MICROFILMED 1990 INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been Used to Photo Graph and Reproduce This Manuscript from the Microfilm Master
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■ V . • r MICROFILMED 1990 INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. 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Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 0014410 Complex interactions in aquatic communities: Trophic-level interactions, ontogenetic niche shifts, and the role of an open-water planktlvore DeVries, Dennis Robert, Ph.D. The Ohio State Unlvercity, 1989 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Aibor, MI 48106 COMPLEX INTERACTIONS IN AQUATIC COMMUNITIES: TROPHIC-LEVEL INTERACTIONS, ONTOGENETIC NICHE SHIFTS, AND THE ROLE OF AN OPEN-WATER PLANKTIVORE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Dennis R. DeVries, B .S ., M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 1989 Dissertation Committee Approved by Roy A. S te in Peter L. Chesson f Advisor William M, Masters DepanLnent of Zoology Gary G. M lttelbach To Tammy, Stephen, and Zachary 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Z would like to thank a great number of people that have had an Influence on me during my tenure here at Ohio State University. Roy Stein has influenced me in a great many ways, in particular by providing an excellent role model for me. I thank him for the help that he has given to me through the years and for the influence that he has had on my development as a scientist. He has served as both a mentor and a friend. I also want to thank the other members of my dissertation committee, Drs. Feter L. Chesson, W. Mitch Masters, and Gary G. Mittelbach, for their helpful comments throughout my dissertation research. Many thanks go to Dr. David A. Culver, who provided much needed help throughout this project, including loaning me an ichthyoplankton net after ours took a permanent dive to tho bottom of Stonellck Lake, providing insight as to how we should sample zooplankton and phytoplankton, and contributing to our efforts to Interpret the results of phytoplankton counts. A multitude of interactions, arguments, and discussions with Jeffrey G. Miner, B illie L. Kerans, Steve P. Klosiewski, Martha E. Mather, David H, Wahl, John M. Dettmers, and the rest of the "EDIT" gang have improved the quality of my research as well as my understanding of research in ecology and fisheries In general. I want to acknowledge the technical assistance of Ed Lewis, Lori Ryan, Holly Irvin, Craig Mallison, and Kathy Jones, both in the field and in the lab. In addition to i l l assisting and organizing trips in the field, conducting behavioral observations during lab experiments, counting and measuring larval fish, and maintaining field equipment, Ed Lewis counted more zooplankton during the last two and one-half years than most people want to count in a lifetim e. Dr. Susan Munch counted all phytoplankton samples included in this work. Funding for this work was provided In part by an Ohio State University Graduate Alumni Research Award, Rational Science Foundation project BSR-8705518 to Roy A. Stein, BSR-8715730 to Gary G. Mittelbach, and Federal Aid in Fish Restoration Project F-57-R to Roy A. Stein, administered through the Ohio Division of U ildllfe. Additional support, in the form of laboratory space, use of vehicles and boats was provided by .the Ohio Cooperative Fish and Uildlife Research Unit. I thank my parents for instilling in me an appreciation of the Importance of education. Most of all, I want to express my appreciation for the understanding and patience of my wife, Tammy, and my sons, Stephen and Zachary. Tammy has withstood the rigors of a longer*than-expected graduate program on top of the responsibilities of new found parenthood. Although Stephen and Zachary do not yet realize what these years have meant to us, I hope that someday they will understand the sacrifices they have made. iv VITA 25 September 1959 ............................................Bom • Chicago, Illinois 1979*1982 .............................................................Research •Assistant, Purdue U n iv ersity , F ort Wayne; Indiana 1982 ..................................................................... B.S., Purdue University, F o rt Wayne, Indiana 1982-1985 ............................................................. Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1985 . ....................................................M.S., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1985-present .................................................... Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University, Columbus; Ohio PUBLICATIONS Brown, K. M. and D. R. DeVries. 1985. Predation and the distribution and abundance of a pulmonate pond snail. Oecologla 66:93-99. Brown, K. M., D. R. DeVries, and B. K. Leathers. 1985. Causes of llf e - h ls to r y v a r ia tio n in th e freshw ater s n a il Lvmnaea elodes (Say). Malacologla 26:191-200. DeVries, D. R., R. A. Stein, and .P. L. Chess on. 1989. Sunfish foraging among patches: the patch-departure decision. Animal Behaviour 37:455-464. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Aquatic Ecology v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.......................................................................................................... i i i VITA ..................................................................................................................................... ..... LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................v i l i LIST OF FIGURES..............................................................................................x INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER I . MANIPULATING SHAD TO ENHANCE SPORT FISHERIES IN NORTH AMERICA: AN ASSESSMENT............................................................................ 4 Introduction ........................................... 4 Methods ............................................................................................... 5 R esults ............................................................................................... 6 D is c u s s io n ......................... 9 Conclusions .......................................... ........................................22 Literature Cited ......................................................................... 23 I I . THREADFIN SHAD AS SUPPLEMENTARY FORAGE: CONSEQUENCES FOR YOUNG-OF-YEAR F IS H E S ................................ 1 ....................................... 45 Introduction .................................................................................. 45 Methods ..................................................................................................47 R esu lts ..................................................................................................50 D is c u s s io n ................................. 56 Conclusions and Management Recommendations .................. 64 Literature C ited .................................. 66 I I I . COMPLEX INTERACTIONS AMONG FISH, ZOOPLANKTON, AND PHYTOPLANKTON AS INFLUENCED BY AN OPEN-WATER PLANKTIVORE.............................................. 88 Introduction .................................................................................. 88 M ethods ......................................... ■.................................. 91 R e s u l t s ................................................................................................95 D i s c u s s i o n ..................................................................................... 101 Literature Cited ..................................................................... 110 vl IV. HABITAT USE BY BLUEGILL IN LABORATORY POOLS: WHERE IS THE REFUGE WHEN MACROPHYTES ARE SPARSE AND ALTERNATIVE PREY ARE PRESENT?...................................................................................................... 147 Introduction .............................................................................