’ after their original discoverer John Aubrey (1626-1697), were dug inside the henge, probably also around this time (English Heritage 2009, 155). Archaeological investigation of these pits shows that they held timber posts or stones, however, little is known of the nature of the superstructure indicated by these posts. Later in the period, following the rotting or removal of posts or stones, cremation burials were placed in several of the pits (English Heritage 2009, 155). In the period 2,900 BC-2,600 BC, extensive timber structures were erected at the centre and at the entrances to the henge. Cremation burials, deposited in the bank and the partially in-filled henge ditches, are also thought to date to this phase.

4.4.9 Other henge monuments were constructed in the landscape during this period. Just inside of the Study Area, some 3km to the north-east of Stonehenge, lies the massive henge of Durrington Walls (c. 2,500 BC) and the smaller Woodhenge (built around 2,300 BC) (WA 30; English Heritage 2009, 155). Both Durrington Walls and Woodhenge contained large concentric timber structures and would have been major focal points within the landscape. The timber structures at Durrington Walls may be earlier than the encircling bank and ditch which form the henge enclosure. Stonehenge and the henge complex at Durrington do not appear to have been intervisible, although both locations are visible from Coneybury Henge, located just over 1km to the south-east of Stonehenge.

4.4.10 A combination of cropmark evidence from aerial photographs and archaeological fieldwork has identified extensive traces of multi-period activity associated with Durrington Walls. The recently discovered remains of ten late Neolithic houses situated inside and just outside the Durrington Walls henge may be the surviving remains of an extensive settlement (Parker-Pearson et al 2007, 7), possibly occupied on a seasonal basis.

4.4.11 Assemblages of Neolithic flintwork have been recovered across the Study Area and are densest in the WHS on the eastern side of the Avon-Till interfluve; this apparent density of activity may reflect greater levels of archaeological survey around the upstanding monuments in this part of the Study Area.

Bronze Age 4.4.12 The early Bronze Age also saw significant modifications to the design and appearance of Stonehenge. The stone structures which characterise this phase of Stonehenge were erected and re-modelled several times during the period around 2,550-2,000 BC (English Heritage 2009, 155). Together with Avebury, it would have been a major centre for the region and possibly for north-western Europe. There is evidence from outside the Study

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Area that prehistoric people were buried at Boscombe Down (the Boscombe Bowmen/the Amesbury Archer), near Stonehenge, were from continental Europe (Fitzpatrick 2011).

4.4.13 As during the preceding Neolithic period, Stonehenge was both a focal point and a component of a structured ceremonial landscape in which intervisibility with other monuments and spaces is likely to have been important (English Heritage 2009, 156). In the Early Bronze Age, the henge was linked physically with Stonehenge Bottom and the valley of the River Avon by a ceremonial approach to the site, known as The Avenue. There was, and still is, a strong visual relationship to the widespread barrow cemeteries surrounding the henge. These monuments were typically built on prominent ridges within the landscape, creating a well-defined area or ‘amphitheatre’ with Stonehenge at its centre.

4.4.14 Ceremonial traditions underwent a significant change during the Early Bronze Age with new funerary monuments, such as round barrows, adopted for prominent burials. Round barrows are the commonest class of monument in the Study Area, and many survive as upstanding earthworks. A substantial number of probable barrows, evidenced by cropmarks of ring ditches, also exist across the Study Area, while others, previously documented, have now been lost due to modern development (e.g. WA 59-60, 66-68, 72- 88, 90 and 121). The majority of barrows are sited on the crests of ridges overlooking river valleys and major dry valleys, with many grouped together in barrow cemeteries. A significant barrow groups exist at the Cursus (WA 17), suggesting that the earlier ceremonial focal point retained some significance in the Bronze Age.

4.4.15 Given the nature and density of prehistoric archaeology in the Study Area, it is considered that further ceremonial and funerary monuments may once have existed within the Site. It is possible that any such examples may have gone un-recorded either because of a lack of above ground remains, levelling or they were simply omitted from the first accurate cartographic surveys. Subsequent development of the military camp would have diminished the possibility of identifying such features from aerial photographs. It is possible that, although remains associated with such monuments may not be visible above ground, any buried archaeology associated with them may be of considerable significance, potentially equivalent to that of Scheduled Monuments and of value to research objectives concerned with the development of the WHS.

4.4.16 Isolated burials of certain or probable prehistoric date have been recorded within the Study Area. These include crouched inhumations with Early Bronze Age beakers to the south (WA 38 and 49) of the Site, and a further example without grave goods to the west (WA 34). It is not clear if these were once associated directly with funerary monuments. However, their discovery highlights the potential for isolated prehistoric inhumation and, possibly, cremation burials to be encountered throughout the Site.

4.4.17 During the later Bronze Age, evidence for settlement became more widespread. There is evidence of settlement from excavation and field-walking (e.g. Richards 1990) at several sites across the wider landscape. There is also evidence for the development of a large- scale land division across much of the area. Extensive field systems, visible as cropmarks, covered large parts of the Study Area. The majority of these features are undated, having not been sampled by excavation, but appear, on the basis of similarity to excavated examples, to date between the late Bronze Age and the Romano-British period.

4.4.18 An undated, predominantly co-axial field system has also been mapped, largely from cropmark evidence, but it also includes some remnant earthworks within and to the south-

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west and west of the Site (WA 106). Although undated, these remains probably represent a prehistoric field system, likely originating in the Middle or Late Bronze Age. Although no sub-surface traces of the field system were identified during the watching brief in 2006 (WA 92), this may have been due to localised truncation. Buried, in-filled ditches delineating the field system may still survive throughout the western part of the Site. An additional field system was observed on aerial photographs to the south of the Site (WA 108). These remains are also thought to extend into the Site.

4.4.19 Aerial photographic evidence also suggests that traces of another undated, though possibly prehistoric field system (WA 109) may survive within the lawned area in front of the officers’ mess to the north of the Packway.

4.4.20 A further field system (WA 111) mapped from aerial photographs lies immediately to the north of the Site. A north-south aligned ditch (WA 63), probably representing part of the field system, was observed in an evaluation trench located to the north of the Site in 2002. It is possible that a ditch (WA 116), tentatively dated to the Bronze Age/Iron Age, identified during a watching brief conducted within the Site (WA 98) may also represent part of the same field system.

4.4.21 As noted above, traces of Bronze Age settlement activity (WA 115) were encountered during a watching brief within the Site (WA 93). It was suggested that the settlement activity may extend further to the north towards an area with limited development.

4.4.22 Other direct archaeological evidence of activity within the Site includes two small pits (WA 36) of Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age date, discovered in 2003 (WA 91). It is possible that further examples may be located in the vicinity.

4.4.23 Few other records of activity dating to the Neolithic and Bronze Age are recorded by the WSHER within the vicinity of the Site. As noted above, surface discoveries of worked flint are common across the area, though no large assemblages have been reported within the Site. Reports of isolated findspots or small assemblages of worked flint within or close to the Site include WA 31, 33, 35, 42, 117 and 122. The WSHER also notes the discovery of two bronze axes (WA 32 and 37) to the north of the Site, though their exact provenance is unknown.

Iron Age and Romano-British 4.4.24 Although it is likely that some of the field systems and settlements identifiable from cropmark evidence were in use during these periods, securely dated evidence for activity that corresponds to this is extremely sparse across the Study Area. As noted above, a single ditch (WA 98) excavated within the Site, possibly relating to these field systems, may be of Bronze Age/Iron Age date. A hillfort, known as Vespasian’s Camp (National List ID 1012126), was constructed to the south of the Study Area near Amesbury and is a further indicator of activity during this period.

4.4.25 It appears that Durrington Walls (WA 30) was the site of continued habitation during the Iron Age, while evidence for a Romano-British settlement has also been identified via a number of intrusive investigations to the south-west of the henge. The site of a ‘Romano British Village’ is recorded in this area on the early 20th century Ordnance Survey mapping, while a series of enclosures have been identified in the previous assessment of aerial photographs.

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4.4.26 Additional evidence for activity within the Study Area during the Romano-British period is very limited. An undated inhumation burial (WA 69) excavated in 1991 close to Durrington Walls was tentatively suggested to be of Romano-British date.

4.4.27 The WSHER reports that a large quantity of pottery (WA 47) including shreds of Samian, was discovered prior to 1931 a short distance to the south of the Site, though a visit made by the Ordnance Survey surveyor in 1969 failed to identify any further material within the plough soil. An assemblage of Roman pottery and a single coin (WA 48) were also reportedly found in the upper fills of a barrow ditch and the surrounding plough soil during an excavation in 1998 to the south west of the Site.

Anglo-Saxon and medieval 4.4.28 In common with other downland areas, there appears to have been a substantial shift in land-use across the Study Area over the course of the Anglo-Saxon period. The extensive field systems covering the downs that were characteristic of later prehistory and the Romano-British periods were replaced by a pattern of settlements in the valley floors utilising a regime of open field agriculture on the lower slopes of the river valleys and open grazing land on the intervening downs.

4.4.29 The Domesday Survey of 1086 suggests that the general surroundings of the Site were sparsely populated, the nearest recorded settlement being Knighton, which was located to the north-west of the Site. The place name Knighton Down, describing area immediately north-west of the Site, was derived from the settlement mentioned in the Survey. Knighton is mentioned in numerous documentary sources throughout the medieval period, though it had shrunk considerably by the 19th century (Crowley 1995). The last remaining structures, which comprised farm buildings, were demolished in the early 20th century to make way for the Knighton Down Airfield (WA 112).

4.4.30 As much of the Study Area probably served as the agricultural hinterland of settlements, the evidence for activity during these periods in the Study Area is extremely sparse. The limited evidence for medieval activity recorded in the WSHER comprises a dump of finely dressed medieval architectural stonework (WA 39), which was found within soak-away drains filled with modern rubble during an evaluation to the south of the Site.

4.4.31 Despite the current paucity of evidence, it is not possible to entirely disregard the potential for buried archaeological remains relating to human activity (including occupation) during the Anglo-Saxon and medieval periods to exist within the Site.

4.4.32 It is a frequently observed phenomenon that prehistoric funerary monuments were sometimes re-used, particularly during the earlier Anglo-Saxon period, as the sites of secondary burials or, occasionally, as the focal points of larger cemeteries. Given the possibility that prehistoric funerary monuments may have existed within the Site (see above), there is a speculative potential for Anglo-Saxon burials to be encountered in their vicinity.

Post- medieval, 19th century and modern 4.4.33 Much of Salisbury Plain is thought to have continued to be used as pasture in the post- medieval period. The WSHER contains no entries relating to post-medieval activity within the Site or the Study Area.

4.4.34 The earliest cartographic evidence consulted for this assessment is Andrew’s and Drury’s 1773 Map of Wiltshire (not reproduced). The relatively undetailed map shows the Site as

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undeveloped land traversed by a number of tracks, including the east-west aligned Bulford to Shrewton road, known from at least the mid-16th century as the Packway (Crowley 1995).

4.4.35 By the time of the c. 1823 Durrington and Figheldean Enclosure Map (Figure 6), the Site had been enclosed and divided into a number of large fields, though no evidence of other development is shown.

4.4.36 The Durrington and Figheldean Parish Tithe Maps (of c. 1839 and 1840 respectively; Figures 7 and 8) depict no additional evidence of modification to the enclosures, nor any development within the Site. The accompanying Tithe Apportionments indicate that the majority of the area was given over to pasture, though few enclosures were under arable cultivation. All of the fields, which were owned or occupied by a number of individuals, were known as Durrington Down or Durrington Field.

4.4.37 It appears that from the mid-19th century, pastoralism gave way to arable cultivation across parts of Salisbury Plain (Crowley, 1995). In 1870-72 John Marius Wilson, in his Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales, described Salisbury Plain as follows:

‘…an undulating tract of chalk country, in Wilts; extending from the E border west-ward to Westbury and , and from the vale of Pewsey 10 miles southward to the vicinity of Salisbury. It. has an average elevation of about 400 feet above sea-level; rises in the W, on Westbury down, to a height of 775 feet; presents a rolling surface, somewhat similar to that of the ocean after a storm; is watered in the S E by the river Bourne, across the E portion, past Amesbury, by the river Avon, and along the S W border by the river Wiley; contains the stupendous old monument Stonehenge, and numerous ancient camps, barrows, and earth-works; was, till a comparatively recent period, all in a state of nature, bare of trees, and used only for sheep-pasture; and still includes tracts either waste or entirely pastoral; but has been extensively reclaimed for cultivation, even up to the very vicinity of Stonehenge.’

4.4.38 In 1892 the Secretary of State was granted power to purchase land for military purposes under the Military Lands Act of that year. The acquisition of land for the army on Salisbury Plain began in August 1897. During the next three years extensive areas were purchased and subsequent purchases continued into the first half of the 20th century, though on a much reduced scale.

4.4.39 The 1887 edition Ordnance Survey map (Figure 9) depicts little evidence of development within the Site. Some of the land divisions recorded on the Tithe and Enclosure maps appear to have been removed, while a Wellhouse is shown in the south-eastern part of the Site, north of the Packway. Two rectangular structures, possibly representing barns, are also depicted within the Site. Many tumuli are recorded within the surroundings of the Site, the positions of which are largely consistent with the locations of known monuments. One of these tumuli is positioned within the Site and corresponds with the long barrow (WA 19) immediately north of the Packway. The parish boundary between Durrington and Figheldean (traversing the northern part of the Site) is depicted to have been marked by mounds.

4.4.40 The 1901 Edition Ordnance Survey map (not reproduced) records few if any changes within the Site. Evidence of military activity within the area is largely restricted to the depiction of a number of Danger Posts for the recently established artillery range.

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4.4.41 In January 1900, the Assistant Adjutant-General of Artillery, Colonel E.O. Hay (later Major-General E.O. Hay) proposed that the School of Gunnery for Horse and Field Artillery should be relocated to Salisbury Plain, though the transfer did not take place until 1915. In the interim period, Larkhill was the site of a series of temporary practice camps. No permanent structures were built at the camp until 1914, when the replacement of the temporary barracks with hutted accommodation commenced. The outbreak of the First World War led to a rapid acceleration in the development of the camp, facilitated by the construction of the Larkhill Military Railway (WA 114; James 1987; 1983). A large military hospital was built to the south-west of the Site, immediately south of Fargo Road. The camp itself was expanded exponentially to provide accommodation for Kitchener’s New Army.

4.4.42 Larkhill was also home to one of Britain’s first military airfields, established in 1909 (WA 113). The establishment of the Central Flying School at Upavon in 1912 diminished the importance of the airfield at Larkhill, which was eventually closed in 1914. Today, the Grade II* listed hangars (WA 1) located c. 800m to the south-east of the Site represent the only substantial remains of the former airfield. The WSHER (MWI12589) notes that the airfield was excavated during 2005, leading to the identification of features and remains of the First World War barracks in the area.

4.4.43 A second aerodrome (WA 112) was established on Knighton Down to the north-west of the Site during the late 1920’s. From 1936 it was recognised as a Royal Air Force airfield, though the airfield gradually fell into disuse after 1944. It appears that few facilities were constructed at the airfield, and that it never became heavily developed.

4.4.44 From 1920 Larkhill Camp became the headquarters of the School of Artillery, replacing the School of Gunnery for Horse and Field Artillery, and the camp underwent a series of modifications during the transition. The 1925-26 edition Ordnance Survey map (Figure 10) depicts an extensive series of buildings within the camp, laid out over a grid system partially defined by pre-existing trackways, including the Packway. Many of the buildings appear to be huts laid out in ranks, though larger structures are also depicted. Numerous social amenities are illustrated on the map, including tennis grounds, a church, a social club, a YMCA hut and a theatre (built upon the site of an earlier cinema) laid out along the Packway to the east of the main complex. A large recreation ground with a pavilion is located in the northern part of the Site. Various other features are shown within the camp including a chalk pit, an incinerator, water tanks and sewage facilities. The route of the military railway and a tramway is clearly shown traversing the Site, though it had been shut down by 1928. Most, if not all of the former field boundaries within the Site appear to have been lost by the time of the survey.

4.4.45 A period of new construction took place during the 1930’s. A new mess was constructed for warrant officers and sergeants in 1931, while the new Royal Artillery Mess was built between 1936 and 1940, and the Packway Mess in 1938. Other new buildings included the Garrison Church, built in 1938. Some of the buildings constructed during this period survive today, and though not subject to statutory protection, may be considered to be of historic interest in their own right. It has not been possible to catalogue all of these structures during the course of this assessment due to the limited records available and due to the restricted access to the military camp at the time of the Site Visit. Although three of these have been listed within the Gazetteer (WA 118-120; Plate 3), it should be acknowledged that further historically significant non-designated structures may lie within the Site.

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4.4.46 The 1948 edition Ordnance Survey map (Figure 11) records that the camp had undergone extensive changes, largely resulting from the outbreak of the Second World War, when the artillery school became the focus of intense activity as one of the army’s main training facilities. Many of the former barrack blocks appear to have been replaced by more substantial buildings arranged around the gridded street pattern in the centre of the Site, while an extensive complex of smaller buildings occupied the northern part. To the east, many of the earlier structures also appear to have been replaced by larger buildings.

4.4.47 Much of Larkhill Camp was rebuilt during the 1960s and many of the earlier structures were demolished. By the time of the 1972 edition Ordnance Survey map (not reproduced), the camp had changed considerably, while the school was renamed as the Royal School of Artillery in 1970. In subsequent decades, Larkhill Camp developed into a garrison town with numerous facilities supporting over 2000 residents.

4.4.48 Aerial photographic evidence has enabled the identification of a number of in-filled practice trenches dating to the First World War and the inter-war period within the Site (WA 107 and 110), and the wider Study Area (e.g. WA 71). Traces of these have also been encountered during archaeological investigations conducted within the Site (e.g. WA 98). Aerial photographic evidence has also enabled the identification of other features associated with earlier phases of the camp’s development including the military railway and demolished buildings. As described in Section 4.2, traces of earlier phases of the camp’s development have been identified in practically all of the previous archaeological investigations carried out within the Site.

Undated 4.4.49 The WSHER records a large number of undated monuments within the Study Area, though it is thought that the vast majority of these are likely to be prehistoric, particularly Bronze Age in date. Nevertheless, some of the putative barrows located within the Study Area may actually be of more recent origin (e.g. WA 54-58, 61-62, 121).

4.4.50 Few of the possible enclosures and the extensive field systems surrounding the Site (e.g. WA 106, 108, 109 and 111) which have been identified from aerial photography have been directly dated. However, it is likely that the majority of these features are of Romano- British or prehistoric origin.

4.5 Historic Landscape Character 4.5.1 In general terms, the wider context of the Site may be understood as a uniquely well preserved prehistoric landscape, replete with ceremonial and funerary monuments, many of which were deliberately located with regard to topography and other natural features in order to create meaningful relationships between them. Superimposed over this fossilised landscape are centuries and millennia of continual change, reflecting the shifting patterns in the ways that the local inhabitants used the land.

4.5.2 The wider landscape is generally open in character, comprising river valley slopes, downland and ridgelines. Trees were cleared from the land for agriculture, fuel, building materials, etc. during the prehistoric period, and for much of the historic period the area was predominantly used as pasture. Some of the land has, in the post-medieval and modern eras, been re-planted with trees (often as landscaping or screening features), or formalised as parkland.

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4.5.3 To the south of the Site the historic landscape is characterised by downland enclosed in the 19th century. The management of the Stonehenge WHS has been a defining influence on the development of the landscape, in particular with regard to land management. Today the enclosed landscape is characterised by large, survey planned fields that are presently defined by post and wire stock fencing. Arable cultivation is common, though a programme of grassland reversion within the WHS has sought to restore a downland pasture setting to the prehistoric monuments.

4.5.4 The landscape differs somewhat to the north of the Site, where much of the wide expanse of the Salisbury Plain Training Area has been given over to uncultivated, rough grassland, traversed by numerous military access routes.

4.5.5 The establishment of the military camp at Larkhill in the early 20th century represents one of the most dramatic changes in the landscape’s history. The expansion and reconfiguration of the camp throughout the 20th and 21st centuries has created one of the most conspicuous modern elements in the landscape. However, the acquisition of Salisbury Plain by the military has ensured the survival of huge numbers of archaeological sites and large areas of chalk grassland, as it was not subjected to intensive agricultural techniques (English Heritage 2009, 156).

4.5.6 The Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan 2009 (English Heritage 2009) identifies that ‘there is currently no systematic Historic Landscape Character Assessment of the WHS and its environs; however, there is a need for such a study to deepen understanding of how the present character of the WHS relates to its historic usage and development, in order to inform management options and planning policies’.

4.5.7 English Heritage is currently sponsoring a three year Historic Landscape Characterisation project covering the whole of Wiltshire, including Swindon Borough. It is understood that the project will also include detailed assessment of the Salisbury Plain Training Area and the WHS. The project, which is being carried out in collaboration with a range of other organisations including Wiltshire Council, Swindon Borough Council, the National Trust, Natural England and the Environment Agency, is due to be finalised in March 2015. Though the project has completed the assessment of a number of Pilot Areas, none of these currently include the Site or its immediate surroundings.

4.5.8 A number of earlier landscape character assessments which encompass the Site have been completed. The scope of these assessments, though necessarily mindful of historic development factors, has typically not been tightly focused on the heritage aspects of the landscape. Nevertheless, these studies provide a broadly consistent assessment of the landscape character of the area surrounding the Site. By way of example, the Salisbury District Landscape Character Assessment (Chris Burnett Associates 2008) outlines the following Key Characteristics of the Character Area (D3: Larkhill Chalk Downland), within which the Site is located:

y Strong sense of continuity throughout this gently rolling landscape; y A largely uninhabited landscape of unenclosed rough grassland, criss-crossed by army tracks; y Numerous archaeological features visible within the landscape, including instantly recognisable landmarks, such as Stonehenge; y Strong recognisable sense of place as a result of views across this landscape towards archaeological features;

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y Very large-scale landscape, which generally has a strong sense of openness and exposure; y Strong sense of elevation, with frequent panoramic views over surrounding Landscape Character Areas; y The landscape is covered by a patchwork of arable farmland and calcareous grassland; y Scattered settlement pattern, comprising small linear villages (such as Shrewton), hamlets (such as ) and isolated farmsteads; y The utilitarian form, materials and layout of military camps (such as Larkhill towards the north of the area), have a strong influence on the character of this landscape; y A network of rural roads crosses the landscape, in addition to main road corridors of A303 and A345, which introduce noise and visual intrusion; y Sense of tranquillity is generally strong throughout much of the area, however, this is disrupted by military activities and traffic noise on the A303 and corridors; y Large-scale landscape pattern delineated by low hedgerows, which are often sometimes gappy, and regular shaped mixed woodland copses and shelter belts.

4.5.9 The HLC of the area surrounding the Site is inexorably linked to the WHS (and the archaeological features contained within it) and is therefore considered to be highly susceptible to any new elements which create visual intrusion, or any diminishment of its sense of tranquillity resulting from unsympathetic development. It is considered a priority that the open and dramatic views across the chalk downland between landscape and archaeological features be maintained.

4.6 Setting 4.6.1 The Site visit aimed to identify any designated heritage assets within the wider context of the Site which might be considered potential sensitive receptors to the proposed Development, by comparing the theoretical ZVI (Figure 2; Appendix 2) to the actual views available of the landscape surrounding the Site (see Section 2.5).

4.6.2 Other aspects of the landscape were also considered in order to attempt to establish whether the Site constituted or contributed to the setting of any monuments within the theoretical ZVI, in accordance with The Setting of Heritage Assets – English Heritage Guidance (English Heritage 2011). The above guidance states that, “Setting embraces all of the surroundings (land, sea, structures, features and skyline) from which the heritage asset can be experienced or that can be experienced from or with the asset” (The Setting of Heritage Assets, English Heritage 2011).

4.6.3 Larkhill Camp is a prominent element within the surrounding landscape. Topography and gaps in intervening vegetation create occasional vantage points where broad panoramic vistas encompassing the WHS are created. However, these vantage points are more frequently located to the south of the Site, from the southern edge of the camp. From these locations, the upstanding earthworks of the prehistoric monuments within the WHS are sometimes visible (Plate 4). Views from within the Site towards the WHS are restricted to occasional glimpsed long distance views, again as a result of vegetation and topography, but also due to the presence of intervening buildings within the southern part of the camp (Plate 5).

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4.6.4 In general, it is not possible to clearly discern any of the Scheduled Monuments located to the south of the Packway from within the Site. There is a short stretch of the Packway to the west of the junction with Ross Road from which broad open views exist across the landscape to the south. From this position it is possible to view the approximate location of the nucleated barrow cemetery (WA 10) and other nearby monuments at the southern end of the Durrington Down Plantation (Plate 6). However, the upstanding earthworks of the monuments could not be clearly identified during the Site Visit, probably as the intervening land rises and then falls away to the south. The topography falls away again to the north, leaving much of the western end of the Site visible from the road (albeit, partially screened by intervening vegetation) (Plate 7). Although the broad expanse of the WHS is visible from several points along the Packway, it was not possible to clearly identify any of the prehistoric monuments within the theoretical ZVI from the road during the Site visit.

