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Floods of January-February 1957 in Southeastern Kentucky and Adjacent Areas

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Floods of January-February 1957 in Southeastern Kentucky and Adjacent Areas Floods of January-February 1957 in Southeastern Kentucky and Adjacent Areas GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1652-A Prepared in cooperation with the States of Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia, and Tennessee and with agencies of the Federal Government Floods of January-February 1957 in Southeastern Kentucky and Adjacent Areas FLOODS OF 1957 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1652-A Prepared in cooperation with the States of Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia, and Tennessee and with agencies of the Federal Government UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.G. 20402 CONTENTS Page Abstract __ ----_-___---__--________-_-____-_____-_--_-____-_---__ Al Introduction-_____________________________________________________ 1 Acknowledgments_ _______________________________________________ 5 General description of floods______________________________________ 5 Rainfall._____________________________________________________ 5 The floods__________...________________________ 5 Big Sandy River basin__________________________________-_. 8 Little Sandy River, Tygarts Creek, and Licking River basins.-- 10 Kentucky River basin____________________________________ 10 Salt and Green River basins.______-_-____-_-______--_-____- 13 Cumberland River basin___________________________________ 14 Tennessee River basin___________-_-__-_-_-____--___-____-_- 18 Flood damage_____________________________________________________ 19 Determination of flood discharges__________________________________ 25 Stages and discharges at stream-gaging stations_______________________ 26 Explanation of data_______-____________-_-___-_-__--___-__---_- 26 Summary of flood stages and discharges.__________-__-____-_----__-__ 27 Flood frequencies...___--___--____________-___-_---_--__--_-------- 38 Streamflow data.___-_-___--____-_____-____---_-__-_---___-_------- 40 Index. ___________________________________________ 193 ILLUSTKATIONS Page FIGURE 1. Map showing area of this report________________________ A2 2. Temperature variation at Hindman Settlement School, Hindman, Ky________________________________________ 2 3. Map showing location of flood-determination points_______ 4 4. Rainfall map January 27-February 2, 1957________________ 6 5. Discharge at selected gaging stations in the Big Sandy River basin _______________________________________________ 8 6. Discharge at gaging stations in the Kentucky River basin. _ _ _ _ 11 7. View of washed-out bridge across the North Fork Kentucky River at Hazard Airport, February 4, 1957______________ 12 8. Discharge at gaging stations on main stem upper Cumber­ land River_________________-__-_____--_-__-_--____- 14 9. View of flooded Main Street and business district in Cumber­ land, Ky., on January 29, 1957_________---___-__-_--- 15 10. Aerial view of flooding in Barbourville, Ky., along Cumber­ land River, at 2 p.m. January 30, 1957_______.__.___ 16 11. Daily mean discharge of Cumberland River at Rowena, Ky., and net inflow to Lake Cumberland-___________________ 18 12. Volume of water stored in TV A reservoir system. __________ 20 13. Frequency of floods in Kentucky and Tennessee.__ ______ 39 IV CONTENTS TABLES Page TABLE 1. Damage in the Big Sandy River basin, Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia.___________________________________ A21 2. Damage in the Licking, Kentucky, and Green River basins, in Kentucky. __.____________.___..__________ 22 3. Rural damage along Ohio River main stem and in Wabash and Saline River basins, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky.__________________________________________ 23 4. Damage in the Cumberland River basin in Kentucky and Tennessee ___________________________________________ 23 5. Damage at selected locations in upper Tennessee River basin, in Virginia and Tennessee-________--___--___----_____- 24 6. Summary of damage by stream basin and by State, flood of January-February 1957_ ___-___--_____-____-__-_______ 24 7. Expenditures by American Red Cross in southeastern Kentucky ___________________________________________ 25 8. Summary of flood stages and discharges during the flood of January-February 1957._--__-_-_--____--__-----_-___- 28 FLOODS OF 1957 FLOODS OF JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1957 IN SOUTHEASTERN KENTUCKY AND ADJACENT AREAS ABSTRACT Heavy rains over an extensive area on January 27-February 2, caused ex­ treme flooding in southeastern Kentucky and adjacent areas in West Virginia, Virginia, and Tennessee. Total rainfall for the storm period ranged from 6-9 inches over most of the report area and was 12% inches at the eastern end of the Virginia-Kentucky State line. The principal basins affected by.the storm were those of the Big Sandy, Kentucky, Cumberland, and Tennessee Rivers. Maximum discharge of record occurred in many streams. On Levisa Fork near Grundy, Va., the peak discharge of 33,200 cfs was 50 percent greater than the previous maximum in 17 years of record and was 3.3 times the mean annual flood. The peak discharges on tributaries of the Kentucky River and on the Holston and Clinch Rivers were also .the greatest of record and those on the upper Cumberland River were* nearly as great as .those during the historic floods of 1918 and 1946. Total flood damage was estimated at .