4.6.5 Durrington Walls and Woodhenge (WA 30) are entirely screened from the Site by variations in topography and intervening trees, as are the Grade II* Listed hangars (WA 1) to the south-east of the Site (Plate 8). Further away to the south east, the cluster of Listed Buildings and the Registered Park and Garden at Amesbury Abbey (all located within the theoretical ZVI) are impossible to discern from the Site.

4.6.6 The eastern edge of the Site occupies an elevated position over the landscape beyond. From the perimeter of the camp there are broad panoramic views across the landscape to the east (Front Cover), though none of the designated heritage assets located to the east and north-east can be discerned amongst the rural backdrop or the village of Durrington. New development along the eastern edge of the camp would be widely visible from the east, and this may have the potential to result in an adverse impact on the significance of the area’s HLC.

4.6.7 The northernmost part of the Site occupies an elevated position over the surrounding landscape and is currently occupied by sports fields. Densely planted mature trees obscure views to the north, south and west, while the substantial structures of the camp’s water tanks block views to the east (Plate 9). However, there is a substantial gap in the screening afforded by the trees at the north-western edge of the sports fields (Plate 10). Consequently, Knighton Long Barrow (WA 23), which lies immediately outside the perimeter fence on the north-western edge of the Site, is clearly visible from the northern edge of the sports pitches (Plate 2). The Scheduled Monument can also be clearly seen from the northern end of Watson Road. Consequently, the long barrow has been identified as a potential sensitive receptor with regard to any proposed development. None of the remaining designated heritage assets within the theoretical ZVI could be discerned from the northern edge of the Site.

4.6.8 Where occasional gaps in vegetation or between existing buildings exist, particularly within the western part of the Site, views across the wider landscape to the west were afforded, although it was not possible to discern any of the designated heritage assets within the theoretical ZVI from these locations during the visit. Substantial screening is afforded by the Alanbrooke’s Plantations, Crescent Copse, Horton’s Folly and Crane’s Folly, effectively blocking any potential intervisibility with the causewayed enclosure at Robin Hood’s Ball or any of the other Scheduled Monuments located beyond the Site to the west and north-west (Plate 11).

4.6.9 The long barrow located within the Site itself (WA 19; Plate 1) is clearly vulnerable to any new development within its immediate vicinity, both in terms of direct impacts arising from

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construction, but also indirectly from changes brought to its setting. It is therefore identified as a potential sensitive receptor to any future development within the Site.

4.6.10 Though few of the prehistoric monuments within the theoretical ZVI are visible from the Site, parts of the historically significant wider landscape, including land within the WHS, are visible from numerous vantage points. Inevitably, due to the sensitivity and importance of the WHS there will be concerns that the significance of its setting may be impacted upon by any future development proposals within the Site. Though any potential visual impact arising from the construction of new buildings would be a chief concern associated with any future development proposals, it may also be considered that noise and light pollution, in addition to visual intrusion, may result from increases in traffic flows concomitant with any expansion of the camp’s residential or operational capacity. The effects of this would be particularly strongly felt along the Packway, which is the main access route to the military camp and forms the northern edge of the WHS. The settings of the WHS and the individual monuments within it are characterised by a sense of tranquillity, which would potentially be impacted upon by any increase in traffic flow. Similarly, a sense of tranquillity is considered to be a defining attribute of the HLC of the surrounding landscape, and it is envisaged that increased traffic flows may also be liable to impact upon this characteristic.

4.6.11 It should be noted that, although few of the designated heritage assets within the Theoretical ZVI have been identified as potential sensitive receptors to any proposed development within the Site, this has been based upon a limited knowledge of future design proposals. It is acknowledged that other unforeseen impacts may arise from future development within the camp, depending upon the scale and nature of those works.

4.6.12 A number of potentially historically significant non-designated structures were identified within the military camp during the Site Visit. All of these are historically linked to the development and functioning of the military camp. Their significance also stems from their associations with the regiments stationed at the camp, the military training school and the roles they played in historical events. These include the officers mess buildings located either side of the Packway and a large building dating to 1939 on Ross Road (Plate 3). Any of the older surviving structures (including, though potentially not restricted to WA 118-120) may be considered to be of significance as they illustrate the historic development of the military camp, which comprises modern military development and reflects the historic setting which included military barracks. It follows, therefore, that the significance of the settings of these buildings is intrinsically linked to the camp itself. Though none of these are subject to statutory protection, future development within the camp may have the potential to impact on the settings of these non-designated structures.

5 SUMMARY OF HERITAGE ASSETS

5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 The planning policies listed in Section 3 aim to promote development proposals that will preserve, conserve and, where possible and appropriate, enhance the historic environment; and that will seek to avoid or mitigate against harm.

5.1.2 In line with national and local planning policies, development proposals which have the potential to affect designated and non-designated heritage assets and their settings will be permitted only where it can be demonstrated, along with sufficient evidence, that the asset would be conserved and, where appropriate, enhanced.

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5.1.3 A description of the significance of heritage assets directly affected by the proposed development, based on the current level of available information, is presented below in line with current planning policy (NPPF Ch.12 Para.128).

5.2 Known heritage assets within the Site Designated heritage assets 5.2.1 The southern extension of the Site lies within the Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites WHS.

5.2.2 The only remaining designated heritage asset located within the Site is the Scheduled Monument Long Barrow at Larkhill Camp (WA 19; Plate 1). However, a second Scheduled Monument, Knighton Long Barrow (WA 23; Plate 2) is located immediately outside of the northern perimeter of the Site.

Non-designated heritage assets 5.2.3 Despite being located within an area of profound archaeological significance, there are surprisingly few records of activity within the Site prior to the modern period.

5.2.4 All of the previous archaeological investigations within the camp have identified traces of earlier phases of development associated with the military installation. However, none of these discoveries have been considered to be of anything other than either negligible or local significance. Frequent evidence of landscaping has been encountered, in addition to postholes, trackways and foundations relating to earlier buildings.

5.2.5 Numerous in-filled practice trenches, likely dating to the First World War or the inter-war period have been identified from aerial photographic evidence and occasionally confirmed by archaeological fieldwork (e.g. WA 98). These have been identified within the western half of the Site (WA 107) and across a large area to the north (WA 110).

5.2.6 It is known that the early 20th century military railway (WA 114) traversed the Site, traces of which have been identified as upstanding earthworks and transcribed from aerial photographs. Historic map regression indicates that buildings associated with the railway and the tramway were located within the western part of the Site.

5.2.7 Much of the existing military camp was rebuilt from the 1960’s onwards, though a few earlier structures survive. These include the officers mess buildings located either side of the Packway and a large building dating to 1939 on Ross Road (Plate 3). Any of the older surviving structures (including, though potentially not restricted to WA 118-120) may be considered to be of significance as they illustrate the historic development of the military camp.

5.2.8 Historic map regression undertaken for this assessment has demonstrated that sub- surface traces of a number of 19th century (and possibly earlier) land divisions, trackways or roads may be located within the Site.

5.2.9 Aerial photographic evidence indicates that an extensive co-axial field system lies within and to the west and south-west of the Site. Though undated, its form suggests that it is of prehistoric or Romano-British origin. A watching brief (WA 92) conducted in the western part of the Site failed to identify any sub-surface traces of the field system, possibly due to later truncation, though elsewhere relatively well preserved earthworks demonstrate much better survival of the field boundaries.

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5.2.10 Aerial photographic evidence also indicates the probable existence of a field system likely of prehistoric or Romano-British date within a lawned area to the north of the Packway (WA 109). A further field system identified immediately to the north of the Site (WA 111) might have extended into the area now containing sports fields to the north.

5.2.11 A single ditch of possible Bronze Age date was excavated in the northern part of the Site (WA 116). Slightly further to the east, evidence of Bronze Age settlement activity was encountered during a watching brief (WA 115) and it was considered likely to have extended north beyond the development area.

5.2.12 Two pits of Neolithic or Bronze Age date (WA 36) were excavated in the eastern half of the Site during a small evaluation in 2003 (WA 91).

5.2.13 A small quantity of worked flint, possibly of Bronze Age date (WA 117 and 122) has been recovered from residual contexts during previous archaeological investigations.

5.3 Potential buried archaeological remains 5.3.1 Based on the evidence presented within the baseline resource (Section 4) there is considered to be the potential for as yet unknown buried archaeological remains within the Site relating to the following periods:

• Prehistoric (Neolithic and Bronze Age); • Iron Age and Romano-British; • Anglo-Saxon and medieval; • Post-medieval and 19th century; and • Modern 5.3.2 This is summarised in Table 3 below.

5.4 Heritage assets within the theoretical ZVI Designated heritage assets 5.4.1 It is considered that, as intervisibility between the majority of the designated heritage assets within the Study Area and the theoretical ZVI and the Site could not be demonstrated to exist, the settings of these assets will not be impacted upon by the proposed development. Consequently, they have been scoped out of any further assessment.

5.4.2 It has been established that any future development within the Site has the potential to impact upon the settings of the following designated heritage assets:

• The Stonehenge World Heritage Site;

• The Scheduled Monument Long Barrow in Larkhill Camp (WA 19); and

• The Scheduled Monument at Knighton Long Barrow (WA 23).

Non-designated heritage assets 5.4.3 The Historic Landscape Character of the surrounding area is deemed to be of considerable importance and sensitivity and it has been established that any future development within the Site may have the potential to impact on its significance.

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5.5 Assessment of survival and previous impacts Designated heritage assets 5.5.1 The establishment of the military camp at Larkhill is considered to have resulted in an adverse impact upon the setting of the WHS. The Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan 2009 (English Heritage 2009) states that: ‘today several major intrusive elements are obvious within the rich archaeological landscape… To the north, the large modern buildings of Larkhill Garrison dominate the rising slopes on the edge of Salisbury Plain’. It is considered that the deliberate planting of trees to screen parts of the camp from the WHS have reduced the visual impact of the military installation, though this has introduced visually intrusive modern elements into the landscape in their own right and has therefore not been an entirely satisfactory mitigation strategy.

5.5.2 The 2009 Management Plan identifies that Larkhill Camp impedes important visual and physical links across the landscape, adversely impacting upon one of the important attributes which expresses the OUV of the World Heritage Site, namely ‘the siting of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial sites and monuments in relation to the landscape’.

5.5.3 The military camp intrudes upon another key attribute of the WHS’s OUV; ‘the siting of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial sites and monuments in relation to each other’ (English Heritage 2009).

5.5.4 The Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan 2009 also identifies the following attribute expressing its OUV: ‘the disposition, physical remains and settings of the Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary, ceremonial and other monuments and sites of the period, which together form a landscape without parallel’ and goes on to state that ‘the largely open nature of the landscape means that the disposition, physical remains and settings of the Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary, ceremonial and other monuments and sites of the period, which together form a landscape without parallel, remains clear over much of the WHS. Relationships are less clear in the northern part of the WHS around the settlement of Larkhill where there is a considerable amount of modern development within the WHS.’

5.5.5 In short, the camp’s imposing presence within the landscape forms a physical barrier which diminishes the legibility of relationships between archaeological monuments and the landscape. As the WHS boundary only covers a portion of a much larger fossilised (and originally unified) prehistoric landscape, it is considered that the wealth of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments located beyond its statutorily designated area share the same characteristics and attributes as those within it. Consequently, any prehistoric monuments beyond the WHS may be considered to be intrinsically linked to the significance of its setting, and vice-versa.

5.5.6 The Neolithic long barrows located within (WA 19) and at the northern edge (WA 23) of the Site have been identified as potential sensitive receptors to any proposed development. These monuments were clearly integrated within the same landscape as the rest of the WHS and its environs and therefore are deemed to share important associations.

5.5.7 It is likely that the long barrows (WA 19 and 23) were deliberately sited with regard to natural landscape features (particularly topography) and other contemporary or pre- existing monuments. Similarly, later ceremonial or funerary monuments may have been sited with regard to the long barrows. In the case of WA 19, the legibility of any of these

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relationships is entirely lost due to the establishment of the military camp around it. In effect, the monument has been segregated from the wider landscape. Consequently, the significance of its setting has been severely diminished.

5.5.8 It would appear that Knighton Long Barrow (WA 23) was deliberately located in a prominent position, possibly in order to create intervisibility with other contemporaneous monuments within the landscape, such as the Neolithic causewayed enclosure at Robin Hood’s Ball (National List ID 1009593) to the north-west. The legibility of these relationships is now obscured by screening from plantations, and consequently these relationships are now poorly understood (English Heritage 2009). The monument is also divorced from the wider landscape to the south-east due to the presence of the military camp. At present the barrow is sited immediately adjacent to sports fields, a perimeter fence, a gate and an observation tower. These modern elements also detract from the significance of its setting.

5.5.9 The construction of the camp may have led to the loss of other monuments within its footprint which once shared important associations with the two long barrows and other monuments within the wider landscape.

5.5.10 The physical remains of the long barrows are relatively well preserved. The example within the camp (WA 19) survives as a long, low mound with clearly discernible depressions (representing largely in-filled ditches) running along its long axis. The extent of any modern disturbance below ground is not known, though the analysis of the historic mapping indicates that the immediate area surrounding the monument was never developed. Aerial photographic evidence suggests that modern practice trenches (WA 107) may have been excavated in the immediate vicinity of the monument, and could have encroached upon it.

5.5.11 Knighton Long Barrow (WA 23) appears to have survived exceptionally well as a prominent upstanding earthwork. Again, the degree of any sub-surface disturbance is not known. The WSHER contains an entry (EWI2110) indicating that the monument was excavated in 1956, though no further details are provided. A further entry (MWI11703) notes ‘some trenching in western end’ was observed during a visit made by the Ordnance Survey in 1971. Historic map regression suggests that the immediate surroundings of the monument have avoided any intensive development.

Historic Landscape Character 5.5.12 The Historic Landscape Character of the surviving landscape is one of high sensitivity, and is linked closely to the WHS. In general, many of the same considerations applied to the WHS may be extended to the HLC of the wider landscape.

Archaeological remains 5.5.13 At present it is not possible to accurately predict the degree of survival of any buried archaeological remains within the Site. However, a number of general observations can be made on the basis of the available evidence.

5.5.14 Known and currently unidentified sub-surface archaeological remains throughout the Site may have been subject to varying degrees of disturbance due to the successive phases of development within the military camp. Previous archaeological investigations carried out within the Site have frequently demonstrated that widespread landscaping and the remains of earlier structures and associated services may have impacted upon any archaeologically significant deposits or features which were once present. A broad

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overview of previously developed areas (until 1972) within the Site, as identified from historic mapping, is provided in Figure 5.

5.5.15 Though severe destructive impacts to any earlier buried remains are likely to have occurred within the footprint of existing and demolished structures, these impacts may have been localised to have resulted in the survival ‘islands’ of relatively undisturbed archaeological features and deposits. Furthermore, it is anticipated that many of the earlier structures within the camp may have utilised a combination of post-built construction and concrete raft foundations, which would have resulted in a considerably less destructive impact than piled or trench-built foundations.

5.5.16 It is also considered that within parts of the Site with limited previous development there may have been some degree of disturbance. It is likely that landscaping may have been carried out during the establishment of sports pitches, lawned areas and car parks. Where this has entailed ground reduction, truncation of buried archaeological remains is anticipated to have occurred. Conversely, where the existing ground level has been raised by the deposition of made ground, any archaeological remains may have been preserved beneath the overburden.

5.5.17 Some parts of the Site have been planted with trees, the roots systems of which may have destructively impacted upon any archaeological remains.

5.5.18 As the Site was likely to have been under pasture prior to the establishment of Larkhill Camp, the area has never been subject to the destructive impacts associated with intensive modern agricultural methods. Consequently, the survival of buried archaeological remains may be relatively good in areas undisturbed by modern activity.

5.5.19 As discussed above, there is a potential that buried remains including those associated with funerary monuments and practises may be located within the Site. Any such evidence, including (currently unidentified) features such as barrows or inhumations/cremations may have been levelled in antiquity, or simply never prominent above ground. As a consequence, these remains may have suffered relatively little subsequent disturbance, for example due to the investigations of antiquarians.

5.6 Summary 5.6.1 The following table (Table 3) presents a summary of the known and potential heritage assets within the Site and Study Area.

5.6.2 The risk of encountering heritage assets has been given a rating, calculated using professional judgement based on the various datasets assessed during the course of the study.

5.6.3 A survival rating has been determined following a review of previous impacts identified within the site, based on a site visit, cartographic sources and other relevant site information (e.g. HER event records).

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Table 3: Summary of Heritage Assets

Risk Period and Description Significance Value Survival

Historic Stonehenge, Avebury and Aesthetic Associated Sites World Heritage International Extant Evidential Site Communal

The Study Area is replete with Scheduled Monuments, most of Evidential which are of prehistoric date. These National Extant include two Neolithic long barrows Aesthetic Prehistoric located within (WA 19), and at the WA 23 (Neolithic northern edge ( ) of the Site. and Bronze The Site is located within an area of Age) unparalleled importance in terms of prehistoric archaeology. There is some evidence for Bronze Age field systems and settlement Regional to Evidential Moderate activity within the Site. There is a National potential for further sub-surface remains of Neolithic and Bronze Age date, including funerary and High ceremonial monuments and activity to be encountered. Some of the older existing structures within the military camp Local Historic Extant may be considered to be of historic interest. Negligibly significant sub-surface remains relating to former development within the military Negligible N/A Extant camp are certain to exist, such as services and landscaping. Modern Sub-surface remains of importance to the development of the military camp and the Royal School of Artillery at Larkhill may be Historic th Local to encountered (e.g. early 20 century Evidential Moderate practice trenches, the military Regional railway, features related to the Communal military airfields, or evidence relating to the First and Second World Wars)

Medium Iron Age and Field systems identified from aerial Regional Evidential Moderate Romano- photographs within and immediately British beyond the Site may be of Iron Age or Romano British date. A ditch excavated in the northern part of the Site was tentatively dated to the Bronze Age/Iron Age. Reports of Romano-British pottery 33 WA Project No. 101480.40 discovered to the south of the Site indicate some degree of activity. Evidence of settlement activity is known in the wider area during Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Risk Period and Description Significance Value Survival

these periods.

The Site was used predominantly as pasture throughout the post- Post- medieval period and 19th century. medieval Field boundaries, trackways or Local Evidential Moderate th 19 century roads are depicted within the Site on historic mapping prior to the development of Larkhill Camp. Currently, there is practically no evidence for early prehistoric Prehistoric activity within the wider setting of the Site. (Palaeolithic Regional Evidential Unknown and Any evidence that does exist is Mesolithic) likely to be composed primarily of isolated findspots of worked flint in derived contexts. The manor of Knighton, located to the north west of the Site was recorded in Domesday, and mentioned in several documentary Low sources throughout the medieval period. However, there is little evidence of Anglo Saxon or medieval activity Anglo-Saxon Poor to within the Study Area, possibly Regional Evidential and Medieval Moderate reflecting its use as pasture in the rural hinterland of nearby settlements. There is a (possibly slight) chance of Anglo-Saxon burials being encountered in the vicinity of any prehistoric monuments preserved within the Site.

6 IMPACTS

6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 The management and mitigation of change to the heritage resource resulting from development is based on the recognition within Government planning objectives that “…heritage assets are an irreplaceable resource…” (NPPF para. 126). Impacts to the historic environment and its associated heritage assets arise where changes are made to their physical environment by means of the loss and/or degradation of their physical fabric or setting, which in turn leads to a reduction in the significance of the historic environment record and its associated heritage assets.

6.2 Proposed development 6.2.1 The proposed development within the Site will potentially comprise substantial remodelling and expansion of the existing military facility. It is understood that the current design proposals are at a preliminary stage and may be subject to change. However, it is

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envisaged that future development may entail the construction of structures for accommodation, technical support, training and recreation, dining centres, operational facilities and administration purposes. Provision of expanded car parking areas and installation of services are also likely to be incorporated within any future development. It is anticipated that any such works may involve demolition of existing structures, as well as construction within currently undeveloped parts of the camp.

6.2.2 Although the specific design detailing the construction methods is not yet finalised, it is anticipated that future construction works at the Site will include some or all of the following sources of ground disturbance and excavations:

• Excavation of foundation trenches; • Vibro-compaction or other ground stabilisation techniques; • Installation of services; • Ground reduction; • Landscaping; • ‘Grubbing out’ of existing foundations and other obstructions; • Excavation of basements; and • Establishment of works compounds.

6.3 Statement of impact Designated heritage assets and settings 6.3.1 Due to the early stage of the development proposals, it is difficult to provide a closely targeted assessment of potential impacts. As noted in section 4.6, it is possible that the settings of additional designated heritage assets may be impacted upon by future development within the camp, depending upon the nature and scale of the works. Nevertheless, it has been established that conceivable future development within the Site may impact on the significance of the setting of the WHS and the Neolithic long barrows located within (WA 19) and at the northern perimeter (WA 23) of the Site.

6.3.2 The significance of the setting of the Neolithic long barrow (WA 19) within the Site has already been severely impacted upon by the establishment of the military camp around it. At present the monument resides in a lawned island, which provides an (admittedly limited) degree of separation from the rest of the military camp. Any further encroachment or imposition of modern elements, which may result from the construction of new buildings within its immediate vicinity, would have the potential to compound the pre-existing impact.

6.3.3 The significance of the setting of Knighton Long Barrow (WA 23) has also been impacted upon by the establishment of the military camp, though to a lesser degree than WA 19. The large sports fields at the northern end of the Site may provide a favourable location for future development. However, any new buildings within this area may have the potential to present a visually intrusive backdrop to the monument, when it is viewed from outside of the Site. As the monument is suspected to have been constructed with deliberate sightlines to other contemporary monuments or landscape features to the west and north-west of the Site, the visual intrusion would adversely impact upon the significance of any such relationships.

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6.3.4 It has been established that future development within the camp may be required in order to expand the residential and operational capacity of the military installation. Any such growth of the camp is likely to coincide with increased traffic flow, principally along the Packway. As this road forms the northern boundary of the WHS, which is characterised by a sense of tranquillity, the increased noise and light pollution as well as visual intrusion may adversely impact upon its setting. A similarly adverse impact would potentially occur to the HLC of the surrounding area. As traffic would disperse beyond the visual envelope of the Site, it is conceivable that additional adverse impacts may occur to further designated heritage assets which do not share intervisibility with the Site. Any such impacts would occur temporarily, during the construction phase, and more permanently during the operational life of the camp. However, on the basis of the available evidence it is not possible to gauge the extent of the theoretical impact of increased traffic flow.

6.3.5 The potential indirect impacts of future development upon the designated heritage assets located within the visual envelope of the Site may be relatively limited (depending upon the precise nature and location of the development) owing to a combination of topography and extensive screening provided by existing structures and vegetation. However, any increase in the visual prominence of the military camp by lateral or vertical extension of the built environment may result in adverse impacts. Any such impacts may have a cumulative effect.

6.3.6 It is envisaged that replacement of existing structures with buildings of similar size and proportions would be unlikely to result in any additional adverse impacts to HLC, the setting of the WHS or any of the individual designated heritage assets within the theoretical ZVI.

6.3.7 As large areas within the camp are already intensively developed, the visual impact of any new buildings within those areas, particularly within the centre of the Site, may be minimally intrusive. However, this would depend upon the new buildings maintaining a similar height to existing structures, so as to avoid any additional intrusion on the skyline

6.3.8 New structures located in currently undeveloped areas of the Site may create additional visual intrusion in the landscape, and thereby potentially result in adverse impacts. Nevertheless, the Site may be able to accommodate new structures within currently undeveloped areas, provided that topography, and existing buildings and vegetation screen the new elements from the wider landscape.

6.3.9 It is noted that the currently undeveloped western and northern parts of the Site may represent potentially attractive areas for new development. Though a substantial degree of screening is provided by existing structures and plantations, it is possible that new development in these areas may increase the visual prominence of the military camp when viewed from certain vantage points, and thereby impact upon the WHS, designated heritage assets and the HLC of the wider landscape.

6.3.10 If approved, the proposed enlargement of the Stonehenge WHS boundary (see section 4.3.3) would potentially place additional constraints on future development within Larkhill Camp. As these proposals have yet to be finalised or adopted, it is not possible to assess any potential effects of development within the camp on the theoretical extension of the WHS in detail. However, it may be noted that the proposed extension would encompass land to the west of Larkhill Camp, which shares intervisibility with parts of the military site. Consequently, it is speculated that future development within the camp may have an elevated potential to adversely impact upon the setting of the WHS, should the boundary extension be adopted.

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6.3.11 Though much of the perimeter of the Site is screened from the wider landscape by intervening vegetation and buildings, the eastern edge of the Site offers largely uninterrupted panoramic views to the east. Though it was not possible to discern any of the designated heritage assets located to the east during the Site visit, it is noted that the HLC could be impacted upon by further development along the eastern edge of the Site. As the military camp is already very prominent when viewed from the east any such impacts would be cumulative.

6.3.12 The only part of the Site from which clear intervisibility exists with monuments in the WHS is its southern part, which currently produces the greatest visual intrusion when viewed from the WHS. Consequently any future development in this area may result in additional adverse impacts. Views towards the WHS exist from the Packway to the south. Any new development is located along the route of the Packway may have the potential to result in adverse visual impacts.

Archaeological potential 6.3.13 As specific design proposals are not available at this stage, it is not possible to accurately assess the potential impact of any future development upon buried archaeological remains within the Site. However, certain general observations can be made.

6.3.14 The most likely effects on buried archaeological remains arising from future development within the Site would be direct damage during construction works. Topsoil stripping operations and associated plant movements would normally result in irreversible damage to buried remains, unless these are buried particularly deeply. The excavation of foundation trenches, service trenches and other excavations may result in the removal of archaeological remains. The use of piling techniques would cause severe localised disturbance of archaeological deposits and features. Smaller–scale ground disturbance during site clearance may also result in removal of or damage to remains. Landscaping and planting can also adversely affect the longer-term survival of buried remains, even where no direct ground disturbance is involved. Archaeological remains within the topsoil (i.e. artefactual material such as pottery and worked or burnt flint) may also be affected by these construction activities, and also by related activities such as the removal, storage and redistribution of topsoil within a development site, including filling of areas.

6.3.15 Any adverse impact to buried archaeological features would be permanent and irreversible in nature. This potential adverse effect could be reduced through the implementation of an appropriate scheme of archaeological mitigation.

6.3.16 However, it is strongly recommended that any future development proposals are prepared with regard to the physical vulnerability of the Scheduled Neolithic long barrow (WA 19) within the Site. It is understood that an early design proposal envisaged a new car parking area to be placed on top of the monument. With little doubt, this proposal would be considered unacceptable as it would necessarily result in severe disturbance and possible total eradication of a statutorily protected, nationally significant monument which has clear associations with the internationally significant WHS. It should also be considered that sub-surface remains related to the Scheduled monument may extend beyond the upstanding earthworks. Consequently, any groundworks in the vicinity of the scheduled area may disturb important archaeological remains. It is a criminal offence to conduct any unauthorised works which damage or disturb a Scheduled Monument.

6.3.17 Though it is anticipated that any future development within the camp would be contained within the existing northern perimeter, it is conceivable that sub-surface remains

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associated with Knighton Long Barrow (WA 23) (including later features deliberately located in its vicinity) may extend beyond the upstanding earthworks and into the Site. Consequently, any works undertaken in the vicinity of the barrow may disturb such remains.

Historically significant non-designated buildings 6.3.18 Any future development within the camp may potentially entail demolition, refurbishment or alteration of existing historically significant structures (such as WA 118-120). Any such works may result in a permanent and irreversible loss of significance of these heritage assets. Future development within the camp may also have the potential to affect the settings of non-designated, though historically significant structures within the camp including, though not restricted to WA 118-120. However, in the absence of finalised design proposals, it is not possible to assess these potential effects in detail at this stage.

7 CONCLUSIONS

7.1 General 7.1.1 The effect of the development proposals on the known and potential heritage resource will be a material consideration in determination of the planning application. This study has identified no overriding cultural heritage constraints which are certain to prohibit development. However, this assessment has identified a number of potential concerns which may arise as a result of future development within the Site.

Designated heritage assets and settings 7.1.2 The Site lies within an area of outstanding archaeological importance, which is especially vulnerable to modern development. Nevertheless, the military installation at Larkhill is a living and working community, with an important history of its own and it is acknowledged that new development within the Site may be necessary to order to sustain the camp’s future.

7.1.3 It is stated in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan 2009 (English Heritage 2009) that the WHS may be vulnerable to future development within Larkhill Camp. This sensitivity was previously acknowledged by a Concordat agreed in 1970 by the Ministry of Defence and the then Ministry of Public Buildings and Works. The imperative to protect the WHS is also enshrined within dedicated policies of the Salisbury District Local Plan and the forthcoming Wiltshire Core Strategy.

7.1.4 The imposition of the military camp within the landscape containing the WHS has already adversely affected the significance of its setting and that of the individual monuments within and beyond its boundaries. It is anticipated that future development proposals would be required to demonstrate that the settings of these internationally and nationally significant heritage assets are preserved or enhanced.

7.1.5 Proposals to extend the boundary of the Stonehenge WHS to the west of Larkhill Camp may place additional constraints upon future development within the Site, should they be formally adopted.

7.1.6 The Viewshed Analysis identified that a large number of designated heritage assets were located within the theoretical ZVI. However, meaningful intervisibility between the Site and the majority of these was considered to be limited due to screening afforded by topography, intervening buildings and vegetation. In addition to the WHS itself, the settings of specific individual monuments identified as being at risk of impact were the

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Scheduled Neolithic long barrows located within, and at the northern edge of the Site (WA 19 and 23, respectively). However, it was noted that additional heritage assets may be at risk of adverse indirect impacts.

7.1.7 This assessment has determined that the potential indirect impacts of future development upon the designated heritage assets located within the visual envelope of the Site may be relatively limited owing to a combination of topography and extensive screening provided by existing structures and vegetation. However, any increase in the visual prominence of the military camp by lateral or vertical extension of the built environment may result in adverse impacts. It is envisaged that replacement of existing structures with buildings of similar size and proportions would not be likely to result in any additional adverse impacts to the setting of the WHS or any of the individual designated heritage assets within the theoretical ZVI. New structures located in currently undeveloped areas of the Site may create additional visual intrusion in the landscape and thereby potentially result in adverse impacts. Nevertheless, the Site may be able to accommodate new structures within currently undeveloped areas, provided that topography, existing buildings and vegetation screen the new elements from the wider landscape.

7.1.8 It was noted that the western and northern parts of the Site may be considered as potential sites for new development. Though a substantial degree of screening is provided by existing structures and plantations, it is possible that new development in these areas may increase the visual prominence of the military camp when viewed from certain locations and thereby impact upon the WHS, designated heritage assets and the HLC of the wider landscape.

7.1.9 The HLC of the surrounding landscape is considered to be of high significance and to be particularly susceptible to any impact from noise/visual intrusion. However, in general terms, the already developed nature of the Site may be considered to limit the potential for future visual impact, provided that new elements are screened behind the existing vegetation and/or structures. Nevertheless, increased traffic flow in the surrounding road network associated with the expanded residential and operational capacity of the military installation would potentially diminish the sense of tranquillity which characterises, not only the HLC of the wider landscape, but also the setting of the WHS and the numerous Scheduled Monuments within and beyond its boundary.

7.1.10 It was determined that some of the older structures within the military camp may be considered to be of historic interest in their own right. These structures may be vulnerable to future development within the Site, which may entail a risk of impacting upon their settings and/or causing material loss or damage to their physical fabric. However, it was not possible to assess the potential effects of development within the Site on these heritage assets, in the absence of detailed design proposals.

Archaeological potential 7.1.11 This assessment has established that there is an archaeological interest within the Site. This is defined as the potential for the presence of buried archaeological remains, in particular relating to prehistoric funerary and ceremonial monuments, settlement and agricultural practises. Any such remains may potentially be of considerable significance due to their potential to elucidate the development of the WHS.

7.1.12 It was highlighted that the future development may have the potential to directly impact upon the Scheduled Neolithic long barrow (WA 19) located within the Site. It was also determined that sub-surface remains associated with WA 19, and Knighton Long Barrow

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(WA 23) at the northern edge of the Site may be encountered within their vicinity. Any such remains may, like the upstanding monuments themselves, be considered to be of national Significance and potentially be expressive of the OUV of the WHS.

7.1.13 There is also a potential for archaeologically significant remains from other periods to be encountered, particularly relating to earlier phases of the military camps development.

7.1.14 Due to a lack of previous archaeological investigations within some parts of the Site, the potential for and significance of any such archaeological remains could not be accurately assessed on the basis of the available evidence.

7.1.15 Previous archaeological investigations, in combination with historic map regression and consideration of the known history of the Site have suggested that any archaeological remains present may have been subject to a considerable degree of modern disturbance within previously developed parts of the military camp. Buried archaeological remains within less intensively developed parts of the Site may have survived relatively well. Nevertheless, the degree of survival of buried archaeological remains within previously uninvestigated parts of the Site cannot be accurately predicted on the basis of the available information.

7.2 Mitigation 7.2.1 As noted throughout the text, it is not possible at this stage to assess the impact of specific design proposals. Consequently, the following section offers some generalised recommendations for future mitigation.

7.2.2 It is recommended that English Heritage and the Archaeology Service of Wiltshire Council are consulted at the earliest possible stage with regard to the preparation of future development plans within the Site, due to the sensitivity of the relationship between the WHS and Larkhill Camp.

7.2.3 It is also recommended that advice is sought from English Heritage with regard to any future works undertaken in the vicinity of the Neolithic long barrows within, and at the northern edge of the Site (WA 19 and 23). The settings of these Scheduled Monuments may be at risk of adverse indirect impact, while direct physical impacts may also occur. Any works which would directly impact upon them, or land within a prescribed radius of them would require Scheduled Monument Consent. It should be noted that the physical extent of a Scheduled Monument above ground can only be viewed as indicative, rather than as a firmly defined limit, as associated sub-surface remains may extend beyond the statutorily designated area.

7.2.4 It is strongly recommended that future design proposals are prepared with the vulnerability of the Scheduled Neolithic long barrow (WA 19) located within the Site in mind. It is advised that any future development is planned in order to conserve its physical remains, and, if possible, to enhance the significance of its setting.

7.2.5 The demolition or alteration to the fabric or setting of, any historically significant structures which still exist within the Site may require the preparation of dedicated heritage assessments and/or a programme of building recording. Further assessments may also be required in order to address the potential for future development within the Site to result in indirect impacts on the settings of these buildings, following the preparation of detailed design proposals.

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7.2.6 Concerns over the potential of future development within the Site to impact upon the significance of the setting of the WHS, other designated heritage assets and the HLC of the wider landscape may require the preparation of further assessments in order to quantify any such risk. The undertaking of a dedicated landscape and visual impact assessment, in addition to modelling of traffic flow and concomitant noise, light and visual intrusion arising from future development would be beneficial in this regard. It is also anticipated that additional assessment may be required, should the proposed extension to the Stonehenge WHS be approved.

7.2.7 The presence, location and significance of any buried heritage assets within the Site cannot currently be confirmed on the basis of the available information. As such it is likely that additional archaeological investigations will be required by the archaeological advisor to Wiltshire Council. To this end, a variety of different investigative techniques may be considered appropriate, depending upon the nature, location and scale of any future development within the Site as well as the anticipated degree of modern disturbance. The need for, scale, scope and nature of any further archaeological works should be agreed through consultation with the statutory authorities.

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8 REFERENCES

8.1 Bibliography Crowley, D.A. (Ed.), 1995: 'Parishes: Durrington'. In A History of the County of Wiltshire: Volume 15: Amesbury hundred, Branch and Dole hundred. Victoria County History

Chris Blandford Associates, 2000: Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan. London, English Heritage

Chris Blandford Associates, 2008: Salisbury District Landscape Character Assessment

Cleal, R.M.J., Walker, K.E. and Montague, R. 1995: Stonehenge in its Landscape: Twentieth Century Excavations. English Heritage

Darvill, T., Constant, V. & Milner, E. (Eds.) 2005: Stonehenge World Heritage Site: An Archaeological Research Framework. English Heritage

Defence Infrastructure Organisation (DIO), 2013: Salisbury Plain Training Area. Phase 1 Document – Army Basing Programme: Infrastructure Delivery Considerations and Inputs to Planning Context Report and Master Plan.

Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG), 2012: National Planning Policy Framework

Domesday Book, 1086: The Domesday Book Online Available at http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/contents.html

English Heritage, 2009: Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan 2009.

English Heritage, 2008: Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment. Available at: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/conservation-principles- sustainable-management-historic-environment/

English Heritage, 2011: The Setting of Heritage Assets – English Heritage Guidance. Available at: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/setting-heritage- assets/

Fitzpatrick, A. P. 2011. The Amesbury Archer and the Boscombe Bowmen - Bell Beaker burials at Boscombe Down, Amesbury, Wiltshire. Wessex Archaeology

IfA 1994 (revised 2012): Standards and Guidance for desk-based assessment, Institute for Archaeologists

James, N.D.G, 1983: Gunners at Larkhill. A History of the Royal School of Artillery. Gresham Books

James, N.D.G, 1987: Plain Soldiering. A History of the Armed Forces on Salisbury Plain. The Hobnob Press

Parker-Pearson, M. et al 2007: ‘The Age of Stonehenge’ in Antiquity Vol. 81, pp. 617-40

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Richards, J. 1990. The Stonehenge Environs Project. English Heritage

Wessex Archaeology, 1993: Larkhill Stirling and Alanbrooke Barracks. Archaeological Evaluation. WA Report no. 36432

Wessex Archaeology,1998: Stonehenge Military Installations: A Desk-Based Study. WA Report no. 44411

Wessex Archaeology, 1999: New Sports Pitches, Royal School of Artillery, Larkhill, Wiltshire. WA Report no. 46256.1

Wessex Archaeology, 2001: Horne and Roberts Barracks, Larkhill, Wiltshire. Archaeological Evaluation. WA Report no. 50297.01

Wessex Archaeology, 2003: Project Allenby/Connaught Archaeological Evaluation. The Salisbury Plain Camps. WA Report no. 52279.4

Wessex Archaeology, 2003b: Alanbrooke Barracks, Larkhill, Wiltshire. Report on Archaeological Watching Brief. WA Report no. 53991

Wessex Archaeology, 2005: Development of New Football Pitch, Alanbrooke Barracks, Larkhill, Wiltshire. Archaeological Watching Brief. WA Report no. 60660.01

Wessex Archaeology, 2006: Gun Pits at RSA Larkhill, Durrington. Archaeological Watching Brief Report. WA Report no. 62730.02

Wessex Archaeology, 2006b: LBTA Building, Larkhill Garrison, Durrington, Wiltshire. Archaeological Watching Brief Report. WA Report no. 62980.01

Wessex Archaeology, 2007: Watchkeeper Training Building, Larkhill Military Barracks, Wiltshire. Archaeological Evaluation Report. WA Report no. 56259.02

Wessex Archaeology, 2008: New Community Centre, Larkhill Camp, Larkhill, Wiltshire. Archaeological Watching Brief Report. WA Report no. 70410.02

Wessex Archaeology, 2009a: Roberts Barracks, Larkhill Camp, Larkhill, Wiltshire. Archaeological Watching Brief Report. WA Report no. 70411.04

Wessex Archaeology, 2009b: Alanbrooke Barracks, Larkhill Camp, Larkhill, Wiltshire. Archaeological Watching Brief Report. WA Report no. 70411.05

Wessex Archaeology 2011a. Area 13 and Area 5, Larkhill Camp, Larkhill, Wiltshire. Archaeological Watching Brief Report. WA Report no. 74401.04

Wessex Archaeology 2011b. Area 5, LADG05, Larkhill Camp, Larkhill, Wiltshire. Archaeological Watching Brief Report. WA Report no. 74407.02

Wessex Archaeology, 2012: LADG16, Larkhill Camp, Larkhill, Wiltshire. Archaeological Watching Brief Report. WA Report no. 87490.02

Wilson, J.M., 1870-2: Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales. A. Fullarton and Co.

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Wiltshire Council, 2012: Topic Paper 9: Built and Historic Environment. Wiltshire Core Strategy Consultation, January 2012

8.2 Historic Environment Records Wiltshire and Swindon Historic Environment Record (WSHER) Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre 8.3 Cartographic and Documentary Sources 1773 Andrew’s and Drury’s Map of Wiltshire 1823 Durrington and Figheldean Enclosure Map 1839 Durrington Parish Tithe Map and Apportionment 1840 Figheldean Parish Tithe Map and Apportionment 1887 Ordnance Survey 1:10,560 1901 Ordnance Survey 1:10,560 1925-6 Ordnance Survey 1:10,560 1948 Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 1972 Ordnance Survey 1:10,060 British Geological Survey 8.4 Online resources http://ads.ahds.ac.uk http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/hampshire1.html#bedhampton http://domesdaymap.co.uk/ http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/2116950.pdf http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/ http://www.kent.gov.uk/klis/ http://www.magic.gov.uk http://www.old-maps.co.uk/index.html http://www.pastscape.org.uk/

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9 APPENDICES

9.1 Appendix 1: Gazetteer of Information summarised from the WSHER and other sources National Heritage List for England – Listed Buildings

WA List Name Grade Description Easting Northing No. Entry No.

1 1391475 Buildings 455 and 456 (Five aircraft hangars), Grade II* GV II* Aircraft hangars. 1910, for the War Office 414304 143619 Durrington Camp HISTORY: Built in June 1910, and retaining internal details such as the matchboarded office and evidence for the original sliding doors, these survive as the earliest known aircraft hangars in Europe. They are thus amongst the most historically significant structures associated with the pioneering phase of powered flight, ranking in terms of their early date with the remains of the Wright Brothers workshops and the resited 1910 Boeing workshop at Seattle, which have been given Landmark status by the US government.

National Heritage List for England – Scheduled Monuments

WA List Entry Name Description Easting Northing No. No.

2 1009058 Disc barrow 200m north of The Packway and Despite disturbance caused by military activity and cultivation, the disc barrow 410809 144830 south of the westernmost of Alanbrooke's 200m north of The Packway will contain archaeological remains and Plantations environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed.

The monument includes a disc barrow situated 200m north of The Packway and 250m south of the westernmost of the three Alanbrooke's Plantations. The barrow is now difficult to identify on the ground, being situated in an area formerly occupied by military buildings and more recently disturbed by cultivation. However, it is visible on aerial photographs as a vegetation mark from which it is calculated to have an overall diameter of c.50m, including a ditch c.3m wide and

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an outer bank c.6m wide

3 1009126 Two bowl barrows on Durrington Down, 150m Both of the two bowl barrows on Durrington Down survive and, despite the 411089 144355 south of The Packway reduced height of the eastern barrow, both will contain archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed.

The monument includes two bowl barrows aligned east-west and situated 150m south of The Packway on Durrington Down. The western barrow mound is 14m in diameter and survives to a height of 1.25m. The barrow 10m to the north east survives as a slight earthwork. This is now difficult to define on the ground but is visible on aerial photographs and has a diameter of c.18m. Surrounding each mound is a ditch from which material was quarried during their construction. The ditch of the western barrow has become partially infilled over the years but survives as a depression some 2.5m wide, giving an overall diameter to the barrow of 19m. The ditch of the eastern barrow survives as a buried feature of c.2m wide, giving an overall diameter of 22m. The western barrow was partially excavated in the late 18th to early 19th century. The metalled track and post and wire fence which crosses the western barrow on its western edge are excluded from the scheduling but the ground beneath is included. 4 1009127 Bowl barrow 200m west of Durrington Down The bowl barrow 200m west of Durrington Down Plantation will contain 411415 144299 Plantation archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed

The monument includes a bowl barrow situated 200m west of Durrington Down Plantation and is located in an area of gently undulating chalk downland north of Stonehenge and The Avenue. The mound is visible as a concentration of flint nodules 11m wide and 0.1m high and is surrounded by a ditch from which material was quarried during the construction of the monument. This has become infilled over the years but survives as a buried feature c.2m wide. 5 1009125 Two bowl barrows 100m west of Durrington The two bowl barrows 100m west of Durrington Down Plantation survive 411502 144180 Down Plantation comparatively well and, despite partial excavation of the northern barrow, will contain archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed.

The monument includes two bowl barrows aligned north east-south west and situated on a low natural ridge 100m west of Durrington Down Plantation. The

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WA List Entry Name Description Easting Northing No. No.

barrow mound to the south has a diameter of 30m and is c.0.5m high. The second barrow, 34m north east of this, is visible as a slight rise 18m in diameter and 0.2m high. Surrounding each barrow mound is a ditch from which material was quarried during its construction. The ditch of the southern barrow has become infilled over the years but survives as a buried feature visible as a ring of darker soil 4m wide. The ditch of the northern barrow has become infilled but survives as a buried feature 2m wide. The northern barrow was partially excavated in the 19th century when human bone and other associated finds were found. 6 1009128 Pond barrow on the western margin of Despite having been disturbed by forestry and the construction of a track, the 411639 144159 Durrington Down Plantation pond barrow on the western margin of Durrington Down Plantation survives in the form of buried remains in addition to the visible section of bank. It will contain archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed.

The monument includes a pond barrow located 250m south of The Packway on the western edge of Durrington Down Plantation. The diameter of the pond is 20.5m and is now 0.2m deep. The bank is 0.1m high and 2m wide, and most obvious on the east side. The west bank of the monument is masked by the adjacent metalled track which is excluded from the scheduling, although the ground beneath is included. 7 1009059 Disc barrow on Fargo Road Despite removal of an east-west section by the downcutting of Fargo Road, the 411688 143819 disc barrow is known from partial excavation to contain archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed.

The monument, which falls into two constraint areas, includes a disc barrow immediately south of Fargo Road on Durrington Down. The barrow is no longer visible on the ground but is partially represented on the Ordnance Survey 1:2500 map of 1972 from which it is seen to be oval in shape with dimensions of c.30m east-west and c.38m north-south. Partial excavation in the 19th century produced a large urn. The central section of the barrow has been removed by the downcutting of Fargo Road. The post and wire fences which cross the monument from east to west on both sides of the road are excluded from the scheduling but the ground beneath them is included. 8 1009059 Disc barrow on Fargo Road See WA 7 411689 143847

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WA List Entry Name Description Easting Northing No. No.

9 1009070/ Bowl barrow 250m south of Fargo Road Despite being levelled by ploughing, the bowl barrow 250m south of Fargo Road 411817 143554 will contain archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed. Aerial photographs have shown that the ditch fills survive undisturbed, while deposits located on the Bronze Age ground surface will survive beneath the area disturbed by cultivation.

The monument includes a levelled bowl barrow located 250m south of Fargo Road on Durrington Down Farm. Although the barrow is now difficult to define on the ground, the ditch which surrounds the barrow mound and from which material was quarried during the barrow's construction is visible on aerial photographs as a soilmark 2.5m wide defining an area 30m in overall diameter. 10 1008943 Nine bowl barrows, two disc barrows and two Despite partial excavation of all of the barrows within the monument, this part of 411819 144102 saucer barrows forming the majority of a round the Durrington Down round barrow cemetery survives well. It also contains barrow cemetery on Durrington Down examples of rare types of barrow including disc barrows of which there are only 250 examples recorded nationally, and saucer barrows of which only 60 examples are known.

The monument includes 13 of the 14 round barrows which make up the Durrington Down round barrow cemetery. Together they occupy an east-west ridge from which Stonehenge and The Cursus are visible. The 13 barrows contained within this monument are tightly clustered and include nine bowl barrows, two disc barrows and two saucer barrows. An outlying bowl barrow, the subject of a separate scheduling, is situated further east. The nine bowl barrows in this monument each have a mound and a surrounding ditch from which material was quarried during its construction. In most cases these have become infilled over the years, but some remain visible as earthworks. Sizes of the bowl barrows range from 10m to 30m overall diameter. The saucer and disc barrow mounds each have an encircling ditch and outer bank, while the disc barrow mounds are each separated from their ditches by a level berm or platform. Both saucer barrows have an overall diameter of 38m and the disc barrows measure 30m and 36m overall diameter. All the barrows within this monument were partially excavated in the 19th century revealing, in some cases, a previous opening. A variety of cremations and skeletons, including that of a child, were found together with an assortment of associated finds. 11 1008944 Bowl barrow forming part of the Durrington Despite partial excavation in the 19th century, this bowl barrow on Durrington 411995 144088 Down round barrow cemetery Down survives well and forms an integral part of the Durrington Down round barrow cemetery.

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WA List Entry Name Description Easting Northing No. No.

The monument includes a ditched bowl barrow forming an outlier some 50m east of the remainder of the round barrow cemetery in Durrington Down Plantation; the cemetery occupies an east-west ridge from which Stonehenge and The Cursus are visible. The barrow has a mound c.1m high and c.16m in diameter surrounded by traces of a ditch from which material was quarried during the construction of the monument. This has become largely infilled over the years but survives as a slight earthwork of c.2m wide. The barrow was partially excavated in the 19th century. 12 1009062 Six of the eight round barrows making up a These barrows, forming part of the round barrow cemetery south of Fargo Road, 412150 143587 nucleated round barrow cemetery 100m south are known from partial excavation to contain archaeological remains and of Fargo Road environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed. The monument also contains examples of rare saucer barrows, of which there are only 60 known examples.