$61 million of which $39 million was in the Big Sandy River basin (mostly in'Kentucky) and $15 million was in the Kentucky River basin $52 million of the total damage was in Kentucky. INTRODUCTION Devastating floods occurred on the -streams of southeastern Ken­ tucky, southwestern West Virginia, western Virginia, and north­ eastern Tennessee in late January and early February 1957. The areas hardest hit included the headwaters of the Big Sandy, Ken­ tucky, Cumberland, and Tennessee River basins (fig. 1). The first 3 weeks in January were drier than normal, but, just prior to the flood, streams were at near-median levels and the ground was saturated due to 1-2 inches of rain a week earlier. The flood was attributable to these antecedent conditions and to the runoff gener­ ated by precipitation ranging from 4-9 inches during the period January 27-February 2. Temperatures at the beginning of the storm were above normal and remained so during the period of heavy rainfall. Figure 2 shows variation in temperature at the Weather Bureau station, Hindman Settlement School, Hindman, Ky., near the center of the Al A2 FLOODS OF 1957 Area of serious flooding Boundary of area covered by this report FIGURE 1. Map showing area of this report. roJ><*>cnCTIH-«!-v ooooooooc TEMPERATURE,INDEGREESFAHRENHEIT 1 1 1 L 5 10 15 20 25 31 5 10 1. JANUARY FEBRUARY FIGURE 2. Temperature variation of Hindman Settlement School, Hindman, Ky., January 1-February 15,1957. FLOODS OF JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1957 IN KENTUCKY A3 area of greatest flooding. Generally, temperatures began to rise on January 18 when the ground in most parts of the area was frozen to a shallow depth and there was !/£-2 inches of snow on the ground. Thawing and melting occurred during the earlier rains on January 21-23. Peak stages and discharges along Levisa Fork, the headwater tributary of the Big Sandy Eiver, and its tributaries were the great­ est of record except for those on tributaries in. the Paintsville, Ky., area and downstream. Similarly, maximum discharges occurred along the North, Middle, and South Forks of the Kentucky Eiver and most of their tributaries and in the Holston and Clinch Rivers. In the Green River basin precipitation was heavy in the area south­ east of Bowling Green, Ky., and maximum stage and discharge were recorded on Drakes Creek. The upper Cumberland River reached stages that were nearly as great as the historic floods of 1918 and 1946. Poor Fork, the headwater tributary of the Cumberland, and Laurel River had peaks that exceeded all previously known peaks. This report on the floods is made for the purpose of: 1. Presenting records of river stage and discharge in more detail than that published in the annual series of reports on surface water entitled "Surface-water supply of the United States." 2. Collecting and recording information, other than stages and dis­ charges, pertinent to an analysis and understanding of the hy­ drology of the floods. 3. Recording the amounts of damages caused by the floods. 4. Recording the comparative magnitude of the subject floods and the known large floods of the past. The Geological Survey maintains, in cooperation with State and Federal agencies, a network of stream-gaging stations where records of river stage and discharge are collected. The records thus col­ lected for stations in the flood area (fig. 3) are published herein. Data collection was under the supervision of the following district engineers: F. F. Schfader, Kentucky; D. S. Wallace, Virginia; W. R. Eaton, succeeded by J. S. Cragwall, Jr., Tennessee; and W. L. Doll, West Virginia. R. H. Tice, flood specialist assisted on indirect meas­ urements of peak discharges and prepared the open-file release, "Floods of January-February 1957 in southwestern Virginia," which was in­ corporated in this report. Most of the text material, that for Ken­ tucky, was contributed by N. O. Thomas. Data from the four districts was assembled and text material coordinated to cover the entire flood area by J. O. Rostvedt under the direct supervision of Tate Dalrymple, Chief of the Floods Section. ^ Site of flood determination *" Numbers correspond to those
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