The monument includes six of the eight round barrows which make up a nucleated cemetery situated south of Fargo Road on Durrington Down. This group includes four bowl barrows and two saucer barrows. Only two of the barrows, a saucer and a bowl barrow, are now visible as earthworks, the remainder having been levelled by ploughing. The visible saucer barrow forms the southernmost barrow of the cemetery and the second saucer barrow is located 2m to the north west of it. A fifth bowl barrow is located c.50m to the east, and a sixth 50m to the north; both are the subject of separate schedulings. The mound of the upstanding bowl barrow is 1.2m high and 14m in diameter, and is surrounded by a ditch 2m wide which survives as a slight earthwork. The mound of the upstanding saucer barrow is 20m in diameter and is surrounded by a ditch 3.5m wide and 0.75m deep and an outer bank 3.5m wide and 0.75m high, giving an overall diameter of 34m. The levelled barrows are represented on aerial photographs, the County Series Ordnance Survey 6" map of 1887 and the 25" map of 1924, from which their mounds have been calculated as between 15m and 20m in diameter. All are surrounded by ditches from which material was quarried during their construction. These have become infilled over the years but survive as buried features c.2m wide, giving overall diameters for the bowl barrows ranging between c.19m and c.24m. The overall diameter of the second saucer barrow is 30m. The majority of the barrows have been partially excavated in the 19th century and contained either cremations or inhumations together with accompanying grave goods. The post and wire fence which crosses the mound of

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WA List Entry Name Description Easting Northing No. No.

the northernmost barrow is excluded from the scheduling but the ground beneath it is included. 13 1009063 Three bowl barrows 200m north of The Cursus The bowl barrows 200m north of the Cursus survive well and are known from 412159 143342 partial excavation to contain archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed.

The monument includes three bowl barrows aligned north east-south west and situated some 200m north of the Cursus on Durrington Down. The barrow mounds range in size from 12m to 14m in diameter and are between 0.3m and 0.75m high. All three are surrounded by ditches from which material was quarried during their construction. These survive as slight earthworks up to 1.4m wide and 0.1m deep, giving the barrows overall diameters of c.14.5m, c.15.5m and c.17m. Partial excavation in the 19th century produced cremations in two of the barrows and a crouched skeleton contained within a circular cist in the third. The post and wire fences which cross both the north east and the south west margins of the monument are excluded from the scheduling but the ground beneath them is included. 14 1009071 Bowl barrow 50m south of Fargo Road, forming Despite being levelled by recent military activity and cultivation, the bowl barrow 412180 143701 part of a nucleated round barrow cemetery 50m south of Fargo Road will contain archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating to the cemetery and the landscape in which it was constructed.

The monument includes a bowl barrow forming an outlier some 50m north of a nucleated round barrow cemetery, located 50m south of Fargo Road on Durrington Down Farm. The barrow is now difficult to identify on the ground being in an area formerly disturbed by military buildings and more recently by cultivation. However, the barrow mound is visible on aerial photographs as a circular chalk spread 25m in diameter. Surrounding the mound is a ditch from which material was quarried during its construction. This has become infilled over the years but survives as a buried feature c.2.5m wide giving the barrow an overall diameter of c.30m. 15 1008945 Bowl barrow 160m south of Fargo Road, The bowl barrow 160m south of Fargo Road survives comparatively well and is 412240 143586 forming part of a nucleated round barrow known from partial excavation to contain archaeological remains and cemetery environmental evidence relating to the cemetery and the landscape in which it was constructed.

The monument includes a bowl barrow forming an outlier some 50m east of a nucleated round barrow cemetery located 100m south of Fargo Road on

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WA List Entry Name Description Easting Northing No. No.

Durrington Down. The barrow has a mound 0.2m high and 18m in diameter and is surrounded by a ditch from which material was quarried during its construction. This has become infilled over the years but survives as a buried feature c.2m wide, giving the barrow an overall diameter of 22m. Partial excavation in the 19th century discovered a primary inhumation, urn fragments, burnt bones and large antlers. A later burial was also found. The metalled surface of the track which crosses the northern portion of the barrow is excluded from the scheduling but the ground beneath it is included. 16 1009057 Bowl barrow immediately north of Fargo Road The bowl barrow immediately north of Fargo Road, despite being truncated by 412275 143777 the road, will contain archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed.

The monument includes a bowl barrow immediately north of Fargo Road on Durrington Down. The barrow mound is 25m in diameter and stands to 1.2m high. The northern part of the mound extends into an arable field and has been reduced by ploughing to a height of 0.3m. The section to the south of the fence which crosses the barrow from east to west has been destroyed by the downcutting of the road. Encircling the visible remains of the barrow mound to the north, is a ditch from which material was quarried during its construction. This has become largely infilled over the years but survives as a slight earthwork 3m wide and 0.75m deep, giving the barrow an overall dimension of 31m from east to west. The post and wire fence which crosses the monument is excluded from the scheduling but the ground beneath it is included. 17 1009132 The Cursus, two round barrows situated within A cursus is an elongated rectilinear earthwork, the length of which is normally 412297 143042 its western end, and a long barrow situated at greater than 250m, with its length more than ten times its width. The sides are its eastern end usually defined by a bank and external ditch, but occasionally by a line of closely- set pits. The two long sides run roughly parallel, and may incorporate earlier monuments of other classes. Access to the interior was restricted to a small number of entranceways, usually near the ends of the long sides. Cursus monuments vary enormously in length, from 250m at the lower end of the range up to 5.6km in the case of the . The width is normally in the range 20m-60m. The greatest variations in the ground plan occur at the terminals, with a variety of both round-ended and square-ended earthworks recorded. Datable finds from cursus monuments are few. Early Neolithic pottery has been found in the primary silting of some ditches, but there is also evidence of construction in the Late Neolithic. Indications of re-cutting or extending of the ditches at some sites suggests that the monument type was in use over a long period. Cursus

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WA List Entry Name Description Easting Northing No. No.

monuments have been interpreted in various ways since their initial identification. The name itself is the Latin term for a race track and this is one of the functions suggested by Stukeley in the 18th century. More recently a ritual or ceremonial role has been suggested. Cursus monuments are widely scattered across central and eastern England. The majority lie on the flat, well-drained gravel terraces of major river valleys, but a number are known on the chalk downlands of Dorset and Wiltshire. There are several examples in northern England. Overall about 40 are known in England, of which this is one of the better known and better preserved. Beyond, but running parallel with, the eastern end of the Cursus is a long barrow, one of at least nine to survive in the Stonehenge area. Long barrows were constructed as earthen or drystone mounds often with flanking ditches and acted as funerary monuments during the Early and Middle Neolithic periods (3400-2400 BC). They represent the burial places of Britain's early farming communities and, as such, are amongst the oldest field monuments surviving visibly in the present landscape. Where investigated, long barrows appear to have been used for communal burial, often with only parts of the human remains having been selected for interment. Certain sites provide evidence for several phases of funerary monument preceding the barrow and it is probable that long barrows acted as important ritual sites for local communities over a considerable period of time. Some 500 long barrows are recorded in England. Later in date than both the Cursus and the long barrow are two round barrows which are positioned within the Cursus at its western end. Of these one is a bowl barrow, the most numerous form of round barrow, and one a bell barrow of which only 250 are known, 30 from the Stonehenge area. Both represent funerary monuments dating from the Late Neolithic period to the Late Bronze Age. They were constructed as earthen or rubble mounds, normally ditched, which covered single or multiple burials. Often superficially similar, although differing widely in size, they exhibit regional variations in form and a variety of burial practices. The burials, either inhumations or cremations, are sometimes accompanied by pottery vessels, tools and personal ornaments.

The monument includes the Cursus, two round barrows situated within its western end and a long barrow situated at its eastern end. The Cursus is a linear earthwork enclosure surrounded by a bank and outer ditch, located partly within a shallow east-west combe some 650m north of Stonehenge. It is aligned approximately east-west, rising to a prominent position near the 110m contour at its western end, and reaching a similar height at its eastern end. Both ends are

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intervisible and both are within sight of Stonehenge. It is some 2770m in length and varies in width between 110m and 165m. The east end of the Cursus is no longer visible, having been disturbed by cultivation and forestry. A 19th century illustration shows it closed just west of a long barrow and this is confirmed by an aerial photograph. The west end is squarish with rounded corners. Here the bank survives up to 6.5m wide and 0.4m high, while the outer ditch is only visible as a slight earthwork, having become infilled by a combination of natural processes and deliberate levelling. The section of ditch east of Fargo Plantation however, is well preserved for a distance of 1100m. Partial excavation east of Fargo Plantation revealed that the ditch was steep-sided with a flat bottom, measuring 1.8m wide by 0.75m deep and separated from the bank by a berm c.1.5m wide. Partial excavations at its west end revealed a wider ditch, up to 2.75m wide by 2m deep, separated from the inner bank by a berm 2.5m wide. The inner bank was also wider here, up to 10m across, and there were indications of an outer bank up to 7m wide beyond the ditch. Within the enclosure there are no indications of internal arrangements except for a wide, low bank (6m by 0.2m) flanked on the western side by a ditch which crosses the interior obliquely in the Fargo Plantation section. Illustrations of 18th and 19th century date show up to four entrance gaps towards the eastern end. The western end of the monument has been restored by the National Trust. Partial excavations near the west end have revealed two concentrations of waste flakes from the bottom of the ditch and a bluestone fragment on the original chalk surface within the ditch. The monument also includes a long barrow situated c.25m east of the eastern end of the Cursus and orientated north-south at right-angles to it. The mound is 82m long, 15m wide and c.1m high. The central and western section of the mound is visible as a slight earthwork; the eastern section is difficult to identify having been reduced in height by cultivation. The ditches which flank the east and west sides of the mound, and from which material was quarried during its construction, survive as slight earthworks. Partial excavations east of the mound revealed a ditch 1.4m wide by 0.7m deep, replaced by a later ditch 3.8m wide and 2m deep. The ditch fillings contained much worked flint. Partial excavations of the mound in the 19th century produced animal bones, one adult burial and two infant burials. Two round barrows are situated within the western end of the Cursus. The more westerly has been levelled by the construction of military buildings in 1914-1918 and subsequent agricultural operations. Total excavation in 1958 proved that it was a bell barrow consisting of a central mound c.13m in diameter, surrounded by a berm c.2m wide and a flat-bottomed ditch c.1m wide, giving an overall

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diameter of c.19m. A central cremation in a pit and a child inhumation were found. The more easterly barrow is situated 120m from the west end of the Cursus within a clearing in Fargo Plantation. The mound is 27m in diameter and 1.7m high. The ditch which surrounded it and from which material was quarried during its construction is now difficult to identify on the ground having become infilled over the years. It is calculated to be c.3m wide giving an overall diameter of 33m. Partial excavation in the 19th century produced a primary inhumation with a bronze dagger and a polished pebble and two secondary inhumations. All fence posts are excluded from the scheduling but the ground beneath these features is included. The track which crosses the Cursus north of Stonehenge and south of Durrington Down Farm is included in the scheduling. Due to factors of scale the map extract may seem to imply that sites SM10244, SM10404 and SM10405 conjoin with the Cursus (site SM10324), but they are in fact separate on the ground. 18 1009069 Bowl barrow 100m south of Fargo Road Despite damage caused by recent military activity, the bowl barrow 100m south 412400 143625 of Fargo Road on Durrington Down Farm is known from partial excavation to contain archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed.

The monument includes a bowl barrow located 100m south of Fargo Road, on Durrington Down Farm. The barrow is now difficult to define on the ground being in an area of recent earthworks, probably the result of military activity. However, the barrow is represented on the County Series Ordnance Survey 6" map of 1884 from which the diameter of the mound is calculated to be c.20m. Surrounding the mound is a ditch from which material was quarried during its construction. This has become infilled over the years but survives as a buried feature c.2m wide giving the barrow an overall diameter of c.24m. Partial excavation in the 19th century produced a skeleton of Bronze Age date and a later cremation together with an assortment of finds associated with the burials. 19 1012167 Long barrow in Larkhill Camp A small number of areas in southern England appear to have acted as foci for 412468 144388 ceremonial and ritual activity during the Neolithic and Bronze Age periods. Two of the best known and earliest recognised areas are around Avebury and Stonehenge, now jointly designated as a World Heritage Site. The area of chalk downland which surrounds Stonehenge contains one of the densest and most varied groups of Neolithic and Bronze Age field monuments in Britain. Included within the area are Stonehenge itself, the , the Durrington Walls henge, and a variety of burial monuments, many grouped into cemeteries.

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The area has been the subject of archaeological research since the 18th century when Stukeley recorded many of the monuments and partially excavated a number of the burial mounds. More recently, the collection of artefacts from the surfaces of ploughed fields has supplemented the evidence for ritual and burial by revealing the intensity of contemporary settlement and land-use. In view of the importance of the area, all ceremonial and sepulchral monuments of this period which retain significant archaeological remains are identified as nationally important. Long barrows were constructed as earthen or drystone mounds often with flanking ditches and acted as funerary monuments during the Early and Middle Neolithic periods (3400-2400 BC). They represent the burial places of Britain's early farming communities and, as such, are amongst the oldest field monuments surviving visibly in the present landscape. Where investigated, long barrows appear to have been used for communal burial, often with only parts of the human remains having been selected for interment. Certain sites provide evidence for several phases of funerary monument preceding the barrow and it is probable that long barrows acted as important ritual sites for local communities over a considerable period of time. Some 500 long barrows and long cairns, their counterparts in the uplands, are recorded in England of which at least nine survive in the Stonehenge area. These represent an important group for understanding the historical context within which Stonehenge developed during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age periods.

The long barrow in Larkhill Camp survives well and will contain archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed.

The monument includes a long barrow situated within Larkhill Camp, north of the Packway. The barrow mound, which is orientated north west - south east, is up to 1.1m high, 46m long and c.16m wide. Flanking the mound on the north east and south west sides are ditches visible as earthworks up to c.7m wide from which material was quarried during construction of the monument.

The site of the monument includes a 2 metre boundary around the archaeological features, considered to be essential for the monument's support and preservation. 20 1009064 Three bowl barrows 120m south of Fargo Road Despite being disturbed in the past by the construction of military buildings and 412499 143584 more recently by cultivation, partial excavation has shown that the three barrows

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120m south of Fargo Road will contain archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed.

The monument includes three bowl barrows situated 120m south of Fargo Road on Durrington Down. The barrows are difficult to identify on the ground being located in an area formerly disturbed by the construction of military buildings and more recently by cultivation. They are, however, represented on the County Series Ordnance Survey 6" map of 1887 and from this the mound of the western barrow is calculated to be c.10m and the mound of the eastern barrow c.15m. These barrows appear to have been confluent. An early archaeological report suggests that the third barrow located 8m north of these is of a similar size to the western barrow. Surrounding all three mounds are ditches from which material was quarried during their construction. These have become infilled over the years but survive as buried features c.1m wide in the case of the western barrow giving an overall diameter of c.12m, and c.1.5m wide in the case of the eastern and northern barrows, giving overall diameters of c.18m. Two of the barrows were partially excavated in the 19th century when burnt bones were produced. The south eastern edge of the easternmost bowl barrow has been destroyed by the construction of a brick wall which surrounds the farm buildings and is therefore not included in the scheduling. 21 1013871 Bowl barrow 200m north of The Cursus The bowl barrow 200m north of the Cursus is known from partial excavation to 412618 143336 contain archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed.

The monument includes a bowl barrow some 200m north of the Cursus. The barrow survives as a slight earthwork with a mound 0.5m high and 15m in diameter. Surrounding the mound is a ditch from which material was quarried during its construction. This has become infilled over the years but survives as a buried feature c.1.5m wide, giving the barrow an overall diameter of c.18m. Partial excavation in the 19th century produced an assortment of burnt bones. 22 1009072 Two bowl barrows 250m north of The Cursus The bowl barrows 250m north of the Cursus are known from partial excavation to 412785 143417 contain archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed.

The monument includes two bowl barrows aligned north west - south east, located 250m north of the Cursus. Both barrow mounds survive as slight

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earthworks. The north western mound is 0.25m high and 14m in diameter and the south eastern mound is 0.2m high and 10m in diameter. Both mounds are surrounded by ditches from which material was quarried during their construction. These survive as buried features c.1.5m wide in the case of the north western barrow giving an overall diameter of c.17m and c.1m wide in the case of the south eastern barrow giving an overall diameter of c.12m. Partial excavation of the barrows in the 19th century produced burnt bones in each case. The mound of the north western barrow extends into the farm track on its north side and the track is therefore included in the scheduling. A post and wire fence crosses each of the barrow mounds from east to west. These fences are excluded from the scheduling but the ground beneath them is included. 23 1010052 Knighton long barrow A large, impressive long barrow orientated east/west. The mound is c.60m long x 412786 145349 20m wide, and is flanked by ditches c.12m wide which are very deep and well defined. The overall width is c.44m. 24 1009068 Six bowl barrows forming the majority of a round Despite disturbance caused by the former use of the area as a military camp, 413126 144008 barrow cemetery in Larkhill Camp south of The partial excavation has shown that all six bowl barrows forming most of the round Packway barrow cemetery in Larkhill Camp contain archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed. The cemetery includes an unusual twin or confluent bowl barrow.

The monument includes six of the seven bowl barrows which make up a round barrow cemetery situated next to a children’s playground within Larkhill Camp, south of The Packway and east of Lightfoot Road. Six barrows now survive; the seventh has been built over by houses, and is not included. The southernmost barrow in this cemetery is c.16m in diameter and 1m high, with traces of a ditch c.2m wide giving an overall diameter of c.20m. The southern half of the barrow is difficult to identify having been disturbed by earthmoving activity. The barrow 22m NW of this is 18m in diameter and 1.9m high, with a shallow ditch 2m wide, giving an overall diameter of 22m. A third barrow 15m to the NE is visible as a slight earthwork c.0.25m high, and from its representation on the Ordnance Survey six inch map of 1887, has an overall diameter of c.20m. The remaining three bowl barrows, including a twin or confluent barrow, are difficult to identify on the ground, probably as a result of the former use of the area as a military camp. All three survive as levelled mounds and are surrounded by ditches from which material was quarried during their construction. Two of the three are represented on the Ordnance Survey six inch map of 1887, from which their overall diameters

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are calculated to be c.15m, and the third is mapped by a 19th century fieldworker and has an overall diameter of c.40m. Partial excavation of all six barrows in the 19th century revealed burials and a variety of associated finds. The tarmac surface of the playground which crosses part of one of the barrows is excluded from the scheduling, but the ground beneath it is included. 25 1009065 Two bowl barrows 30m north of The Cursus The two bowl barrows 30m north of the Cursus will contain archaeological 413167 143231 remains and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed. These barrows are also of interest in that they lie in such close proximity to the Cursus.

The monument includes two bowl barrows situated 30m north of the Cursus toward its eastern end. The barrows survive as slight earthworks and are aligned broadly north west-south east. The mound of the western barrow is 0.3m high and 18m in diameter. The mound of the eastern barrow is 0.2m high and 15m in diameter. Surrounding the barrow mounds are ditches from which material was quarried during their construction. These have become infilled over the years but survive as buried features, c.2m wide in the case of the western barrow giving an overall diameter of 22m, and c.1.5m wide in the case of the eastern barrow giving an overall diameter of 18m. Due to factors of scale the map extract may seem to imply that this site, SM10244 and the Cursus adjoin, but they are in fact separate on the ground. 26 1018625 Bowl barrow on the south east corner of Larkhill The bowl barrow on the south east corner of Larkhill Race Course is a 413321 145958 Race Course comparatively well preserved example of its class and will contain archaeological remains providing information about Bronze Age beliefs, economy and environment.

The monument includes a bowl barrow which lies on a gentle north facing slope at the south east corner of Larkhill Race Course. The barrow has a mound 19m in diameter and 0.7m high. Surrounding the mound is a ditch 3m wide from which material was quarried during the construction of the monument. This is clearly visible on the east side and will survive elsewhere as a buried feature. The fence posts that cross the monument are excluded from the scheduling, although the ground beneath them is included. 27 1009074 Pond barrow 30m north of The Cursus The pond barrow 30m north of the Cursus survives in the form of buried remains. 413472 143259 It will contain archaeological deposits and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed.

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The monument includes a pond barrow situated 30m north of the Cursus at its eastern end. The barrow is now difficult to define on the ground being in an area formerly disturbed by the construction of military buildings and recently by cultivation. A 19th century fieldworker has mapped the barrow and from this the overall diameter of the pond barrow has been calculated to be 25m. The post and wire fence which crosses the monument from east to west is excluded from the scheduling but the ground beneath it is included. Due to factors of scale the map extract may seem to imply that this barrow, SM10405, and the Cursus adjoin, but they are in fact separate on the ground 28 1009067 Nine round barrows forming a round barrow Six of the bowl barrows in the cemetery situated 400m north of the eastern end of 413566 143671 cemetery 400m north of the eastern end of The the Cursus survive well and two of these are confluent, a comparatively rare Cursus arrangement. The group also includes a pond barrow, the rarest form of round barrow, of which about 60 examples are recorded in a distribution largely confined to Dorset and Wiltshire; many of these are within the Stonehenge area. Despite the reduced height of two of the bowl barrows and the bank which surrounded the pond barrow, partial excavation has shown that all the barrows contain archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed.

The monument includes a round barrow cemetery containing nine round barrows which lie clustered in a broad crescent to the north of the eastern end of the Cursus and ESE of the Durrington Down Barn Destructor. The group is made up of eight bowl barrows and one pond barrow. The two bowl barrows situated at the top of the crescent are confluent. The pond barrow, which lies on the western edge of the curve, shows as a shallow depression with a central soilmark. The bank which surrounded this is now difficult to identify on the ground but is visible on aerial photographs as a 3m wide ring of lighter soil defining an area c.25m across. Of the eight bowl barrows in the group, seven are round, one (that immediately south of the pond barrow) is oval. The barrow mounds range in size between 10m and 28m in diameter and from being level to standing 1.3m high. All eight mounds are surrounded by ditches from which material was quarried during their construction. These are now difficult to identify on the ground having become infilled over the years, but they do survive as buried features 2m-3m wide. All eight bowl barrows were partially excavated in the 19th century. Six revealed primary cremations and one contained several skeletons. The post and wire fence that crosses the monument from north west to south east is excluded from the scheduling but the ground beneath it is included.

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29 1009073 Bowl barrow 25m north of The Cursus The bowl barrow 25m north of the Cursus is known from partial excavation to 413598 143261 contain archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed.

The monument includes a bowl barrow situated 25m north of the Cursus at its eastern end. The barrow is now difficult to define on the ground being in an area formerly disturbed by the construction of military buildings and more recently by cultivation. A 19th century fieldworker has mapped the barrow and from this the diameter of the mound has been calculated to be c.25m. Surrounding the mound is a ditch from which material was quarried during its construction. This has become infilled over the years but survives as a buried feature c.2.5m wide, giving an overall diameter of c.30m. Partial excavation in the 19th century produced a primary cremation. The post and wire fences which cross the monument from east to west and from north to south are excluded from the scheduling but the ground beneath them is included. Due to factors of scale the map extract may seem to imply that this barrow, SM10404, and the Cursus adjoin, but they are in fact separate on the ground. 30 1009133 Henge monuments at Durrington Walls and Henges are ritual or ceremonial centres which date to the Late Neolithic period 414974 143587 Woodhenge, a round barrow cemetery, two (2800-2000 BC). They were constructed as roughly circular or oval-shaped additional round barrows and four settlements enclosures comprising a flat area over 20m in diameter enclosed by a ditch and external bank. One, two or four entrances provided access to the interior of the monument, which may have contained a variety of features including timber or stone circles, post or stone alignments, pits, burials or central mounds. Finds from the ditches and interiors of henges provide evidence for the chronological development of the sites, the types of activity that occurred within them and the nature of the environment in which they were constructed. Henges occur throughout England with the exception of south eastern counties and the Welsh Marches. They are generally situated on low ground, often close to springs and water-courses. Henges are rare nationally with about 80 known examples.

Durrington Walls, Woodhenge and their associated sites form a distinctive and well known concentration of ceremonial and associated settlement features in the . Partial excavation has revealed detail of the timber structures erected within henge monuments, while the role of aerial photography, geophysical survey and subsequent analysis of finds from the excavation have enhanced our understanding of the nature and extent of the monument.

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Durrington Walls is one of the largest henge monuments known, exceeding Marden and even Avebury in overall diameter. The timber structures found within it are themselves the size and form of many small henges, leading to the suggestion that Durrington Walls should be termed a `henge enclosure.' The post rings found within Woodhenge mirror the structures revealed within the larger monument, implying a ceremonial relationship between the two. The presence of a round barrow cemetery to the south of Woodhenge, thought to be contemporary with the two henges, may indicate that some part of the ceremonial activity was connected with burial rites, and replicates the situation at Stonehenge where a number of round barrows are located a short distance away. The triple barrow forming the southernmost part of the Durrington group is a rare example of a confluent round barrow. The presence of Iron Age and Romano- British settlements in and around Durrington Walls provides evidence for its continued use beyond the period of its primarily ceremonial function.

The monument, which falls into two areas, includes Durrington Walls, Woodhenge, a round barrow cemetery south of Woodhenge and two further bowl barrows, together with settlements of Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age and Romano-British date located within and around Durrington Walls and Woodhenge. Durrington Walls is a large henge monument, roughly circular in shape with an overall diameter of c.490m north-south and c.468m east-west, situated on a south east slope overlooking the River Avon. A roughly circular area of 19ha is surrounded by a ditch up to 17.6m wide and an outer bank which survives as a spread feature on the east side, where it is c.40m wide and 1m high. The henge has two opposed entrances, one in the north west and the other in the south east, the latter facing the River Avon. The location of these and the complete circuit of the ditch has been established by geophysical survey and aerial photographs.

Partial excavations in 1966-7 revealed the remains of a sub-rectangular timber structure and a complex circular timber structure in the interior of the henge. These structures were accompanied by pottery and antler picks. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the henge was in use in the period 2000-1600 BC.

Woodhenge lies some 70m south of Durrington Walls. It is a small henge monument, circular in plan, with an internal area of c.0.16ha surrounded by a ditch and outer bank; it has an overall diameter of 110m and a single entrance to

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the NNE. Cultivation prior to World War II has eroded the earthworks, and the ditch is difficult to identify on the ground; it does however survive as a slight earthwork c.0.25m deep. Partial excavation in 1926-8 revealed that the ditch is flat-bottomed, up to 12m wide and 2.4m deep. The outer bank is up to 10m wide and c.1m high. Also revealed were six concentric rings of post-holes representing the site of a large circular structure; these are now marked by concrete posts. Other finds from the excavation included an infant burial, pottery, worked flint, stone and chalk, and animal bone. Radiocarbon dating indicates that Woodhenge was in use c.1800 BC.

The monument also includes two isolated bowl barrows and a round barrow cemetery consisting of four bowl barrows and a possible triple bowl barrow, formerly identified as a long barrow. All of the barrows originally took the form of mounds surrounded by ditches from which material was quarried during their construction. The mounds are now difficult to identify on the ground having been levelled by ploughing, while the ditches have become infilled over the years but survive as buried features between c.1m to c.3.5m in width. The barrows range in overall diameter from c.11m to c.35m. The most northerly of the bowl barrows is located near the centre of Durrington Walls. Its position and size have been confirmed by geophysical survey, from which it is known to consist of two concentric circular ditches with an overall diameter of 35m. A second bowl barrow is situated c.18m south of the outer bank of Durrington Walls and is known from partial excavation in 1951 to be c.11m in overall diameter. The excavation revealed a shallow central grave containing a crouched inhumation and a large plain beaker. The remaining four barrows together with the triple bowl barrow form a round barrow cemetery located south of Woodhenge. The four individual barrows form a NNW-SSE line, and from aerial photographs and partial excavation are known to have overall diameters ranging from 18m-25m. The most southerly of the four had two concentric ditches surrounding an arrangement of eight post-holes and a Beaker burial accompanied by a perforated stone axe. The southern part of the cemetery is made up of a mound 64m long, up to 30m wide and c.1.75m high. A 19th century fieldworker recorded this as three mounds in close proximity, and aerial photographs reveal three mounds surrounded by a single enclosing ditch. One of the circular mounds is clearly visible at the centre of the feature. The site, previously identified as a long barrow, is believed to represent a triple bowl barrow.

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Late Neolithic settlement has been revealed by partial excavation to the north, south west and south of Durrington Walls, also from Woodhenge and the area of the round barrow cemetery to the south. To the north of Durrington Walls, Neolithic pits containing pottery sherds and worked flint have been found within the reservoir compound and on the south side of The Packway. Some 20m south west of Durrington Walls four pits and a ditch were revealed in excavations in 1970, and 64m south of the henge bank near the south east entrance indications of a possible Neolithic timber structure were excavated. Neolithic occupation debris and six pits were found beneath the bank of Woodhenge, and post-holes and storage pits containing Late Neolithic pottery were found on the site of one of the barrows in the round barrow cemetery. To the south of Durrington Walls and to the south and west of Woodhenge is situated a Middle Bronze Age settlement. An egg-shaped enclosure c.23m in diameter forming a part of the settlement was partially excavated in 1926-28, revealing pits and post-holes in the interior. Pottery and the charred remains of barley were also found. Parching of the grassland in times of drought has revealed a series of rectangular enclosures which relate to the egg-shaped enclosure. The largest is some 200m by 120m and is approached by a ditched trackway from the NNW. Three smaller rectangular enclosures ranging from 50m to 80m on each side contain indications of pits, post-holes and four probable hut circles. A segmented circular enclosure attached to the `egg' may be a the site of a fifth dwelling.

Indications of Iron Age settlement have been found during partial excavation within Durrington Walls, and include 12 pits and a palisade ditch, while a Romano-British settlement has been found south west of Durrington Walls. This includes pits, post-holes and gullies, with indications from pieces of dressed stone of the presence of a building nearby. Remains of two small enclosures, one containing a corn-drying oven, and two infant burials have been found in the same area, and pottery from the excavations indicates a date c.AD 275-400.

Fargo Road and the former A345 are excluded from the scheduling but the ground beneath them is included. All fence posts are excluded from the scheduling but the ground beneath these features is included.

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Archaeological Records

WA HER No. Monument type Name Period Description Easting Northing No.

31 MWI12545 ARTEFACT Durrington Down Bronze No description available 412282 143495 SCATTER Age

32 MWI11715 FINDSPOT North-east of Knighton Bronze An axe of Irish origin cast from a double mould with a hammered 412940 145721 Barrow Age chevron decoration on the butt, from the track N of the Recreation Ground. B)I think the 'Track' is the race-track: hence the above NGR.

33 MWI11716 FINDSPOT Knighton Down Bronze Beaker sherds found in 1940 during military digging by F Watkin from 411600 145000 Age three pits. There is a sketch in Salisbury Museum Bronze Age Boxfile four, of the sections. It is a bird's eye view.

34 MWI12512 BURIAL Fargo Bronze Skeleton of a crouched male found during construction of military 411400 144800 Age railway 1918. Probably Bronze Age. No grave goods. The skeleton is in Salisbury Museum labelled Fargo No 1. B) Bronze Age - listed erroneously by Grinsell. C) Relocated by the RCHM.

35 MWI12521 FINDSPOT Durrington Down Bronze A small collection of 140 pieces of struck flint, consisting almost entirely 412673 143446 Age of flakes, with virtually no trace of blade technology. Two cores of irregular multi-platform type and one retouched scraper. B)2910 worked flint fragments from Durrington Down are in Salisbury Museum.

36 MWI12538 PIT Larkhill Camp Bronze Two pits and a posthole were revealed during an evaluation in 2003. 413573 144830 Age They are broadly dated to the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age.

An evaluation has identified two adjacent pits and a post-hole. All were slightly truncated by modern disturbance, and were cut into the chalk. One pit was fully exposed, the other partially so. Both pits [produced worked and burnt flint, degraded animal bone, pottery and limited Palaeo-environmental indicators. The pottery indicates a Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age date, although one fragment of Late Bronze Age

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date was also recovered.

37 MWI11723 FINDSPOT Larkhill area Bronze Bronze flat axe of Migdale-Marnoch tradition; butt with herringbone 413000 145600 Age fluting produced by hammering and also a hammered ripple effect on the blade.

38 MWI12511 BURIAL Larkhill Camp Bronze A) Crouched skeleton and 2 'B' beakers found in oval grave during 412260 143440 Age drainage work c1939. B) Erroneously listed under Amesbury parish by L V Grinsell. C) Visited by OS during Nov 1970. The National Grid Reference given variously as SU123436 or SU12314271 - a discrepancy of 900m. Site ploughed.

39 MWI12586 Associated finds Durrington Down Medieval A dump of Medieval finely-dressed architectural stonework was found 412670 143440 during an evaluation excavation in 1992. Finely-dressed architectural stonework, probably from the Chilmark quarries, was found in modern deep, rubble-filled soak-away drains. Column and pillar bases, capitals in both square and rounded forms, narrow pillars, cable and other mouldings etc.

40 MWI12632 TRACKWAY Vehicle tracks, Larkhill. Modern No description available 413617 143368

41 MWI11756 FINDSPOT Allanbrooke Barracks Modern No description available 412835 145131

42 MWI12452 Associated finds Proposed Artillary Neolithic No description available 413297 144296 Museum Larkhill

44 MWI12438 FINDSPOT Between The Cursus & Neolithic Discoidal polished flint knife found in 1926. 3 ins long x 2.25 ins wide 413802 143350 Larkhill and up to 0.5 inches thick, found by W E V Young. B) Listed by Grinsell as Neolithic/Bronze Age.

45 MWI12596 PRACTICE North-west Durrington Modern Area of military trenching identified by Royal Commission on the 414290 144110 TRENCH Walls Historical Monuments for England.

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46 MWI12540 FINDSPOT, PIT Larkhill Prehistoric A single pit and scoops were revealed during an evaluation and 414480 143900 included a Bronze Age worked flint scatter

47 MWI12559 FINDSPOT Durrington Down Romano- A) Much pottery including Samian found east of SU14SW676, and north 412400 143750 British of SU14SW674 on both sides of track pre-1931. Alleged habitation site. B) Listed by Grinsell. C) Visited by the OS 6 1969 - no visible Romano- British debris in arable. D) Listed by the RCHM as above

48 MWI12570 Associated finds North of Lesser Cursus Romano- Pottery found in secondary ditch fill of barrow SU14SW613 during an 410853 144317 British excavation by Trust for Wessex Archaeology in 1988. A Roman coin was also found in the ploughsoil within the area of the barrow mound.

49 MWI12609 BURIAL West of Willoughby Undated A)Crouched burial found in a chalk cut grave, 4ft long, 1.5ft wide 412450 143930 Rd:larkhill Camp aligned N-S at a depth of 3ft. A young male with no grave goods except a possible Beaker, listed as ?Neolithic. B)It is in Salisbury Museum. C)No further information.

50 MWI12595 PRACTICE Durrington Down Farm Modern Areas of intense military trenching identified by Royal Commission on 412720 143420 TRENCH the Historical Monuments for England.

52 MWI12612 BURIAL West of Durrington Walls Undated Two extended skeletons found in 1953 in a pipe trench at a depth of 414760 143659 0.6m. There were no grave goods.

53 MWI12619 BURIAL Above Durrington Walls Undated A) Inhumation in a grave covered by a sarsen, accompanied by a 414800 143901 dagger,stone-implement, shale 'V'-perforated button & pulley-ring, & two chalk discs. B) William Cunnington thought the burial was covered by barrow, Hoare disagreed. C) Approximate position at SU148439. D) A sponge finger stone from the grave was sent for Petrology testing, and was found to be a fine grained limestone.

54 MWI12775 SITE North of Durrington Field Undated A)A possible barrow circle shown on Crawford's 6inch map. B)Not 414501 144983 visible on the ground when visited by the Ordnance Survey in Oct 1969. Aerial photographs for the site were not found( Ordnance Survey). It is

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possibly of agricultural origin.

55 MWI12776 NON North of Durrington Field Undated A possible barrow circle marked on Crawford's 6inch map. B)It was 414630 144981 ANTIQUITY visited by the Ordnance Survey in Oct 1969 - not visible on the ground. Aerial photographs of the site not found but this circle in probably a horse haylift mark!

56 MWI12823 MOUND Durrington Down Undated A)Doubtful and much spread barrow. B)Doubtful ?bowl barrow, recently 411980 143380 ploughed - 0.5m high. Soil composition similar to the field and it has an irregular shape. C)Could not be located. D)In 1991 trenches dug across site by Wessex Archaeology - nothing found.

57 MWI12865 MOUND North of East end of Undated A)Four small circular mounds. They may be barrows but probably more 413500 143701 Cursus recent. B)Visited by the Ordnance Survey 7/1969. They cannot now be identified. C)Not on Hoare's map or the 1887 OS map. Not barrows.

58 MWI12322 DITCH North of Durrington Undated Two parallel ditches aligned N/S and a pit containing Neolithic material 415001 144040 Walls were discovered during watching brief on Wessex Water pipe-line, 1991. National Grid Reference is approximate.

59 MWI11785 BOWL East of Alton Gorse Undated A)A bowl barrow. B)No sign when visited by the Ordnance Survey in 412570 146201 BARROW May 1971.

60 MWI11786 BOWL East of Alton Gorse Undated A bowl barrow. A)Probably shown on Hoare's Map of Station V. 412580 146140 BARROW B)Listed by Grinsell, quoting Hoare and Crawford. C)A possible bowl barrow. No sign when visited by the Ordnance Survey in May 1971.

61 MWI11803 RING DITCH Alton Down Undated A)A ring ditch visible as a cropmark. B)The Ordnance Survey suggest it 412080 145559 is of military origin when they visited in May 1971, as this area was the site of a military airfield.

62 MWI11804 RING DITCH Alton Down Undated A)A ring ditch visible as a cropmark. B)The Ordnance Survey suggest it 412242 145500 is of military origin when they visited it in May 1971, as this area was

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the site of a military airfield.

63 MWI11861 DITCH Larkhill Racecourse Undated A north-south running ditch, was observed cut into the natural chalk in 413040 145632 an evaluation trench during 2002. It survived to a maximum width of around 1.5m and was cut to a maximum depth of 0.65m below the present ground surface. The feature was examined via a 1m wide slot trench to reveal a straight-sided gradually sloping 'v'-shaped profile. The presence of a thin deposit of chalk-rich silt overlying the western edge of this feature may be suggestive of the former presence of a low chalk bank (derived form the upcast of the ditch) on the western side of the ditch itself. No dating evidence was recovered. It is possible, given the nature and location of the ditch, that it is related to the extensive prehistoric field system already recorded in the locality. (see SU14NW649).

64 MWI12702 ROUND Durrington Down Undated A)Tumulus shown on 1808 Ordnance Survey two inch map. B)A 411341 144150 BARROW Crawford aerial photograph has the mound in approximately this position. C)The Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments in 1979 say levelled barrow. The OrdnanceSurvey visited the site in July 1970.

65 MWI12705 BOWL Durrington Down Undated A)Bowl barrow, no further details. B)Marked on the 1961 Ordnance 411580 144419 BARROW Survey map. C)Visited by the Ordnance Survey in July 1970 when there was no trace on the ground.

66 MWI12827 POND North of The Cursus Undated A)Pond barrow? A depression is noted on early Ordnance Survey 6inch 412870 143560 BARROW map at this site. B)Visited by the Ordnance Survey 6 1969, no trace. C)Not metnioned by Hoare The only reference is the 1926 Ordnance Survey map. Not included by the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments for England. D)Shown on Ordnance Survey 1901 & 1924 25" maps as a pit

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67 MWI12630 LINEAR North of The Cursus Undated No description available 413082 143234 FEATURE

68 MWI12712 DITCH North of Reservoir Undated Ditch uncovered in observation of Wessex Water pipeline in 1991 by 414870 144070 Durrington Walls Wessex Archaeology. It was 1.7m wide with a fill of fine silty clay. No finds were recovered from the fill and it was not excavated.

69 MWI12715 ENCLOSURE North of Durrington Undated Small enclosure containing a burial excavated in advance of a Wessex 414870 144030 Walls Water pipeline in 1991 by Wessex Archaeology. Most of burial destroyed by a previous pipe trench. The in situ legs appear to have been in a coffin suggesting a Roman or later date.

70 MWI12727 SITE North of Durrington Undated Shallow scoop cut into the chalk excavated in advance of a Wessex 414900 143990 Walls Water pipeline by Wessex Archaeology in 1991. It contained a very large amount of burnt flint, but no evidence of flint working or other kinds of waste material.

71 MWI12605 FIELDWORK Alanbrooke Barracks Modern An area of military features plotted by the National Monuments Record 414116 144870 from aerial photographs during 2001.

72 MWI12670 BOWL Durrington Down Undated Bowl barrow. A)Hoare noted it was disturbed. B)66ft wide. C)Visited by 410851 144317 BARROW the Ordnance Survey in Nov 1970. D)Not scheduled - see letter in file. E)An extension of the compound resulted in excavation of site by Wessex Archaeology in Nov 1988. No grave cut found. Much damaged by plough

73 MWI11839 RING DITCH North-west of Lonely Undated 1984 AP. Ring ditch. 410990 145240 Copse

74 MWI11853 RING DITCH North of Stonehenge Undated An undated ring ditch 414423 145549 Firs

69 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

WA HER No. Monument type Name Period Description Easting Northing No.

75 MWI12703 BOWL Durrington Down Undated Bowl barrow. A)Hoare states that it had been disturbed. B)17 paces 411081 144380 BARROW diam, from an aerial photograph. C)Bowl barrow 1m high with N-S diam of 16m. West slope mutilated by road workings. D)Past ploughing rendered it virtually square in shape.

Same as/Associated with WA 3

76 MWI12777 MOUND Durrington Down Undated Possible site of an undated round barrow visible on an aerial 411969 144143 photograph.

77 MWI12771 ROUND North-west of Down Bronze A)Two confluent barrows or a twin bowl barrow. Hoare found ?primary 413090 144050 BARROW Barn Age cremation in west mound (43A) and a cloth wrapped cremation in an urn in the eastern mound (43B). B)Listed as destroyed. C)Visited by the Ordnance Survey 6/1969 - in area of army buildings.

Same as/Associated with WA 24

78 MWI12837 BOWL North of Cursus Bronze A)Bowl barrow excavated by Hoare who found a primary skeleton and a 412400 143610 BARROW Age beaker, a secondary cremation in a collared urn, charred wood, antlers and flint. B)Destroyed. Wrong National Grid Reference. C)Visited by the Ordnance Survey in June 1969, no visible remains.

Same as/Associated with WA 18

79 MWI11784 BOWL South-east corner of Undated A)A bowl barrow 51 x 2ft. B)Ditch visible on an OS aerial photograph as 413310 145957 BARROW Larkhill Race Course a cropmark when visited in May 1971. The Ordnance Survey state the barrow was completely levelled and destroyed by a horse race track. It was descheduled in 1991 and re-scheduled in 1999

Same as/Associated with WA 26

80 MWI12770 BOWL North-west of Down Undated A bowl barrow. A)Opened by Hoare who found it had been previously 413110 144010 disturbed. B)A bowl barrow, now destroyed. C)Visited by the Ordnance

70 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

WA HER No. Monument type Name Period Description Easting Northing No.

BARROW Barn Survey June 1969, sites fall within area of modern army buildings and children’s playground.

Same as/Associated with WA 24

81 MWI12774 BOWL North-west of Down Undated A bowl barrow. A)Hoare found a ?primary cremation. B)Bowl barrow, 413150 144000 BARROW Barn now destroyed. C)Visited by the Ordnance Survey in 6/1969 - the area falls within modern army buildings and a children’s playground.

Same as/Associated with WA 24

82 MWI12835 BOWL North of Cursus Undated A)Bowl barrow opened Cunnington who found burnt bones. 412497 143572 BARROW B)"Destroyed" C)Visited by the Ordnance Survey in 1969 who also say destroyed. Buildings stood on the site. D)Shown on the Ordnance Survey 1924 25" map as extant and abutting SU14SW675, also shown as such on Hoare's map.

Same as/Associated with WA 20

83 MWI12836 BOWL North of Cursus Undated Bowl barrow. A)Not investigated by Hoare. B)Listed as destroyed 412507 143592 BARROW though visible as a very low mound in 1913. C)National Grid Reference amended from Victoria County History to match SU14SW672 and 675 more closely. D)No visible remains.

Same as/Associated with WA 20

84 MWI12838 BOWL North of Cursus Undated Bowl barrow. A)Opened by W Cunnington who found burnt bones. 412507 143572 BARROW B)Destroyed. C)No visible remains. D)Shown on the Ordnance Survey 1924 25" map as extant and abutting SU14SW672 also shown as such on Hoare's map.

Same as/Associated with WA 20

71 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

WA HER No. Monument type Name Period Description Easting Northing No.

85 MWI12840 BOWL 250yds North-west of Undated Bowl barrow. A)Opened by Hoare who found burnt bones. B)Site of a 412620 143340 BARROW Cursus bowl barrow. C)National Grid Reference corrected from Victoria County History. Visited by the Ordnance Survey 6 1969 no trace in area of modern agricultural buildings.

Same as/Associated with WA 21

86 MWI12850 MOUND North of Cursus Undated A)'Rough mound, possibly a barrow'. B)Roughly circular chalk spread. 413190 143230 Presumably the barrow shown on Crawford's 6inch map but impossible to determine from ground inspection. C)Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments for England. - chalk smear only..

Same as/Associated with WA 25

87 MWI12852 ROUND North of Cursus Undated Barrow circle. A)Opened by Hoare who found a primary cremation. B)A 413600 143261 BARROW barrow circle shown on Crawford's 6inch map. C)Listed as destroyed, built over pre-1939. D)No trace on the ground due to the erection and subsequent removal of army buildings.

Same as/Associated with WA 29

88 MWI12853 BOWL North-west of Down Undated Bowl barrow. A)Hoare found nothing as it had been previously opened. 413150 143940 BARROW Barn B)Almost completely destroyed. C)Visited by the Ordnance Survey 6/1969, a shapeless mass of earth ie the barrow remains plus spoil from nearby dig.

Same as/Associated with WA 24

89 MWI12449 PIT North of Durrington Neolithic Small pit excavated in advance of a Wessex Water pipeline by Wessex 414880 143990 Walls Archaeology. This circular pit contained 18 Neolithic flint artefacts, including an axe, 26 fragments of mainly cattle bone and some charcoal.

72 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

WA HER No. Monument type Name Period Description Easting Northing No.

90 MWI12766 RING DITCH Durrington Down Undated Site of an undated round barrow visible on an aerial photograph. 411991 144072

91 EWI5805 Evaluation Project N/A A total of four evaluation trenches were excavated within the Site during 412500 143500 Allenby/Connaught 2003 On behalf of Project Allenby/Connaught EWI728

92 EWI6366 Desk Based Gun Pits at RSA Larkhill, N/A A desk-based assessment and subsequent watching brief were 411820 144780 Assessment Durrington conducted during 2006 in advance of and during the removal of EWI6367 overburden in preparation for the installation of two gun pits on land Watching Brief within the western part of the Site

93 N/A Watching Brief Alanbrooke and Roberts N/A Wessex Archaeology undertook an intermittent watching brief during re- 413081 144978 Barracks, Larkhill Camp, development within the Site in 2009. Larkhill, Wiltshire 412808 144489

94 N/A Watching Brief New Community Centre, N/A A watching brief was carried out during 2008 during the construction of 412599 144220 Larkhill Camp, Larkhill, a new community centre in the southern part of the Site Wiltshire

95 EWI4260 Evaluation Willoughby Road N/A An archaeological evaluation conducted during 1999 412600 144250 Medical Centre, Larkhill, Durrington

96 N/A Watching Brief Alanbrooke Barracks, N/A A watching brief conducted in 2003 during the construction of new 413400 144900 Larkhill, Wiltshire buildings at Alanbrooke Barracks

97 N/A Evaluation Horne and Roberts N/A A series of 12 evaluation trenches and five hand-dug test pits were 412545 144550 Barracks, Larkhill, excavated during 2001 prior to the construction of temporary Wiltshire accommodation on land to the west of Watson Road, at Horne and Roberts Barracks

98 EWI953 Watching Brief Development of New N/A watching brief conducted prior to ground reduction made necessary by 412810 145170 Football Pitch, the construction of a new football pitch in the northern part of the Site in

73 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

WA HER No. Monument type Name Period Description Easting Northing No.

EWI6276 Allenbrooke Barracks, 2005 Larkhill

99 EWI7032 Watching Brief Watching Brief At N/A An archaeological watching brief undertaken close to the north-eastern 413463 144949 Larkhill Camp edge of the Site during 2010

100 EWI7052 Watching Brief Watching Brief at Area 5 N/A An archaeological watching brief undertaken close to the north-eastern 413581 144897 LADG05, Larkhill Camp edge of the Site during 2011

101 N/A Watching Brief LADG16, Larkhill Camp, N/A A watching brief was undertaken in late 2012 during groundworks to 413387 144759 Larkhill, Wiltshire construct a car park extension within the Site

102 EWI6609 Evaluation Watchkeeper Training N/A A small evaluation consisting of two machine-dug test pits was 413020 144820 Building, Larkhill Military undertaken during 2007 within the central part of the Site, prior to the Barracks construction of a new building to accommodate the Watchkeeper simulator and training facility.

103 EWI6390 Watching Brief LBTA Building, Larkhill N/A A watching brief was carried out during groundworks on the site of a 413700 144400 Garrison, Durrington new training building in the eastern part of the Site during 2006 EWI6391

104 EWI4253 Evaluation Larkhill, Stirling and N/A An evaluation consisting of 28 machine excavated trenches distributed 412904 144669 Alanbrooke Barracks across three parcels of land within the Site was carried out during 1993 412973 144948

413316 144806

105 EWI4156 Evaluation New Sports Pitches, N/A An archaeological evaluation was carried out during 1999 within the 412940 145090 Larkhill, Durrington northern part of the Site

106 MWI13126 Field System North-East of Fargo Undated Extensive field system mapped from aerial photographs and low 411230 144767 Lodge earthworks or lynchets to the west of the Site

74 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

WA HER No. Monument type Name Period Description Easting Northing No.

107 MWI12591 Practice Horne Barracks, Modern Practice trenches identified in south western part of the Site from aerial 412240 144560 Trenches Knighton Down photographs

108 MWI12698 Field System West of Larkhill Camp Undated Field System, relatively little ploughed. Osme lynchets 1m high. There 412360 143905 are several complete square fields. Further elements of field system have been identified by RCHME (WA 106)

109 MWI12780 Field System Alanbrooke Barracks Undated Field system identified from aerial photographs in southern part of the 414715 144777 Site

110 MWI12591 Practice Horne Barracks, Modern Practice trenches identified in northern and central part of the Site from 413010 145013 Trenches Knighton Down aerial photographs MWI11749 Cutts Copse

111 MWI11808 Field System East of Knighton Barrow Undated Field System identified from aerial photographs to the north of the Site 413100 145567

112 MWI11751 Airfield Larkhill (Knighton Down) Modern The site of the second Larkhill (Knighton Down) aerodrome. 412231 145270 Airfield 113 MWI12589 Airfield Larkhill Camp Modern The airfield at Larkhill was Britain's first military airfield, Excavation in 414133 143749 2005 over an area of 800 sq meters revealed features and remains of the World War I barracks. 114 MWI12603 Military Railway Larkhill Military Railway Modern Early 20th century military railway 413590 143980

115 N/A Settlement N/A Bronze Bronze Age settlement evidence found during WA 93 413106 145060 Evidence Age 116 N/A Ditch N/A Prehistoric Possible Bronze Age/Iron Age ditch found during WA 98 412780 145203

117 N/A Findspot N/A Prehistoric Unstratified worked flint found during WA 99 413469 144928

118 N/A Building N/A Modern Potentially historically significant extant military building within camp 413148 144664

119 N/A Building N/A Modern Potentially historically significant extant military building within camp 412431 144241

75 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

WA HER No. Monument type Name Period Description Easting Northing No.

120 N/A Building N/A Modern Potentially historically significant extant military building within camp 412428 144548

121 MWI12772 BOWL North-west of Down Bronze Bowl barrow. A)Hoare found fragments of a skeleton and an urn. The 413050 144111 BARROW Barn Age barrow was previously disturbed. B)Bowl barrow now destroyed. C)Visited by the Ordnance Survey 6/1969 - no trace in an area of army buildings and a play area.

122 N/A Findspot N/A Prehistoric Unstratified worked flint found during WA 103 413700 144400

Previous archaeological investigations recorded by the WSHER

HER Type Date of Name Easting Northing Entry No. Event

EWI294 Excavation 1800-10 Fargo Road 413000 143300

EWI4250 Evaluation 1993 Stonehenge Visitor Centre Western Approach Route 411500 143500

EWI4253 Evaluation 1993 Larkhill Stirling And Alanbrook Barracks 412900 144700

EWI4255 Watching Brief 1992 Durrington-Earl's Farm Down Pipeline 414890 144050

EWI4260 Evaluation 1999 Willoughby Rd Medical Centre, Larkhill, Durrington 412600 144250

EWI4263 Evaluation 1992 Artillery Museum Site 413200 144300

EWI4264 Geophysical Survey 1992 Artillery Museum Site 413200 144300

EWI4269 Evaluation 1991 Durrington Down Farm Amesbury (Sic) 412680 143440

76 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER Type Date of Name Easting Northing Entry No. Event

EWI172 Fieldwalking 1980-4 Stonehenge Environs Project 412300 143260

EWI175 Test-pitting 1993 SVC Western Approach Route Stage 1 411500 143500

EWI373 Excavation 1800-10 North West of Down Barn 413030 145630

EWI185 Geophysical Survey 1991 Stonehenge Environmental Statement 411980 143380

EWI186 Geophysical Survey 1991 Stonehenge Environmental Statement 412240 143290

EWI187 Geophysical Survey 1991 Stonehenge Environmental Statement 412480 143280

EWI188 Geophysical Survey 1991 Stonehenge Environmental Statement 412560 143150

EWI200 Test-pitting 1991 Stonehenge Environmental Statement 411550 143480

EWI201 Fieldwalking 1992 SVC Western Approach Route Stage 1 411570 143530

EWI202 Fieldwalking 1991 Stonehenge Environmental Statement 412270 143250

EWI2110 Excavation 1956 Knighton Barrow 412790 145350

EWI215 Fieldwalking 1980-4 Stonehenge Environs Project 411320 143800

EWI216 Fieldwalking 1980-4 Stonehenge Environs Project 412140 144060

EWI217 Fieldwalking 1980-4 Stonehenge Environs Project 413300 143310

EWI218 Fieldwalking 1980-4 Stonehenge Environs Project 413530 143580

EWI2185 Excavation 1915 The Cursus 412390 143040

EWI2186 Excavation 1947 The Cursus 412390 143040

77 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER Type Date of Name Easting Northing Entry No. Event

EWI2187 Excavation 1959 The Cursus 412390 143040

EWI2238 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 411790 144010

EWI2241 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 410850 144320

EWI2250 Excavation ? Durrington Down 411080 144380

EWI2251 Excavation 1978 Durrington Down 411490 144160

EWI2252 Excavation ? Durrington Down 411520 144210

EWI2253 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 411520 144210

EWI2254 Excavation 1803 Durrington Down 411720 144090

EWI2255 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 411760 144100

EWI2257 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 411780 144120

EWI2258 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 411840 144120

EWI2259 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 411840 144120

EWI2260 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 411880 144100

EWI2261 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 411900 144100

EWI2262 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 411920 144090

EWI2263 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 411930 144090

EWI2264 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 411780 144090

78 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER Type Date of Name Easting Northing Entry No. Event

EWI2265 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 411800 144090

EWI2266 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 411800 144060

EWI2267 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 411820 144050

EWI2269 Excavation 1971 Durrington Down 411820 144090

EWI2270 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 411990 144090

EWI2272 Excavation 1800-10 North West Of Down Barn 413110 144010

EWI2273 Excavation 1800-10 North West Of Down Barn 413110 144010

EWI2274 Excavation 1800-10 North West Of Down Barn 413090 144050

EWI2275 Excavation 1800-10 North West Of Down Barn 413090 144050

EWI2276 Excavation 1800-10 North West Of Down Barn 413050 144110

EWI2277 Excavation 1800-10 North West Of Down Barn 413050 144110

EWI2278 Excavation 1800-10 North West Of Down Barn 413120 144050

EWI2279 Excavation 1800-10 North West Of Down Barn 413150 144000

EWI2280 Excavation 1800-10 North West Of Down Barn 413150 144000

EWI2294 Excavation 1800-10 Fargo Road 411680 143820

EWI2295 Excavation 1800-10 North Of Cursus 412770 143420

EWI2296 Excavation 1800-10 North Of Cursus 412800 143400

79 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER Type Date of Name Easting Northing Entry No. Event

EWI2297 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 412140 143320

EWI2298 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 412160 143340

EWI2299 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 412170 143360

EWI2300 Excavation 1800-10 North Of Cursus 412500 143570

EWI2301 Excavation 1800-10 North Of Cursus 412400 143610

EWI2302 Excavation 1800-10 North Of Cursus 412510 143570

EWI2303 Excavation 1800-10 250yds Northwest Of Cursus 412620 143340

EWI2304 Excavation 1800-10 North Of The Cursus 412110 143560

EWI2305 Excavation 1800-10 North Of The Cursus 412130 143530

EWI2306 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 412210 143650

EWI2307 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 412160 143630

EWI2308 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 412160 143630

EWI2309 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 412140 143590

EWI2310 Excavation 1800-10 Durrington Down 412140 143590

EWI2311 Excavation 1800-10 South Of Fargo Road 412240 143590

EWI2312 Excavation 1800-10 North Of Cursus 413600 143260

EWI2313 Excavation 1800-10 North West Of Down Barn 413150 143940

80 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER Type Date of Name Easting Northing Entry No. Event

EWI2314 Excavation 1800-10 North West Of Down Barn 413150 143940

EWI2315 Excavation 1800-10 North West Of Down Barn 413130 143980

EWI2319 Excavation 1800-10 North Of Cursus 413160 143240

EWI2320 Excavation 1800-10 North Of East End Of Cursus 413550 143700

EWI2321 Excavation 1800-10 North Of East End Of Cursus 413560 143700

EWI2322 Excavation 1800-10 North Of East End Of Cursus 413580 143690

EWI2323 Excavation 1800-10 North Of East End Of Cursus 413620 143690

EWI2324 Excavation 1800-10 North Of East End Of Cursus 413620 143690

EWI2325 Excavation 1800-10 North Of East End Of Cursus 413520 143680

EWI2326 Excavation 1800-10 North Of East End Of Cursus 413550 143670

EWI2327 Excavation 1800-10 North Of East End Of Cursus 413540 143620

EWI2328 Excavation 1800-10 North Of East End Of Cursus 413570 143610

EWI249 Geophysical Survey 1990 English Heritage Ancient Monuments Laboratory 413200 143300

EWI285 Geophysical Survey 1997 Geophysical Surveys on the Proposed Visitor Transportation Route 412910 143160

EWI295 Testpitting 1992 Durrington Down Farm 412800 143430

EWI296 Geophysical Survey 1992 Durrington Down Farm 412700 143450

EWI297 Watching Brief 1997 Durrington Down Farm 412700 143500

81 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER Type Date of Name Easting Northing Entry No. Event

EWI3234 Watching Brief 1997 Durrington Down Farm, Durrington Nr Amesbury (Sic) 412700 143500

EWI4786 Desk-based 1998 Desk-Based Study Of The Stonehenge Military Installations 414300 143500 assessment EWI4156 Evaluation 1999 New Sports Pitches, Larkhill, Durrington 412940 145090

EWI4168 Excavation 1991 Avon Valley Gas Pipeline 414990 144560

EWI4278 Evaluation 1992 Durrington Down Farm Amesbury (Sic) 412680 143440

EWI4284 Evaluation 1989 Destruction Of Round Barrow, Durrington G3 410850 144320

EWI4285 Excavation 1989 The Salvage Excavation Of Durrington G3 410850 144320

EWI4287 Evaluation 1992 Durrington - Earl's Down Farm Pipeline 414900 143990

EWI4290 Evaluation 1992 Durrington Down Farm, Amesbury (Sic) 412500 143500

EWI452 Watching Brief 1997 Durrington Down Farm 412700 143500

EWI6366 Desk-based 2006 Gun Pits At RSA Larkhill, Durrington 411820 144780 assessment EWI6367 Watching Brief 2006 Gun Pits At RSA Larkhill, Durrington 411820 144780

EWI5020 Desk Based 1992 Durrington Down Farm, Field Evaluation Report 412500 143500 Assessment EWI5081 Evaluation 2000 Royal School Of Artillery Sewage Works, Larkhill 413040 143380

EWI5551 Watching Brief 1997 Durrington Down Farm, Amesbury 412670 143470

EWI5676 Evaluation 2002 Larkhill Point-To-Point Racecourse, Larkhill 413040 145640

EWI5761 Geophysical Survey 1990 English Heritage Ancient Monuments Laboratory 413200 143300

82 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER Type Date of Name Easting Northing Entry No. Event

EWI5805 Evaluation 2003 The Salisbury Plain Camps - Warminster Training Centre And Battlesbury Barracks 413500 144800

EWI6276 Watching Brief 2005 Development Of New Football Pitch, Allenbrooke Barracs, Larkhill 412810 145170

EWI6390 Evaluation 2006 LBTA Building, Larkhill Garrison, Durrington 413700 144400

EWI6391 Watching Brief 2006 LBTA Building, Larkhill Garrison, Durrington 413700 144400

EWI6507 Excavation 1989 Durrington - Earl's Down Farm Pipeline 414880 143990

EWI6508 Excavation 1988 None recorded 410850 144320

EWI6560 Geophysical Survey 2003 Stonehenge Visitor Centre - Northern Route 413080 143230

EWI6608 Evaluation 2007 50, Fargo Road, Larkhill, Durrington 413610 143360

EWI6609 Evaluation 2007 Watchkeeper Training Building, Larkhill Military Barracks 413020 144820

EWI728 Evaluation 2003 The Salisbury Plain Camps - Bulford and Larkhill 413500 144800

EWI953 Watching Brief 2005 Development Of New Football Pitch, Allenbrooke Barracs, Larkhill 412810 145170

EWI6814 Aerial Photography/ 2011 Archaeological Survey At Larkhill Barrows, Durrington 411800 144100 Walkover Survey EWI6911 Geophysical Survey 2006 Geophysical Survey at and around Durrington Walls for The Stonehenge Riverside Project 2006 413893 143409

EWI6318 Excavation 2005 Excavations for The Stonehenge Riverside Project 414728 143809

EWI6319 Geophysical Survey 2005 Geophysical Survey for for The Stonehenge Riverside Project 414922 143683

EWI7032 Watching Brief 2011 Watching brief at Larkhill Camp, Larkhill 413463 144949

EWI6108 Fieldwalking 2002-3 Fieldwalking Survey in the Stonehenge and Avebury World Heritage Site 411830 155609

83 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER Type Date of Name Easting Northing Entry No. Event

EWI6077 Geophysical Survey 1996 Magnetometer Surveys on Durrington Walls Henge 414969 143740

EWI4265 Evaluation 1993 Stonehenge Visitor Centre, Western Approach Route 411573 143479

EWI4254 Geophysical Survey 1993 Geophysical Survey for the Western Approach Corridors to the Stonehenge Visitor Centre 411262 143359

EWI238 Geophysical Survey 1993 Geophysical Survey for the Western Approach Route to the Stonehenge Visitor Centre 411105 143357

EWI1028 Aerial Photography 1994 Air Photographic Transcription and Analysis of Military Features on the A303 Northern Route 411775 143432

EWI7052 Watching Brief 2011 Watching Brief at Area 5, LADG05, Larkhill Camp 413581 144897

EWI7221 Field Observation 1992 Archaeological Assessment at Durrington Down Farm 412592 143449

Aerial photographic evidence recorded by the WSHER

HER Entry Type Period Name Easting Northing No.

MWI12589 AIRFIELD Modern Larkhill Camp 413851 143951

MWI11751 AIRFIELD Modern Larkhill (Knighton Down) Airfield 412577 145063

MWI12839 BOWL BARROW Undated North of Fargo Road 412276 143782

MWI12703 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 411086 144387

MWI12707 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 411493 144177

MWI12709 BOWL BARROW Bronze Durrington Down 411725 144092 Age

84 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER Entry Type Period Name Easting Northing No.

MWI12834 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 412179 143364

MWI12868 BOWL BARROW Undated North of East end of Cursus 413574 143615

MWI12710 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 411762 144107

MWI12737 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 411918 144103

MWI12738 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 411934 144090

MWI12739 BOWL BARROW Bronze Durrington Down 411777 144085 Age MWI12740 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 411808 144093

MWI12742 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 411823 144062

MWI12767 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 411817 144087

MWI12736 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 411900 144097

MWI12843 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 412215 143652

MWI12846 BOWL BARROW Undated South of Fargo Road 412253 143595

MWI12854 BOWL BARROW Undated North-west of Down Barn 413127 143970

MWI12858 BOWL BARROW Undated North of Cursus 413155 143228

MWI12860 BOWL BARROW Bronze North of East end of Cursus 413555 143708 Age MWI12861 BOWL BARROW Undated North of East end of Cursus 413562 143705

MWI12862 BOWL BARROW Undated North of East end of Cursus 413579 143699

85 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER Entry Type Period Name Easting Northing No.

MWI12863 BOWL BARROW Bronze North of East end of Cursus 413639 143697 Age MWI12864 BOWL BARROW Undated North of East end of Cursus 413528 143684

MWI12866 BOWL BARROW Undated North of East end of Cursus 413550 143682

MWI12867 BOWL BARROW Undated North of East end of Cursus 413547 143618

MWI12670 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 410844 144318

MWI12824 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 411808 143561

MWI12832 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 412150 143320

MWI12833 BOWL BARROW Bronze Durrington Down 412165 143339 Age MWI11782 BOWL BARROW Undated North-east of Alton Gorse 412592 146323

MWI12844 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 412179 143631

MWI12704 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 411115 144383

MWI12706 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 411417 144290

MWI12844 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 412169 143631

MWI12845 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 412145 143590

MWI11783 BOWL BARROW Undated North-east of Alton Furze 412864 146225

MWI12829 BOWL BARROW Undated North of The Cursus 412762 143415

MWI12708 BOWL BARROW Bronze Durrington Down 411531 144213 Age

86 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER Entry Type Period Name Easting Northing No.

MWI12768 BOWL BARROW Undated Durrington Down 411999 144095

MWI12439 CURSUS Neolithic The Cursus 411372 142894

MWI12439 CURSUS Neolithic The Cursus 412720 143143

MWI12439 CURSUS Neolithic The Cursus 413701 143187

MWI12735 DISC BARROW Undated Durrington Down 411886 144115

MWI12741 DISC BARROW Undated Durrington Down 411808 144073

MWI12809 DISC BARROW Undated Fargo Road 411697 143822

MWI12676 DISC BARROW Undated North-west of Fargo Lodge 410843 144829

MWI12809 DISC BARROW Undated Fargo Road 411690 143849

MWI11849 DITCH Undated Stonehenge Firs North 414586 145556

MWI11849 DITCH Undated Stonehenge Firs North 415017 145838

MWI11848 DITCH Undated North of Alton Furze 412790 146581

MWI11848 DITCH Undated North of Alton Furze 413014 146404

MWI12778 DITCH Undated Durrington Down 411236 144443

MWI12859 DITCH Undated North-east of Luxenborough Plantation 414382 144102

MWI11726 DITCH Bronze New football pitch, Alanbrooke Barracks 412774 145199 Age MWI11847 ENCLOSURE Undated West of Anniversary Plantation 413151 146442

87 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER Entry Type Period Name Easting Northing No.

MWI12944 ENCLOSURE Undated Durrington Walls 414903 143830

MWI11806 ENCLOSURE Undated East of Alton Furze 414196 145993

MWI12698 FIELD SYSTEM Undated West of Larkhill Camp 412078 144336

MWI12698 FIELD SYSTEM Undated West of Larkhill Camp 412361 143905

MWI12781 FIELD SYSTEM Undated North-east of Fargo Ammunition Compound 410849 144876

MWI12781 FIELD SYSTEM Undated North-east of Fargo Ammunition Compound 410808 144899

MWI12781 FIELD SYSTEM Undated North-east of Fargo Ammunition Compound 410814 144982

MWI12781 FIELD SYSTEM Undated North-east of Fargo Ammunition Compound 410669 144954

MWI11813 FIELD SYSTEM Undated West of Anniversary Plantation 412580 146952

MWI11815 FIELD SYSTEM Undated North-east of Alton Furze 414214 146165

MWI11815 FIELD SYSTEM Undated North-east of Alton Furze 414487 146200

MWI11815 FIELD SYSTEM Undated North-east of Alton Furze 414230 146167

MWI11813 FIELD SYSTEM Undated West of Anniversary Plantation 413013 146705

MWI11813 FIELD SYSTEM Undated West of Anniversary Plantation 412708 146916

MWI11813 FIELD SYSTEM Undated West of Anniversary Plantation 412776 146746

MWI11813 FIELD SYSTEM Undated West of Anniversary Plantation 412894 147334

MWI12780 FIELD SYSTEM Undated Alanbrooke Barracks 414714 144778

88 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER Entry Type Period Name Easting Northing No.

MWI13126 FIELD SYSTEM Undated North-east of Fargo Lodge 411231 144768

MWI13126 FIELD SYSTEM Undated North-east of Fargo Lodge 411109 144838

MWI13140 FIELD SYSTEM Undated North-east of Fargo Lodge 411363 144285

MWI13140 FIELD SYSTEM Undated North-east of Fargo Lodge 411427 144404

MWI12696 FIELD SYSTEM Undated North of Fargo Plantation 410751 143315

MWI12696 FIELD SYSTEM Undated North of Fargo Plantation 410823 143847

MWI11817 FIELD SYSTEM Undated Knighton Down 411762 145325

MWI11816 FIELD SYSTEM Undated West of Knighton Down 410810 145583

MWI11816 FIELD SYSTEM Undated West of Knighton Down 410892 145497

MWI11808 FIELD SYSTEM Undated East of Knighton Barrow 414140 145703

MWI11808 FIELD SYSTEM Undated East of Knighton Barrow 412957 145555

MWI11808 FIELD SYSTEM Undated East of Knighton Barrow 414336 145669

MWI11808 FIELD SYSTEM Undated East of Knighton Barrow 415123 145488

MWI12593 FIELDWORK Modern Fargo Road 412406 143751

MWI12591 FIELDWORK Post Horne Barracks, Knighton Down 413172 144945 Medieval MWI12591 FIELDWORK Post Horne Barracks, Knighton Down 412240 144561 Medieval MWI11748 FIELDWORK Modern North of Stonehenge Firs 414317 145605

89 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER Entry Type Period Name Easting Northing No.

MWI12593 FIELDWORK Modern Fargo Road 412298 143770

MWI12593 FIELDWORK Modern Fargo Road 412386 143754

MWI12593 FIELDWORK Modern Fargo Road 412321 143768

MWI12593 FIELDWORK Modern Fargo Road 412298 143771

MWI12593 FIELDWORK Modern Fargo Road 412363 143758

MWI12593 FIELDWORK Modern Fargo Road 412343 143763

MWI12605 FIELDWORK Modern Alanbrooke Barracks 414087 144883

MWI12593 FIELDWORK Modern Fargo Road 412363 143759

MWI12593 FIELDWORK Modern Fargo Road 412406 143750

MWI12593 FIELDWORK Modern Fargo Road 412343 143762

MWI12593 FIELDWORK Modern Fargo Road 412386 143755

MWI12593 FIELDWORK Modern Fargo Road 412321 143768

MWI12593 FIELDWORK Modern Fargo Road 412429 143744

MWI12593 FIELDWORK Modern Fargo Road 412429 143745

MWI11750 FIELDWORK Modern Alton Down 411883 146082

MWI11750 FIELDWORK Modern Alton Down 412682 146016

MWI11875 HENGE Neolithic Durrington Walls 414803 143694

90 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER Entry Type Period Name Easting Northing No.

MWI11875 HENGE Neolithic Durrington Walls 414860 143596

MWI11875 HENGE Neolithic Durrington Walls 415182 143833

MWI12603 INDUSTRIAL Modern South & South-west of Durrington Walls 413989 143657 SITE MWI12603 INDUSTRIAL Modern South & South-west of Durrington Walls 413711 143691 SITE MWI12603 INDUSTRIAL Modern South & South-west of Durrington Walls 413828 143706 SITE MWI12603 INDUSTRIAL Modern South & South-west of Durrington Walls 414591 143072 SITE MWI12600 INDUSTRIAL Modern West of The Cursus 410870 143156 SITE MWI12603 INDUSTRIAL Modern South & South-west of Durrington Walls 414743 142919 SITE MWI12603 INDUSTRIAL Modern South & South-west of Durrington Walls 414069 143242 SITE MWI12603 INDUSTRIAL Modern South & South-west of Durrington Walls 413258 144388 SITE MWI12603 INDUSTRIAL Modern South & South-west of Durrington Walls 413637 143832 SITE MWI12603 INDUSTRIAL Modern South & South-west of Durrington Walls 414146 143157 SITE MWI11777 LINEAR Undated North of Alton Barn Larkhill 413539 146154 FEATURE MWI12344 LINEAR Undated North of Durrington Walls 415072 144418 FEATURE MWI12344 LINEAR Undated North of Durrington Walls 415831 144214 FEATURE MWI12344 LINEAR Undated North of Durrington Walls 415302 144352 FEATURE MWI12344 LINEAR Undated North of Durrington Walls 415383 144331 FEATURE

91 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER Entry Type Period Name Easting Northing No.

MWI11703 LONG BARROW Neolithic Knighton Barrow 412812 145338

MWI12435 LONG BARROW Neolithic Knighton Down 412482 144395

MWI12435 LONG BARROW Neolithic Knighton Down 412473 144396

MWI12777 MOUND Undated Durrington Down 411972 144143

MWI12779 MOUND Undated North-west of Down Barn 413089 143987

MWI12620 POND Undated South of Durrington Down 411604 143679

MWI12869 POND BARROW Undated North of East end of Cursus 413529 143646

MWI12701 POND BARROW Undated Durrington Down 411647 144153

MWI12828 POND BARROW Undated North of The Cursus 412736 143392

MWI12831 POND BARROW Undated North of The Cursus 412817 143296

MWI11749 PRACTICE Modern Cutt's Copse 410772 145160 TRENCH MWI11749 PRACTICE Modern Cutt's Copse 413051 145106 TRENCH MWI12595 PRACTICE Modern Durrington Down Farm 414183 143481 TRENCH MWI12594 PRACTICE Modern Durrington Down 412158 143370 TRENCH MWI12592 PRACTICE Modern Durrington Down 411302 144233 TRENCH MWI12592 PRACTICE Modern Durrington Down 411619 144428 TRENCH MWI12595 PRACTICE Modern Durrington Down Farm 413365 143698 TRENCH

92 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER Entry Type Period Name Easting Northing No.

MWI12595 PRACTICE Modern Durrington Down Farm 412844 143514 TRENCH MWI12595 PRACTICE Modern Durrington Down Farm 414392 143545 TRENCH MWI12595 PRACTICE Modern Durrington Down Farm 414396 143496 TRENCH MWI12730 RECTANGULAR Undated West of Durrington Down Plantation 411361 144471 ENCLOSURE MWI11837 RECTANGULAR Undated Between Alanbrookes Plantations 411137 145106 ENCLOSURE MWI11839 RING DITCH Undated North-west of Lonely Copse 410999 145240

MWI11853 RING DITCH Undated North of Stonehenge Firs 414431 145549

MWI12766 RING DITCH Undated Durrington Down 411998 144072

MWI12765 RING DITCH Undated South Durrington Down Plantation 411839 143957

MWI12773 ROUND Undated North-west of Down Barn 413133 144056 BARROW MWI11787 ROUND Undated East of Knighton Barrow 414434 145593 BARROW MWI12750 ROUND Undated Durrington Down 412186 143713 BARROW MWI12830 ROUND Undated North of The Cursus 412792 143404 BARROW MWI12661 ROUND Undated Durrington Down 411803 143988 BARROW MWI11863 ROUND Undated West of Anniversity Plantation 412861 146062 BARROW MWI12842 SAUCER Bronze North of the Cursus 412143 143530 BARROW Age MWI12733 SAUCER Bronze Durrington Down 411780 144119 BARROW Age

93 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER Entry Type Period Name Easting Northing No.

MWI12734 SAUCER Bronze Durrington Down 411842 144130 BARROW Age MWI12841 SAUCER Bronze North of the Cursus 412103 143565 BARROW Age MWI11833 SETTLEMENT Undated Knighton Down 410750 145021

MWI12560 SETTLEMENT Romano- South-west of Durrington Walls 414713 143508 British MWI12560 SETTLEMENT Romano- South-west of Durrington Walls 414698 143548 British MWI12560 SETTLEMENT Romano- South-west of Durrington Walls 414614 143424 British

94 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

9.2 Appendix 2: Designated Heritage Assets within the theoretical ZVI List Entry Name Type Grade Easting Northing

1000469 Amesbury Abbey Registered Parks and II* 414937 141744 Gardens

1131034 Church of St Leonard Listed Building I 416580 143721

1131079 Amesbury Abbey Listed Building I 415097 141717

1182066 Church of St Mary And St Melor Listed Building I 415176 141435

1131017 Church of All Saints Listed Building II* 415701 144862

1131027 Church of St Michael And All Angels Listed Building II* 415274 147491

1131081 Gay's Cave And Diamond Listed Building II* 414737 141692

1131088 Gate Piers And Gates To Amesbury Abbey, With Flanking Walls Listed Building II* 415177 141374

1131093 Kent House Listed Building II* 415402 141723

1182498 Gate Piers to Lord's Walk, to Amesbury Abbey, with Flanking Estate Boundary Walls Listed Building II* 415393 141743

1183149 Church of St Mary Listed Building II* 416214 145205

1284240 Officers' Mess and Quarters Listed Building II* 415431 148861

1318536 The Old Manor House Listed Building II* 416228 145234

1391475 Buildings 455 and 456 (Five Aircraft Hangars), Durrington Camp Listed Building II* 414304 143619

1009073 Bowl barrow 25m north of The Cursus Scheduled Monument N/A 413598 143261

1008950 Bowl barrow 550m south of Airman's Corner on Winterbourne Stoke Down Scheduled Monument N/A 409953 142373

95 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

List Entry Name Type Grade Easting Northing

1010837 Linear boundary from south east of Winterbourne Stoke crossroads to south west of The Diamond Scheduled Monument N/A 410331 140906 on Wilsford Down

1009516 Long barrow north of Netheravon Bake Scheduled Monument N/A 411236 146871

1009151 Bowl barrow 150m north of the A303 on Countess Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 414243 142270

1011045 Bowl barrow 250m south west of Longbarrow Cross Roads, west of A360 Scheduled Monument N/A 409801 141181

1009142 Bowl barrow 140m north of the A303 on Countess Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 414698 142286

1011842 Bowl barrow immediately east of the A360 forming part of the Winterbourne Stoke crossroads Scheduled Monument N/A 409961 141550 round barrow cemetery

1012393 Bowl barrow 450m south of the A344 on Stonehenge Down Scheduled Monument N/A 411245 142168

1012129 Bowl barrow 150m east of Stonehenge Cottages on A303 Scheduled Monument N/A 413670 142014

1009972 Disc Barrow: one of a group of six round barrows, Sheepbridge Road, Sling Camp Scheduled Monument N/A 419071 144534

1012392 Bowl barrow on Coneybury Hill, 130m NNE of Luxenborough Plantation Scheduled Monument N/A 413060 141590

1010892 Bowl barrow 350m north west of Greenland Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 409590 144026

1015948 Ratfyn Barrow Scheduled Monument N/A 415843 141944

1012587 Bowl barrow within Luxenborough Plantation Scheduled Monument N/A 412877 141412

1009145 Bowl barrow 170m south east of Strangways on Countess Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 414169 143070

1010885 Bowl barrow 450m north of Springbottom Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 412178 140613

1012131 Bowl barrow 50m south of A303 Scheduled Monument N/A 413970 141945

96 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

List Entry Name Type Grade Easting Northing

1010838 Linear boundary within Normanton Gorse Scheduled Monument N/A 411291 141412

1010888 Three bowl barrows 300m ESE of Middle Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 409100 144305

1009063 Three bowl barrows 200m north of The Cursus Scheduled Monument N/A 412159 143342

1009062 Six of the eight round barrows making up a nucleated round barrow cemetery 100m south of Fargo Scheduled Monument N/A 412150 143587 Road

1012378 Bowl barrow 200m north of The Avenue forming part of a linear round barrow cemetery known as Scheduled Monument N/A 413492 142735 the Old King Barrows

1012380 Bowl barrow 475m north of The Avenue forming part of a linear round barrow cemetery known as Scheduled Monument N/A 413708 142941 the Old King Barrows

1010903 Bowl barrow 300m north of A344, south west of the Lesser Cursus Scheduled Monument N/A 410318 143138

1009600 Long barrow east/south-east of Robin Hood's Ball Scheduled Monument N/A 410891 145879

1009593 Robin Hood's Ball, causewayed enclosure Scheduled Monument N/A 410221 145960

1010881 Section of a linear boundary from 350m north east of Westfield Farm on Lake Down to Lake Scheduled Monument N/A 412131 139252 Bottom

1011048 Bronze Age enclosure and bowl barrow 100m west of Longbarrow Cross Roads on Winterbourne Scheduled Monument N/A 409759 141370 Stoke Down

1012132 Three bowl barrows 220m west of Vespasian's Camp Scheduled Monument N/A 414219 141791

1015217 Bowl barrow 830m south west of Greenlands Bungalow, east of Shrewton Scheduled Monument N/A 409022 143513

1008953 Long barrow 250m north of Normanton Gorse Scheduled Monument N/A 411541 141752

1009696 Enclosure south-west of Ablington Furze Scheduled Monument N/A 417561 147970

97 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

List Entry Name Type Grade Easting Northing

1008946 Bowl barrow 400m west of New King Barrows Scheduled Monument N/A 413027 142378

1009614 Long barrow and 18 round barrows, forming the greater part of Normanton Down round barrow Scheduled Monument N/A 412007 141240 cemetery

1012168 Two bowl barrows and a saucer barrow 280m south of The Packway Scheduled Monument N/A 410096 144285

1009060 Bowl barrow 150m WSW of Robin Hood's Ball Scheduled Monument N/A 409988 145877

1010331 A bell barrow and two bowl barrows east of The Avenue on Countess Farm: part of a linear round Scheduled Monument N/A 413977 142273 barrow cemetery

1009564 Bowl barrow: one of a group of round barrows south of Bulford Scheduled Monument N/A 417494 143040

1009070 Bowl barrow 250m south of Fargo Road Scheduled Monument N/A 411817 143554

1008948 Bowl barrow 100m north of The Avenue and west of Old King Barrows Scheduled Monument N/A 413285 142647

1009129 Saucer barrow forming part of a round barrow cemetery 300m north west of Fargo Road Scheduled Monument N/A 410432 144678 ammunition compound

1009533 Enclosure and associated bowl barrow west of Wexland Hanging Scheduled Monument N/A 411059 148036

1009563 Bell barrow 800m east of New Barn, Earl's Farm Down Scheduled Monument N/A 418005 142397

1012166 Two bowl barrows 300m north of The Packway Scheduled Monument N/A 410160 144953

1010899 Bell barrow 450m south east of Greenland Farm, forming part of a linear round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 410180 143458 west of the Lesser Cursus

1010876 Bell barrow north east of Westfield Farm and 150m south of Wilsford round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 411849 139587

1009619 Bowl barrow 120m south of Normanton Down round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 411782 141086

98 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

List Entry Name Type Grade Easting Northing

1009931 Bowl barrow: one of a group of round barrows south of Bulford Scheduled Monument N/A 416927 142891

1012391 Three bowl barrows on the southern edge of Luxenborough Plantation Scheduled Monument N/A 412862 141327

1012167 Long barrow in Larkhill Camp Scheduled Monument N/A 412468 144388

1010902 Disc barrow 400m north of A344, south east of Greenland Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 410163 143275

1009560 Bell barrow 650m east of the Pennings, Earl's Farm Down Scheduled Monument N/A 418033 141904

1012374 Bowl barrow on the eastern edge of Luxenborough Plantation Scheduled Monument N/A 412964 141393

1012367 Bowl barrow 120m north of The Avenue forming part of a linear round barrow cemetery known as Scheduled Monument N/A 413479 142630 the Old King Barrows

1009058 Disc barrow 200m north of The Packway and south of the westernmost of Alanbrooke's Plantations Scheduled Monument N/A 410809 144830

1011048 Bronze Age enclosure and bowl barrow 100m west of Longbarrow Cross Roads on Winterbourne Scheduled Monument N/A 409744 141407 Stoke Down

1010048 Gallows Barrow, bowl barrow Scheduled Monument N/A 415562 148003

1015019 Winterbourne Stoke West round barrow cemetery, The Coniger enclosure and section of linear Scheduled Monument N/A 407704 141979 boundary earthwork

1009522 Round barrow east-north-east of Wood's Butt Scheduled Monument N/A 411477 146522

1010894 Saucer barrow and bowl barrow 250m north of A344, south of the Lesser Cursus Scheduled Monument N/A 410398 143104

1009071 Bowl barrow 50m south of Fargo Road, forming part of a nucleated round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 412180 143701

1009933 Bowl barrow: one of a group of round barrows south of Bulford Scheduled Monument N/A 416879 142799

1011043 Bowl barrow 430m south of A344 on Winterbourne Stoke Down Scheduled Monument N/A 410382 142385

99 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

List Entry Name Type Grade Easting Northing

1009133 Henge monuments at Durrington Walls and Woodhenge, a round barrow cemetery, two additional Scheduled Monument N/A 414974 143587 round barrows and four settlements

1012398 Bell barrow situated south of The Cursus and east of Fargo Plantation forming part of The Cursus Scheduled Monument N/A 411427 142727 round barrow cemetery

1011041 Pond barrow 700m south of A344 on Winterbourne Stoke Down Scheduled Monument N/A 410234 142156

1012384 Bowl barrow 230m west of Stonehenge forming part of a round barrow cemetery on Stonehenge Scheduled Monument N/A 411936 142165 Down

1012126 Vespasian's Camp Scheduled Monument N/A 414603 141744

1009057 Bowl barrow immediately north of Fargo Road Scheduled Monument N/A 412275 143777

1010875 Ten round barrows forming the Lake Down round barrow cemetery and a section of linear Scheduled Monument N/A 411825 139158 boundary crossing Lake Down

1012370 Bell barrow situated 50m north of Normanton Gorse and 170m south of the A303 Scheduled Monument N/A 411502 141610

1008952 Bell barrow 400m south of Greenland Farm, forming part of a linear round barrow cemetery west of Scheduled Monument N/A 409975 143374 the Lesser Cursus

1009126 Two bowl barrows on Durrington Down, 150m south of The Packway Scheduled Monument N/A 411089 144355

1012381 Two bowl barrows and four bell barrows forming the greater part of a round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 413451 142247 known as the New King Barrows

1009620 Three bowl barrows 150m south of Normanton Down round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 411686 141023

1008947 Bowl barrow 300m south west of New King Barrows Scheduled Monument N/A 413146 142052

1011044 Bowl barrow 600m south of A344 on Winterbourne Stoke Down Scheduled Monument N/A 410344 142240

100 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

List Entry Name Type Grade Easting Northing

1012394 Four bowl barrows 140m north of the A303 on Stonehenge Down Scheduled Monument N/A 410615 141767

1012387 Bowl barrow 300m WSW of Stonehenge, forming part of a round barrow cemetery on Stonehenge Scheduled Monument N/A 411885 142090 Down

1009064 Three bowl barrows 120m south of Fargo Road Scheduled Monument N/A 412499 143584

1009065 Two bowl barrows 30m north of The Cursus Scheduled Monument N/A 413167 143231

1009146 Two bowl barrows 70m north east of The Avenue on Countess Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 413929 142353

1010887 Two bowl barrows forming part of Rollestone Field linear round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 409155 144000

1009132 The Cursus, two round barrows situated within its western end, and a long barrow situated at its Scheduled Monument N/A 412297 143042 eastern end

1010897 Bowl barrow 400m SSE of Greenland Farm, forming part of a linear round barrow cemetery west of Scheduled Monument N/A 410047 143419 the Lesser Cursus

1010904 Two bell barrows, two bowl barrows and a disc barrow which form the greater part of Rollestone Scheduled Monument N/A 409287 144125 Field linear round barrow cemetery

1009625 Bowl barrow 700m north of Springbottom Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 412167 140756

1010891 Disc barrow and pond barrow 350m NNW of Greenland Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 409744 144174

1009602 Bowl barrow: one of a group of round barrows south of Bulford Scheduled Monument N/A 417247 142924

1012385 Disc barrow 220m south west of Stonehenge forming part of a round barrow cemetery on Scheduled Monument N/A 412010 141985 Stonehenge Down

1012389 Bowl barrow 220m west of Old King Barrows north of the A303 Scheduled Monument N/A 413215 142695

1009139 Bowl barrow 260m north of the A303 on Countess Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 414550 142400

101 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

List Entry Name Type Grade Easting Northing

1009128 Pond barrow on the western margin of Durrington Down Plantation Scheduled Monument N/A 411639 144159

1012390 Bowl barrow on Coneybury Hill, 450m south of the A303 Scheduled Monument N/A 413509 141510

1008943 Nine bowl barrows, two disc barrows and two saucer barrows forming the majority of a round Scheduled Monument N/A 411819 144102 barrow cemetery on Durrington Down

1009061 Bowl barrow in Robin Hood Ball Clump Scheduled Monument N/A 410678 146304

1009135 Two bowl barrows 800m north east of The Avenue on Countess Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 414449 142772

1013758 Two bowl barrows 300m south west of Rollestone Camp Scheduled Monument N/A 409132 144654

1012373 Bowl barrow on the north eastern edge of Luxenborough Plantation Scheduled Monument N/A 412997 141451

1009125 Two bowl barrows 100m west of Durrington Down Plantation Scheduled Monument N/A 411502 144180

1009613 Multiple trackway south of Scheduled Monument N/A 419352 142406

1009148 Bowl barrow 300m south west of Strangways forming part of a linear round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 413772 142985 known as the Old King Barrows

1010880 Six bowl barrows forming the greater part of a round barrow cemetery on Wilsford Down 350m Scheduled Monument N/A 412203 140478 north of Springbottom Farm buildings

1012399 Bowl barrow located south of The Cursus and east of Fargo Plantation forming part of The Cursus Scheduled Monument N/A 411470 142675 round barrow cemetery

1012130 Bowl barrow 70m south of A303 Scheduled Monument N/A 413914 141899

1010863 Lake Barrow Group, North Kite earthwork enclosure, four sections of linear boundary, and a bowl Scheduled Monument N/A 411177 140349 barrow within the North Kite

1009520 Long barrow east of Netheravon Bake Scheduled Monument N/A 411425 146677

102 WA Project No. 101480.40

Project Allenby/Connaught, Larkhill, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

List Entry Name Type Grade Easting Northing

1009059 Disc barrow on Fargo Road Scheduled Monument N/A 411688 143819

1013871 Bowl barrow 200m north of The Cursus Scheduled Monument N/A 412618 143336

1010052 Knighton long barrow Scheduled Monument N/A 412786 145349

1010886 Three bowl barrows forming part of Rollestone Field linear round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 409453 144241

1012383 Five bowl barrows forming the greater part of a round barrow cemetery 200m south west of Scheduled Monument N/A 412026 142115 Stonehenge on Stonehenge Down

1015215 Long barrow at Longbarrow Clump Scheduled Monument N/A 416360 143044

1010874 Ten bowl barrows, five disc barrows, a bell barrow, a pond barrow and a saucer barrow forming the Scheduled Monument N/A 411922 139790 Wilsford round barrow cemetery

1009068 Six bowl barrows forming the majority of a round barrow cemetery in Larkhill Camp south of The Scheduled Monument N/A 413126 144008 Packway

1012375 King Barrow and another bowl barrow on Coneybury Hill Scheduled Monument N/A 413547 141393

1012395 Bell barrow known as the Monarch of the Plain on the western edge of Fargo Plantation and south Scheduled Monument N/A 411085 142756 of The Cursus: part of The Cursus round barrow cemetery

1010140 Stonehenge, the Avenue, and three barrows adjacent to the Avenue forming part of a round Scheduled Monument N/A 414055 141832 barrow cemetery on Countess Farm

1015222 Romano-British settlement on Winterbourne Stoke Down Scheduled Monument N/A 408931 142437

1015218 Linear boundary earthwork on Amesbury Down west of Stock Bottom Scheduled Monument N/A 415512 139557

1008951 Bowl barrow 300m north west of Airman's Corner Scheduled Monument N/A 409641 143093

1009127 Bowl barrow 200m west of Durrington Down Plantation Scheduled Monument N/A 411415 144299

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List Entry Name Type Grade Easting Northing

1010140 Stonehenge, the Avenue, and three barrows adjacent to the Avenue forming part of a round Scheduled Monument N/A 413052 142378 barrow cemetery on Countess Farm

1009613 Multiple trackway south of Bulford Camp Scheduled Monument N/A 418707 142443

1010330 Bowl barrow forming part of Normanton Down round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 412535 141161

1010901 The Lesser Cursus and a triple bowl barrow forming part of a linear round barrow cemetery south Scheduled Monument N/A 410524 143490 east of Greenland Farm on Winterbourne Stoke Down

1012402 Hengi-form monument in Fargo Plantation south of The Cursus Scheduled Monument N/A 411250 142795

1008944 Bowl barrow forming part of the Durrington Down round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 411995 144088

1010890 Two bowl barrows 200m SSW of Rollestone Camp Scheduled Monument N/A 409270 144577

1015028 Triple bell barrow 530m north of Field Barn on Amesbury Down Scheduled Monument N/A 414839 139447

1009653 Milston Farm enclosure, possible settlement site Scheduled Monument N/A 416433 145299

1012372 Three bowl barrows 150m south of the A303, north of Luxenborough Plantation Scheduled Monument N/A 412955 141840

1010900 Bowl barrow 500m south east of Greenland Farm, forming part of a linear round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 410241 143444 west of the Lesser Cursus

1009066 Three bowl barrows 40m north of The Cursus Scheduled Monument N/A 413314 143259

1009605 Bowl barrow: one of a group of round barrows south of Bulford Scheduled Monument N/A 417525 143055

1009624 Two round barrows 300m south of Normanton Down round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 412208 140892

1014088 Two bowl barrows 200m north of the A303 on Countess Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 414165 142316

1012128 Bowl barrow 80m north of the A303, north east of Vespasian's Camp Scheduled Monument N/A 414742 142226

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List Entry Name Type Grade Easting Northing

1011039 Bell barrow 450m south of A344 on Winterbourne Stoke Down Scheduled Monument N/A 410047 142378

1011046 Bowl barrow 400m south east of Longbarrow Cross Roads, east of A360 Scheduled Monument N/A 410103 141029

1009124 Six bowl barrows and two disc barrows forming the majority of a round barrow cemetery 300m Scheduled Monument N/A 410316 144652 north west of Fargo Road ammunition compound

1012379 Three bowl barrows 350m north of The Avenue forming part of a linear round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 413614 142832 known as the Old King Barrows

1010021 Knighton Farm settlement and moat Scheduled Monument N/A 415390 145582

1010834 Seven bowl barrows and a pond barrow forming a round barrow cemetery 200m north of The Scheduled Monument N/A 410536 141146 Diamond on Wilsford Down

1009597 Two of three bowl barrows south-east of Warren Plantation Scheduled Monument N/A 410056 146061

1012170 A bell barrow and three disc barrows west of Fargo Road ammunition compound Scheduled Monument N/A 410535 144350

1010896 Bowl barrow 120m south west of the west end of The Cursus Scheduled Monument N/A 410879 142795

1009067 Nine round barrows forming a round barrow cemetery 400m north of the eastern end of The Scheduled Monument N/A 413566 143671 Cursus

1010830 Long barrow on Wilsford Down 300m north of The Diamond Scheduled Monument N/A 410403 141183

1012376 Henge monument 400m south of Stonehenge Cottages Scheduled Monument N/A 413434 141602

1009144 Bowl barrow 200m north of the A303 on Countess Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 414232 142331

1012388 Bowl barrow 500m WNW of New King Barrows north of the A303 Scheduled Monument N/A 412942 142468

1011042 Bowl barrow 160m south of the west end of The Cursus Scheduled Monument N/A 410975 142697

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List Entry Name Type Grade Easting Northing

1009599 Bowl barrow: one of three bowl barrows south-east of Warren Plantation Scheduled Monument N/A 410165 146080

1008949 Bowl barrow 450m SSW of Airman's Corner on Winterbourne Stoke Down Scheduled Monument N/A 409759 142435

1012382 Two bowl barrows forming part of the Winterbourne Stoke crossroads round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 410417 142015

1009143 Bowl barrow 100m north of the A303 on Countess Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 414340 142240

1014087 Bowl barrow 250m north of the A303 on Countess Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 414490 142380

1015221 Queensberry Bridge Scheduled Monument N/A 415108 141308

1009697 Barrow Clump, bowl barrow, east of Ablington Scheduled Monument N/A 416558 146907

1009966 Bowl barrow: one of a group of six round barrows, Sheepbridge Road, Sling Camp Scheduled Monument N/A 419013 144379

1015024 Bowl barrow 800m west of Airman's Corner on Winterbourne Stoke Down Scheduled Monument N/A 409050 142758

1012397 Bowl barrow south of The Cursus on the eastern edge of Fargo Plantation forming part of The Scheduled Monument N/A 411303 142743 Cursus round barrow cemetery

1012126 Vespasian's Camp Scheduled Monument N/A 414566 141411

1009618 Bowl barrow known as `Bush Barrow' and two disc barrows south east of Normanton Gorse Scheduled Monument N/A 411578 141275 forming part of Normanton Down round barrow cemetery

1009072 Two bowl barrows 250m north of The Cursus Scheduled Monument N/A 412785 143417

1012386 Bell barrow 100m east of Stonehenge immediately south of the A344 Scheduled Monument N/A 412424 142172

1015216 Bell barrow 770m north west of New Barn Scheduled Monument N/A 416760 142840

1015020 Winterbourne Stoke East round barrow cemetery and earthwork enclosure on Fore Down Scheduled Monument N/A 408244 142353

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List Entry Name Type Grade Easting Northing

1015021 Long barrow on Winterbourne Stoke Down Scheduled Monument N/A 409161 142794

1012396 Bowl barrow south of The Cursus in Fargo Plantation forming part of The Cursus round barrow Scheduled Monument N/A 411236 142733 cemetery

1009872 Bell barrow 550m east of New Barn, Earl's Farm Down Scheduled Monument N/A 417872 142231

1011040 Bowl barrow 400m south of A344 on Winterbourne Stoke Down Scheduled Monument N/A 410137 142384

1009074 Pond barrow 30m north of The Cursus Scheduled Monument N/A 413472 143259

1009968 Bowl barrow: one of a group of six round barrows, Sheepbridge Road, Sling Camp Scheduled Monument N/A 419039 144442

1009576 A group of five bowl barrows south of Bulford Camp Scheduled Monument N/A 418735 142980

1009871 Bowl barrow 950m east of New Barn, Earl's Farm Down Scheduled Monument N/A 418261 142289

1009515 Round barrow south of Robin Hood's Ball Scheduled Monument N/A 410142 145717

1012371 Bowl barrow 650m SSE of Stonehenge Scheduled Monument N/A 412605 141542

1009511 Enclosure east of Robin Hood's Ball Scheduled Monument N/A 410512 145936

1009566 Two disc barrows and a bell barrow, 400m east of the Pennings, Earl's Farm Down Scheduled Monument N/A 417797 141829

1009136 Pond barrow 400m south east of Strangways Scheduled Monument N/A 414421 142985

1011047 Five bowl barrows and two saucer barrows forming a round barrow cemetery on Winterbourne Scheduled Monument N/A 409971 141857 Stoke Down

1009137 Bowl barrow 450m north of the A303, on Countess Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 414570 142598

1009626 Bowl barrow in Normanton Gorse, forming part of the Normanton Down round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 411440 141341

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List Entry Name Type Grade Easting Northing

1012400 Two bowl barrows situated south of The Cursus and east of Fargo Plantation forming part of The Scheduled Monument N/A 411526 142785 Cursus round barrow cemetery

1015022 Bowl barrow 600m south west of Airman's Corner on Winterbourne Stoke Down Scheduled Monument N/A 409317 142599

1010192 Three round barrows west of Netheravon Aerodrome Scheduled Monument N/A 415240 148843

1010878 Bowl barrow 200m east of Lake Down round barrow cemetery north of Rox Hill Scheduled Monument N/A 412062 139174

1015023 Bowl barrow and section of linear boundary earthwork on Winterbourne Stoke Down Scheduled Monument N/A 408689 142941

1008945 Bowl barrow 160m south of Fargo Road, forming part of a nucleated round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 412240 143586

1012127 Bowl barrow 320m west of Vespasian's Camp Scheduled Monument N/A 414099 141929

1012403 Disc barrow near the southern edge of Fargo Plantation forming part of The Cursus round barrow Scheduled Monument N/A 411126 142694 cemetery

1009569 Round barrow south of Robin Hood Ball Clump Scheduled Monument N/A 410816 146101

1009150 Bowl barrow 500m north of the A303 on Countess Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 414419 142623

1012369 Three bowl barrows immediately north of the A303 on Stonehenge Down Scheduled Monument N/A 411550 141844

1015027 Pond barrow 480m west of Olddown Barn on Amesbury Down Scheduled Monument N/A 414430 139894

1010893 Bowl barrow 450m south of Greenland Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 409858 143274

1012169 Bowl barrow 340m south of The Packway, north of the Lesser Cursus Scheduled Monument N/A 410395 144258

1012420 Bowl barrow forming part of a round barrow cemetery known as the New King Barrows Scheduled Monument N/A 413452 142028

1011841 Long barrow north east of Winterbourne Stoke crossroads Scheduled Monument N/A 409994 141499

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List Entry Name Type Grade Easting Northing

1012401 A bowl barrow and three bell barrows forming part of The Cursus round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 411789 142783

1010872 Bowl barrow forming part of a round barrow cemetery 350m north of Springbottom Farm buildings Scheduled Monument N/A 412102 140464 on Wilsford Down

1010905 Bowl barrow 250m north of Greenland Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 409885 144089

1009615 Disc barrow forming part of the Normanton Down round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 412433 141152

1012377 Bowl barrow south of The Cursus in Fargo Plantation forming part of The Cursus round barrow Scheduled Monument N/A 411178 142837 cemetery

1015220 Lynchets at Southmill Hill Scheduled Monument N/A 415930 140802

1009604 Bowl barrow: one of a group of round barrows south of Bulford Scheduled Monument N/A 417352 142997

1009147 Bowl barrow 200m south west of Strangways forming part of a linear round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 413829 143039 known as the Old King Barrows

1009568 Bowl barrow on the Amesbury/Bulford Boundary north of the A303 Scheduled Monument N/A 418497 142415

1009616 Bowl barrow forming part of the Normanton Down round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 412534 141135

1012586 A twin bell barrow and a bell barrow forming the eastern part of The Cursus round barrow Scheduled Monument N/A 412007 142785 cemetery

1009969 Bowl barrow: one of a group of round barrows south of Bulford Scheduled Monument N/A 417557 143001

1009059 Disc barrow on Fargo Road Scheduled Monument N/A 411689 143847

1015026 Two bowl barrows and a levelled barrow 460m north east of Normanton House on Amesbury Scheduled Monument N/A 414320 140183 Down

1009545 Bowl barrow: one of a group of round barrows south of Bulford Scheduled Monument N/A 417107 142893

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List Entry Name Type Grade Easting Northing

1009134 Bowl barrow 800m north east of The Avenue on Countess Farm Scheduled Monument N/A 414425 142896

1017934 Disc barrow south of Bulford Camp Scheduled Monument N/A 418568 142569

1009149 Bowl barrow 150m NNE of Seven Barrow Cottages forming part of a round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 413760 142922 known as Old King Barrows

1010898 Bowl barrow 400m south east of Greenland Farm, forming part of a linear round barrow cemetery Scheduled Monument N/A 410120 143461 west of the Lesser Cursus

1010021 Knighton Farm settlement and moat Scheduled Monument N/A 415335 145510

1014147 Two bowl barrows 700m north west of Normanton Down House Scheduled Monument N/A 413139 140699

1011843 Bowl barrow east of the A360 forming part of the Winterbourne Stoke crossroads round barrow Scheduled Monument N/A 409979 141612 cemetery

1010091 Long barrow north of Robin Hood Ball Clump Scheduled Monument N/A 410872 146636

1009617 Bowl barrow and a disc barrow in Normanton Gorse, forming part of the Normanton Down round Scheduled Monument N/A 411396 141425 barrow cemetery

1009069 Bowl barrow 100m south of Fargo Road Scheduled Monument N/A 412400 143625

1012368 Eighteen round barrows forming the greater part of the Winterbourne Stoke crossroads round Scheduled Monument N/A 410162 141761 barrow cemetery

1015219 Bowl barrow within Boscombe Down Airfield, 160m south east of The Rifle and Pistol Club Scheduled Monument N/A 417449 140710

1018625 Bowl barrow on the south east corner of Larkhill Race Course Scheduled Monument N/A 413321 145958

1018624 Bowl barrow immediately south of the embankment of a disused railway, within Boscombe Down Scheduled Monument N/A 417737 141054 Airfield, 870m south east of The Pennings

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List Entry Name Type Grade Easting Northing

1021349 Henge monument 300m south of Longbarrow Cross Roads, east of A360 Scheduled Monument N/A 410022 141122

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9.3 Appendix 3: National and Local Historic Environment Policies National planning policy Policy Ref. Title Scope n/a Ancient Monuments and Scheduled Monuments and Archaeological Areas of Importance (AAIs or their equivalent) are afforded statutory Archaeological Areas Act protection and the consent of SoS (DCMS), as advised by English Heritage (EH), is required for any works. 1979 (as amended) n/a Planning (Listed Buildings Works affecting Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas are subject to additional planning controls administered by and Conservation Areas) Local Planning Authorities (LPAs). EH are a statutory consultee in works affecting Grade I or II* Listed Buildings. Act 1990 NPPF Conserving and enhancing In determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any the historic environment. heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. The level of detail should be proportionate Para. 128 to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance. As a minimum the relevant historic environment record should have been consulted and the heritage assets assessed using appropriate expertise where necessary. Where a site on which development is proposed includes or has the potential to include heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation. NPPF Conserving and enhancing Local planning authorities should identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset that may be the historic environment. affected by a proposal (including by development affecting the setting of a heritage asset) taking account of the Para. 129 available evidence and any necessary expertise. They should take this assessment into account when considering the impact of a proposal on a heritage asset, to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the proposal. NPPF Conserving and enhancing When considering the impact of a proposed development on the significance of a designated heritage asset, great the historic environment. weight should be given to the asset’s conservation. The more important the asset, the greater the weight should be. Para. 132 NPPF Conserving and enhancing The effect of an application on the significance of a non-designated heritage asset should be taken into account in the historic environment. determining the application. In weighing applications that affect directly or indirectly non designated heritage assets, Para. 135 a balanced judgement will be required having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset.

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Policy Ref. Title Scope NPPF Conserving and enhancing Local planning authorities should look for opportunities for new development within Conservation Areas and World the historic environment. Heritage Sites and within the setting of heritage assets to enhance or better reveal their significance. Proposals that Para. 137 preserve those elements of the setting that make a positive contribution to or better reveal the significance of the asset should be treated favourably NPPF Conserving and enhancing Non-designated heritage assets of archaeological interest that are demonstrably of equivalent significance to the historic environment. scheduled monuments, should be considered subject to the policies for designated heritage assets. Para. 139 NPPF Conserving and enhancing Local planning authorities should make information about the significance of the historic environment gathered as the historic environment. part of plan-making or development management publicly accessible. They should also require developers to record Para. 141 and advance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance and the impact, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publicly accessible n/a Hedgerow Regulations Under the Hedgerow Regulations 1997, as amended by The Hedgerows (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2002, 1997 (amended 2002) hedgerows are deemed to be historically Important if they are over 30 years old and if: A hedgerow incorporating, or associated with, an archaeological feature or site which is: a) Included in the schedule of monuments compiled by the Secretary of State under section 1 (schedule of monuments) of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979; or b) Recorded at the relevant date in a Sites and Monuments Record c) A hedgerow that forms an integral part of a pre-1845 field system, or a pre-1870 enclosure field system In practice hedgerows are deemed Important under the above regulations if they can be demonstrated to exist on the appropriate pre-1845 parish tithe or enclosure map.

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Local planning policy: Salisbury District Adopted Local Plan (2011)

Policy Ref. Title Scope CN1 Listed Buildings Demolition of a listed building will not normally be permitted. Such a proposal will be considered favourably only in very exceptional circumstances where a building’s condition makes it impracticable to repair, renovate or adapt it to any reasonably beneficial use for which planning permission would be given.

CN3 Listed Buildings Proposed development, including extensions or other alterations, which would in any manner affect the character or setting of a listed building will be permitted only if the following criteria are met:

i) new work respects the character of the existing building in terms of scale, design and materials;

ii) sympathetic natural materials, matching the original, are used in repair or replacement work;

iii) the historic form and structural integrity of the building is retained; and (iv) architectural or historic features, including internal features, are retained unaltered.

CN4 Listed Buildings The change of use of listed buildings and important unlisted buildings in Conservation Areas will only be permitted if:

i) it contributes towards the retention of such buildings without adversely affecting their character, setting or structural integrity; and

ii) it does not give rise to harmful effects on the general environment of the area.

CN5 Listed Buildings Development within or outside of the curtilage of a listed building will only be permitted where it does not harm the character or setting of the building concerned.

CN18 Historic Parks and Gardens The retention of and, if appropriate, the restoration of historic parks and gardens will be encouraged. Development which would adversely affect these parks and gardens will not be permitted.

CN20 Ancient Monuments and Development that would adversely affect a Scheduled Ancient Monument or other nationally important archaeological features, Archaeology or their settings will not be permitted.

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Policy Ref. Title Scope CN21 Ancient Monuments and Where an application for development may affect a known or potential site of archaeological interest, as defined on the Plan as Archaeology an Area of Special Archaeological Interest, the Local planning Authority will request an archaeological evaluation to be carried out before the planning application is determined.

CN22 Ancient Monuments and The Local Planning Authority will also seek the preservation of archaeological remains that are of regional and local importance, Archaeology whether they are currently known or discovered during the lifetime of the Plan and there will be a preference to preserve them in situ and to protect their settings. Development that does not achieve acceptable mitigation of adverse archaeological effects will not be permitted. Where development is permitted and preservation is situ is not appropriate or possible, the Council will require suitable investigation and recording to take place. These measures will be sought by means of legal agreement or the use of conditions.

CN24 Stonehenge World Heritage Development that would adversely affect the archaeological landscape of the Stonehenge World Heritage Site, or the fabric or Site setting of its monuments, will not be permitted.

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Local planning policy: Wiltshire Core Strategy Pre-Submission Document (February 2012)

Policy Ref. Title Scope Core Policy Ensuring the conservation Development should protect, conserve and where possible enhance the historic environment, and should not have 58 of the historic environment an unacceptable impact on the historic environment, particularly where this could be avoided or mitigated.

Designated historic assets and their settings will be conserved, and where appropriate enhanced, including:

i) archaeological remains and their setting

ii) the World Heritage Site

iii) buildings and structures of special architectural or historic interest and their settings

iv) the special character or appearance of conservation areas and their settings

v) historic parks and gardens and their setting

vi) important landscapes and townscapes.

Development will be required to conserve and seek opportunities to enhance structures and areas of heritage significance throughout Wiltshire, including the character, setting and cultural significance of designated and other locally or regionally significant non-designated heritage assets, including:

vii) the sensitive re-use of redundant and under-used historic buildings and areas which are consistent with their conservation especially in relation to the viable re-use of heritage assets at risk

viii) opportunities to enhance Wiltshire’s historic public realm by ensuring that all development, including transport and infrastructure work, is sensitive to the historic environment

Distinctive elements of Wiltshire’s historic environment, which creates a sense of local character and identity and variation across the county, will be conserved, enhanced and their potential to contribute towards wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits will be exploited, including:

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Policy Ref. Title Scope ix) the individual and distinctive character and appearance of Wiltshire’s historic market towns and villages

x) nationally significant prehistoric archaeological monuments and landscapes

xi) the Stonehenge and Avebury World Heritage Site

xii) historic buildings and structures related to the textile industry

xiii) historic rural structures including threshing barns, granaries, malt houses, dovecots and stables

xiv) ecclesiastical sites including churches, chapels and monuments

xv) the historic Great Western Railway and associated structures

xvi) the historic waterways and associated structures including canals and river courses

xvii) heritage assets associated with the military.

Targets: No increase in Buildings at Risk (BAR), no loss of listed buildings.

Monitoring and Review: To be monitored through the Wiltshire Monitoring Framework.

Delivery Responsibility: Wiltshire Council.

Core Policy The Stonehenge, Avebury The Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the World Heritage Site and its setting will be protected and enhanced 59 and associated sites World by: Heritage Site i) giving precedence to the protection of the OUV of the World Heritage Site and its setting

ii) development not adversely affecting the OUV of the World Heritage Site, its significance, authenticity or integrity, or its setting. This includes the physical fabric, character, appearance, setting or views into or out of the World Heritage Site

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Policy Ref. Title Scope iii) seeking opportunities to support and sustain the positive management of the OUV of the World Heritage Site through development that delivers improved conservation, presentation and interpretation and reduces the negative impact of traffic and visitor pressure

iv) requiring developments to demonstrate that full account has been taken of their impact upon the OUV of the World Heritage Site and its setting. Proposals will need to demonstrate that the development will have no individual, cumulative or consequential adverse affect upon the OUV. Consideration of opportunities for enhancing OUV should also be demonstrated. This will include proposals for climate change mitigation and renewable energy schemes.

Targets: Progress towards objectives of the adopted WHS Management Plans.

Monitoring and Review: WHS Co-ordinators.

Delivery Responsibility: Wiltshire Council.

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9.4 Appendix 4: A method for assessing the importance of values of heritage assets

Value Importance Factors determining the relative importance There is a high potential for the heritage assets to provide evidence about past human activity and to contribute to our understanding of the past. This potential relates to archaeological sites that are likely to survive (both below and above ground) and, in the absence of written High records, provide the only source of evidence about the past, resulting in enhanced understanding of the development of the area. It also relates to other physical remains of past human activity, such as historic fabric within buildings and surviving elements in the historic landscape which contribute to its historic character The potential for heritage assets to yield physical evidence contributing to the understanding of the development of the area is recognised, but there may be fewer opportunities for new insights to be deduced due to the nature of the heritage assets in question, Evidential our knowledge of the past of the area or subsequent changes to the development of the area throughout history. Medium The potential for archaeological deposits to contribute to an understanding of the development of are may not be fully recognised due to the current level of understanding of the local and regional history. The potential may also be impacted, in a limited way, by later development. The physical remains are preserved in a limited way – limited assets survive, very few are recorded or assets are known to have been partially or significantly damaged. Low Low evidential value of archaeological deposits may be affected by the current lack of research within the area, but this does not preclude for further remains of higher value to be discovered. There are no surviving physical remains from which evidence about past human activity could be derived (assets are known to have None been removed or destroyed by later activity) The legible heritage assets are clearly perceptible in the landscape/townscape and the links between the assets and the history or prehistory of the area (illustrative value) or to historical events or figures associated with the area (associative value) are easily High th st visible and understandable. The high value is not precluded by some degree of the 20 /21 century alterations to the historic buildings and landscapes. The legible heritage assets are present in the area, but their legibility may have been compromised by some form of alteration to the asset or its surroundings (i.e. rural parish church now situated within a suburban residential development). Even in their present form, such assets enable the local community to visualise the development of the area over time as there are potential associations Historical Medium between assets. The presence of these assets may contribute to an understanding of the development of the area. Further research, including archaeological investigations, may clarify these associations and elucidate the contribution of these assets to the history of the wider area. The historical associations of the asset are not clearly understood, as a result of severe changes to the asset or its surroundings Low

None There are no legible heritage assets and their associations are not understood.

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The aesthetic values of the heritage assets are visually perceptible within sympathetic surroundings, developed through conscious High design or fortuitously, throughout prehistory and history. The completeness or integrity of the heritage assets within the landscape is clear and their contribution to the aesthetics of the surrounding area is significant. The aesthetic qualities of the individual assets or landscapes are legible, but there may have been considerably impacted upon by Medium Aesthetic the modern, unsympathetic development. The aesthetic qualities of the individual assets or landscapes have been significantly impacted upon by the modern development as Low a result of which the aesthetic value is not clear, however, there may be a possibility for improvement. Assets have no aesthetic values as they have been removed by inconsiderate modern development. Buried archaeological remains None are not ascribed aesthetic values as, whilst buried, they are not visible/perceptible in their context. Heritage assets which could be used to engage the community through interpretation. Assets that clearly form part of a wider history High of an area which can be drawn into a narrative. There may already have been a degree of interpretation and/or the community/public already has access to at least some of the heritage assets within the area. The ability for the heritage assets to contribute to the history of the place may be limited by the current understanding, their legibility Communal Medium within the townscape or through limited access. Potential for improvement is recognised There are few known heritage assets which make it difficult to elucidate their history or apply it to a wider interpretation. There is no Low access or the legibility of the heritage assets is negligible. None Heritage assets that have been destroyed. Heritage assets with little or no archaeological/historical interest to the local community

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23 112 73 116

41 Site 115 1km Study Area 33 54 55 145000 110 117 *# Grade II* Listed Building 71 2 36 34 Scheduled Monuments 106 World Heritage Site 118 Military Railway 107 120 (! Prehistoric 114 109 65 (! 75 19 122 Neolithic 72 3 (! 4 42 Bronze Age 48 119 5 (! Romano-British 64 6 10 76 108 121 45 (! 11 Medieval 77 68 90 24 58 69 70 (! Post-medieval 144000 80 81 49 89 88 46 (! 53 Modern 8 (! 16 Undated 7 47 113 30 14 57 28 12 18 1 52 15 78 83 Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2012. 9 66 82 20 This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. 31 84 No unauthorised reproduction. 35 50 38 39 22 56 40 13 85 44 21 27 29 67 86 87 Date: 14/10/2013 25 17 Revision Number: 0 Scale: 1:15,000 at A3

143000 Illustrator: TW/LJC 0 500 Path: m X:\PROJECTS\101480\GIS\FigsMXD\Larkhill Figs Site, Study Area and known heritage resource (based on WSHER and other sources) Figure 1 Site

1km Study Area

5km ZVI Limit

*# Grade I Listed Building

*# Grade II* Listed Building

Scheduled Monuments

Grade II* Registered Parks & Gardens

World Heritage Site

Theoretical ZVI

Not visible

Robin Hoods Ball Visible

Knighton Long Barrow

Durrington Walls/ Woodhenge

The Cursus

The Avenue

Stonehenge Vespasian's Camp Amesbury Abbey This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction.

Date: 08/10/2013

Revision Number: 0 Scale: 1:45,000 at A3

Illustrator: TW/LJC 0 2 Path: km X:\PROJECTS\101480\GIS\FigsMXD\Larkhill Figs\ Theoretical ZVI, showing designated heritage assets Figure 2 414000 415000 411000 412000 413000

Site

1km Study Area

Scheduled Monuments 146000 26 Transcribed feature

111

23

145000 110

2

106

107

109 19 107 3 4

5 6 10 11 108 114 24 144000 114 8 16 7 30 14 28 12 18 Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2012. 15 20 This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. 9 No unauthorised reproduction.

22 13 21 27 29 25 Date: 14/10/2013

17 Revision Number: 0 Scale: 1:15,000 at A3

143000 Illustrator: TW/LJC 0 500 Path: m X:\PROJECTS\101480\GIS\FigsMXD\Larkhill Figs Site, Study Area and features transcribed from aerial photography (based on WSHER) Figure 3 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Site

1km Study Area

)" Previous Archaeological Investigation 146000 Previous Archaeological Investigation

Stonehenge Environs Project

98 105 105 145000 93 99 104 96 99 100 102 91 92 104 101

104 97

93 103

95 94

144000

Date: 14/10/2013

Revision Number: 0 Scale: 1:15,000 at A3 143000 Illustrator: TW/LJC 0 500 Path: m X:\PROJECTS\101480\GIS\FigsMXD\Larkhill Figs\ Site, Study Area and previous archaeological investigations Figure 4 Site 0 500 Areas developed prior to 1972 m

Date: 14/10/2013 Revision Number: 0 Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2012. This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction. Scale: 1:10,000 at A4 Illustrator: TW/LJC Path: X:\PROJECTS\101480\GIS\FigsMXD\Larkhill Figs\Larkhill_fig05 Site outline showing areas previously developed (by 1972) Figure 5 0 500

m

Date: 8/10/1013 Revision Number: 0 Site Scale: 1:10,000 at A4 (approx.) Illustrator: TW/LJC Path: X:\PROJECTS\101480\GIS\FigsMXD\Larkhill Figs 1823 Durrington & Figheldean Enclosure Map Figure 6 0 500

m

Date: 8/10/1013 Revision Number: 0 Site Scale: 1:10,000 at A4 (approx.) Illustrator: TW/LJC Path: X:\PROJECTS\101480\GIS\FigsMXD\Larkhill Figs 1839 Durrington Parish Tithe Map Figure 7 0 500

m

Date: 8/10/1013 Revision Number: 0 Site Scale: 1:10,000 at A4 (approx.) Illustrator: TW/LJC Path: X:\PROJECTS\101480\GIS\FigsMXD\Larkhill Figs 1840 Figheldean Parish Tithe Map Figure 8 0 500

m

Date: 8/10/1013 Revision Number: 0 Site Scale: 1:10,000 at A4 Illustrator: TW/LJC Path: X:\PROJECTS\101480\GIS\FigsMXD\Larkhill Figs 1887 Ordnance Survey 1:10,560 Map Figure 9 0 500

m

Date: 8/10/1013 Revision Number: 0 Site Scale: 1:10,000 at A4 Illustrator: TW/LJC Path: X:\PROJECTS\101480\GIS\FigsMXD\Larkhill Figs 1925-26 Ordnance Survey 1:10,560 Map Figure 10 0 500

m

Date: 8/10/1013 Revision Number: 0 Site Scale: 1:10,000 at A4 Illustrator: TW/JS Path: X:\PROJECTS\101480\GIS\FigsMXD\Larkhill Figs 1948 Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Map Figure 11 Plate 1: North-west facing view towards Neolithic long barrow within the Site (WA 19)

Plate 2:West facing view towards Knighton Long Barrow (WA 23)

This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction.

Date: 18/10/13 Revision Number: 0

Scale: N/A Illustrator: LJC

Path: X:\PROJECTS\101480\Cover & plates\Larkhill

Plate 1 and 2 Plate 3: North-west facing view of potentially historically significant building (WA 120)

Plate 4: South facing view towards the WHS and upstanding barrows from the southern part of the Site

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Date: 18/10/13 Revision Number: 0

Scale: N/A Illustrator: LJC

Path: X:\PROJECTS\101480\Cover & plates\Larkhill

Plate 3 and 4 Plate 5: South facing view from within the Site

Plate 6: South-west facing view from the Packway towards the WHS and Durrington Down barrow cemetery (WA 10)

This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction.

Date: 18/10/13 Revision Number: 0

Scale: N/A Illustrator: LJC

Path: X:\PROJECTS\101480\Cover & plates\Larkhill

Plate 5 and 6 Plate 7: North west facing view from the Packway towards the western end of the Site

Plate 8: South-east facing view from the Packway towards the WHS and Durrington Walls (WA 30)

This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction.

Date: 18/10/13 Revision Number: 0

Scale: N/A Illustrator: LJC

Path: X:\PROJECTS\101480\Cover & plates\Larkhill

Plate 7 and 8 Plate 9: East facing view from northern part of Site

Plate 10: North facing view from northern part of Site

This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction.

Date: 18/10/13 Revision Number: 0

Scale: N/A Illustrator: LJC

Path: X:\PROJECTS\101480\Cover & plates\Larkhill

Plate 9 and 10 Plate 11: North-west facing view from within the Site towards Robin Hoods Ball

Plate 12: South-east facing view from within the Site

This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction.

Date: 18/10/13 Revision Number: 0

Scale: N/A Illustrator: LJC

Path: X:\PROJECTS\101480\Cover & plates\Larkhill

Plate 11 and 12 salisbury rochester sheffield edinburgh Wessex Archaeology Ltd registered office Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 6EB Tel: 01722 326867 Fax: 01722 337562 [email protected] www.wessexarch.co.uk

Wessex Archaeology Ltd is a company limited by guarantee registered in England, company number 1712772. It is also a Charity registered in England and Wales, number 287786; and in Scotland, Scottish Charity number SC042630. Our registered office is at Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 6EB.